Analyse and evaluate the Psychodynamic‚ Behaviourist and Cognitive approaches to psychology‚ include in your answer the difference between classical and operant conditioning and compare the theories of conditioning to other approaches. Freud (1856-1939) pioneered the Psychodynamic approach creating theories such as The Three States of Mind; where any decision we make is influenced by unconscious mental processes; that the conscious‚ preconscious‚ and unconscious areas of our mind decide the outcome
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In this essay I am going to explore two of the major approaches to Psychology‚ Cognitive theories and Behaviourist theories. I will discuss in some detail the two approaches‚ state how they compare and illustrate the similarities and the differences between them. John Watson‚ one of the founders of Behaviourism‚ based his theories on the principles of learning outlined by Pavlov who suggested the theory known as Classical Conditioning; he trained dogs to salivate whenever he rang a bell
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Freud. He developed the Psychodynamic or Psychoanalytical perspective to enable better understanding of human behaviour these concepts will be discussed further later in this study. After Freud opened the gateway other perspectives and approaches have been developed‚ now with five main areas of psychology - Cognitive‚ Behaviourist‚ Biopsychology and Humanist approaches. For a comparison with the Psychodynamic theory‚ Behaviourist Theory will be discussed. Psychodynamic theory is referred to in
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The Biological Mind The biological perspective is one of the main approaches to performing psychological research. It is focused on the idea that behaviors have biological causes and is also known as physiological psychology or biopsychology. It often blends with many different sciences‚ particularly neurology and genetics. Common types of biological studies on behavior include things like the effects of physical child abuse on future adult actions‚ how injuries such as head trauma affect
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the definition of psychology was: ’ the Science of Mental Life‚ both of its phenomena and of their conditions... The Phenomena are such thing as we call feelings‚ desires‚ cognition‚ reasoning‚ decisions and the like.’ Nowaday‚ behaviorism and cognitive psychology are dominant force in psychology‚ for that reason the most common and popular is Clark & Miller’s (1970) definition of psychology as: ’... the scientific study of behaviour. Its subject matter includes behavioural processes that are observable
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’Describe behaviourist and cognitive approaches to consumer learning theory and discuss the implications of these theories for marketing practice’ Learning is one of the major determinants of human behavior. Psychologists are of the opinion that all human behavior involves some form of learning. Human beings are not born with the knowledge or skills that could be used as guidelines of how to behave for their daily life. Knowledge or skills are obtained from learning. Learning is an unconscious activity
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Behaviourist approach This approach refers to behaviour being mainly influenced by the environment also by reinforcing rewards for positive behaviour and punishments for negative behaviour. B.F. Skinner investigated Operant Conditioning of voluntary and involuntary behaviour. He explained that behaviour occurs for a reason‚ and the three main behaviour shaping techniques are positive reinforcement‚ negative reinforcement and punishment. Behaviourism has been criticised in the way it under-estimates
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Some psychology behaviourists believe the states of consciousness cannot be observed‚ so phychology should not be concerned with them. The behaviours of other individuals can be determined through some of the sense such as; sight and sound. Our eyes examine body language that one is demonstrating in order to come to a conclusion of mental behaviour. Our ears listen for any words or sounds given off by the individual that can help determine their mental process. Two main factors that
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Psychology is a very interesting topic‚ one that extends into many different fields. The Disciplines range from Abnormal Psychology‚ Biological Psychology‚ and Cognitive Psychology. These are just a small fraction of the different disciplines that psychology is involved in. Psychology plays a critical role in a person’s everyday life; a person’s behavior will always affect that. Abnormal Psychology is a broad term; an easier way to describe this discipline would be the study of behaviors that are
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Outline and evaluate the behaviourist approach to abnormality The behaviourist model explains abnormality as learnt behaviour. The behaviourists explain this learning as being a result of our environment. It has two ways to explain how abnormality can be learnt. It also argues that people do not have free will and that the environment determines their behaviour by making them behave in certain ways Classical conditioning is about an association made between a stimulus and response. In a
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