actresses. Through out the 50s there were hundreds of actors and actresses. To name a few Vivien Leigh‚ Audrey Hepburn‚ Marlon Brando ‚Grace Kelly‚ Bette Davis‚ Katharine Hepburn‚ Burt Lancaster‚ Bing Crosby‚ Dorothy Dandridge‚ Judy Garland‚ Elizabeth Taylor‚ and Doris Day. Each of these performers have received Oscars nods for their played roles. Audrey Hepburn was born on May 4‚ 1929 in Belgium. Hepburn was a cosmopolitan from birth as her father was an English banker and her mother a Dutch baroness
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Cronjé‚ 2002‚ p34-35; George‚ 1968). Scientific Management One of the early pioneers of management theory was Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915)‚ a mechanical engineer who believed that it was management’s task to design jobs properly and to provide incentives to motivate workers to achieve higher productivity. While working at the Midvale Steel Company in Philadelphia‚ Taylor developed a new‚ and at the time radical approach to managing‚ known as scientific management. He conducted studies into how
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theorists like Henri Fayol (1841-1925)‚ managers began to get the tools they needed to lead and manage more effectively. Fayol‚ and others like him‚ are responsible for building the foundations of modern management theory. Background[pic] Fayol was born in 1841 in a suburb of Istanbul‚ Ottoman Empire. His father‚ an engineer‚ was appointed superintendent of works to build the Galata Bridge‚ which bridged the Golden Horn.[1] The family returned to France in 1847‚ where Fayol graduated from the
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Scientific Management The scientific management dates back to Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915). Taylor believed the work to be able to optimize business and corporate governance with a purely scientific approach‚ to solve such social problems and achieve "Prosperity for all".1 Starting point of deliberations of Taylor’s was the power restraint of workers. He reflected how the workers to more power could be moved. Taylor assumed that workers obey similar laws like machines. From this mechanistic perspective
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specific procedures and process into operations to ensure co-ordination of effort‚ emphasized economic operations‚ adequate staffing maintenance of inventories to meet consumer demand‚ and organizational control. 2. Scientific Management Frederick Taylor (Hired by Midvale Steel Company 1878) This approach advocated the application of scientific methods to analyze work and determine how to complete production tasks efficiently. * Management should develop a precise‚ scientific approach for each
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Henri Fayol was one of the first theorists to define functions of management in his 1916 book “Administration Industrielle et Generale”. Henri Fayol identified 5 functions of management‚ which he labelled: planning‚ organizing‚ commanding‚ coordinating and controlling. Henri Fayol theorized that these functions were universal‚ and that every manager performed these functions in their daily work. Henri Fayol also identified 14 general principles of management and organizing‚ which can be read about
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School of Management thought (Taylor et al) with those of the Human Relations Movement (Mayo et al) with regard to people at work” “Getting things done through people”‚ according to Mary Parker Follet (1941) is management. Management is said to have no fixed definition‚ but different authorities on management have different views on it. There are many theories on management. The Classical Theory comprising Scientific Management of Taylor‚ Administrative Management of Fayol‚ Bureaucratic Organization
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21st CENTURY MANAGEMENT Management function is one of the most significant social activities. Management has been present in this world since the commencement of societies. Administration is the skill‚ or knowledge‚ of reaching targets via individuals. As administrators also organize‚ administration may be inferred to mean accurately “looking over” i.e.‚ making sure people do what they are supposed to do. More broadly‚ management is the process of designing and maintaining and environment in which
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Historical Development of Management Theory and Practice Era Persons or Events Accomplishments Ancients Management Thought The Great Wall in China‚ Pyramids of Egypt‚ Monoliths on Easter Island‚ Mayan Temples in South America‚ Stonehenge in England Chinese emperors (2350 B.C.) Constitution of Chow (1100 B.C.) Persepolis in Persia (500 B.C.) Sun Tzu (500 B.C.) Alexander The Great (336-332 B.C.) India (321 B.C.) China (120 B.C.) Involved management practices of coordination‚ control
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THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF CONTEMPORARY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES The Premodern Era Organized activities and management have existed for thousands of years‚ for example‚ the construction of the Egyptian pyramids and the Great Wall of China. Michelangelo‚ the genius artist of the Renaissance era‚ was a manager himself. In order to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and other great things‚ he personally selected his workers‚ trained them‚ and assigned them to one or more teams‚ and he kept detailed
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