the errors in reasoning which are the so called fallacies. Reasoning is a means for acquiring knowledge but if it is fallacious it cannot yield but deception. Moreover there are three theories of knowledge namely; empiricism‚ rationalism and intuitionism. In empiricism‚ knowledge comes from experience and experience is a sense of perception which may be understood as direct observation by the senses or indirect by using instrument or by experimentation. Empiricism teaches that what we see‚ hear
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427-347 BC Updated‚ 10/3/07 The Republic is one of Plato’s longer works (more than 450 pages in length). It is written in dialogue form (as are most of Plato’s books)‚ & it addresses major issues in almost all of the branches of philosophy. The central theme in the book seems to be the nature of justice‚ a topic in political philosophy‚ but Plato also has his characters explore issues in philosophical cosmology‚ philosophical theology‚ philosophical anthropology‚ ethics
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Descartes vs. Pascal For centuries‚ human beings have been debating over the validity of the use of reason. This is a very‚ very difficult subject to discuss‚ as one is forced to study something which is at that moment being used in their study. Two classic thinkers who contrasted on their view of reason were Descartes and Pascal. Though both saw reason as the primary source of knowledge‚ they disagreed over the competence of human reason. Descartes‚ the skeptic‚ said that we could use reason
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Professional Ethics CDT409 Ethical Theories Gordana Dodig Crnkovic School of Innovation‚ Design and Engineering‚ Mälardalen University‚ Sweden http://www.idt.mdh.se/personal/gdc/ 1 Basic Ethical Approaches 2 On What Basis Do We Make Moral Decisions? (1) Divine Command -- “Do what the sacred book tells you” - the will of God Utilitarianism -- “Make the world a better place” Virtue Ethics -- “Be a good person” The Ethics of Duty -- “Do your duty” Immanuel Kant -- Categoric
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the good or right way to live?’. In the first chapter‚ General Remarks‚ Mill points out that‚ even after 2000 years‚ this fundamental question remains controversial. In his opinion‚ neither the idea of a natural moral faculty nor the idea of intuitionism can help to solve the problem. Most of the people who have tried to solve it‚ however‚ have been influenced tacitly’ by the greatest-happiness principle‚ the author argues. At the end of chapter 1 Mill conveys the plan of his essay’: an account
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Lord Lionel Robbins was born in 1898‚ and was one of the many great economists of our time. Robbins was known for his contributions to economic policy‚ methodology‚ and the history of ideas‚ but made his name as a theorist. Robbins was made famous for his definition of economics‚ "Economics is a science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses." (The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 2007) Robbins was able to change the Anglo-Saxon thought
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but also indicate its context and moral significance. 1. Psychological egoism (Ch. 2) 2. Universal ethical egoism (Ch.2) 3. Greatest happiness principle (Ch. 2) 4. Cost-benefit analysis (Ch. 2) 5. Care ethics (Ch. 2) 6. Intuitionism (Ch. 3) 7. Divine Command Theory (Ch. 3) 8. Good will (Kant‚ Ch. 3) 9. Practical imperative (Kant‚ Ch. 3) 10. Prima facie duties (Ross‚ Ch. 3) 11. Virtue ethics (Ch. 4) 12. Happiness (Aristotle‚ Ch. 4) 13. Habit (Aristotle
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Questions : a. Describe the characteristics of philosophical reasoning! b. How is the use of reasoning into the framework of my thesis research plan? Answer : a. Characteristics of Philosophical Reasoning Before directly answering the questions above‚ I ’ll describe a little understanding of philosophical reasoning itself. According JujunSuriasumantri‚ Reasoning is a thinking process in drawing a conclusion in the form of knowledge. So reasoning is the thinking process started from empirical
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of his most memorable work that has been a subject of notable controversy among feminists and other critics of gender-based injustices. Rawls is widely regarded as having revolutionized the modern field of political philosophy by “breaking the intuitionism-utilitarianism deadlock” (Kymlicka‚ 2002‚ p.55). However‚ according to critics like Susan Moller Okin‚ while Rawls has accounted for most institutions of society when elaborating his theory of justice‚ his categorization of family as a basic institution
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Hsun Tzu Hsun Tzu was a Confucian Chinese philosopher who lived approximately between 310 BC-219 BC. He is often portrayed as the antithesis of his contemporary philosopher Mencius. Hsun Tzu’s influence can be seen in the formation of the official state doctrine of the Han Dynasty however his influence waned in comparison to Mencius in the Dynasties that followed.1 In this exegesis essay I will be focus on two of Hsun Tzu’s philosophies; his theory on human
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