acid. ! C. Nirenberg - Deciphered first codon ! D. There is redundancy (multiple codons for one amino acid) but not ambiguity ! (one code specifies for two amino acids) ! E. Polyribosome - Clusters of ribosomes on same mRNA. III. Protein Synthesis ! A. DNA directs protein synthesis through RNA ! B. mRNA carries blueprint for a particular protein out of the nucleus. ! ! 1. Transcription - Copying of the genetic
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constantly recycled. 8.2 1. Why does DNA replicate? DNA replicates before a cell divides to give a complete set of genetic instructions to each daughter cell. 2. What is semiconservative replication? Semiconservative replication means that only one strand of a DNA molecule is newly formed. The other strand is original DNA from the parent cell. 3. What are the steps of DNA replication? The helicase enzyme unwinds and separates a double-stranded DNA molecule; the primase enzyme forms a
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at‚ where u find it and the function of the structure. The DNA strand is read in the 3’ to 5’ direction and the mRNA is transcribed in the 5’ to 3’ direction by the RNA polymerase. Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus‚ where the DNA is held. The DNA structure of the cell is made up of two helixes made up of sugar and phosphate held together by the bases. The sugar and the phosphate are joined together by a hydrogen bond. The DNA is "unzipped" by the enzyme helicase‚ leaving the single nucleotide
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(favourable phenotype) Genetic engineering – selected based on genes 2) - DNA are found in nucleus (where most DNA are found)‚ mitochondria‚ chloroplast 3) - Translation requires ribosome‚ mRNA‚ tRNA (anticodon) and amino acids - DNA template‚ polymerase for transcription 4) Mitosis generates daughter cells that are identical Meiosis – homologous recombination 5) DNA coding sequence: 5` GGGCCCTTTAAA 3` DNA template: 5` TTTAAAGGGCCC 3` 6) Insertion - Additional A (shifting
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living structures Noncellular Contain a protein coat called the capsid Have a nucleic acid core containing DNA or RNA Capable of reproducing only when inside a HOST cell copyright cmassengale 11 Characteristics Some viruses are enclosed in an protective envelope Some viruses may have spikes to help attach to the host cell Most viruses infect only SPECIFIC host cells copyright cmassengale CAPSID DNA ENVELOPE SPIKE S 12 Characteristics Viral capsids (coats) are made of individual protein subunits
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peptidoglycan cell wall * E.g. β-lactams e.g. penicillin 2. Inhibition of synthesis or damage to cytoplasmic membrane * Polymyxins and daptomycin 3. Modification in synthesis or metabolism of nucleic acids * Quinolones (inhibit DNA gyrase)‚ Rifampin (inhibits RNA polymerase) 4. Inhibition or modification of protein synthesis * Aminoglycosides‚ tetracyclines‚ etc. – Inhibit 5. Modification in energy
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nine‚ and ten. Chapter eight reviews mitosis and meiosis and how they affect the cell’s life cycle. Chapter nine reviews how chromosomes are inherited and sex-linked genes. Chapter ten reviews DNA’s and RNA’s structure‚ protein synthesis‚ and the replication process. Each member in Team A will provide a reflection on what we have learned‚ any surprises that developed during reading‚ and any questions that we may still have. Chapter eight provided helpful insight into the process of cell division through
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virus particle‚ also known as a virion‚ is essentially a nucleic acid ( HYPERLINK "http://biology.about.com/od/geneticsglossary/g/DNA.htm"DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein shell or coat. Viruses are extremely small‚ approximately 15 - 25 nanometers in diameter. Viruses: Genetic Material Viruses may have double-stranded DNA‚ double-stranded RNA‚ single-stranded DNA or single-stranded RNA. The type of genetic material found in a particular virus depends on the nature and function of the specific virus
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is equivalent to 109 cells/ml‚ how many cells do you have in 1 ml of the original culture? A) 2 × 108 cells B) 4 × 108 cells C) 2 × 109 cells D) 3 × 109 cells E) 4 × 109 cells 10. (Figure right) DNA replication and FtsZ ring formation should be coordinated. Which one is happening first? A) DNA replication B) FtsZ ring
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to divide‚ mitosis has to occur. Phosphate is needed for production of ATP which provides energy for mitosis to occur. DNA replication occurs during interphase of the cell cycle. DNA is made up of nitrogen containing base‚ pentose sugar and phosphate group. The phosphate group forms part of the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA. Phosphate is therefore necessary in DNA replication. During root growth‚ membranes also grow and they are made of phospholipids bi-layer which contains phosphates. Therefore
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