INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS COMDIS 210: Survey of Communication Disorders Definition of phonetics (Shriberg & Kent‚ 1982) • The study of the perception and production of speech sounds (phonemes). • The study of how speech sounds are produced and what their acoustic properties are. – Articulatory phonetics (concerned with how sounds are formed) – Acoustic phonetics (concerned with the acoustic properties of sounds) • Clinical phonetics involves the application
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Vincent Renner <vincent.renner@univ‐lyon2.fr> Winter 2015 Virtual Office group: ’Renner‐L2‐linguistics’ Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics is the study of speech. Articulatory phonetics is a branch which describes how the speech organs (= articulators) are used to produce (= articulate) speech sounds. Phonology is the study of the organization of speech sounds in the minds of speakers. Speech sound production Air stream modified by organs of speech. Modifications have acoustic effects
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states that a sound becomes more similar to a neighboring sound. This is in large part due to the difference in the manner and place of articulation of each sound. When moving from one sound to another we want to move our articulators as little as possible. This easing of the articulators results in the assimilation of the two sounds. Palatalisation is an example of assimilation (Fromkin‚ p.477). In palatalisation the alveolar ’sounds /d/ and /t/ are pronounced further back in the mouth ’ (Avery‚ p.89)
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Airstream mechanisms Intelligible sounds are produced by firstly placing the organs of the vocal tract in a specific configuration which influences the flow of air as it passes through the oral and/or nasal cavity. To produce a distinctive speech sound‚ there are two requirements: i. a configuration of organs ii. a flow of air or airstream How are airstreams initiated or provoked? Basically‚ the questions to be answered regarding the airstream in the production of most speech sounds are
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SYSTEMIC ANATOMY 1. Give OIAN of the tongue. The muscles of tongue can be divided into intrinsic and extrinsic groups. The intrinsic muscles lie entirely within the tongue‚ while the extrinsic muscles attach the tongue to other structures. The extrinsic muscles reposition the tongue‚ while the intrinsic muscles alter the shape of the tongue for talking and swallowing. Extrinsic tongue muscles‚ by definition‚ originate from structures outside the tongue and insert into the tongue. The four paired
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formants during the closure‚ followed by a sharp resumption at the release. Stops can be aspirated in which case the release will be followed by random enrergy distributed over all frequencies. Fricative - Narrowing of the distance between two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and a turbulent airflow is produced‚ as in English [z] in "zoo." The turbulent airflow produced by a fricative sounds like a hissing noise. On a spectrogram‚ a fricative looks like random noise
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concentration on articulation disorder in children. Webster’s Dictionary gives one definition for articulate as; “to produce a speech sound by the movement of the organs of speech.” Articulation refers to the movement of the speech mechanisms (tongue‚ lips‚ larynx‚ teeth‚ hard palate‚ velum [so air escapes through nose only when appropriate]‚ jaw‚ nose‚ and mouth) to produce speech. If any of these mechanisms are not working properly‚ weak‚ damaged‚ malformed‚ or out of sync with the rest‚ then a speech disorder
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clinician must assess each articulator—lips‚ jaw‚ tongue‚ etc.—in order figure out the fundamental speech production. When a child’s speech errors are extremely variable and inconsistent‚ the clinician can then diagnose a child with CAS. The child may exhibit problems with speech that include difficulty with the number of sound inventories‚ production of sound sequences‚ commission of vowel errors‚ imitation of speech‚ ease with prosody‚ and struggling with the formation of articulators to produce the correct
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1. Phonetics and phonology Phonetics and phonology is a general theory about speech sounds and how they are used in language (Peter Roach‚ 2000). However‚ there are some differences between phonetics and phonology. a) Phonetics Phonetics is the study of human sounds in general without reference to their systemic role in a specific language. Phonetics can be divided into two categories. The first type of phonetics‚ articulatory phonetics‚ examines the speech organs and processes by which humans
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4_Epiglottis Function (700 words) The epiglottis is located above the larynx. The function of the epiglottis is to protect the respiratory system from foreign particles‚ such as food. During swallowing‚ the epiglottis is depressed over the larynx. When breathing‚ it is open to allow air to travel freely. This article seeks to explain the function of the epiglottis and problems that may be associated with it. Epiglottis Function and Anatomy The epiglottis is formed by elastic cartilage and is
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