All notes

soc 17/01/2012:
Utility is in my opinion the test of value in matters of invention, and that a discovery which can be applied to no use, or is not good for sthg is good for nothing-benjamine frankline. y do we need fake feet that is similar to natural foot ? to get rid of the difference every 1 should be the same
Assignment:
choose technology describe it: be clair of what it is and waht it does use detail waht is the context in which produced? when from ? production describe the place of the technology ( new vs. evolution of product). make the distinction bwn new and evolving technology? new tech . evolutionary product is being fixed who are the users? describe, get info form product magazine,stats canada , is it predominatly used by men,women, kids, edlers? waht is wrong with it? describe in detail describe the changes you would make
Does this change the desired user group?
7 pages-double spaced, need source.
Technology can be knowledge and technique.
Technological artifacts and knowledge
Emerges as expressions of social forces. Personal needs, technical limits, markets, political considerations.
Meanings and designs are flexible: change it according to our needs, for example: use books as door stopper.
Language and printing press:
Shift from oral to print culture: when has knowledge stored in head u can forget. wat happens if knowledge put on paper? it becomes official, taken as absolute truth so have credibility and authority. We change it according to our needs but there has to be an agreement. europe ( like things on paper) vs first nation(oral culture till 1700 don put things on paper). u wanna know wat is being done tha is y u put on paper. u can create a written language to know wat is goin on. so u got shift of creating written language. So press helps u create a written language.
Communication between govts: if u don put it on paper ppl can change if u put on paper there is understanding. Agreements can be changed if not on paper bt if on paper there will be a common understanding of what it is, what u want.
Spiritual dimension: when u put religious tenants on paper wat happens? Easier to redistribute and remember, loss of literal meaning (when u write an email it is hard to convey the tone of voice.) interpretation becomes hard
Create and reinforce new social and political hierarchies. How? Interpretation of wat is written, enforcing law is hard but when u put it on paper the looseness disappears. Law based on social norm, have the ideas of killing is not ok enforcing of which becomes difficult, when put on paper u can change the meaning of the law. Easy to prove things, what passed down from generation to generation. Culture has shifted to print culture, we give things a language a form when put on paper.
Systematizing of knowledge: give it specific language and a form, Culture has shifted to print culture, we give things a language a form when put on paper.
Able to inc in info circulation: ppl who ran bw posts in marathon, when on paper it is about public not only govt.
Increased global - expansion-maps: early Canadian maps (when u put maps together u able to classify, able to know who u with and what u have.)
Science- dissemination and info criticism. u can gt info to other ppl to be criticized or agreed with. So u can have a dialogue.
Individualist and collective: when u put things on paper get different questions as who is reading thing put on paper, who are u sharing it with, there is possessiveness like this is my area. It also changed how society functions. put on paper is collective.
Cutlural shifts: wat did we do in terms of nature? we told stories was what we did in term of leisure, but when culture changed there was innovation of arts. Innovation in art and design: used cheap paper when started in the beginning. Started putting in pictures like in medical school text books were knowledge based system besides having art.-
Newspaper: cover wide range of topics, goes in cycle, refutable sources, portable function which give more news and easy to relocate. Make the most of the portable function instead of books so can be relocated and give the information in the world. Newspapers are written in a grade 10 level now.
Public opinion: reach wide audience and sway them towards ur ideas, can get movement towards the issue. Articles can have strong effect on ppl.
Different kinds of technology that has shaped human live are airplanes as technology was slow. Internet that has changed the way business is done like physical occasion vs virtual location. When electricity came out we changed how we did things, transportation, street cars, how the roads were build.

Technological momentum: not inherent to technology bc of social context and infrastructure : grow technology with us and we grow with tech. We influence technology.
Possible bc of consequences of early development and successful marketing
Inertia- not technical: It is used to describe the resistance to change presented by societies or social groups, usually due to habit. not cultural and technical, it is institutional: where do we stand in cloning as a society? It is unethical and not allowed. We govern, legalize as institution. Technology throughout history:
Do all cultures promote science? No, bc of resistance to change. For example technology can bring in information to people to enable them to oppose to control. Some countries don’t have the infrastructure like knowledge or the means.
Approaches:
internalist: focus on the role of the inventor, laboratory practices, state of scientific knowlge at that time, relative sort of practice, wat we knew or didnt know. establish sequences of event: how did the technology develop or get out,
Power dimension: it ignores power dimension of fetal rights, talking abt power in different ways. How are they positioned in terms of hierarchy, if u had scientists who were the general inventor then got institutions then today’s culture so they got the power and know stuff. so their shape our social deals.
Compare competing technologies: how does development of same tech or better techno using the same ideas bt grown differently? wat does it tell us about social process? Rarely one person working on one thing.

Contextual approach:
Places techno as part of cultural practices- who used it? Y start with the user, what is the difference? Different cultures have different purposes and different technology to facilitate the daily activities. Start with the user bc they pay for it, they are the ones using it. can’t argue abt cell phone bills in 1902 cuz didn’t exist embedded within social process:
Examines diversification in relation to social need: talking abt specific characters so can make claims as to how technology has changed.
17th to 19th century: technological influence of science: tech and science were the same
Did science through scientific instruments, very primitive, have specific uses for glass and beaker? Specific instrument became part of
New world view for science: coming out of period where science takes a back seat to classicism. Classism is prejudice or discrimination on the basis of social class.
Influence on the research agenda for science: was conflict bc religion was displaced with science, world functions in different way. Now u can prove things
Instruments and scientific revolution: the first time u can see instruments being used so scientific revolution would have not happened without this.
Sahpin: talks about the following:
Talks about the idea of who was eligible to receive the designation of scientist. In this time period its man.
Have a new idea that fact-making is no longer - moral certainty, u know it happens; can actually demonstrate that sthg happens so moving towards evidence. Material, literary, social technology: In terms of material: He talks about the tools required. In terms of literary: How do they become part of literary culture, u need to have approval of other scientist so u can prove who and how it was done so have an agreement. In terms of social technology: there were rules and regulations. How do u know scientist is a scientist? Language, dressing, titles, educations, .have to have certain properties to declare scientist. Have to have certain properties, the baker and balcksmith used science bt were not thought as scientists.
Dissemination and diffusion of ideas in a new way not seen before cuz u have a new community of scientists. Have ideas in a new way cuz u have a community of scientist and everything happens in a clear fashion.

19th century:
Science becomes industries: have institutions, rather than having scientists spread everywhere. birth of industrial research laboratory

20th century:
Growth of industrial research laboratories: u add to it, institutionalizes our schools and educate scientist. Interconnection bw science and technology not discrete. techno not completely dependent on science in 1930s growing interdependence of S and T. In 1940s there was war, gas in World War 1, technology and tools that go with it.

RK Merton (1942)
Sets an experiments .he figures characteristic methods: process (now part of science, it doesn’t function in another way.) certifies knowledge: validation of system is characteristic feature of science
Accumulation of knowledge from application: bc we institutionalize it we can grow it. Locating knowl in institution and say let’s build on it.

He figures certain priciples:
Communalism: a project, done by community of scientists.
Universalism: There is an objective measure, an organized capitalism that can be accepted and practiced bt u should not be trusted. Science is practiced throughout consistently following rules that it follows.
Disinterestedness:
organized skepticism:
Sociology of science
The sociology of science was a field that Merton was very interested in and remained very passionate about throughout his career. Merton was interested in the interactions and importance between social and cultural structures and science. Merton carried out extensive research into the sociology of science, developing the Merton Thesis explaining some of the causes of the Scientific Revolution, and the Mertonian norms of science, often referred to by the acronym "Cudos". This is a set of ideals that are dictated by what Merton takes to be the goals and methods of science and are binding on scientists. They include:
Communalism – the common ownership of scientific discoveries, according to which scientists give up intellectual property in exchange for recognition and esteem.
Universalism – according to which claims to truth are evaluated in terms of universal or impersonal criteria, and not on the basis of race, class, gender, religion, or nationality;
Disinterestedness – according to which scientists are rewarded for acting in ways that outwardly appear to be selfless;
Organized skepticism – all ideas must be tested and are subject to rigorous, structured community scrutiny.
The CUDOS set of Mertonian scientific norms is sometimes identified as Communalism, Universalism, Disinterestedness, *Originality* (novelty in research contributions), and Skepticism (instead of Organized Skepticism). This is a subsequent modification of Merton's norm set, as he did not refer to Originality in the essay that introduced the norms (The Normative Structure of Science [1942]).
Merton introduced many relevant concepts to the sociology of science, including 'obliteration by incorporation' (when a concept becomes so popularized that its inventor is forgotten) and 'multiples' (on independent similar discoveries). Merton and his colleagues spent much time studying "how the social system of science works in accordance with, and often also in contradiction to, the ethos of science."[4] This newer focus on the social organization of science led Merton to study the reward system in science, priority disputes between scientists, and the way in which famous scientists often receive disproportionate credit for their contributions, whereas lesser known scientists receive less credit than their contributions actually merit.[4] Merton called this phenomenon the Matthew effect; see also Stigler's law of eponymy. With his study of the Matthew effect, Merton was able to show how the social system of science sometimes deviated structurally from the ethos of science, in this case by violating the norm of universalism.[4]

Jan.20
Scientific revolution is both social and intellectual. (Professor talking: social sciences got translated into. raising family like marital advices and childe training. how do you rationalize efficiencies? There should be a certain time for certain things.) likened to political revolutions: ( prof talking:
Revolutions are discontinuous: they start and stop they change as rules and policies change.
Resolution? How do we start adopting towards a new idea?
Paradigm (standard, model): The word paradigm ( /ˈpærədaɪm/) has been used in science to describe distinct concepts
The historian of science Thomas Kuhn gave paradigm its contemporary meaning when he adopted the word to refer to the set of practices that define a scientific discipline at any particular period of time. Kuhn himself came to prefer the terms exemplar and normal science, which have more precise philosophical meanings. However in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Kuhn defines a scientific paradigm as: "universally recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide model problems and solutions for a community of researchers", i.e., what is to be observed and scrutinized the kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in relation to this subject how these questions are to be structured how the results of scientific investigations should be interpreted

world view methological rules( scientific method) what is a legitimate scientific question
What constitutes a scientific fact? if we agree and if we can prove it then we got knowledge but in debate in how to improve creation is legitimate, how do you prove it? wat co0nstites a scientific fact and how can u prove it has happened and how is it part of the paradigm
How to solve the risk kinda problem? knowledge and theory that is accepted becomes part of this paradigm as it exists
Process of recognizing the expert: how do u now scientist a scientist? we give them that authority, giving them education , tools and etc. they recognized with these ... standard examples and ways of solving problems- puzzle solving: anomalies: problem that remain unsolved in normal science period- are ignored
Paradigm changes: happen when u got new evidence new evidence that can’t be explained by the existing paradigm
Who takes it up? the new ppl fresh blood a theoretician: starts with theory. How do yo prove it? wat has to be in place before that scientific fact get place. accomplished by shot in the dark: tri linear, try stuff until sthg works ppl devote their lives to one or more problems- persistence
Outcomes that the old paradigm could not have made: and how are these paradigms challenging?
Kuhn-values
accuracy consistency: Simplicity: y wud simplicity be valued? if ur looking for acceptance
Scope: if ur challenging paradigm or have a specific problem becomes the scope. fruitfulness: wat kinda problems does it solve
Q : is agreement required for it to be considered a scientific fact?
- Accurate - empirically adequate with experimentation and observation
- Consistent - internally consistent, but also externally consistent with other theories
- Broad Scope - a theory's consequences should extend beyond that which it was initially designed to explain
- Simple - the simplest explanation, principally similar to Occam's razor
- Fruitful - a theory should disclose new phenomena or new relationships among phenomena

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (SSR) was originally printed as an article in the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, published by the logical positivists of the Vienna Circle. In this book, Kuhn argued that science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new knowledge, but undergoes periodic revolutions, also called "paradigm shifts" (although he did not coin the phrase),[3] in which the nature of scientific inquiry within a particular field is abruptly transformed. In general, science is broken up into three distinct stages. Prescience, which lacks a central paradigm, comes first. This is followed by "normal science", when scientists attempt to enlarge the central paradigm by "puzzle-solving". Guided by the paradigm, normal science is extremely productive: "when the paradigm is successful, the profession will have solved problems that its members could scarcely have imagined and would never have undertaken without commitment to the paradigm."[4]
During the period of normal science, the failure of a result to conform to the paradigm is seen not as refuting the paradigm, but as the mistake of the researcher, contra Popper's falsifiability criterion. As anomalous results build up, science reaches a crisis, at which point a new paradigm, which subsumes the old results along with the anomalous results into one framework, is accepted. This is termed revolutionary science.
In SSR, Kuhn also argues that rival paradigms are incommensurable—that is, it is not possible to understand one paradigm through the conceptual framework and terminology of another rival paradigm. For many critics, for example David Stove (Popper and After, 1982), this thesis seemed to entail that theory choice is fundamentally irrational: if rival theories cannot be directly compared, then one cannot make a rational choice as to which one is better. Whether Kuhn's views had such relativistic consequences is the subject of much debate; Kuhn himself denied the accusation of relativism in the third edition of SSR, and sought to clarify his views to avoid further misinterpretation. Freeman Dyson has quoted Kuhn as saying "I am not a Kuhnian!",[5] referring to the relativism that some philosophers have developed based on his work.
The enormous impact of Kuhn's work can be measured in the changes it brought about in the vocabulary of the philosophy of science: besides "paradigm shift", Kuhn popularized the word "paradigm" itself from a term used in certain forms of linguistics and the work of Georg Lichtenberg to its current broader meaning, coined the term "normal science" to refer to the relatively routine, day-to-day work of scientists working within a paradigm, and was largely responsible for the use of the term "scientific revolutions" in the plural, taking place at widely different periods of time and in different disciplines, as opposed to a single "Scientific Revolution" in the late Renaissance. The frequent use of the phrase "paradigm shift" has made scientists more aware of and in many cases more receptive to paradigm changes, so that Kuhn’s analysis of the evolution of scientific views has by itself influenced that evolution.[citation needed]
Kuhn's work has been extensively used in social science; for instance, in the post-positivist/positivist debate within International Relations. Kuhn is credited as a foundational force behind the post-Mertonian Sociology of Scientific Knowledge.
A defense Kuhn gives against the objection that his account of science from The Structure of Scientific Revolutions results in relativism can be found in an essay by Kuhn called "Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice."[6] In this essay, he reiterates five criteria from the penultimate chapter of SSR that determine (or help determine, more properly) theory choice:
1. - Accurate - empirically adequate with experimentation and observation
2. - Consistent - internally consistent, but also externally consistent with other theories
3. - Broad Scope - a theory's consequences should extend beyond that which it was initially designed to explain
4. - Simple - the simplest explanation, principally similar to Occam's razor
5. - Fruitful - a theory should disclose new phenomena or new relationships among phenomena
He then goes on to show how, although these criteria admittedly determine theory choice, they are imprecise in practice and relative to individual scientists. According to Kuhn, "When scientists must choose between competing theories, two men fully committed to the same list of criteria for choice may nevertheless reach different conclusions."[6] For this reason, the criteria still are not "objective" in the usual sense of the word because individual scientists reach different conclusions with the same criteria due to valuing one criterion over another or even adding additional criteria for selfish or other subjective reasons. Kuhn then goes on to say, "I am suggesting, of course, that the criteria of choice with which I began function not as rules, which determine choice, but as values, which influence it."[6] Because Kuhn utilizes the history of science in his account of science, his criteria or values for theory choice are often understood as descriptive normative rules (or more properly, values) of theory choice for the scientific community rather than prescriptive normative rules in the usual sense of the word "criteria," although there are many varied interpretations of Kuhn's account of science.

Technological change: accumulation of details
Technological paradigm: need for a concrete exemplar. paradigm as a resource rather than rule
Technological system technology as a part of integrated social system. wat are big paradigm shifts over the course of history? The earth used to be thought as flat but it is goal. a computer and internet are social paradigm changes rather then intellectual. Theory of evolution is a paradigm.
Influencing innovation:
Government - legal, regulatory... how does it positively affect innovation? Funding, it can have opposite too. Can decide not to fund some projects like cloning.
Business- has influencing force in innovation? Businesses have alot of money that can lend for research.
Not for profit groups: help areas where bus doesn’t cover like charities.
Public: one or more ppl that innovate, the public have the demand for innovation. Public funds the govt bus.
Enabling
generating innovation motivation and goals: social and political motivations sustaining, strengthening, and furthering means: inducements, facilitations, prescriptions(talking abt knowledge sthg already in place) determining: regulating innovation
Disabling:
Dismantling institutions or enterprises: when companies not on good list for funding. When schools dismantle programs for funding, or have ideas that don get fund. y electric car not endorsed? gas prices already lower, hydro system preventing, weakening, impeding inductive, obstructive prescriptive liberating: loosening constraints
Societal forces: direction selection( research agenda) technic constitution (social values and output) technical production (who, what, under which conditions) process specification (regulation)
Technical diffusion (distribution of products and information): who can purchase and wat kinda info do we need. technical use( when and how might a technology be used)
Jan.24
RD-D2 you know better than to trust a strange computer” c3p0 star wars. Ppl worried about carpton syndrome using split keyboard.
Societal change through technology
Hunter gathering societies:
Societies had to gather food to survive.
Had to build their tools by hand, primary hunting tools (we don know wat it looked like).
Talking abt individuals having some degree of skills. Team effort, group hunt together. Complex bc of specialization and tools required. Gotta build new structures
Horticultural and pastoral societies:
Able to gather in larger groups, more sanitary, food production.
Started the process of developing seed production, the communities are growing is the case of sanitary.
But in other cases they are still in between growing culture and hunter gathering.
Agrarian societies: They stay in one place, fully fledged communities. Wat do they look like? Increase skill division labor not sex (men, women) needed processor, baker
Skills grown and so are society. Rules and laws: the idea of property. Storing bc cant move. Subsistence to surplus (we can accumulate wealth, economic stratification which leads to social stratification (to arrange in a hierarchical order, especially according to graded status levels.)
Life expectancy goes up, ur more likely to get injured, lotsa children, population grows bigger.
Industrial societies:
Family unit changes from working unit to a social life. Mass production, teaches individual how to do one thing at a time, we can fill needs of population easily, become consumer society. Increase organizations, overpopulation in one area, income levels change. Education: ppl got more educated. Travel on your own, travel door for globalization. Cars: greater freedom, shipping products, growth of suburbs. Difference in cost of living. The rise of middle class. Increase in individuality: ppl do not rely on others. Working ppl replaced by machines. With cars u have dating and leisure bc structured work day.
Separation of state and church
Post industrial societies: staying in school longer fewer children
Divorce, single parents household increase consumption of goods.
Better healthcare
Baby boomers
Shift work, contract work, working 2 jobs
Job specialization: less technical and more knowledge based,
Technological dependence started in industrial society and grew to post industrial societies.
U own technology and technology becomes a part of your daily life.
Technological imperative: new technologies require restructuring of their environment ( internal or external)
Reverse adaptation: technology becomes the ends to the means- technological standards has become the measure of all things.

Pfaffenberger
Final design: competing agenda (aesthetics, economics, and social values). Making ugly building to deter ppl form going. Example: bus shelters in LA have gotten rid of certain features and added other ones. Seats made cylindrical (no one can fall asleep so they reduce homeless). Talks about where the construction of politics or social meaning happens so in fine design and around economics and social value. Making partments in bus stops for discrouraging homeless ppl from sleeping in. If talking in terms of economics we need to see wat material is used to build sthg, is ist sustainable, shouldnt affect a society in a negative way.
Routinization (to develop into regular procedure): alter production process to embody ( to provide a concrete form to ) political aims into the technology. How we do production process, wat are the political ramification (to divided into branches) of doing political process.
Adjustment: affected groups look to offset the loss in power, esteem or financial recourses the technology caused. How do we produce and take their own community and achieve it? One way process happens to ppl. Strategy to change meaning in our benefit.
Reconstitution: disenfranchised seek to make meaning anew
Socio spatial strategies: embedded within technology or process like gated communities. Actively work to shape our environment like values as politics and economics. Pfanberg talks abt how to change these and they all have social meaning. He says we are not passive
Exclusion: a process that who doesn’t get into,
Deflection
Differential incorporation: how do we incorporate technology into our everyday life,
Compartmentalization: when we ignore the technology.
Segregation: technology segregates individuals? done by race or gender. Talk about who and how.
Centralization: if think abt surveillance strategy: U start building cities and u call it like rockliff, glebe, wat is in between cities? Transitional areas which as Ottawa is affordable.

Standardization: how does technology: literacy test is standardization making sure everyone is at same level not good cuz u eliminate diversity. You start losing culture and diversity.
Polarization: if u were to look at poor, rich countries how space used and technology different in price or gender is polarization. Things created for social differentiation. Different iteration of the technology is produced to create social differentiation.
Marginalization:
Delegation:
Disavowal: wt happens when reject technology? Why reject technology? Not wanting to adopt, change assumed as bad thing like loss of jobs.
In addition to not being passive to standards, pfanberg said we resist so instead of taking the bus as form of transportation we use them to save the environment. Technology used to add to existing user groups.
Counterapproperiation: we chase home as we go out of parks, in Confederation Park they redesigned the landscape which did not stop homeless ppl from using it. So using things regardless what the new meaning is. Wat if we reject certain form of technology altogether? We devise strategy to enhance the process.
Factors of technology will change, marking force can draw technology up or down, accepted or not. We accept some thing and not the other for example if they are too complex to use. There are some cultures that limit technological change bt in our society if we limit technology we are limiting production , less productive without technology, like if u think of working in an office.
Resistance to technological change: cost benefit analysis, we refuse to use technology because we do not realize that it will benefit us.
The technical society: have societies that discourage technological change bc not in their best interest. Don has the infrastructure to support it, or increasing use technology will increase social stratification so they won’t. West actively incorporates technology into everyday life.
Citizenship: we have worked towards creating technology to resolve disputes like bombs. we have actively seen techology develped to work towards specific ends like segregating ppl and nations.
Motive of organizations: techlogy works to organize us according to social characteristics like economics, geography. Techlogy has power in terms of norms and social terms. Technology can be used on how we interact with each other, how and who do u talk to? For a long time it was a man’s role to fix things
How Societies are actively organized around technology, authoritarian and hierarchy informed by technology, societies, centralization of knowledge and power. The autonomous collective, democratic authorities, ppl centered decentralization of knowledge and power.
Deciding on who uses the space like booking the parliament hell space, determining who gets to use space and how they use it is called centralization.

Lecture 6
February 10th, 2012

"Science is facts, just as houses are made of stones, so is science made of facts, but a pile of stones is not a house and a collection of facts is necessarily science" Henri Poincaire

Experts and scientists: people with certain knowledge and expertises, degrees, etc...
Trusting experts: knowledge of institutional arrangements claims to knowledge: they produce a body of work process: required courses and degrees use of institutional knowledge to contextualize facts offered heterogeneous, with own needs, interests attitudes, and levels of knowledge scientists: do their job and find stuff
Mediators: people who tell the general public what the scientist say. example: teachers, magazines decision-makers general public attentive public: the ones who pick up on that news item and tell someone else interested public: the one who are going to follow up that interest or area participants: direct vs. indirect involvement being involved with the community or not for example based on the level of involvement awareness understanding communication (linear vs. diffusion models) scientists and experts have to translate their words to the public communication and meanings as negotiated and contextual negotiating with someone about something they don't believe will turn out differently

Public understanding of science (PUS)
"pieces of science" vs. institutions institutions know everything about a specific thing up to a certain point of course public knowledge can be different or complement expert knowledge conflicting approaches understanding of science content what we know now changes
...methods of enquiry how do they do what they do how do we see how they do what they do
...of science as social enterprise

Scientific literacy: how do we know what we know? skills and attitudes we value certain things than others practical civic (content, process, social factors) we are a social group, what do we do, how do we do it and why cultural Feb 14, 2010:
Deficit model: public has inadequate knowledge: till 1960 this was one shot scientists told us wat to do. In 1960s we get larger number of movement and ppl say we should have more information, ppl were getting sick and not told why so they started the movement. The way that we were accessing medical care changed bc we were getting sicker rather than better so wanted to know how are we dealing with science.
One way flow of information: no longer the case, ppl have more ways of finding more information.
Contextual model: where we are at now, symmetrical communication. Scientist tell us and we ask questions. They ask questions ans we tell them.

Science communication:
Public awareness:
Need to figure out how to understand the material
Flows with the rest of process which is we are aware, involved in, interested, and form opinions about.
Social and aesthetic (having a sense of the beautiful; characterized by a love of beauty.) aspects: wat are the implications of science, wat did they do? In terms of aesthetics we can talk about experimentation on human subject. Fake burials,
Personal responses: we have response like social context, religion. Then can form opinion of wat should happen and wat should not. Liberation therapy for ms to Italy

AEIOU:
Awareness: knowledge accumulatin in terms of knowledge. How do we get knowledge, someone can talk about sthg if sthg doesn’t work for them
Enjoyment: tend to learn more when we enjoy something
Interest: sometimes we need to tell story other times create enuf interest so wud follow
Personalizes and impersonal aims of scientific awareness. This entire processes personalizes wat u know, like if talking about medical sciences and gets rid of pernal flavor of science.
Dialogues:
Individuals and public on a contimum(whole)
Scientific community will not cause an immediate increase in scientific literacy
The message is not solely for the public, bt for law makers, investors and other scientists
Creates multiple sets of literacy based on where ur and social context u will have varying levels of discussion.
Multiple literacies
Range of literacy profiles
Distance between scientists and public
Individuals build their own awareness: u have ways of integrating urself in process
Based around scientific culture which has changed which knowledge, how do scientists do wat they do?
Gender and technology:
Barbie: in 80s she had a problem, she got a voice box saying “ I hate math, math is hard”, GIGO said “ war is good”. Ppl weren’t happy bc education was being gendered in wrong way. Someone was able to provide the option to switch the voices with following instructions. We have made technology to fulfil gender types.
Early car was made for males, females were passengers. Guys got girls or date if they had a car. When did car being a male thing changed? During war when males were busy with war, females had to do all work. But there was an assumption that technology was reducing women’s femininity. They made cars bigger with more space for females at late 80s bc of kids.
Precursor to braw was … it makes u skinny, push cleavage, to give women childbearing figure. Got rid of it bc it was restricting,
The bra holds things up, shapes body differently. Bra was liberating in some ways and constraining in other ways.
Internet service:
Gender:
Is social, wat u do. Biological characteristic is separate.
Performed as identity: as to how u performs as females being more masculine.
Contextual: it is contextual,
Used to organize social structure and institutions like bathrooms, dress codes in schools, clothing stores, commercials, language around occupation (women used to get fired if they got married.)
Symbolic and representational
Science is not neutral – nor is technology
Political and social processes: women and visible minorities have been excluded
Process of exclusion:
Generating specific kinds of knowledge, questions and frameworks.
Gender intersection: where can we incorporate gender?
Research sites ( where and what we research)
Analytic lenses ( methodological and theoretical concepts)
Power relations ( symmetry vs. asymmetry) :
Used to actively figure stuff and so research
Reflectivity (knowledge creation): how do u know wat u know? How did find information, wat sources do we assume valid.
Dichotomies as boundary making:
Technological/ social: tech end is male and female side is social.
Production and consumption: men produce and women spend. Microwave was an accident, they marketed towards men bc it was technological women can do all buttons. In 50s they failed, in a few years they changed the nature lesser buttons and women bought it
Skilled / unskilled: skilled men, bt unskilled women like childcare
Expert/ user:
Technology is gendered:
Designers: wat do we do, how do we do, where do we do
Gender divisions: pink tool
Artefacts cn be gendered- materially and symbolically :
Cultural images:
Feb/17/2012
It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the barker, that we expect our dinner, but from their guard to their own interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity, but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our necessities, but of their advantages. : adam smith wealth of nations.
Work over time
Primitive societies: degree of specialization varies
Farming: making sure u can produce enuf food for ppl around u
Artisans and guilds: increase specialization over types of jobs, have technological innovation, talking about limited production then it gets to who produces and who has the rights of production. Taking care of your neighbours stops, now we deal with ppl that are immediately around u like urself or ur family.
Slavery: societies using it learned that it is inefficient bc of luck of incentive, slave has no motivation to do the work other than the physical pain of beating. U lose ur workforce as if u don take care of ur workforce u can lose them. U have to hire someone to oversee the work and that take more of ur money than slaves. Slavery deals with ppl and how to use them to do the work.
A work week?
Material culture = more work
Social roles, obligations, practices become part of this. Wat are ur obligations to market and workforce.
Relationship to environment : how does ur work environment change when u become a part of work system
Wants and needs: become important to decide how much of sthg should be produced per society. Sometimes the want may not exist bc u don know anything.
Power: how is the activity carried out? With power u can get stuff. How the job is done? Like if u have a factory and ppl
Control: exercised over the work process. If u work in situation that u have to execute task in certain time it becomes part of it
Intellectual analysis and decision making: work, goals, and processes.

Clocks:
Time spent on wrok vs. scheduling. Work was done around celebration earlier,
Relationship to social events vs, need for production
Creation of wrok day/week: starts when ppl start to think of producing more bc need more.
Task orientation vs time orientation: need to figure out the most efficient way to produce. Taks orientation
Routinization: doing same task at same time everyday during work week.
Characteristics post industrial revolution:
Large-scale, multi unit, ppl vs machines: we put labour laws around time, to excuse ppl like children then u have enuf time to spend. We start employing machines instead of ppl, machines replaced ppl then needed ppl to run the machines then changed the jobs.
Horizontal and vertical integration:
Professional managers: responsible for dictating when, how thing s done and how they should be done.
Hierarchically organized:
Fredrick Taylor: documents steps by steps the tasks and how long would it take to do it. Putting the chain on work on floor, taking off chain. How does this produce efficiently? No skill required so anyone can do the job so don need to train ppl and don t need to spend too much time. This becomes part of culture and parents thought to raise their kids scientifically like by 6 months they should be toilet trained, by 1 yr they should be able to walk. If kids can’t do this on time parents told kids have problem. Last until the 50s, and then the change comes in.
Unions: become part
Physical conditions:
Divisions of labour: who does wat?
Connection between workers and managers become knowledge and skills.
Job losses and job creation:
Threat to employment?
Consumption vs underconsumption: is innovation increased or decreased during underconsumption? Yes and no, yes bc u needa fix a problem and no bc if it is not broken y fix it.
Environmental impact: can talk abt forestation, reengineering water flows which can have environmental impact.
Skills vs. deskilling: fluctuation around job market can be. Can learn skills in schools like computers, when u get to workforce they introduce new technology so need to learn it, we deskilling now bc our old sills are being replaced by new skills. We start creating new technology and work.
Economics: becomes part of job loss and job creation in very insignificant ways.
Moving towards general purpose machines:
Education: reponses the workforce:
Gender: as moving from manufacturing to service gender plays a role like part time good for women. Do job segregation and see who works where…

How has technology changed before? Need to define the concept first like innovation.
The way which ppl and machines work together or differently over time and how are they integrated in the system? (Midterm question). Social construction of technology is long answer question doing the steps, define and give example.

Compare and contrast the design for male and female.

sceintific revolution is both social and intelectual. ( professor talking: social sciences got translated into. raising family like marital advices and childe training. how do you rationalize effiecincies? there should be a certain time for certian things.) likened to political revolutions: ( prof talking: revolutions are discontiuous: they start and stop they change as rules and policies change. resolution? how do we start adoptaing towards a new idea. paradigm world view methological rules( scientific methode) what is a ligitimate scientific question waht constitutes a sceientif fact? if we agree and if we can prove it then we got knowledge but in debate in how to improve creation is ligitimate, how do you prove it? wat constites a scientific fact and how can u prove it has happened and how is it part of the paradigm how to solve the risk kinda problme? knowldege and theroy that is accepted becomes part of this paradigm as it exists process of recognizing the exper:how do u now scientist a scients? we give them that authority, giving them education , tools and etc. they recogized with these ... standard examples and ways of solving prblems- puzzle solving: anomalies: problem that remain unsolved in normal science period- are ignored paradigm changes: happen when u got new evidence new evidence that cant be explaninded by the existing paradigm who takes it up? the new ppl fresh blood a theoretician: starts with theory. how do yo prove it? wat has to be in place before that scientific fact get place. accompllished by shot in the dark: triliniar, try stuff until sthg works ppl devote their lives to one or more problesm- peristance outcomes that the old paradigm culde not have made: and how are these paradigms challenging? kuhm-values accuracy consistancey: simplicity: y wud simplicity be valued? if ur looking for acceptance scope: if ur challaging paradigm or have a specific problem becomes the scope. fruitfulness: wat kinda problems does it solve
Q : is agreement required for it to be considered a scientific fact? technological change: accumulaton of details technological paradigm: need for a concrete exemplar. paradigm as a resource rather than rule technological systemL technology as apart of integrated social system. wat are big paradigm shifts over the course of history? the earth used to be thought as flat but it is goal. a computer and internet are social paradigm changes rather then intelecutal. theory of evolution is a paradigm . influencing innovation: governement - legal, regulatory... how does it positively effect innovation? funding, it can have opposite too. can decide not to fund some projects like cloning. business- has influencing force in innovation,y? businesses have alot of money that can lend for research. not for profit groups: help areas where bus dont cover like charities. public: one or more ppl that innovate,the public have the demand for innovation. public funds the govt bus. enabling generating ennocaton motivation and goals: social and political motivations sustaining, strenghtening, and furthereing means: inducements,facilitations, prescriptions( talking abt knowledge sthg already i place) determning: regulating innovation diabling: dismantling institutions or enterprises: when companies not on good list for funding. when shcools dismantle programs for funding, or have ideas that don get fund. y electric car not endorsed? gas prices aleardy lower, hydrosystem preventing,weakening,impeding inductive,obstructive prescriptive liberating: loosening constraints societal forces: direction selection( research agenda) technic constitution (social values and output) technic production (who,what, under which conditions) process specificaton (regulation) technic difusion( distribution of products and information): who can purchase and wat kinda info do we need. technic use( when and how might a technology be used)
Jan.24
RD-D2 you know better than to trust a strange computer” c3p0 star wars. Ppl worried about carpton syndrom using split keyboard.
Societal change through technology
Hunter gathering societies:
Societies had to gather food to survive.
Had to build their tools by hand, primary hunting tools (we don know wat it looked like).
Talking abt individuals having some degree of skills. Team effort, group hunt together. Complex bc of specialization and tools required. Gotta build new structures
Horticultural and pastoral societies: able to gather in larger groups, more sanitary, food production.
Started the process of developing see production, the communities are growing is the case of sanitary.
But in other cases they are still in between growing culture and hunter gathering.
Agrarian societies: they stay in one place, fully fledged communities. Wat do they look like? Increase skill division labor not sex (men, women) needed processor, baker
Skills grown and so are society. Rules and laws: the idea of property. Storing bc cant move. Subsistence to surplus ( we can accumulate wealth, economic stratification which leads to social stratification.) life expectancy goes up, ur more likely to get injured, lotsa children, population grows bigger.
Industrial societies: family unit changes from working unit to a social life. Mass production, teaches individual how to do one thing at a time, we can fill needs of population easily, become consumer society. Increase organizations, overpopulation in one area, income levels change. Education: ppl got more educated. Travel on your own, travel door for globalization. Cars: greater freedom, shipping products, growth of suburbs. Difference in cost of living. The rise of middle class. Increase in individuality: ppl do not rely on others. Working ppl replaced by machines. With cars u have dating and leisure bc structured work day.
Separation of state and church
Post industrial societies: staying in school longer
Lesser children
Divorce, single parents household increase consumption of goods.
Better healthcare
Baby boomers
Shift work, contract work, working 2 jobs
Job specialization: less technical and more knowledge based,
Technological dependence started in industrial society and grew to post industrial societies.
U own technology and technology becomes a part of your daily life.
Technological imperative: new technologies require restructuring of their environment ( internal or external)
Reverse adaptation: technology becomes the ends to the means- technological standards has become the measure of all things.
Pfaffenberger
Final design: competing agenda (aesthetics, economics, and social values). Making ugly building to deter ppl form going. Example: bus shelters in LA have gotten rid of certain features and added other ones. Seats made cylindrical ( no one can fall asleep so they reduce homeless)
Routinization: alter production process to embody political aims into the technology.
Adjustment: affected groups look to offset the loss in power, esteem or financial recourses the technology caused
Reconstitution: disenfranchised seek to make meaning anew
Sociospatial strategies: his strategies, think of gated communities who they keep in and who keep out. Talks about these strategies
Exclusion
Deflection
Differential incorporation: how do we incorporate technology into our everyday life,
Compartmentalization: when we ignore the technology.
Segregation: technology segregates individuals? done by race or gender, can separate ppl by technology. When u make a city u needa think of having population to fill it, natural resources, u need ppl to build, if u think of parking lots they have taken space which prevents ppl from using the space.

Centralization: if think abt surveillance strategy: decisions on who gets to use the space and how is that done? If thinking of going to complain in parliament hill: parliament hill divided in 4 spaces u should book a space and tell them what u wana do so this is use of space. U use technology to get information.
Standardization: how does technology
When ur in high school province wide litracy test is standardization
Problem with standardization: is eliminating diversity, jambaster is a donat. U start to lose lanuage and diversity.
Polarization: if u were to look at poor,rich countries how space used and
If u wanna crearte technology to serve one group in one way and and another in other way. If u create different technology for women and different technology for men or the same technology has different meaning to different ppl like women wearing male underwears.
Polarization is about why technology is used in that, how do we use and who is it used against. Like curfews in battle as blacks were not allowed to come out after dark.
Sthg in social differentiation, men can stand up to pee.
Polarization definition: Different iterations of technology used to create social differentiation.
Marginalization:
No name products and dollar store are examples of low price production for ppl who spend less money.
Delegation:
How are the users framed?
How are they seem to be using that piece of tecnology.
Creating new opportunities to make sthg better like tv
Disavowal: wt happens when reject technology? Why reject technology? Not wanting to adopt, change assumed as bad thing like loss of jobs.

Jan.27
TA : Marie-lyne : fri 4-5pm DMs 8130
[e-mail]
Liberating : loosing or removing constraints to which the technology was previously subject
Ethics???
Pfaffenberger: Routinization:
Adjustment: how do groups take their own community and change it. Talks abot strategies that we can use to
He classifies in three diferent formats: Not passive acceptance – strategies of resistance
Counter signification
Counter appropriation: we chase ppl from park, redesigning parks. Using it regardless of wat the new meaning is.
Counterdelegation: wat if we were to reject a certain form of technology altogether? Like rejecting computer for having typewriter. Can talk about specific group of ppl like elder citizens don use cell phones and computers bc cant use it or ppl not using technology bc of health problem.

Factors of technological change:
Market forces:
Limit technological change = limiting productivity
Resistance to technological change-rational calculation
Type of society: have societies that discourage use of technology bc don have infrastructure. West likes using technology so integrate technology to our daily lives.

Winner:
Talks about idea of power and citizenship :
Having different types of citizenship can
Technology created and implemented to resolve a dispute.
Collaborate with a specific political arrangement :
Modes of organization: technology can
Hidden power, unwritten laws, establish social roles : technology can reform how we interact, who u talk to and how u talk to
For a long time men were used to fix technology so we created the masculine role. Mechanical collectives: authorization , machine oriented, centralized, hierarchical, coercive Autonomous collectives: democratic, person oriented , independent, decentralized Need to consider where the politics located in technology rather than ppl and how they effect communities.
Feb. 7th.2011
Meaning of an artifact:
Start with the area /technology of controversy(contention, strife, or argument.): wanna know how this is used within society wither it is useful or not
Flexibility of interpretation: need to be able to articulate to be able to talk about controversy Stabilization: on top of clock we got controversy, how do we change the meaning of technology so that it is controversial? How did we change it? did we fix it?
Activity within a socio-cultural milieu: if think of seatbelt we didn’t apply to only children bt every1, can talk about one group bt usually its about everybody
Technological frame:
Is the context, places social group how they interact
Builds when relevant social groups interact around artifact
Provides goals, ideas and tools needed for action , Outcome is constrained by social group- not predetermined: y? they don’t have control over process technology. They have strategy for interacting change bt not getting done bc there is always opposing groups.
Also applies to non-technical groups such as consumers, managers, politicians. How do mangers fit into this? They coordinate so it is up to them if sthg happens for specific group or if it is useful or not. How do politicians get involved? They make regulations, how are they informed? Lobby groups and public as we vote.
Relevant social group (RSG): problem is usually defined by RSG
Strategies to solve them
Requirements to solving them
Theories: a way of explaining how and why things are done. Cause and effect are the basic elements. Cause is the problem, there is more than one cause, needa think about possible list of things why sthg happens.
Tacit knowledge: it is in the midway of what we know and what we can hypothesize. Midway of what we know will happen and what we think will happen.
Testing procedure: how to test? By experiment, try replicating outcomes, how do we test technology? Prototypes focus groups. If we got the possible solutions for fixing technology we needa test it if it actually happens.
Design methods: sometimes technology has to go back to need the safety requirement
User practices: if doing focus group u needa find how they do it.
Exemplary artifacts: u got a new technology.

Interpretive flexibility:
Relevant social groups: users and procedures, other sub-groups
Closure- stabilization of the artifact and the “disappearance of problems”. We may fix the problem for a while and then we grow we change and change our laws to meet the change so problems never disappear.
Rhetorical closure: convince the social groups that there is no problem. We do advertising and all sorts of stuff to convince ppl there is no problem. Like someone dying can reopen the debate. Redefine of the problem: finding another solution to the problem. An example is the BP oil spill which became a public thing that ppl were giving suggestions how to clean it. we had media closure, the second problem is destructing the nature and job loss is based on first problem.
Consensus (general agreement or concord; harmony.) over meaning? Is very rare to happen
Continued technological innovation
How is the contested meaning adjusted, adopted and presented. How do we know about the changes to technology? They are represented to us, consumer report, showrooms, advertising, product placement in movies, product recalls, how does the media get involved in telling us the problem is fixed? The company can pay the media; they have to be invited to party.
Vaccines controversy:
Autism
Long-term consequences
Side-effects
Reactions
Profit
Users vs nonusers increase risk
Access: cost and availability
Testing
Rules and regulations: when have to be vaccinated going to elementary or places that require vaccines like jobs
Relevant social groups: ( ppl who have invested in the proces)
Employees
Patients
Public – children, seniors, risk group, parents
Scientist
Manufacturers :
We needa figure their motivation if they are against or in support of it? The interest is around health: children, seniors
Parents: Side effects and long- term consequences
Scientist: reputation, money, effect working conditions, ability to innovate
Public: access,
Manufacturers: money, success, social responsibility, patent, lawsuit

Gov.: contracts, access.
How to promote vaccines?
Public- fear: used by manufacturers to sell their product,
Health campaigns: manufactures, physicians, against competition to manufacturer, consumer guys, animal testing.
Information sessions
Lobbying with politicians
Discussion panels: public health agency, scientists- special environment, manufacturers, pharmaceuticals industries, parents, medical associations
Education
Proven results; ideal cases
Access to specific venues- scientists
Covering up the research

Lecture 5

February 3rd, 2012
First piece
Blue jeans:
Cotton, made strong and made for the working class. They were made strong so they can last long.
Made for industrial work in the 1930's. With time, women joined the workforce (what clothes women can wear that will not get stuck in machines) in the 1940,celebreties started wearing them and here we go now
Second piece
Motion pictures: the evolution of the content
People need to be socially involved and have an income plus a leisure time
It takes you away from spending time with you r family (cutting family time and allowing you to be socially interacted and spend money)

Lecture:
"As technology advances, it reverses the characteristics of every situation again and again. The age of automation is going to be the age of "do it yourself". "Marshall McLuhan (1957)

Technological culture understanding modern society - place/relevance of technology co-evolution of society and technology we have to grow for technology to grow technology doesn't evolve on its own, we have to evolve for it to evolve process of constant renegotiations - there are many technologies that have to be regulated
"hard" vs. "soft" hard - technology determines what we do, it is a one way relationship soft - incorporates humans - we have a role to play and a sense of control over what happens and how it happens. macro (social structure): technology causes social and historical changes micro (among individuals): technology and associate "things" with them

Social shaping of technology how social, institutional, economic culture factors shape: direction and rate of innovation we can purposefully show innovation form of technology whether or not a certain form of medication can ONLY be injected or ONLY be in a pill form to be affective outcomes of technological change for different groups

Continuum(tasalsul): Consumption to production reinterpretation: taking a problem and making solutions adaptation: how technology is used reinvention: planned obsolescence or dying process

Continuum: dependence to independence consumer marketing research: who the market is consumer ombudsman(a government official who hears and investigates complaints by private citizens against other officials or government agencies.: consumer reports, advocates,) safety ratings participatory design: starts towards the path of independence ( but we can actually participate)
Science shops, community workshops: it happens more with disability groups. they talk about how they want the technology work spontaneous: reinterpretation, adaption, reinvention : the process that we use a technology, use it for other purposes

Social construction of technology (SCOT) link between social and technical process - started in the 1980's technology is shaped by many groups: human engineers: the people that know how market force: is there actually a market? are targeting the right market consumer needs and demands - is not drawn only by economic factors. Does the consumer actually need them. what are the characteristics of the market you are trying to enter (it is ties to a social, economic, political, etc...) organizations: how we access some technologies whether we can access them or not government policies: regulations and laws enforced for the favour of the public all individuals and groups who also use social products: everyone and everyone else (the public) we care about all these groups because they shape our society. they have an influence on how we use the technology
Rejects technological determinism the lone genius inventor: does not exist under SCOT single theme analyses (only considering social, political, economic, etc.) of technological creation are not useful

Social contraction themes active agency order: that there is a linear progression from innovation to adoption of technology is not accurate self: we as individuals are part of this process. how do we make those decisions and how do we give them meaning to technology social-symbolic relatedness: what kind of view does the public have on certain technologies such as the view on contraceptives lifespan developments: how we determine the lifespan of an artefact (we replace the technology based on any number of related factors) power: technologies have power (who uses it, why and how) internal structures of technologies: where are they made and how are they made, under what conditions are they made invention and creativity as social process similar evolutionary - trajectories society and technology: they influence each other
Theory requirements able to account for change and continuity: we cannot avoid the ongoing process conditions in which they occur symmetry: success and/or failure is related to socio-technological - not causes of the product (a reason rather than the outcome, in other words: we made it fail): why was it a success or fail actor/structure integration: actor being "us" and instructor being the society we live in
Beeker and Bench talked about the seamless web : seamless web: we can construct visible links to the process involved in constructing technologies. All the factors are connected socio-technical change as probabilistic: contingent on a variety of factors including systematic structural constraints
S&T as sub-cultures - product of social negotiations
Meaning of an artifact start with the area/technology of controversy flexibility of interpretations: users and safety organizations - a challenging of social norms stabilization activity within a socio-cultural milieu: what is the activity that is being added to or changes by a piece of technology