The acquisition of additional business activities at the same level of the value chain is referred to as horizontal integration. This form of expansion contrasts with vertical integration by which the firm expands into upstream or downstream activities. Horizontal growth can be achieved by internal expansion or by external expansion through mergers and acquisitions of firms offering similar products and services. A firm may diversify by growing horizontally into unrelated businesses. Some examples
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vertical integration‚ a system of related businesses in which a parent company owns its suppliers‚ to increase his businesses efficiency levels. Carnegie bought out the companies and suppliers that carried the raw materials and services he required for his business. He was able to control everything he needed‚ and make agreements with other companies to buy his steel. Using this method‚ he saved money and increased his profits. The Walt Disney World Corporation also uses vertical integration‚ just
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Economic integration Economic integration is the unification of economic policies between different states through the partial or full abolition of tariff and non-tariff restrictions on trade taking place among them prior to their integration. This is meant in turn to lead to lower prices for distributors and consumers with the goal of increasing the combined economic productivity of the states. The trade stimulation effects intended by means of economic integration are part of the contemporary
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integrated into bonds of unity have always enjoyed peace‚ stability‚ prosperity and permanence. And those torn by mutual disruptive tendencies among various sections of the society have always been short lived and become non- existent. The national integration is the process of uniting different people from all walks of life into a single whole. The most serious problem being faced by India in present circumstances is‚ how to develop an atmosphere of national consciousness among so varied a people. Indians
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THE IMPEDIMENTS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN AFRICAN ECONOMIES NARKMANEE THITIKARN 20TH MARCH‚ 2013 THE IMPEDIMENTS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN AFRICAN ECONOMIES Introduction Economic integration is an economic agreement between regions characterized by removal or reduct ion or barriers to trade and harmonization of fiscal and monetary policies. The main aim of economic integration is not only to reduce costs for producers and consumers but also to increase the volume of trade among the
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25 Orissa Review * January - 2006 The 42nd amendment came into force on December 18‚1976. The preamble as amended runs as follows : "We‚ the people of India having solemnly resolved to Constitute India into a Soverign‚ Socialist‚ Secular‚ Democratic Republic and to secure all its citizens" Justice-social‚ economic and political‚ equality of states and opportunity and to promote among them all‚ Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and unity and integrity of the Nation. In
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The Problem of National Integration | | | National integration means the unity of the nation. It has been rightly said “United we stand but divided we fall”. A nation which is not united falls like a house of cards. India is a country where persons of different castes‚ colors and creeds live together. Narrow considerations like communalism‚ regionalism‚ casteism and linguism seem to rule the country. National integration‚ therefore‚ has become the most urgent need of the hour. There are
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2015 ASEAN INTEGRATION: Prospects and Opportunities for Academic Libraries in the Philippines Sharon Maria S. Esposo-Betan Philippines International Cooperation group of actions and/or resources exchanged between actors from different countries‚ voluntarily and according to their own interests and strategies Source: Rodriguez Vazquez‚ H. (2011). International cooperation for development: a Latin American perspective. 1950 Korean War 7‚500 April 22‚ 1951 Filipino troops Battle of Yultong
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Five major types of economic integration • Free Trade Area (FTA) Encourages trade among its members by eliminating trade barriers (tariffs‚ quota‚ and other nontariff barriers) among them. Each member is free to establish its own policies against nonmembers‚ Griffin and Pustay (2005:278). Ball and McCulloch (2008:120) outline The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) as examples of FTA’s. • Customs union
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CHAPTER 15 REGIONAL INTEGRATION 1. OVERVIEW OF RULES (1) | Regional Integration In addition to the global economic regime based on the GATT and IMF systems‚ which has sustained the world economy since World War II‚ regionalism‚ through which neighbouring countries seek to strengthen their economies by entering into some form of "regional integration" has become a major trend. This trend was triggered by the EU market integration. In both developed and developing countries‚ customs
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