To best describe DWDM (coarse wavelength division multiplexing) and DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexing)‚ you must first understand how WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) operates. WDM is multiplexing several optical signals on a single fibre by using wavelengths which are essentially colours of the laser light; to transmit different signals ranging from 2.5Gbps to 40Gbps. The device that connects the signals together is a multiplexor‚ and the one that splits them apart on the other
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include a lower minimum operating voltage‚ higher efficiency operation and lower heat dissipation.[2] The main components are a power FET and a differential amplifier (error amplifier). One input of the differential amplifier monitors the fraction of the output determined by the resistor ratio of R1 and R2. The second input to the differential amplifier is from a stable voltage reference (bandgap reference). If the output voltage rises too high relative to the reference voltage‚ the drive to the power
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Table of Contents List of tables 3 List of Figures 4 1Introduction 5 2 Circuit diagram 6 3 Circuit components 7 3.1 LDR 7 3.2 Resistors 8 3.2.1 Color code 8 3.3 IR LED 9 3.4 LED 11 3.5 OP-AMP 12 3.5.1 OP AMP LM 324 13 3.6 Transistor 15 3.6.1 Transistor 2N2222 15 3.7 SCR 16 3.7.1 SCR C106MG 18 C106MG 19 3.8V Battery 19 3.9 Photo diode 20 Principle of operation 21 3.9.1 IR Photo diode 21 3.10 Switches 22 3.11 Buzzer 23 3.11.1Mechanical buzzer 24 3.11.2 Electromechanical buzzer 24 3.11.3 Piezo buzzer
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Mechanical Translational Systems Currently‚ there are two systems of units: One is the international system (SI) or metric system‚ the other is the British engineering system (BES) or the English system. We prefer to use the SI system in this course‚ buy may use either of them whenever necessary. Also‚ within each system‚ we define certain base units. In SI system‚ they are meter‚ kilogram‚ and second. In BES‚ they are foot‚ pound‚ and second. Almost all the other units used in mechanical system
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Embossing Format A Project Report on Smart Traffic Light Controller with Intelligent Street Light Submitted by Steve D’Silva 11D411 Karan Baswat 11D407 Aditya Bhujang 10D408 Chetan Majalkar 10D434 Under the Guidance of PROF. Pranjali Shelke Head of Department PROF. Anjum Mujawar Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Vidyalankar Polytechnic Wadala(E)‚ Mumbai-400037 Maharashtra State Board of Technical
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Resistor R1 biases the internal circuit of the low-voltage condenser microphone for proper working. The audio output from the preamplifier stage is fed to the input of the medium-power amplifier circuit via capacitor C2 and volume control VR1. The medium-power amplifier section is wired around popular audio amplifier IC TDA2822M (not TDA2822). This IC‚ specially designed for portable low-power applications‚ is readily available in 8-pin mini DIP package. Here the IC is wired in bridge configuration
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3EC1 MATHEMATICS-III UNIT 1: LAPLACE TRANSFORM - Laplace transform with its simple properties‚ applications to the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations having constant co-efficients with special reference to the wave and diffusion equations. UNIT 2: FOURIER SERIES & Z TRANSFORM – Expansion of simple functions in fourier series. Half range series‚ Change of intervals‚ Harmonic analysis. Z TRANSFORM - Introduction‚ Properties‚ Inverse Z Transform. UNIT 3: FOURIER TRANSFORM - Complex
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transistor is off there is no conduction between the collector and emitterboth junctions are reverse biased the base current is very small‚ no current flows collector. ( IB ≈ 0 ) ( IC = 0) | The transistor is onthe transistor can act as a linear amplifier where the BE junction isforward biased and the CB junction is reverse biased. In this region the collector current is controlled by the base current ( IC = β IB) | The transistor is onthe transistor can act as a switch‚ where both junctions are forward
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Figure 7-10 PEAK DETECTOR CIRCUIT A peak detector circuit is a series of diodes and op amps (operational amplifier) connected with capacitor in series fashion to store and hold the peak values given by voltage supply. This circuit will store the highest value or peak value of the given voltage or hold the last given peak voltage to the circuit from the voltage supplier. Peak detector converts the Ac voltage to DC voltage and reduces the disturbance. The function can be explained as follow
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2012 A SYNOPSIS ON SUBMITTED BY: RAJ KUMAR DHAKAD BRIJESH PATEL RAJEEV KIRAR RASHMI RAI FM RADIO TRANSMITTER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Practical knowledge means the visualization of the knowledge‚ which we read in books. For this we perform experiments & get observation. Practical knowledge is very important in field. One must be familiar with the problems related to the field so that he may solve them and becomes successful person. After achieving proper goal of life an engineer has to enter in the
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