WEF GlobalCompetitivenessReport 2013 14

Insight Report

The Global
Competitiveness Report
2013–2014
Full Data Edition
Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum

Insight Report

The Global
Competitiveness Report
2013–2014
Full Data Edition

Professor Klaus Schwab
World Economic Forum
Editor
Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martín
Columbia University
Chief Advisor of The Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Network

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014: Full
Data Edition is published by the World Economic Forum within the framework of The Global Competitiveness and
Benchmarking Network.

World Economic Forum
Geneva

Professor Klaus Schwab
Executive Chairman

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum.

Copyright © 2013 by the World Economic Forum

Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martín
Chief Advisor of The Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Network

ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-73-9
ISBN-10: 92-95044-73-8

Børge Brende
Managing Director, Government Relations and
Constituents Engagement

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources.

THE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS AND BENCHMARKING NETWORK

Jennifer Blanke, Chief Economist, Head of The Global
Competitiveness and Benchmarking Network
Beñat Bilbao-Osorio, Associate Director,
Senior Economist

Printed and bound in Switzerland by SRO-Kundig.
The Report and an interactive data platform are available at www.weforum.org/gcr.

Ciara Browne, Associate Director
Gemma Corrigan, Research Associate
Roberto Crotti, Quantitative Economist
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Director, Lead
Economist, Head of Competitiveness Research
Thierry Geiger, Associate Director, Economist
Tania Gutknecht, Community Manager
Caroline Ko, Economist
Cecilia Serin, Senior Associate

We thank Hope Steele for her excellent editing work and Neil Weinberg for his superb graphic design and layout. We are grateful to Dimitri Kaskoutas and Edoardo
Campanella for their invaluable research assistance.
The terms country and nation as used in this Report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Contents

Partner Institutes
Preface

v xiii by Klaus Schwab

Part 2: Data Presentation

93

2.1 Country/Economy Profiles

95

How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles ..................................97
Index of Countries/Economies ........................................................99
Country/Economy Profiles ............................................................100

Part 1: Measuring Competitiveness
1.1 The Global Competitiveness Index
2013–2014: Sustaining Growth,
Building Resilience

1
3

2.2 Data Tables

397

How to Read the Data Tables .......................................................399
Index of Data Tables .....................................................................401
Data Tables ..................................................................................403

by Xavier Sala-i-Martín, Beñat Bilbao-Osorio,
Jennifer Blanke, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz,

Technical Notes and Sources

541

About the Authors

547

Acknowledgment

551

Thierry Geiger, and Caroline Ko

1.2 Assessing the Sustainable
Competitiveness of Nations

53

by Beñat Bilbao-Osorio, Jennifer Blanke,
Edoardo Campanella, Roberto Crotti,
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, and Cecilia Serin

1.3 The Executive Opinion Survey:
The Voice of the Business Community

83

by Ciara Browne, Thierry Geiger, and Tania Gutknecht

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | iii

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Partner Institutes

The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Network is pleased to acknowledge and thank the following organizations as its valued
Partner Institutes, without which the realization of The
Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 would not have been feasible:
Albania
Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB)
Artan Hoxha, President
Elira Jorgoni, Senior Expert
Endrit Kapaj, Expert

Bangladesh
Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)
Kishore Kumer Basak, Research Associate
Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Additional Research Director
Mustafizur Rahman, Executive Director
Barbados
Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies,
University of West Indies (UWI)
Judy Whitehead, Director
Belgium
Vlerick Business School
Priscilla Boiardi, Associate, Competence Centre
Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy
Wim Moesen, Professor
Leo Sleuwaegen, Professor, Competence Centre
Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy

Algeria
Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le
Développement (CREAD)
Mohamed Yassine Ferfera, Director
Khaled Menna, Research Fellow

Benin
CAPOD—Conception et Analyse de Politiques de
Développement
Epiphane Adjovi, Director
Sosthene Gnansounou, Lead Economist
Wilfried Houedokou, Economist

Angola
InAngol
Luis Verdeja, Chief Executive Officer
Argentina
IAE—Universidad Austral
Eduardo Luis Fracchia, Professor
Santiago Novoa, Project Manager
Armenia
Economy and Values Research Center
Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman
Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate
Gohar Malumyan, Research Associate
Australia
Australian Industry Group
Colleen Dowling, Senior Research Coordinator
Julie Toth, Chief Economist
Innes Willox, Chief Executive

Bhutan
Bhutan Chamber of Commerce & Industry
Sherab Lhamo, Research Officer
Phub Tshering, Secretary General
Druk Holding & Investment
Randall Krantz, Strategy Adviser
Bosnia and Herzegovina
MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo,
University of Sarajevo
Zlatko Lagumdzija, Professor
Zeljko Sain, Executive Director
Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director
Botswana
Botswana National Productivity Centre
Letsogile Batsetswe, Research Consultant and Statistician
Baeti Molake, Executive Director
Phumzile Thobokwe, Manager, Information and Research
Services Department

Austria
Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO)
Karl Aiginger, Director
Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Marketing Society
Fuad Aliyev, Deputy Chairman
Ashraf Hajiyev, Consultant
Bahrain
Bahrain Economic Development Board
Kamal Bin Ahmed, Minister of Transportation and Acting Chief
Executive of the Economic Development Board
Nada Azmi, Manager, Economic Planning and Development
Maryam Matter, Coordinator, Economic Planning and
Development

Brazil
Fundação Dom Cabral, Innovation Center
Carlos Arruda, Associate Dean for Business Partnership,
Professor of Innovation and Competitiveness
Fabiana Madsen, Economist and Associate Researcher
Samuel Siewers, Bachelor Student in Economics
Movimento Brasil Competitivo (MBC)
Carolina Aichinger, Project Coordinator
Erik Camarano, Chief Executive Officer

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | v

Partner Institutes

Colombia
National Planning Department
Rodrigo Moreira, Director of Enterprise Development
Sara Patricia Rivera, Research Analyst
John Rodríguez, Project Manager

Brunei Darussalam
Ministry of Industry and Primary Resources
Pehin Dato Yahya Bakar, Minister
Normah Suria Hayati Jamil Al-Sufri, Permanent Secretary
Bulgaria
Center for Economic Development
Adriana Daganova, Expert, International Programmes and
Projects
Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert

Colombian Private Council on Competitiveness
Rosario Córdoba, President
Marco Llinás, Vicepresident
Côte d’Ivoire
Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Côte d’Ivoire
Anzoumane Diabakate, Head of communications
Nicolas Djibo, President
Marie-Gabrielle Varlet, Director General

Burkina Faso lnstitut Supérieure des Sciences de la Population (ISSP),
University of Ouagadougou
Baya Banza, Director
Burundi
University Research Centre for Economic and Social
Development (CURDES), National University of Burundi
Dieudonné Gahungu, Director
Charles Kabwigiri, Dean
Gilbert Niyongabo, Head of Department, Faculty of
Economics and Management

Croatia
National Competitiveness Council
Jadranka Gable, Advisor
Kresimir Jurlin, Research Fellow
Cyprus
The European University
Bambos Papageorgiou, Head of Socioeconomic and
Academic Research

Cambodia
Nuppun Institute for Economic Research (NUPPUN)
Pheakdey Em, Research Associate
Pisey Khin, Director
Pheakdey Pheap, Research Assistant

Czech Republic
CMC Graduate School of Business
Tomas Janca, Executive Director

Cameroon
Comité de Compétitivité (Competitiveness Committee)
Jean-Jacques Ngouang, Operations Director
Lucien Sanzouango, General Manager

In collaboration with Czech Management Association
Ivo Gajdos, Executive Director
Denmark
Danish Technological Institute, Center for Policy and
Business Analysis
Hanne Shapiro, Director
Stig Yding Sørensen, Team Manager

Canada
The Conference Board of Canada
Michael R. Bloom, Vice-President
Jessica Edge, Research Associate
Douglas Watt, Director

Ecuador
ESPAE Graduate School of Management, Escuela Superior
Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL)
Virginia Lasio, Director
Andrea Samaniego, Project Assistant
Sara Wong, Professor

Cape Verde
INOVE RESEARCH—Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Lda
Emanuel Carvalho, Project Manager
Júlio Delgado, Partner and Senior Researcher
José Mendes, Chief Executive Officer
Chad
Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet
Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC)
Antoine Doudjidingao, Researcher
Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director
Celine Nénodji Mbaipeur, Programme Officer
Chile
Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez
Julio Guzman Cox, Assistant Professor, School of Government
Leonidas Montes Lira, Dean, School of Government
China
Institute of Economic System and Management, National
Development and Reform Commission
Chen Wei, Research Fellow
Dong Ying, Professor
Zhou Haichun, Deputy Director and Professor
China Center for Economic Statistics Research, Tianjin
University of Finance and Economics
Bojuan Zhao, Professor
Fan Yang, Professor Jian Wang, Associate Professor
Hongye Xiao, Professor
Huazhang Zheng, Associate Professor

vi | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

Egypt
The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies
Iman Al-Ayouty, Senior Economist
Omneia Helmy, Acting Executive Director and Director of
Research
Estonia
Estonian Institute of Economic Research (ECES)
Marje Josing, Director
Estonian Development Fund
Tõnis Arro, Chief Executive Officer
Ethiopia
African Institute of Management, Development and
Governance
Zebenay Kifle, General Manager
Tegenge Teka, Senior Expert
Finland
ETLA—The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy
Markku Kotilainen, Research Director
Petri Rouvinen, Research Director
Vesa Vihriälä, Managing Director
France
HEC School of Management, Paris
Bertrand Moingeon, Professor and Deputy Dean
Bernard Ramanantsoa, Professor and Dean

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Partner Institutes

Gabon
Confédération Patronale Gabonaise
Regis Loussou Kiki, General Secretary
Gina Eyama Ondo, Assistant General Secretary
Henri Claude Oyima, President

India
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
Chandrajit Banerjee, Director General
Danish A. Hashim. Director, Economic Research
Marut Sengupta, Deputy Director General

Gambia, The
Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute
(GESDRI)
Makaireh A. Njie, Director

Indonesia
Center for Industry, SME & Business Competition Studies,
University of Trisakti
Tulus Tambunan, Director

Georgia
Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia
Tamara Janashia, Executive Director
Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors
Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors

Iran, Islamic Republic of
The Center for Economic Studies and Surveys (CESS), Iran
Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines and Agriculture
Hamed Nikraftar, Project Manager
Farnaz Safdari, Research Associate
Homa Sharifi, Research Associate

Germany
WHU—Otto Beisheim School of Management
Ralf Fendel, Professor of Monetary Economics
Michael Frenkel, Professor, Chair of Macroeconomics and
International Economics
Ghana
Association of Ghana Industries (AGI)
Patricia Addy, Projects Officer
Nana Owusu-Afari, President
Seth Twum-Akwaboah, Executive Director

Ireland
Institute for Business Development and Competitiveness
School of Economics, University College Cork
Justin Doran, Principal Associate
Eleanor Doyle, Director
Catherine Kavanagh, Principal Associate
Forfás, Economic Analysis and Competitiveness Department
Adrian Devitt, Manager
Conor Hand, Economist

Greece
SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises
Michael Mitsopoulos, Senior Advisor, Infrastructures and
Business Environment
Thanasis Printsipas, Economist, Entrepreneurship
Guatemala
FUNDESA
Felipe Bosch G., President of the Board of Directors
Pablo Schneider, Economic Director
Juan Carlos Zapata, Chief Executive Officer

Israel
Manufacturers Association of Israel (MAI)
Dan Catarivas, Foreign Trade & International Relations Director
Amir Hayek, Managing Director
Zvi Oren, President
Italy
SDA Bocconi School of Management
Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Bocconi University
Francesco A. Saviozzi, SDA Professor, Strategic and
Entrepreneurial Management Department

Guinea
Confédération Patronale des Entreprises de Guinée
Mohamed Bénogo Conde, Secretary-General

Jamaica
Mona School of Business & Management (MSBM), The
University of the West Indies
Patricia Douce, Project Administrator
William Lawrence, Director, Professional Services Unit
Paul Simmonds, Executive Director and Professor

Guyana
Institute of Development Studies, University of Guyana
Karen Pratt, Research Associate
Clive Thomas, Director
Haiti
Group Croissance SA
Jean-Hubert Legendre, Head of Administration and Finance
Kesner Pharel, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman

Japan
Keio University
Yoko Ishikura, Professor, Graduate School of Media Design
Heizo Takenaka, Director, Global Security Research Institute
Jiro Tamura, Professor of Law, Keio University

Hong Kong SAR
Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce
David O’Rear, Chief Economist

In cooperation with Keizai Doyukai (Japan Association of
Corporate Executives)
Kiyohiko Ito, Managing Director, Keizai Doyukai

Federation of Hong Kong Industries
Alexandra Poon, Director

Jordan
Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation
Jordan National Competitiveness Team
Kawther Al-Zou’bi, Head of Competitiveness Division
Basma Arabiyat, Researcher
Mukhallad Omari, Director of Policies and Studies Department

Hungary
KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd.
Éva Palócz, Chief Executive Officer
Peter Vakhal, Project Manager
Iceland
Innovation Center Iceland
Ardis Armannsdottir, Marketing Manager
Karl Fridriksson, Managing Director of Human Resources and
Marketing
Snaebjorn Kristjansson, Operational R&D Manager

Kazakhstan
National Analytical Centre
Aktoty Aitzhanova, Deputy Chairperson
Meruyert Shabakbayeva, Expert Analyst
Vladislav Yezhov, Chairman
Kenya
Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi
Paul Kamau, Senior Research Fellow
Dorothy McCormick, Research Professor
Winnie Mitullah, Director and Associate Research Professor

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | vii

Partner Institutes

Malawi
Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and
Industry
Hope Chavula, Manager, Public Private Dialogue
Chancellor L. Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive Officer

Korea, Republic of
KAIST College of Business, the Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology
Byungtae Lee, Dean
JaeHyeon Ahn, Associate Dean of External Affairs and
Professor
Jinyung Cha, Assistant Director, Exchange Program

Malaysia
Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS)
Mohamed Jawhar Hassan, Chairman and Chief Executive
Steven C.M. Wong, Senior Director

Korea Development Institute
Byungkoo Cho, Executive Director, Economic Information
Education Center
Joohee Cho, Senior Research Associate
Yongsoo Lee, Head, Policy Survey Unit

Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC)
Mohd Razali Hussain, Director General
Lee Saw Hoon, Senior Director

Kuwait
Kuwait National Competitiveness Committee
Adel Al-Husainan, Committee Member
Fahed Al-Rashed, Committee Chairman
Sayer Al-Sayer, Committee Member

Mali
Groupe de Recherche en Economie Appliquée et Théorique
(GREAT)
Massa Coulibaly, Executive Director

Kyrgyz Republic
Economic Policy Institute
Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator
Marat Tazabekov, Chairman

Malta
Competitive Malta—Foundation for National Competitiveness
Margrith Lutschg-Emmenegger, Vice President
Adrian Said, Chief Coordinator
Isabel Sultana Cassar, Research Coordinator

Lao PDR
Enterprise & Development Consultants Co., Ltd

Mauritania
Bicom-Service Commercial
Guèye Ibrahima, Administrative Financial Director and Analyst
Ousmane Samb, Technical and Marketing Director and
Analyst
Habib Sy, Director Général

Latvia
Stockholm School of Economics in Riga
Karlis Kreslins, EMBA Programme Director
Anders Paalzow, Rector

Mauritius
Board of Investment, Mauritius
Manaesha Fowdar, Investment Executive, Competitiveness
Khoudijah Maudarbocus-Boodoo, Director
Ken Poonoosamy, Managing Director

Lebanon
Bader Young Entrepreneurs Program
Joelle Yazbeck, Program Manager
Farah Shamas, Program Coordinator
Lesotho
Private Sector Foundation of Lesotho
O.S.M. Moosa, President
Thabo Qhesi, Chief Executive Officer
Nteboheleng Thaele, Researcher

Joint Economic Council
Raj Makoond, Director
Mexico
Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness
Erika Ruiz Manzur, Executive Director
René Villarreal Arrambide, President and Chief Executive
Officer
Rodrigo David Villarreal Ramos, Director

Libya
Libyan Development Policy Center
Yusser Al-Gayed, Project Director
Ahmed Jehani, Chairman
Mohamed Wefati, Managing Director
Lithuania
Statistics Lithuania
Ona Grigiene, Deputy Head, Knowledge Economy and
Special Surveys Statistics Division
Vilija Lapeniene, Director General
Gediminas Samuolis, Head, Knowledge Economy and Special
Surveys Statistics Division
Luxembourg
Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce
Christel Chatelain, Research Analyst
Stephanie Musialski, Research Analyst
Carlo Thelen, Chief Economist, Member of the Managing
Board
Macedonia, FYR
National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Council
(NECC)
Dejan Janevski, Project Coordinator
Madagascar
Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo
Ravelomanana Mamy Raoul, Director
Razato Rarijaona Simon, Executive Secretary

viii | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad (IMCO)
Gabriela Alarcon, Research Director
Darcia Datshkovsky Saenz, Researcher
Juan E. Pardinas, General Director
Ministry of the Economy
Adolfo Cimadevilla Cervera, Technical Secretary for
Competitiveness
Sergio Merino González, Deputy General Director for
Competitiveness
María del Rocío Ruiz Chávez, Undersecretary for
Competitiveness and Standardization
Moldova
Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova (AESM)
Grigore Belostecinic, Rector
Institute of Economic Research and European Studies (IERES)
Corneliu Gutu, Director
Mongolia
Open Society Forum (OSF)
Munkhsoyol Baatarjav, Manager of Economic Policy
Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Partner Institutes

Montenegro
Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognoses (ISSP)
Maja Drakic Grgur, Project Manager
Petar Ivanovic, Chief Executive Officer
Veselin Vukotic, President

Peru
Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional de
Industrias
Néstor Asto, Project Director
Luis Tenorio, Executive Director

Morocco
Comité National de l’Environnement des Affaires

Philippines
Makati Business Club (MBC)
Michael B. Mundo, Chief Economist
Marc P. Opulencia, Deputy Director
Peter Angelo V. Perfecto, Executive Director

Mozambique
EconPolicy Research Group, Lda.
Peter Coughlin, Director
Mwikali Kieti, Project Coordinator
Myanmar
Centre for Economic and Social Development of Myanmar
Development Resource Institute (MDRI-CESD)
Min Zar Ni Lin, Research Associate
U Myint, Chief
U Zaw Oo, Executive Director
Namibia
Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR)
Graham Hopwood, Executive Director
Nepal
Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA)
Ramesh Chandra Chitrakar, Professor, Country Coordinator and Project Director
Ram Chandra Dhakal, Executive Director and Adviser
Mahendra Raj Joshi, Member

Nigeria
Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG)
Frank Nweke II, Director General
Olajiire Onatade-Abati, Research Analyst
Sope Williams-Elegbe, Associate Director & Head of Research

Pakistan
Mishal Pakistan
Puruesh Chaudhary, Director Content
Amir Jahangir, Chief Executive Officer
Paraguay
Centro de Análisis y Difusión de Economia Paraguaya
(CADEP)
Dionisio Borda, Research Member
Fernando Masi, Director
María Belén Servín, Research Member

Fórum de Administradores de Empresas (FAE)
Paulo Bandeira, General Director
Luis Filipe Pereira, President of the Board of Directors
Antonio Ramalho, Member of the Board of Directors

Qatar
Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA)
Sarah Abdallah, Deputy General Manager
Issa Abdul Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General

BusinessNZ
Phil O’Reilly, Chief Executive

Public Authority for Investment Promotion and Export
Development (PAIPED)
Mehdi Ali Juma, Expert for Economic Research

Portugal
PROFORUM, Associação para o Desenvolvimento da
Engenharia
Ilídio António de Ayala Serôdio, Vice President of the Board of
Directors

Instituto de Competitividad Internacional, Universidad
Interamericana de Puerto Rico
Francisco Montalvo, Project Coordinator

New Zealand
The New Zealand Initiative
Oliver Hartwich, Executive Director

Oman
The International Research Foundation
Salem Ben Nasser Al-Ismaily, Chairman

Poland
Economic Institute, National Bank of Poland
Piotr Boguszewski, Advisor
Andrzej Slawinski, General Director

Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico 2000, Inc.
Francisco Garcia, President

Netherlands
INSCOPE: Research for Innovation, Erasmus University
Rotterdam
Frans A. J. Van den Bosch, Professor
Henk W. Volberda, Director and Professor

Norway
BI Norwegian Business School
Marius Nordkvelde, Researcher
Torger Reve, Professor

Management Association of the Philippines (MAP)
Arnold P. Salvador, Executive Director

Social and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI)
Hanan Abdul Ibrahim, Associate Director
Darwish Al Emadi, Director
Romania
SC VBD Alliance Consulting Srl
Irina Ion, Program Coordinator
Rolan Orzan, General Director
Russian Federation
Eurasia Competitiveness Institute (ECI)
Katerina Marandi, Programme Manager
Alexey Prazdnichnykh, Managing Director
Rwanda
Private Sector Federation (PSF)
Hannington Namara, Chief Executive Officer
Andrew O. Rwigyema, Head of Research and Policy
Rwanda Development Board (RDB)
Claire Akamanzi, Acting Chief Executive Officer
Daniel Nkubito, Strategy and Competitiveness Division
Saudi Arabia
Alfaisal University
Mohammed Kafaji, Assistant Professor
National Competitiveness Center (NCC)
Saud bin Khalid Al-Faisal, President
Khaldon Zuhdi Mahasen, Managing Director

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | ix

Partner Institutes

Senegal
Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées (CREA),
University of Dakar
Diop Ibrahima Thione, Director
Serbia
Foundation for the Advancement of Economics (FREN)
Aleksandar Radivojevic, Project Coordinator
Bojan Ristic, Researcher
Jelena Zarkovic Rakic, Director
Seychelles
Plutus Auditing & Accounting Services
Nicolas Boulle, Partner
Marco L. Francis, Partner
Singapore
Economic Development Board
Anna Chan, Assistant Managing Director, Planning & Policy
Cheng Wai San, Deputy Director, Research & Statistics Unit
Teo Xinyu, Executive, Research & Statistics Unit
Slovak Republic
Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS)
Robert Kicina, Executive Director
Slovenia
Institute for Economic Research
Peter Stanovnik, Professor
Sonja Uršič, Senior Research Assistant
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics
Mateja Drnovšek, Professor
South Africa
Business Leadership South Africa
Friede Dowie, Director
Thero Setiloane, Chief Executive Officer
Business Unity South Africa
Nomaxabiso Majokweni, Chief Executive Officer
Kgatlaki Ngoasheng, Executive Director, Economic Policy
Spain
IESE Business School, International Center for
Competitiveness
María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate
Antoni Subirà, Professor
Sri Lanka
Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS)
Ayodya Galappattige, Research Officer
Dilani Hirimuthugodage, Research Officer
Saman Kelegama, Executive Director
Suriname
Suriname Trade & Industry Association (VSB)
Helen Doelwijt, Executive Secretary
Rene van Essen, Director
Dayenne Wielingen Verwey, Economic Policy Officer
Swaziland
Federation of Swaziland Employers and Chamber of
Commerce
Mduduzi Lokotfwako, Coordinator, Trade & Commerce
Nyakwesi Motsa, Administration & Finance Manager
Sweden
International University of Entrepreneurship and Technology
Association (IUET)
Thomas Andersson, President
Switzerland
University of St. Gallen, Executive School of Management,
Technology and Law (ES-HSG)
Rubén Rodriguez Startz, Head of Project
Tobias Trütsch, Communications Manager

x | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

Taiwan, China
Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive
Yuan
Chien-Liang Chen, Deputy Minister
J. B. Hung, Director, Economic Research Department
Chung Chung Shieh, Researcher, Economic Research
Department
Tanzania
Research for Policy Development (REPOA)
Johansein Rutaihwa, Assistant Researcher
Samuel Wangwe, Professor and Executive Director
Thailand
Chulalongkorn Business School, Chulalongkorn University
Pasu Decharin, Dean
Siri-on Setamanit, Assistant Dean
Timor-Leste
East Timor Development Agency (ETDA)
Norman da Silva, Researcher
Palmira Pires, Director
Chambers of Commerce and Industry of Timor-Leste
Kathleen Fon Ha Tchong Goncalves, Vice-President
Trinidad and Tobago
Arthur Lok Jack Graduate School of Business
Miguel Carillo, Executive Director and Professor of Strategy
Nirmala Harrylal, Director, Internationalisation and Institutional
Relations Centre
Richard A Ramsawak, Deputy Director, Centre of Strategy and
Competitiveness
The Competitiveness Company
Rolph Balgobin, Executive Chairman
Tunisia
Institut Arabe des Chefs d’Entreprises
Ahmed Bouzguenda, President
Majdi Hassen, Executive Counsellor
Turkey
TUSIAD Sabanci University Competitiveness Forum
Izak Atiyas, Director
Ozan Bakıs, Project Consultant
Sezen Ugurlu, Project Specialist
Uganda
Kabano Research and Development Centre
Robert Apunyo, Program Manager
Delius Asiimwe, Executive Director
Francis Mukuya, Research Associate
Ukraine
CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research
Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive Director
Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading Economist
United Arab Emirates
Competitiveness Office Of Abu Dhabi
H.E. Mohammed Omar Abdulla, Undersecretary
Dubai Competitiveness Office
H.E. Khaled Ibrahim Al kassim, Deputy Director General for
Executive Affairs
Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), Zayed
University
Mouawiya Alawad, Director
Emirates Competitiveness Council
H.E. Abdulla Nasser Lootah, Secretary General

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Partner Institutes

United Kingdom
LSE Enterprise Ltd, London School of Economics and Political
Science
Adam Austerfield, Director of Projects
Bregtje Kamphuis, Project Officer / Researcher
Robyn Klingler-Vidra, Senior Researcher
Uruguay
Universidad ORT Uruguay
Bruno Gili, Professor
Isidoro Hodara, Professor
Venezuela
CONAPRI—The Venezuelan Council for Investment Promotion
Litsay Guerrero, Economic Affairs and Investor Services
Manager
Eduardo Porcarelli, Executive Director
Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City Institute for Development Studies (HIDS)
Nguyen Trong Hoa, Professor and President
Du Phuoc Tan, Head of Department, Urban Management
Studies
Trieu Thanh Son, Researcher
Yemen
Yemeni Business Club (YBC)
Fathi Abdulwasa Hayel Saeed, Chairman
Moneera Abdo Othman, Project Coordinator
Fawzi Al-Yemany, Team Leader
MARcon Marketing Consulting
Margret Arning, Managing Director
Zambia
Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR),
University of Zambia
Patricia Funjika, Research Fellow
Jolly Kamwanga, Senior Research Fellow and Project
Coordinator
Mubiana Macwan’gi, Director and Professor
Zimbabwe
Graduate School of Management, University of Zimbabwe
A. M. Hawkins, Professor
Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
INCAE Business School, Latin American Center for
Competitiveness and Sustainable Development (CLACDS)
Ronald Arce, Researcher
Arturo Condo, Rector
Marlene de Estrella, Director of External Relations
Lawrence Pratt, Director
Liberia and Sierra Leone
FJP Development and Management Consultants
Omodele R. N. Jones, Chief Executive Officer

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | xi

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Preface

Preface
KLAUS SCHWAB

Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 is being released at a time when the world economy is undergoing significant shifts. The global financial crisis and the ensuing developments have heightened the role of emerging economies in the global context. This has accelerated the major economic transformations already underway, which have fueled rapid growth and lifted millions of people out of poverty. Yet, although the global economy’s prospects are more positive than they were when we released last year’s Report, growth has begun to slow across many emerging economies, and advanced economies in Europe and elsewhere continue to struggle.
In the current context, policymakers must avoid complacency and press ahead with the structural reforms and critical investments required to ensure that their countries can provide a prosperous environment and employment for their citizens. They must identify and strengthen the transformative forces that will drive future economic growth. Particularly important will be the ability of economies to create new value-added products, processes, and business models through innovation.
Going forward, this means that the traditional distinction between countries being “developed” or “developing” will become less relevant and we will instead differentiate among countries based on whether they are “innovation rich” or “innovation poor.” It is therefore vital that leaders from business, government, and civil society work collaboratively to create enabling environments to foster innovation and, in particular, to create appropriate educational systems.
For more than three decades, the World Economic
Forum has played a facilitating role in this process by providing detailed assessments of the productive potential of nations worldwide. The Report contributes to an understanding of the key factors that determine economic growth, helps to explain why some countries are more successful than others in raising income levels and providing opportunities for their respective populations, and offers policymakers and business leaders an important tool for formulating improved economic policies and institutional reforms. Going forward, the World Economic Forum will continue these efforts by collecting and curating public-private practices that have proven useful in increasing competitiveness in countries around the world.

In addition, political leaders increasingly recognize the importance of qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of growth, integrating such concepts as social and environmental sustainability into economic decision making. To advance thinking on these issues, the
Forum has continued its research into how sustainability relates to competitiveness and economic performance.
Chapter 1.2 of this Report presents our evolving analysis of how country competitiveness can be assessed once issues of social and environmental sustainability are taken into account.
This year’s Report features a record number of
148 economies, and thus continues to be the most comprehensive assessment of its kind. It contains a detailed profile for each of the economies included in the study, as well as an extensive section of data tables with global rankings covering over 100 indicators. This Report remains the flagship publication within the Forum’s Global
Competitiveness and Benchmarking Network, which produces a number of related research studies aimed at supporting countries in their transformation efforts.
The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 could not have been put together without the thought leadership of Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martín at Columbia
University, who has provided ongoing intellectual support for our competitiveness research. Further, this Report would have not been possible without the commitment and enthusiasm of our network of over 160
Partner Institutes worldwide. The Partner Institutes are instrumental in carrying out the Executive Opinion Survey that provides the foundation data of this Report as well as imparting the results of the Report at the national level. We would also like to convey our sincere gratitude to all the business executives around the world who took the time to participate in our Executive Opinion Survey.
We are also grateful to the members of our Advisory
Board on Competitiveness and Sustainability, who have provided their valuable time and knowledge to help us develop the framework on sustainability and competitiveness presented in this Report: James
Cameron, Chairman, Climate Change Capital; Dan Esty,
Commissioner, Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection; Clément Gignac, Chief
Economist and Senior Vice-President, Industrial Alliance
Insurance and Financial Services; Jeni Klugman, Director

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | xiii

Preface

for Gender, The World Bank; Marc A. Levy, Deputy
Director, CIESIN, Columbia University; John McArthur,
Senior Fellow, United Nations Foundation; Kevin X.
Murphy, President and Chief Executive Officer, J.E.
Austin Associates Inc.; Mari Elka Pangestu, Minister of Tourism and Creative Economy of Indonesia; Mark
Spelman, Global Head of Strategy, Accenture; and
Simon Zadek, Senior Visiting Fellow, Global Green
Growth Institute.
Appreciation also goes to Børge Brende, Managing
Director at the Forum, and Jennifer Blanke, Chief
Economist and Head of The Global Competitiveness and
Benchmarking Network, as well as team members Beñat
Bilbao-Osorio, Ciara Browne, Edoardo Campanella,
Gemma Corrigan, Roberto Crotti, Margareta Drzeniek
Hanouz, Thierry Geiger, Tania Gutknecht, Caroline Ko, and Cecilia Serin.
By providing decision makers with a basis from which to reinforce strengths and eliminate weaknesses, we hope to make a contribution in the spirit of our mission—committed to improving the state of the world.

xiv |The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Part 1
Measuring Competitiveness

© 2013 World Economic Forum

© 2013 World Economic Forum

CHAPTER 1.1

The Global
Competitiveness
Index 2013–2014:
Sustaining Growth,
Building Resilience
XAVIER SALA-I-MARTÍN
BEÑAT BILBAO-OSORIO
JENNIFER BLANKE
MARGARETA DRZENIEK HANOUZ
THIERRY GEIGER
CAROLINE KO

World Economic Forum

At the time this Report is being released, the world economy continues to emerge slowly from the most serious economic crisis of the post–World War II period—one that has deeply transformed the global economy and highlighted the increasingly important role that emerging markets and developing economies play in the global economy. As advanced economies are searching for ways to speed up their economic engines, emerging and developing countries have been important drivers of the global economic recovery.
As a result, the nature of the relationship between advanced economies and emerging ones has evolved, and emerging and developing countries have created stronger ties among themselves. Among the advanced economies, two patterns seem to emerge: the United
States, Canada, and Japan are expected to grow at a gentle pace, while the prospects for the euro zone are more uncertain, especially as tight credit conditions continue to limit domestic demand. More generally, the new global economic landscape raises questions as to the very distinction between advanced and emerging economies, particularly when it comes to growth and competitiveness. Against this background, the past year has seen some progress in rebuilding global confidence, so recovery looks more assured today than it did just one year ago. Many of the tail risks that concerned us in the last edition have not come to pass, in particular in the United States, which did not fall off the “fiscal cliff”; in Europe, where the breakup of the euro zone was avoided and where sovereign bond differentials have drastically narrowed; and in China, where fears of a hard landing have receded for the time being.
Despite this more positive global outlook, some uncertainty remains. In advanced economies, the potential consequences of a tapering and eventual halt of quantitative easing in the United States, the aggressive yet still incomplete financial and structural measures adopted in Japan, and the persistent unemployment and economic recovery challenges in Europe are factors that could put future economic performance at risk. In emerging markets, it is uncertain how protests in Brazil and Turkey, the credit crunch in China, and the potentially volatile capital flows to emerging and developing markets will affect growth in these economies. And critical challenges remain: policymakers around the globe need to ensure that public finances are sustainable in the longer term, where the pains of deleveraging will be particularly felt by advanced economies. Around the world, unemployment or the threat of it remains one of the main challenges to long-term social sustainability. Indeed, the experience of recent years has underscored social sustainability as key to longer-term competitiveness, and thus to sustainable growth. Against this challenge, one of the elements gaining in importance

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 3

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

in fostering countries’ competitiveness is education.
A perception is growing that educational systems in many countries could better respond to the needs of labor markets, help economies to avoid skills gaps, and ensure that adequately trained human capital is available to support business activity as well as to develop innovative capacity and entrepreneurship. It is therefore to be expected that, over the coming years, a series of major systemic reviews of educational frameworks at the national level will be necessary in many countries across all stages of development. Overall, although there are indications that economic policies and measures are shifting in the right direction, efforts must be sustained in order to safeguard the progress achieved and to keep the global economy on a sustainable growth path going forward. Encouraging, sustaining, and enhancing growth will require decisive action by leaders in order to boost their countries’ competitiveness and future economic outlook. Reforms and the right set of investments to enhance competitiveness will be crucial for the economic transformations that can lead to sustained higher growth over the longer term. It is therefore imperative that competitiveness features high on the economic reform agenda of both advanced and emerging and developing economies. For more than three decades, the World Economic
Forum’s annual Global Competitiveness Reports have studied and benchmarked the many factors underpinning national competitiveness. From the onset, the goal has been to provide insight and stimulate discussion among all stakeholders about the best strategies and policies to help countries to overcome the obstacles to improved competitiveness. In the current challenging economic environment, our work is a critical reminder of the importance of sound structural economic fundamentals for sustained growth.
Since 2005, the World Economic Forum has based its competitiveness analysis on the Global
Competitiveness Index (GCI), a comprehensive tool that measures the microeconomic and macroeconomic foundations of national competitiveness.1
More recently, in order to better place the discussion of competitiveness in the societal and environmental context, the World Economic Forum has begun exploring the complex relationship between competitiveness and sustainability as measured by its social and environmental dimension. The work carried out to date on these important aspects of human and economic development is described in Chapter 1.2.
Going forward, the World Economic Forum will further support countries in their quest for higher competitiveness by compiling and publishing a repository of public-private practices that countries have implemented in order to improve their competitiveness.
Together with the Index results, these practices will

4 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

inform a series of structured multi-stakeholder dialogues
(see Box 1) that will be piloted over the coming year. We hope that this new initiative will support transformations toward higher competitiveness at regional and national levels. THE 12 PILLARS OF COMPETITIVENESS
We define competitiveness as the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of a country. The level of productivity, in turn, sets the level of prosperity that can be reached by an economy. The productivity level also determines the rates of return obtained by investments in an economy, which in turn are the fundamental drivers of its growth rates. In other words, a more competitive economy is one that is likely to grow faster over time.
The concept of competitiveness thus involves static and dynamic components. Although the productivity of a country determines its ability to sustain a high level of income, it is also one of the central determinants of its returns on investment, which is one of the key factors explaining an economy’s growth potential.
Many determinants drive productivity and competitiveness. Understanding the factors behind this process has occupied the minds of economists for hundreds of years, engendering theories ranging from Adam Smith’s focus on specialization and the division of labor to neoclassical economists’ emphasis on investment in physical capital and infrastructure,2 and, more recently, to interest in other mechanisms such as education and training, technological progress, macroeconomic stability, good governance, firm sophistication, and market efficiency, among others.
While all of these factors are likely to be important for competitiveness and growth, they are not mutually exclusive—two or more of them can be significant at the same time, and in fact that is what has been shown in the economic literature.3
This open-endedness is captured within the GCI by including a weighted average of many different components, each measuring a different aspect of competitiveness. These components are grouped into 12 pillars of competitiveness:
First pillar: Institutions
The institutional environment is determined by the legal and administrative framework within which individuals, firms, and governments interact to generate wealth. The importance of a sound and fair institutional environment has become all the more apparent during the recent economic and financial crisis and is especially crucial for further solidifying the fragile recovery, given the increasing role played by the state at the international level and for the economies of many countries.
The quality of institutions has a strong bearing on competitiveness and growth.4 It influences investment

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

decisions and the organization of production and plays a key role in the ways in which societies distribute the benefits and bear the costs of development strategies and policies. For example, owners of land, corporate shares, or intellectual property are unwilling to invest in the improvement and upkeep of their property if their rights as owners are not protected.5
The role of institutions goes beyond the legal framework. Government attitudes toward markets and freedoms and the efficiency of its operations are also very important: excessive bureaucracy and red tape,6 overregulation, corruption, dishonesty in dealing with public contracts, lack of transparency and trustworthiness, inability to provide appropriate services for the business sector, and political dependence of the judicial system impose significant economic costs to businesses and slow the process of economic development. In addition, the proper management of public finances is also critical for ensuring trust in the national business environment. Indicators capturing the quality of government management of public finances are therefore included here to complement the measures of macroeconomic stability captured in pillar 3 below.
Although the economic literature has focused mainly on public institutions, private institutions are also an important element of the process of creating wealth. The global financial crisis, along with numerous corporate scandals, have highlighted the relevance of accounting and reporting standards and transparency for preventing fraud and mismanagement, ensuring good governance, and maintaining investor and consumer confidence. An economy is well served by businesses that are run honestly, where managers abide by strong ethical practices in their dealings with the government, other firms, and the public at large.7 Private-sector transparency is indispensable to business; it can be brought about through the use of standards as well as auditing and accounting practices that ensure access to information in a timely manner.8
Second pillar: Infrastructure
Extensive and efficient infrastructure is critical for ensuring the effective functioning of the economy, as it is an important factor in determining the location of economic activity and the kinds of activities or sectors that can develop within a country. Well-developed infrastructure reduces the effect of distance between regions, integrating the national market and connecting it at low cost to markets in other countries and regions. In addition, the quality and extensiveness of infrastructure networks significantly impact economic growth and reduce income inequalities and poverty in a variety of ways.9 A well-developed transport and communications infrastructure network is a prerequisite for the access of

Box 1: The Competitiveness Lab and
Competitiveness Practices Repository
A country’s competitiveness is widely accepted as the key driver for sustaining prosperity and raising the wellbeing of its citizens. Enhancing competitiveness is a long-term process that requires improvement across many areas as well as long-lasting commitments from relevant stakeholders to mobilize resources, time, and effort. Accordingly, to make the right decisions, these stakeholders need information and data.
For more than 30 years, the World Economic Forum has studied and benchmarked competitiveness. From the outset, our goal has been to provide insight and stimulate discussion among all stakeholders to determine the best strategies, policies, and activities for overcoming the obstacles to improving competitiveness. Against this backdrop, the Forum is taking the next step and will embark on two new initiatives—the Competitiveness
Lab and Competitiveness Practices Repository—to orchestrate an informed multi-stakeholder process for better understanding and shaping the competitiveness agenda of a country or region. The Competitiveness
Lab will create a safe space for sustained dialogue in order to encourage better decision making and to help define an action plan with priorities that supports the competitiveness transformation of a country or region.
As part of this initiative, and in order to provide additional knowledge inputs into the dialogue, the Forum is also building a repository of competitiveness practices.
Given the crucial importance of supporting the coordinated efforts of different agents to improve competitiveness, the Forum’s expertise in building public-private strategic collaborations, and the relative knowledge gap in this area, the repository will focus on providing information about competitiveness-driven public-private collaborations.
The information covered in this repository will include a definition of specific contexts and competitiveness challenges that have been faced by a particular country or region, a description of the actions that were adopted, and the implementation process of those actions, including the identification of key barriers and enablers that allow the practice to succeed. The objective of compiling this information is to support cross-country learning and to help stakeholders better assess the possibility of scaling up and replicating any specific practice in their own country or region.

less-developed communities to core economic activities and services.
Effective modes of transport—including quality roads, railroads, ports, and air transport—enable entrepreneurs to get their goods and services to market in a secure and timely manner and facilitate the movement of workers to the most suitable jobs.
Economies also depend on electricity supplies that are free from interruptions and shortages so that businesses and factories can work unimpeded. Finally, a solid and extensive telecommunications network allows for a rapid and free flow of information, which increases

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 5

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

overall economic efficiency by helping to ensure that businesses can communicate and decisions are made by economic actors taking into account all available relevant information.
Third pillar: Macroeconomic environment
The stability of the macroeconomic environment is important for business and, therefore, is significant for the overall competitiveness of a country.10 Although it is certainly true that macroeconomic stability alone cannot increase the productivity of a nation, it is also recognized that macroeconomic disarray harms the economy, as we have seen in recent years, notably in the European context. The government cannot provide services efficiently if it has to make high-interest payments on its past debts. Running fiscal deficits limits the government’s future ability to react to business cycles. Firms cannot operate efficiently when inflation rates are out of hand. In sum, the economy cannot grow in a sustainable manner unless the macro environment is stable. Macroeconomic stability captured the attention of the public most recently when some advanced economies, notably the United States and some
European countries, needed to take urgent action to prevent macroeconomic instability when their public debt reached unsustainable levels in the wake of the global financial crisis.
It is important to note that this pillar evaluates the stability of the macroeconomic environment, so it does not directly take into account the way in which public accounts are managed by the government. This qualitative dimension is captured in the institutions pillar described above.
Fourth pillar: Health and primary education
A healthy workforce is vital to a country’s competitiveness and productivity. Workers who are ill cannot function to their potential and will be less productive. Poor health leads to significant costs to business, as sick workers are often absent or operate at lower levels of efficiency. Investment in the provision of health services is thus critical for clear economic, as well as moral, considerations.11
In addition to health, this pillar takes into account the quantity and quality of the basic education received by the population, which is increasingly important in today’s economy. Basic education increases the efficiency of each individual worker. Moreover, often workers who have received little formal education can carry out only simple manual tasks and find it much more difficult to adapt to more advanced production processes and techniques, and therefore contribute less to devising or executing innovations. In other words, lack of basic education can become a constraint on business development, with firms finding it difficult to move up the

6 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

value chain by producing more sophisticated or valueintensive products.
Fifth pillar: Higher education and training
Quality higher education and training is crucial for economies that want to move up the value chain beyond simple production processes and products.12 Box 2 outlines the linkages between fostering cross-border value chains and competitiveness in more detail. In particular, today’s globalizing economy requires countries to nurture pools of well-educated workers who are able to perform complex tasks and adapt rapidly to their changing environment and the evolving needs of the production system. This pillar measures secondary and tertiary enrollment rates as well as the quality of education as evaluated by business leaders. The extent of staff training is also taken into consideration because of the importance of vocational and continuous on-thejob training—which is neglected in many economies—for ensuring a constant upgrading of workers’ skills.
Sixth pillar: Goods market efficiency
Countries with efficient goods markets are well positioned to produce the right mix of products and services given their particular supply-and-demand conditions, as well as to ensure that these goods can be most effectively traded in the economy. Healthy market competition, both domestic and foreign, is important in driving market efficiency, and thus business productivity, by ensuring that the most efficient firms, producing goods demanded by the market, are those that thrive. The best possible environment for the exchange of goods requires a minimum of government intervention that impedes business activity. For example, competitiveness is hindered by distortionary or burdensome taxes and by restrictive and discriminatory rules on foreign direct investment (FDI)—which limit foreign ownership—as well as on international trade. The recent economic crisis has highlighted the high degree of interdependence of economies worldwide and the degree to which growth depends on open markets.
Protectionist measures are counterproductive as they reduce aggregate economic activity.
Market efficiency also depends on demand conditions such as customer orientation and buyer sophistication. For cultural or historical reasons, customers may be more demanding in some countries than in others. This can create an important competitive advantage, as it forces companies to be more innovative and customer-oriented and thus imposes the discipline necessary for efficiency to be achieved in the market.
Seventh pillar: Labor market efficiency
The efficiency and flexibility of the labor market are critical for ensuring that workers are allocated to their most effective use in the economy and provided with

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Box 2: Benefiting from globalizing value chains by raising competitiveness
As the relevance of international value chains continues to grow within the global economy, international trade is increasingly taking place within the production networks of multinational corporations. According to estimates from the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD), imported intermediate inputs account for about onequarter of OECD members’ exports. For China, this share is about 30 percent; it is about twice that for India and Brazil.
From a national perspective, participation in value-chain trade has many benefits. Beyond export revenue, these include employment and indirect spillovers in areas such as management, technical know-how, and access to new technologies. The rise of cross-border value chains has important implications for countries’ economic and trade policies as well as for development efforts. One consequence is that crossborder trade in goods has become increasingly intertwined with trade in services and cross-border investment flows, as well as with the international movement of labor. For countries at more basic stages of development, the key question is not so much how to enter the value chain at the lowest level, but how to move up to more advanced steps of production. So what can countries do to benefit from this changing pattern of trade?
As intermediate products may cross borders many times before being assembled into the final good, trade facilitation and other measures that reduce the transaction costs of trade—especially the cost of logistics—are key for production location. Participating successfully in international value chains requires ease in importing, which in many countries is still constrained by tariffs and other, more practical barriers such as customs procedures or high transport costs.

incentives to give their best effort in their jobs. Labor markets must therefore have the flexibility to shift workers from one economic activity to another rapidly and at low cost, and to allow for wage fluctuations without much social disruption.13 The importance of the latter has been dramatically highlighted by events in Arab countries, where rigid labor markets were an important cause of high youth unemployment, sparking social unrest in Tunisia that then spread across the region. Youth unemployment is also high in a number of
European countries, where important barriers to entry into the labor market remain in place.
Efficient labor markets must also ensure clear strong incentives for employees and efforts to promote meritocracy at the workplace, and they must provide equity in the business environment between women and men. Taken together these factors have a positive effect on worker performance and the attractiveness of the country for talent, two aspects that are growing more important as talent shortages loom on the horizon.

Whether a country can participate in cross-border value chains crucially depends on a number of factors that include its productivity and, therefore, the factors that determine competitiveness as captured by the Global Competitiveness
Index (GCI). Among these factors are the availability of healthy and educated workforce, robust infrastructure, deep penetration of information and communication technologies, a solid and efficient institutional framework, and efficient labor markets. Although all these factors are needed to enter the value chain, they rise in importance as the country wishes to move up. The higher a country moves up the value chain, the greater the importance of efficiency enhancers and innovation and sophistication factors.
A specific feature of value-added trade is its strong link with services trade. Transactional services—such as logistics to transport the good to destination or telecommunications to stay in touch and obtain information—must be available for a country to enter and move up the value chain. Making these services available necessitates a dynamic and open business environment that benefits from healthy levels of domestic competition and openness to international trade and investment, issues that are captured by the goods markets efficiency pillar of the GCI.
Overall, from a national policy perspective, the fact that most global trade is now increasingly taking place in value chains strengthens the link between trade and competitiveness policies and raises the stakes for competitiveness-enhancing measures even further. Competitiveness-enhancing policies are particularly important for countries to move up the value chain.
In other words, by implementing competitiveness-enhancing policies, countries can reap higher benefits that will result in economic development and employment opportunities.

Eighth pillar: Financial market development
The financial and economic crisis has highlighted the central role of a sound and well-functioning financial sector for economic activities. An efficient financial sector allocates the resources saved by a nation’s citizens, as well as those entering the economy from abroad, to their most productive uses. It channels resources to those entrepreneurial or investment projects with the highest expected rates of return rather than to the politically connected. A thorough and proper assessment of risk is therefore a key ingredient of a sound financial market.
Business investment is also critical to productivity.
Therefore economies require sophisticated financial markets that can make capital available for private-sector investment from such sources as loans from a sound banking sector, well-regulated securities exchanges, venture capital, and other financial products. In order to fulfill all those functions, the banking sector needs to be trustworthy and transparent, and—as has been made so clear recently—financial markets need appropriate regulation to protect investors and other actors in the economy at large.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 7

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Ninth pillar: Technological readiness
In today’s globalized world, technology is increasingly essential for firms to compete and prosper. The technological readiness pillar measures the agility with which an economy adopts existing technologies to enhance the productivity of its industries, with specific emphasis on its capacity to fully leverage information and communication technologies (ICTs) in daily activities and production processes for increased efficiency and enabling innovation for competitiveness.14 ICTs have evolved into the “general purpose technology” of our time,15 given their critical spillovers to other economic sectors and their role as industry-wide enabling infrastructure. Therefore ICT access and usage are key enablers of countries’ overall technological readiness.
Whether the technology used has or has not been developed within national borders is irrelevant for its ability to enhance productivity. The central point is that the firms operating in the country need to have access to advanced products and blueprints and the ability to absorb and use them. Among the main sources of foreign technology, FDI often plays a key role, especially for countries at a less advanced stage of technological development. It is important to note that, in this context, the level of technology available to firms in a country needs to be distinguished from the country’s ability to conduct blue-sky research and develop new technologies for innovation that expand the frontiers of knowledge. That is why we separate technological readiness from innovation, captured in the 12th pillar, described below.
Tenth pillar: Market size
The size of the market affects productivity since large markets allow firms to exploit economies of scale.
Traditionally, the markets available to firms have been constrained by national borders. In the era of globalization, international markets have become a substitute for domestic markets, especially for small countries. Vast empirical evidence shows that trade openness is positively associated with growth. Even if some recent research casts doubts on the robustness of this relationship, there is a general sense that trade has a positive effect on growth, especially for countries with small domestic markets.16
Thus exports can be thought of as a substitute for domestic demand in determining the size of the market for the firms of a country.17 By including both domestic and foreign markets in our measure of market size, we give credit to export-driven economies and geographic areas (such as the European Union) that are divided into many countries but have a single common market.
Eleventh pillar: Business sophistication
There is no doubt that sophisticated business practices are conducive to higher efficiency in the production of

8 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

goods and services. Business sophistication concerns two elements that are intricately linked: the quality of a country’s overall business networks and the quality of individual firms’ operations and strategies. These factors are particularly important for countries at an advanced stage of development when, to a large extent, the more basic sources of productivity improvements have been exhausted. The quality of a country’s business networks and supporting industries, as measured by the quantity and quality of local suppliers and the extent of their interaction, is important for a variety of reasons.
When companies and suppliers from a particular sector are interconnected in geographically proximate groups, called clusters, efficiency is heightened, greater opportunities for innovation in processes and products are created, and barriers to entry for new firms are reduced. Individual firms’ advanced operations and strategies (branding, marketing, distribution, advanced production processes, and the production of unique and sophisticated products) spill over into the economy and lead to sophisticated and modern business processes across the country’s business sectors.
Twelfth pillar: Innovation
Innovation can emerge from new technological and nontechnological knowledge. Non-technological innovations are closely related to the know-how, skills, and working conditions that are embedded in organizations and are therefore largely covered by the eleventh pillar of the GCI. The final pillar of competitiveness focuses on technological innovation. Although substantial gains can be obtained by improving institutions, building infrastructure, reducing macroeconomic instability, or improving human capital, all these factors eventually run into diminishing returns. The same is true for the efficiency of the labor, financial, and goods markets. In the long run, standards of living can be largely enhanced by technological innovation. Technological breakthroughs have been at the basis of many of the productivity gains that our economies have historically experienced. These range from the industrial revolution in the 18th century and the invention of the steam engine and the generation of electricity to the more recent digital revolution. The latter is not only transforming the way things are being done, but also opening a wider range of new possibilities in terms of products and services. Innovation is particularly important for economies as they approach the frontiers of knowledge and the possibility of generating more value by only integrating and adapting exogenous technologies tends to disappear.18
Although less-advanced countries can still improve their productivity by adopting existing technologies or making incremental improvements in other areas, for those that have reached the innovation stage of development this is no longer sufficient for increasing productivity. Firms in these countries must design

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Figure 1: The Global Competitiveness Index framework

GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS INDEX

Basic requirements subindex Pillar 1. Institutions
Pillar 1. Institutions
Pillar 2. Infrastructure
Pillar 2. Infrastructure
Pillar 3. Macroeconomic
Pillar 3. Macroeconomic environment environment
Pillar 4. Health and primary
Pillar 4. Health and primary education education

Efficiency enhancers subindex Pillar 5. Higher education
Pillar 5. Higher education and and training training Pillar 6. Goods market efficiency
Pillar 6. Goods market efficiency

Innovation and sophistication factors subindex
Pillar 11. Business sophistication
Pillar 11. Business sophistication
Pillar 12. Innovation
Pillar 12. Innovation

Pillar 7. Labor market efficiency
Pillar 7. Labor market efficiency
Pillar
Technological
Pillar
8. 9.Financial marketreadiness development
Pillar 8. Financial market developmentreadiness Pillar 9. Technological
Pillar
10.10.
Market
sizesize
Pillar
Market

Key for

Key for

Key for

factor-driven

efficiency-driven

innovation-driven

economies

economies

economies

Note: See the appendix for the detailed structure of the GCI.

and develop cutting-edge products and processes to maintain a competitive edge and move toward even higher value-added activities. This progression requires an environment that is conducive to innovative activity and supported by both the public and the private sectors. In particular, it means sufficient investment in research and development (R&D), especially by the private sector; the presence of high-quality scientific research institutions that can generate the basic knowledge needed to build the new technologies; extensive collaboration in research and technological developments between universities and industry; and the protection of intellectual property, in addition to high levels of competition and access to venture capital and financing that are analyzed in other pillars of the Index.
In light of the recent sluggish recovery and rising fiscal pressures faced by advanced economies, it is important that public and private sectors resist pressures to cut back on the R&D spending that will be so critical for sustainable growth going into the future.
The interrelation of the 12 pillars
Although we report the results of the 12 pillars of competitiveness separately, it is important to keep in mind that they are not independent: they tend to

reinforce each other, and a weakness in one area often has a negative impact in others. For example, a strong innovation capacity (pillar 12) will be very difficult to achieve without a healthy, well-educated and trained workforce (pillars 4 and 5) that is adept at absorbing new technologies (pillar 9), and without sufficient financing
(pillar 8) for R&D or an efficient goods market that makes it possible to take new innovations to market (pillar 6).
Although the pillars are aggregated into a single index, measures are reported for the 12 pillars separately because such details provide a sense of the specific areas in which a particular country needs to improve.
The appendix describes the exact composition of the GCI and technical details of its construction.
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AND THE WEIGHTED
INDEX
While all of the pillars described above will matter to a certain extent for all economies, it is clear that they will affect them in different ways: the best way for Cambodia to improve its competitiveness is not the same as the best way for France to do so. This is because Cambodia and France are in different stages of development: as countries move along the development path, wages tend

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 9

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Table 1: Subindex weights and income thresholds for stages of development

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Stage 1:
Factor-driven

Transition from stage 1 to stage 2

Stage 2:
Efficiency-driven

Transition from stage 2 to stage 3

<2,000

2,000–2,999

3,000–8,999

9,000–17,000

>17,000

Weight for basic requirements subindex

60%

40–60%

40%

20–40%

20%

Weight for efficiency enhancers subindex

35%

35–50%

50%

50%

50%

5%

5–10%

10%

10–30%

30%

GDP per capita (US$) thresholds*

Weight for innovation and sophistication factors

Stage 3:
Innovation-driven

Note: See individual country/economy profiles for the exact applied weights.
* For economies with a high dependency on mineral resources, GDP per capita is not the sole criterion for the determination of the stage of development. See text for details.

to increase and, in order to sustain this higher income, labor productivity must improve.
In line with well-known economic theory of stages of development, the GCI assumes that, in the first stage, the economy is factor-driven and countries compete based on their factor endowments—primarily unskilled labor and natural resources.19 Companies compete on the basis of price and sell basic products or commodities, with their low productivity reflected in low wages. Maintaining competitiveness at this stage of development hinges primarily on well-functioning public and private institutions (pillar 1), a well-developed infrastructure (pillar 2), a stable macroeconomic environment (pillar 3), and a healthy workforce that has received at least a basic education (pillar 4).
As a country becomes more competitive, productivity will increase and wages will rise with advancing development. Countries will then move into the efficiency-driven stage of development, when they must begin to develop more efficient production processes and increase product quality because wages have risen and they cannot increase prices. At this point, competitiveness is increasingly driven by higher education and training (pillar 5), efficient goods markets (pillar 6), well-functioning labor markets (pillar
7), developed financial markets (pillar 8), the ability to harness the benefits of existing technologies (pillar 9), and a large domestic or foreign market (pillar 10).
Finally, as countries move into the innovation-driven stage, wages will have risen by so much that they are able to sustain those higher wages and the associated standard of living only if their businesses are able to compete with new and unique products. At this stage, companies must compete by producing new and different goods using the most sophisticated production processes (pillar 11) and by innovating new ones (pillar 12).
The GCI takes the stages of development into account by attributing higher relative weights to those pillars that are more relevant for an economy given its particular stage of development. That is, although all 12 pillars matter to a certain extent for all countries, the relative importance of each one depends on a country’s particular stage of development. To

10 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

implement this concept, the pillars are organized into three subindexes, each critical to a particular stage of development. The basic requirements subindex groups those pillars most critical for countries in the factor-driven stage. The efficiency enhancers subindex includes those pillars critical for countries in the efficiency-driven stage. And the innovation and sophistication factors subindex includes the pillars critical to countries in the innovation-driven stage. The three subindexes are shown in Figure 1.
The weights attributed to each subindex in every stage of development are shown in Table 1. To obtain the weights shown in the table, a maximum likelihood regression of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was run against each subindex for past years, allowing for different coefficients for each stage of development.20
The rounding of these econometric estimates led to the choice of weights displayed in Table 1.
Implementation of stages of development
Two criteria are used to allocate countries into stages of development. The first is the level of GDP per capita at market exchange rates. This widely available measure is used as a proxy for wages because internationally comparable data on wages are not available for all countries covered. The thresholds used are also shown in Table 1. A second criterion is used to adjust for countries that, based on income, would have moved beyond stage 1, but where prosperity is based on the extraction of resources. This is measured by the share of exports of mineral goods in total exports (goods and services), and assumes that countries that export more than 70 percent mineral products (measured using a five-year average) are to a large extent factor driven.21
However, for some resource-based economies that have reached very high levels of income, the capacity to increase the productivity of any other sector beyond mineral production will be based on the country’s capacity to boost innovation, as adopting technology from abroad is not sufficient to increase productivity to a degree that can sustain their high wage levels.
At the same time these countries can afford to invest

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Table 2: Countries/economies at each stage of development

Stage 1:
Factor-driven
(38 economies)

Transition from stage 1 to stage 2
(20 economies)

Stage 2:
Efficiency-driven
(31 economies)

Transition from stage 2 to stage 3
(22 economies)

Stage 3:
Innovation-driven
(37 economies)

Bangladesh
Benin
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Chad
Côte d 'Ivoire
Ethiopia
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guinea
Haiti
India
Kenya
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao PDR
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nepal
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Pakistan
Rwanda
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Tanzania
Uganda
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Algeria
Angola
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bhutan
Bolivia
Botswana
Brunei Darussalam
Gabon
Honduras
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Kuwait
Libya
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
Sri Lanka
Venezuela

Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Cape Verde
China
Colombia
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Georgia
Guatemala
Guyana
Indonesia
Jamaica
Jordan
Macedonia, FYR
Mauritius
Montenegro
Namibia
Paraguay
Peru
Romania
Serbia
South Africa
Suriname
Swaziland
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Tunisia
Ukraine

Argentina
Barbados
Brazil
Chile
Costa Rica
Croatia
Estonia
Hungary
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Lithuania
Malaysia
Mexico
Oman
Panama
Poland
Russian Federation
Seychelles
Slovak Republic
Turkey
Uruguay

Australia
Austria
Bahrain
Belgium
Canada
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong SAR
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea, Rep.
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Singapore
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Trinidad and Tobago
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States

in innovation, given their high income. Consequently, countries that are resource driven and significantly wealthier than economies at the technological frontier are classified in the innovation-driven stage.22
Any countries falling in between two of the three stages are considered to be “in transition.” For these countries, the weights change smoothly as a country develops, reflecting the smooth transition from one stage of development to another. This allows us to place increasingly more weight on those areas that are becoming more important for the country’s competitiveness as the country develops, ensuring that the GCI can gradually “penalize” those countries that are not preparing for the next stage. The classification of countries into stages of development is shown in
Table 2.

DATA SOURCES
To measure these concepts, the GCI uses statistical data such as enrollment rates, government debt, budget deficit, and life expectancy, which are obtained from internationally recognized agencies, notably the World
Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO), and the World Health Organization (WHO).
The descriptions and data sources of all these statistical variables are summarized in the Technical Notes and
Sources at the end of this Report. Furthermore, the
GCI uses data from the World Economic Forum’s annual Executive Opinion Survey (the Survey) to capture concepts that require a more qualitative assessment or for which internationally comparable statistical data are not available for the entire set of economies. The Survey administration and computation of the Survey results used in the GCI are further described in Chapter 1.3 of this Report.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 11

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

ADJUSTMENTS TO THE GCI
The composition of the GCI 2013–2014 is detailed in the appendix of this chapter. This year only minor adjustments were made to the Index, following a thorough review of the Survey instrument in late 2012.
The following changes were made:
• From the first pillar, we removed the indicator
Government services for improved business performance. • We replaced the indicator Effect of taxation on incentives to work and invest (indicator 6.04 in the
GCI 2012–2013) with two new indicators derived from the Survey: the first captures the effect of taxation on incentives to invest and is included in the sixth pillar as indicator 6.04; the second measures the effect of taxation on incentives to work and enters the seventh pillar as indicator 7.05.
• We replaced the indicator Brain drain (indicator
7.07 in the GCI 2012–2013) with two new indicators derived from the Survey, measuring the capacity of a country to retain talent (indicator 7.08) and to attract talent (indicator 7.09), respectively. Both are part of the seventh pillar.
COUNTRY COVERAGE
The coverage this year has increased from 144 to 148 economies. The newly covered countries are Myanmar,
Bhutan, and Lao PDR. We have also re-instated Tunisia and Angola into the Index, two countries that were not included in last year’s edition. Tajikistan is not covered in this year’s Report as Survey data could not be collected this year.
THE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS INDEX 2013–2014
RANKINGS
Tables 3 through 7 provide the detailed rankings of this year’s GCI. The following sections discuss the findings of the GCI 2013–2014 for the top performers globally, as well as for a number of selected economies in each of the five following regions: North America, Europe, and Eurasia; Asia and the Pacific; Latin America and the
Caribbean; the Middle East and North Africa; and subSaharan Africa.23
Top 10
As in previous years, this year’s top 10 remain dominated by a number of European countries, with Switzerland,
Finland, Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the
United Kingdom confirming their places among the most competitive economies. Three Asian countries also figure in top 10, with Singapore remaining the second-most competitive economy in the world, and Hong Kong SAR and Japan placing 7th and 9th. It is worth noting that a

12 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

vast majority of the top 10 most competitive economies share strengths in innovation and a strong institutional framework. Switzerland retains its 1st place position again this year as a result of its continuing strong performance across the board. The country’s most notable strengths are related to innovation and labor market efficiency as well as the sophistication of its business sector (ranking
2nd in all three). Switzerland’s top-notch scientific research institutions, along with other factors, make the country a top innovator. Productivity is further enhanced by a business sector that offers excellent onthe-job-training opportunities, both citizens and private companies that are proactive at adapting the latest technologies, and labor markets that balance employee protection with business efficiency. Moreover, public institutions in Switzerland are among the most effective and transparent in the world (5th). Governance structures ensure a level playing field, enhancing business confidence: these include an independent judiciary, a strong rule of law, and a highly accountable public sector. Competitiveness is also buttressed by excellent infrastructure (6th) and highly developed financial markets (11th). Finally, Switzerland’s macroeconomic environment is among the most stable in the world (11th) at a time when many neighboring economies continue to struggle in this area. While Switzerland demonstrates many competitive strengths, maintaining its innovative capacity will require boosting the university enrollment rate of 56.8 percent, and also increasing the participation rate of women in the economy (86 percent) which continue to trail many other high-innovation countries. A more detailed analysis of Switzerland’s competitiveness is presented in Box 3.
Singapore ranks 2nd overall for the third consecutive year, owing to an outstanding performance across all the dimensions of the GCI. Again this year, it is the only economy to feature in the top 3 of seven out of the 12 pillars of the GCI; it also appears in the top 10 of two others. It dominates the goods market efficiency pillar and the labor market efficiency pillar, and places 2nd in the financial market development pillar.
Furthermore, the city-state boasts one of the world’s best institutional frameworks (3rd), even though it loses the top spot to Finland in the related pillar. Singapore also possesses world-class infrastructure (2nd), with excellent roads, ports, and air transport facilities. Its economy can also rely on a sound macroeconomic environment and fiscal management (18th)—the budget surplus amounted to 5.7 percent of GDP in 2012.
Singapore’s competitiveness is further enhanced by its strong focus on education, which has translated into a steady improvement of its ranking in the higher education and training pillar, where it comes in 2nd, behind Finland.
Singapore’s private sector is also becoming increasingly sophisticated (17th) and more innovative (9th), although

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Box 3: Switzerland: Five years at the top of the competitiveness rankings
This year marks Switzerland’s fifth year at the top of the
Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) rankings. The Global
Competitiveness Report has long singled out Switzerland for its extraordinary competitiveness levels. What is the formula that makes this small European country so successful?
Amid the travails of the euro area in recent years,
Switzerland has displayed an impressive growth performance.
Switzerland’s macroeconomic environment is among the most stable in the world at a time when many neighboring economies continue to struggle in this area. The successful implementation of the “debt brake” a decade ago— overwhelmingly supported by a large part of the population— has been one of many steps taken toward a stable macroeconomic environment. Yet, despite Switzerland’s decision to remain outside the European Union (EU), its economy is in fact highly integrated with other European markets, notably through the bilateral agreements that are in place. Exports to the European Union make up well above
50 percent of total exports, 1 and the effects of the sovereign debt crisis in Europe on Switzerland’s monetary policy have highlighted just how highly connected the Swiss economy is to that of its European neighbors.
Three of the most important drivers of Swiss competitiveness are being highlighted here: its excellent institutions, the dynamism of its markets, and its capacity for innovation. However, many qualities drive Switzerland’s excellent economic performance and one cannot point to a single factor that has brought about success.
Institutions and decision making
Overall, public institutions in Switzerland are among the most effective and transparent in the world (ranked 5th; see
Table 1). One thing that sets the country apart from any other is its unique governance structure. In addition to its highly decentralized form of federalism, seven members of the
Federal Council act as a collective head of state. 2 The political system ensures cohesive and inclusive leadership across political boundaries, which enables the country to implement a long-term economic agenda. Also important is the

country’s strong collaborative culture among stakeholders.
Government, business, and civil society work together in a coherent way to find solutions for the country. This effort is facilitated by the strong involvement of its population, which votes on major decisions directly. Governance structures— including an independent judiciary, a strong rule of law, and a highly accountable public sector—ensure a level playing field, enhancing business confidence and thus reinforcing competitiveness. However, one should note that private institutions face a number of challenges. Although corporate ethics are very strong (4th) and the strength of auditing and reporting standards quite good (21st), shareholder interests are noticeably less well protected than in other advanced economies (the country ranks a low 134th rank on the World
Bank’s strength of investor protection index). 3
A good environment for business to thrive
Productivity is further enhanced by a highly sophisticated business environment supported by well-functioning labor and financial markets. Swiss companies offer high-quality products (1st) and compete across a very sophisticated product range (1st). Indeed, their highly diversified and wideranging product and service offerings—which extend from financial and insurance services and watches to industrial machines and pharmaceuticals—has helped alleviate the adverse effects of the strong appreciation of the Swiss franc, with the market share of Swiss goods having remained largely stable. 4 Yet the country’s goods market features characteristics of a dual nature. Its very outward-looking, export-led economy that relies on highly sophisticated products and management practices stands in contrast to an inward-looking, protective agricultural policy. Switzerland ranks 75th on agricultural policy costs (the net impact of subsidies adds over 70 percent to value-added at producer prices, compared with the EU average of 33.9 percent). 5 In addition, the country’s well-managed natural resources make it a major tourist attraction, as highlighted by the country’s

Table 1: Institutions and decision making: Switzerland in international comparison, GCI 2013–2014 rank
SUBPILLAR A: PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS

SUBPILLAR B: PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS

Components

PILLAR 1:
INSTITUTIONS

Public institutions overall rank

Property rights Ethics and corruption Undue influence Government efficiency Finland

1

1

1

4

2

New Zealand

2

4

8

2

Singapore

3

3

2

3

Country/Economy

Components

Security

Private institutions overall rank

Corporate ethics Accountability

2

2

3

2

6

1

5

6

1

1

1

7

1

9

2

3

3

Sweden

5

6

15

7

3

8

20

5

6

10

Norway

6

9

12

6

6

13

17

4

5

5

Switzerland

7

5

3

9

8

6

14

15

4

53

Netherlands

8

8

10

10

4

11

13

10

9

20

9

11

6

13

16

4

22

6

16

4

Luxembourg

10

10

5

8

17

12

7

13

10

19

United Kingdom

12

13

4

16

11

15

35

9

12

11

Hong Kong SAR

(Cont’d.)

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 13

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Box 3: Switzerland: Five years at the top of the competitiveness rankings (cont’d.)
1st place ranking in every edition of The Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Report since it was first released in 2007. 6
Against the current high unemployment in Europe and other parts of the world, Switzerland compares extremely well: it boasted an unemployment rate of just 4.2 percent in 2012. 7 The country has a top-notch labor market that is both flexible and efficient in deploying its talent (see Table 2).
Employee protection and the interest of employers are well aligned, with strong employer-employee relations (ranking 1st), and with conflict resolution resting on social dialogue rather than responding with strikes. Further, the educational system, also 1st, is perceived as outstanding, producing a highly skilled labor force that continues to receive important on-thejob training. 8 Unlike many other countries, Switzerland’s labor force is growing, thanks to the migration of particularly skilled labor, boosted by the bilateral agreements on free circulation with the European Union that entered into force in 2002.
Finding ways to integrate more women into the labor force will be important for enhancing the country’s talent pool further.
The financial market in Switzerland also functions well and has bounced back to 11th place since the financial crisis.
The findings point to signs of a restoration of confidence in the banking sector, suggesting that markets are adapting quickly to the changing reality: the sector itself is diversifying and still managing to attract a significant client base.
Swiss regulatory authorities have been making progress in regulating the financial sector and overhauling requirements to formulate contingency recovery plans. Yet risks remain. The global crisis has also highlighted the strong interdependence of the Swiss financial sector with that of the rest of the world, and its major banks are considered “too big to fail” not only for Switzerland but also globally. 9 Repercussions elsewhere in the world impact the Swiss economy, as evidenced by the historically low interest rates in Switzerland, giving rise to high mortgage lending. Disputes about tax evasion and continued pressure from other countries are ushering the end of the country’s bank secrecy, which may require further adjustments. Innovation
Innovation is not just about coming up with new products—it is also about doing things differently. For this to happen, the entire innovation ecosystem, which consists of a set of closely intertwined and reinforcing factors, is critical. In the case of Switzerland, an excellent innovation ecosystem has been a significant part of making the country an attractive place to work for highly qualified people. Its well-functioning labor market and excellent educational system provide the fundamentals for innovation to prosper, instigating the close relationships among enterprises, universities, and research institutes that have made the country a top innovator. Its scientific research institutions are among the world’s best, and the strong collaboration between its academic and business sectors, combined with high company spending on research and development, ensures that much of this research is translated into marketable products and processes reinforced by strong intellectual property protection. This robust innovative capacity is captured by its high rate of patenting per capita, for which Switzerland ranks
2nd.

14 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

Table 2: Labor market efficiency: Switzerland in international comparison, GCI 2013–2014 rank
PILLAR 7: LABOR MARKET EFFICIENCY
Country/Economy

Labor market efficiency overall rank

Subpillar A:
Flexibility

Subpillar B:
Efficient use of talent

2

4

1

Switzerland

5

10

3

Denmark

13

17

18

Sweden

18

57

9

Finland

20

74

8

United Kingdom

Netherlands

21

50

15

Germany

41

113

11

France

71

116

46

Spain

115

123

95

Greece

127

125

114

Italy

137

135

134

Outlook for the future
Going forward, it will be important for Switzerland to resist drifting toward complacency. It is clear that, at present, it is a magnet for global talent and an excellent innovator. Its banking sector is, however, under scrutiny, and this traditional economic engine is necessarily undergoing great change. In the future, it will be important for the country to continue to build on its competitive strengths and resist overregulation and protectionism.
Notes
1

For information about Swiss exports, see http:// stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView. aspx?Language=E&Country=CH.

2

A president is nominated each year from among the seven federal councillors. The president takes on largely representative functions but has no additional power.

3

The strength of investor protection index is the average of the
World Bank’s Doing Business: Extent of disclosure index, the
Extent of director liability index, and the Ease of shareholder suits index. See technical notes at the end of the Report for more detailed information.

4

See IMF 2013b.

5

See Eurostat, http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_ explained/index.php?title=File:Subsidies_and_taxes_ in_the_agricultural_sector,_2001-2011.png&filetimesta mp=20121030183458. 6

See World Economic Forum 2013.

7

See Bundesamt für Statistik, http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/ de/index/themen/03/03/blank/data/01.html#parsys_80922. 8

The country has a long tradition of vocational and on-the-job training. 9

For further discussion of this issue, see the FINMA press release available at http://www.finma.ch/e/aktuell/Pages/ mm-schlussbericht-exko-tbtf-20101004.aspx, as well as IMF
2013b.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Table 3: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014 rankings and 2012–2013 comparisons
GCI 2013–2014

Country/Economy

Switzerland
Singapore
Finland
Germany
United States
Sweden
Hong Kong SAR
Netherlands
Japan
United Kingdom
Norway
Taiwan, China
Qatar
Canada
Denmark
Austria
Belgium
New Zealand
United Arab Emirates
Saudi Arabia
Australia
Luxembourg
France
Malaysia
Korea, Rep.
Brunei Darussalam
Israel
Ireland
China
Puerto Rico
Iceland
Estonia
Oman
Chile
Spain
Kuwait
Thailand
Indonesia
Azerbaijan
Panama
Malta
Poland
Bahrain
Turkey
Mauritius
Czech Republic
Barbados
Lithuania
Italy
Kazakhstan
Portugal
Latvia
South Africa
Costa Rica
Mexico
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Philippines
India
Peru
Slovenia
Hungary
Russian Federation
Sri Lanka
Rwanda
Montenegro
Jordan
Colombia
Vietnam
Ecuador
Georgia
Macedonia, FYR
Botswana

GCI 2013–2014

Rank
(out of 148)

Score
(1–7)

Rank among
2012–2013
economies*

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

5.67
5.61
5.54
5.51
5.48
5.48
5.47
5.42
5.40
5.37
5.33
5.29
5.24
5.20
5.18
5.15
5.13
5.11
5.11
5.10
5.09
5.09
5.05
5.03
5.01
4.95
4.94
4.92
4.84
4.67
4.66
4.65
4.64
4.61
4.57
4.56
4.54
4.53
4.51
4.50
4.50
4.46
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.43
4.42
4.41
4.41
4.41
4.40
4.40
4.37
4.35
4.34
4.33
4.31
4.30
4.29
4.28
4.25
4.25
4.25
4.25
4.22
4.21
4.20
4.20
4.19
4.18
4.18
4.15
4.14
4.13

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

GCI
2012–2013

1
2
3
6
7
4
9
5
10
8
15
13
11
14
12
16
17
23
24
18
20
22
21
25
19
28
26
27
29
31
30
34
32
33
36
37
38
50
46
40
47
41
35
43
54
39
44
45
42
51
49
55
52
57
53
48
62
58
65
59
61
56
60
67
68
63
72
64
69
75
86
77
80
79

Country/Economy

Croatia
Romania
Morocco
Slovak Republic
Armenia
Seychelles
Lao PDR
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Tunisia
Ukraine
Uruguay
Guatemala
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cambodia
Moldova
Namibia
Greece
Trinidad and Tobago
Zambia
Jamaica
Albania
Kenya
El Salvador
Bolivia
Nicaragua
Algeria
Serbia
Guyana
Lebanon
Argentina
Dominican Republic
Suriname
Mongolia
Libya
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Honduras
Gabon
Senegal
Ghana
Cameroon
Gambia, The
Nepal
Egypt
Paraguay
Nigeria
Kyrgyz Republic
Cape Verde
Lesotho
Swaziland
Tanzania
Côte d’Ivoire
Ethiopia
Liberia
Uganda
Benin
Zimbabwe
Madagascar
Pakistan
Venezuela
Mali
Malawi
Mozambique
Timor-Leste
Myanmar
Burkina Faso
Mauritania
Angola
Haiti
Sierra Leone
Yemen
Burundi
Guinea
Chad

Rank
(out of 148)

Score
(1–7)

Rank among
2012–2013
economies*

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

4.13
4.13
4.11
4.10
4.10
4.10
4.08
4.07
4.06
4.05
4.05
4.04
4.02
4.01
3.94
3.93
3.93
3.91
3.86
3.86
3.85
3.85
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.79
3.77
3.77
3.77
3.76
3.76
3.75
3.75
3.73
3.73
3.71
3.70
3.70
3.70
3.69
3.68
3.67
3.66
3.63
3.61
3.57
3.57
3.53
3.52
3.52
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.45
3.45
3.45
3.44
3.42
3.41
3.35
3.33
3.32
3.30
3.25
3.23
3.21
3.19
3.15
3.11
3.01
2.98
2.92
2.91
2.85

75
76
77
78
79
80
n/a
81
n/a
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
n/a
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
n/a
136
137 n/a 138
139
140
141
142
143

GCI
2012–2013

81
78
70
71
82
76
n/a
66
n/a
73
74
83
88
85
87
92
96
84
102
97
89
106
101
104
108
110
95
109
91
94
105
114
93
113
n/a
118
90
99
117
103
112
98
125
107
116
115
127
122
137
135
120
131
121
111
123
119
132
130
124
126
128
129
138
136
n/a
133
134 n/a 142
143
140
144
141
139

* This column shows the rank of each economy based on last year’s sample of 144 economies.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 15

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014
SUBINDEXES
OVERALL INDEX
Country/Economy

Switzerland
Singapore
Finland
Germany
United States
Sweden
Hong Kong SAR
Netherlands
Japan
United Kingdom
Norway
Taiwan, China
Qatar
Canada
Denmark
Austria
Belgium
New Zealand
United Arab Emirates
Saudi Arabia
Australia
Luxembourg
France
Malaysia
Korea, Rep.
Brunei Darussalam
Israel
Ireland
China
Puerto Rico
Iceland
Estonia
Oman
Chile
Spain
Kuwait
Thailand
Indonesia
Azerbaijan
Panama
Malta
Poland
Bahrain
Turkey
Mauritius
Czech Republic
Barbados
Lithuania
Italy
Kazakhstan
Portugal
Latvia
South Africa
Costa Rica
Mexico
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Philippines
India
Peru
Slovenia
Hungary
Russian Federation
Sri Lanka
Rwanda
Montenegro
Jordan
Colombia
Vietnam
Ecuador
Georgia
Macedonia, FYR
Botswana

Rank

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

Basic requirements
Score

5.67
5.61
5.54
5.51
5.48
5.48
5.47
5.42
5.40
5.37
5.33
5.29
5.24
5.20
5.18
5.15
5.13
5.11
5.11
5.10
5.09
5.09
5.05
5.03
5.01
4.95
4.94
4.92
4.84
4.67
4.66
4.65
4.64
4.61
4.57
4.56
4.54
4.53
4.51
4.50
4.50
4.46
4.45
4.45
4.45
4.43
4.42
4.41
4.41
4.41
4.40
4.40
4.37
4.35
4.34
4.33
4.31
4.30
4.29
4.28
4.25
4.25
4.25
4.25
4.22
4.21
4.20
4.20
4.19
4.18
4.18
4.15
4.14
4.13

Rank

3
1
7
9
36
8
2
10
28
24
6
16
5
15
21
19
22
12
4
14
17
11
23
27
20
18
39
33
31
54
29
26
13
30
38
32
49
45
44
46
34
59
25
56
42
55
35
43
50
48
41
40
95
64
63
79
58
51
78
96
72
37
65
47
77
71
68
76
80
86
62
57
70
66

Efficiency enhancers

Innovation and sophistication factors

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

6.15
6.30
5.97
5.90
5.12
5.95
6.15
5.89
5.37
5.48
5.98
5.70
6.01
5.71
5.55
5.63
5.51
5.78
6.04
5.73
5.69
5.87
5.50
5.37
5.60
5.64
5.05
5.18
5.28
4.82
5.29
5.43
5.77
5.28
5.05
5.22
4.86
4.90
4.90
4.89
5.17
4.72
5.46
4.75
4.97
4.80
5.14
4.91
4.85
4.86
4.98
5.00
4.24
4.62
4.63
4.45
4.73
4.84
4.46
4.23
4.53
5.06
4.61
4.88
4.48
4.55
4.59
4.51
4.44
4.36
4.64
4.74
4.55
4.60

5
2
9
8
1
7
3
11
10
4
12
15
18
6
16
21
17
14
20
27
13
22
19
25
23
65
26
24
31
33
35
30
39
29
28
77
40
52
66
50
36
32
38
45
61
37
43
47
48
53
46
41
34
59
55
44
60
49
58
42
57
62
54
51
69
96
72
70
64
74
81
86
76
93

5.44
5.63
5.30
5.31
5.66
5.31
5.57
5.27
5.27
5.45
5.22
5.16
5.02
5.33
5.05
4.97
5.03
5.17
5.00
4.69
5.18
4.92
5.00
4.86
4.89
4.09
4.73
4.89
4.63
4.58
4.53
4.64
4.45
4.64
4.64
3.95
4.43
4.32
4.09
4.33
4.52
4.60
4.50
4.38
4.18
4.51
4.39
4.35
4.34
4.30
4.38
4.41
4.54
4.18
4.27
4.39
4.18
4.34
4.20
4.41
4.20
4.14
4.28
4.32
4.03
3.73
4.01
4.01
4.11
3.98
3.90
3.89
3.96
3.77

1
13
2
4
6
5
19
7
3
10
16
9
14
25
11
12
15
27
24
29
26
17
18
23
20
54
8
21
34
22
28
35
39
45
32
101
52
33
60
43
40
65
59
47
57
36
48
44
30
87
38
68
37
31
55
46
108
50
58
41
97
49
71
99
42
66
70
51
69
85
63
122
94
106

5.72
5.14
5.65
5.59
5.43
5.46
4.83
5.36
5.62
5.15
5.07
5.22
5.08
4.64
5.14
5.14
5.07
4.55
4.67
4.33
4.56
4.84
4.84
4.70
4.82
3.81
5.23
4.81
4.10
4.71
4.48
4.08
4.05
3.92
4.14
3.34
3.83
4.13
3.71
3.99
4.03
3.65
3.71
3.91
3.76
4.07
3.91
3.93
4.22
3.41
4.06
3.61
4.06
4.14
3.79
3.92
3.28
3.87
3.75
4.00
3.35
3.88
3.60
3.35
4.00
3.65
3.61
3.87
3.61
3.41
3.69
3.08
3.37
3.30
(Cont’d.)

16 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Table 4: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014 (cont’d.)
SUBINDEXES
OVERALL INDEX
Country/Economy

Croatia
Romania
Morocco
Slovak Republic
Armenia
Seychelles
Lao PDR
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Tunisia
Ukraine
Uruguay
Guatemala
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cambodia
Moldova
Namibia
Greece
Trinidad and Tobago
Zambia
Jamaica
Albania
Kenya
El Salvador
Bolivia
Nicaragua
Algeria
Serbia
Guyana
Lebanon
Argentina
Dominican Republic
Suriname
Mongolia
Libya
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Honduras
Gabon
Senegal
Ghana
Cameroon
Gambia, The
Nepal
Egypt
Paraguay
Nigeria
Kyrgyz Republic
Cape Verde
Lesotho
Swaziland
Tanzania
Côte d 'Ivoire
Ethiopia
Liberia
Uganda
Benin
Zimbabwe
Madagascar
Pakistan
Venezuela
Mali
Malawi
Mozambique
Timor-Leste
Myanmar
Burkina Faso
Mauritania
Angola
Haiti
Sierra Leone
Yemen
Burundi
Guinea
Chad

Rank

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

Basic requirements
Score

4.13
4.13
4.11
4.10
4.10
4.10
4.08
4.07
4.06
4.05
4.05
4.04
4.02
4.01
3.94
3.93
3.93
3.91
3.86
3.86
3.85
3.85
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.79
3.77
3.77
3.77
3.76
3.76
3.75
3.75
3.73
3.73
3.71
3.70
3.70
3.70
3.69
3.68
3.67
3.66
3.63
3.61
3.57
3.57
3.53
3.52
3.52
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.45
3.45
3.45
3.44
3.42
3.41
3.35
3.33
3.32
3.30
3.25
3.23
3.21
3.19
3.15
3.11
3.01
2.98
2.92
2.91
2.85

Rank

61
87
69
67
73
52
83
75
74
91
53
89
81
99
97
85
88
60
104
111
94
121
98
90
101
92
106
107
126
102
116
82
108
93
84
113
109
100
120
128
117
115
105
118
112
136
122
103
119
114
129
131
123
127
134
125
124
130
142
138
137
140
133
110
135
141
132
139
143
146
145
144
148
147

Efficiency enhancers

Innovation and sophistication factors

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

4.69
4.32
4.58
4.60
4.53
4.83
4.41
4.51
4.52
4.27
4.82
4.29
4.44
4.18
4.20
4.38
4.30
4.70
3.98
3.86
4.24
3.76
4.20
4.28
4.12
4.27
3.96
3.92
3.63
4.06
3.81
4.43
3.89
4.24
4.39
3.83
3.88
4.18
3.76
3.62
3.80
3.82
3.97
3.78
3.84
3.40
3.73
4.02
3.77
3.82
3.53
3.50
3.67
3.62
3.40
3.65
3.66
3.51
3.27
3.37
3.39
3.33
3.42
3.88
3.40
3.28
3.49
3.35
3.25
2.95
3.05
3.14
2.87
2.95

68
63
84
56
85
95
107
98
88
71
78
80
89
91
102
99
67
82
101
79
100
73
106
120
116
133
92
103
75
97
90
121
94
139
125
108
114
124
105
87
113
117
128
109
110
83
118
130
132
123
115
112
126
131
111
134
138
127
104
119
129
122
135
145
140
137
147
143
142
136
144
148
141
146

4.05
4.13
3.90
4.27
3.90
3.73
3.60
3.70
3.81
4.01
3.95
3.91
3.80
3.79
3.66
3.69
4.06
3.90
3.67
3.92
3.68
4.00
3.62
3.41
3.44
3.18
3.78
3.65
3.97
3.70
3.79
3.34
3.73
3.11
3.30
3.59
3.51
3.31
3.62
3.85
3.52
3.43
3.25
3.57
3.55
3.90
3.42
3.22
3.18
3.32
3.49
3.54
3.27
3.21
3.55
3.15
3.11
3.27
3.64
3.41
3.23
3.33
3.13
2.85
3.03
3.11
2.71
2.91
2.94
3.12
2.90
2.58
3.01
2.72

80
103
100
77
88
62
74
86
79
95
84
64
89
83
133
102
81
92
61
75
119
53
73
93
113
143
125
56
90
98
91
120
121
141
117
124
112
137
76
72
96
67
132
104
128
82
140
118
135
110
109
116
127
114
107
123
126
105
78
136
111
115
131
138
146
130
134
148
147
129
139
145
142
144

3.46
3.32
3.34
3.49
3.40
3.69
3.54
3.41
3.47
3.36
3.43
3.66
3.40
3.44
2.87
3.34
3.46
3.39
3.71
3.53
3.12
3.83
3.56
3.38
3.25
2.63
3.01
3.76
3.40
3.35
3.40
3.10
3.08
2.71
3.16
3.03
3.26
2.78
3.51
3.56
3.35
3.61
2.91
3.31
2.97
3.44
2.72
3.13
2.84
3.27
3.28
3.18
2.98
3.22
3.29
3.03
2.99
3.31
3.48
2.83
3.26
3.20
2.91
2.76
2.55
2.92
2.84
2.52
2.55
2.93
2.73
2.56
2.69
2.61

Note: Ranks out of 148 economies and scores measured on a 1-to-7 scale.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 17

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Table 5: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014: Basic requirements
PILLARS
BASIC REQUIREMENTS

1. Institutions

2. Infrastructure

3. Macroeconomic environment

4. Health and primary education

Country/Economy

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Côte d’Ivoire
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao PDR
Latvia

94
92
139
102
73
17
19
44
25
113
35
22
125
84
90
81
66
79
18
58
141
144
99
117
15
103
147
30
31
80
64
131
61
51
55
21
116
62
118
98
26
123
7
23
100
115
57
9
128
88
89
148
107
143
109
2
65
29
96
45
75
33
39
50
111
28
76
48
121
20
32
122
83
40

4.24
4.27
3.35
4.06
4.53
5.69
5.63
4.90
5.46
3.83
5.14
5.51
3.65
4.39
4.28
4.44
4.60
4.45
5.64
4.73
3.28
3.14
4.18
3.80
5.71
4.02
2.95
5.28
5.28
4.44
4.62
3.50
4.69
4.84
4.80
5.55
3.81
4.64
3.78
4.20
5.43
3.67
5.97
5.50
4.18
3.82
4.74
5.90
3.62
4.30
4.29
2.87
3.92
3.25
3.88
6.15
4.61
5.29
4.23
4.90
4.51
5.18
5.05
4.85
3.86
5.37
4.51
4.86
3.76
5.60
5.22
3.73
4.41
5.00

118
135
145
143
65
23
21
59
32
131
30
24
108
44
105
71
34
80
25
107
115
144
91
112
14
69
147
28
47
110
50
104
93
42
86
18
124
92
117
130
27
95
1
31
81
43
64
15
70
103
111
132
87
146
134
9
84
22
72
67
83
16
40
102
85
17
38
55
88
74
49
133
63
57

3.32
3.04
2.76
2.79
3.98
5.04
5.07
4.06
4.77
3.08
4.80
5.00
3.36
4.40
3.40
3.87
4.67
3.73
4.96
3.38
3.34
2.78
3.61
3.35
5.38
3.93
2.54
4.88
4.24
3.35
4.20
3.40
3.60
4.47
3.64
5.21
3.23
3.61
3.33
3.08
4.90
3.58
6.10
4.79
3.72
4.42
4.00
5.30
3.89
3.49
3.35
3.06
3.64
2.75
3.05
5.61
3.67
5.05
3.86
3.97
3.68
5.27
4.56
3.50
3.66
5.25
4.60
4.09
3.62
3.84
4.21
3.05
4.00
4.08

99
106
145
89
80
18
16
69
30
132
24
19
129
87
111
83
94
71
58
75
140
146
101
128
12
116
148
46
48
92
76
107
42
44
39
23
110
79
98
72
40
124
21
4
114
95
56
3
109
38
78
147
112
142
115
1
51
17
85
61
65
26
35
25
93
9
54
62
102
11
53
122
84
59

3.33
3.14
1.92
3.52
3.81
5.60
5.72
4.06
5.18
2.37
5.52
5.60
2.40
3.61
2.98
3.67
3.43
4.02
4.29
3.93
2.13
1.92
3.26
2.49
5.80
2.79
1.71
4.54
4.51
3.50
3.92
3.13
4.66
4.63
4.71
5.53
3.02
3.81
3.34
4.01
4.70
2.61
5.55
6.21
2.83
3.43
4.31
6.24
3.02
4.79
3.83
1.73
2.91
1.98
2.81
6.74
4.37
5.61
3.65
4.17
4.14
5.27
4.92
5.35
3.49
6.03
4.33
4.17
3.24
5.85
4.37
2.68
3.66
4.24

94
34
54
111
64
25
37
8
21
79
121
69
99
109
28
104
24
75
1
30
88
129
83
60
50
128
56
17
10
33
80
106
68
126
55
42
119
44
140
102
22
123
36
73
13
135
61
27
144
147
71
142
122
105
103
12
84
118
110
26
100
134
72
101
141
127
138
23
132
9
3
113
93
29

4.41
5.48
5.03
4.07
4.88
5.75
5.37
6.42
5.90
4.58
3.89
4.71
4.31
4.15
5.66
4.23
5.76
4.63
7.00
5.61
4.44
3.67
4.53
4.92
5.08
3.67
4.95
6.02
6.29
5.59
4.56
4.21
4.71
3.73
5.01
5.28
3.91
5.24
3.15
4.25
5.89
3.81
5.42
4.65
6.09
3.49
4.91
5.68
3.08
2.82
4.67
3.11
3.84
4.21
4.25
6.09
4.51
3.94
4.10
5.75
4.27
3.57
4.65
4.26
3.14
3.68
3.31
5.87
3.64
6.32
6.70
4.03
4.41
5.63

56
92
137
61
85
22
19
109
44
104
20
3
117
91
108
46
115
89
23
45
143
130
99
124
7
75
148
74
40
98
64
142
66
8
60
32
110
54
100
86
29
113
1
24
132
134
70
21
122
35
101
139
103
133
90
31
57
9
102
72
51
6
38
26
106
10
65
97
119
18
77
107
80
41

5.90
5.40
3.69
5.84
5.46
6.36
6.37
5.07
6.00
5.30
6.36
6.72
4.53
5.42
5.09
5.99
4.55
5.43
6.33
6.00
3.24
4.21
5.32
4.43
6.55
5.68
2.58
5.68
6.06
5.32
5.81
3.25
5.80
6.54
5.84
6.17
5.07
5.91
5.32
5.46
6.22
4.67
6.82
6.33
4.08
3.95
5.75
6.36
4.48
6.10
5.31
3.59
5.30
4.06
5.42
6.18
5.88
6.54
5.30
5.71
5.97
6.60
6.07
6.29
5.16
6.50
5.80
5.33
4.52
6.37
5.62
5.15
5.56
6.05
(Cont’d.)

18 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Table 5: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014: Basic requirements (cont’d.)
PILLARS
BASIC REQUIREMENTS

1. Institutions

2. Infrastructure

3. Macroeconomic environment

4. Health and primary education

Country/Economy

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Seychelles
Senegal
Serbia
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

126
119
127
93
43
11
70
130
140
27
137
34
132
42
63
97
108
68
69
133
135
85
105
10
12
101
136
6
13
142
46
112
72
78
59
41
54
5
87
47
71
14
52
120
106
146
1
67
37
95
38
77
82
114
8
3
16
129
49
110
60
74
56
134
91
4
24
36
53
138
86
145
104
124

3.63
3.77
3.62
4.24
4.91
5.87
4.55
3.51
3.33
5.37
3.39
5.17
3.49
4.97
4.63
4.20
3.89
4.59
4.58
3.42
3.40
4.38
3.97
5.89
5.78
4.12
3.40
5.98
5.77
3.27
4.89
3.84
4.53
4.46
4.72
4.98
4.82
6.01
4.32
4.88
4.55
5.73
4.83
3.76
3.96
2.95
6.30
4.60
5.06
4.24
5.05
4.48
4.43
3.82
5.95
6.15
5.70
3.53
4.86
3.88
4.70
4.52
4.75
3.40
4.27
6.04
5.48
5.12
4.82
3.37
4.36
3.05
3.98
3.66

138
90
77
125
61
10
60
128
76
29
136
37
139
39
96
122
113
52
53
120
141
48
127
8
2
100
129
6
13
123
66
140
109
79
62
46
33
4
114
121
19
20
45
82
126
89
3
119
68
41
58
54
99
75
5
7
26
97
78
106
94
73
56
116
137
11
12
35
36
148
98
142
51
101

2.98
3.61
3.80
3.22
4.04
5.59
4.05
3.09
3.81
4.85
3.02
4.61
2.95
4.58
3.56
3.24
3.34
4.16
4.12
3.30
2.80
4.22
3.19
5.62
6.07
3.52
3.08
5.70
5.39
3.23
3.97
2.91
3.36
3.76
4.01
4.32
4.70
5.95
3.34
3.28
5.20
5.13
4.33
3.69
3.20
3.62
6.04
3.32
3.94
4.53
4.07
4.09
3.54
3.83
5.72
5.63
4.95
3.55
3.79
3.39
3.58
3.85
4.08
3.33
2.99
5.55
5.43
4.64
4.62
2.27
3.54
2.80
4.20
3.50

119
127
131
103
41
13
86
136
137
29
108
34
120
50
64
88
113
70
57
130
141
60
144
7
27
105
135
33
32
121
37
123
91
96
74
22
63
28
100
45
104
31
43
117
90
139
2
67
36
66
10
73
81
97
20
6
14
134
47
138
52
77
49
133
68
5
8
15
55
125
82
143
118
126

2.73
2.56
2.38
3.21
4.69
5.79
3.63
2.26
2.21
5.19
3.05
5.02
2.71
4.44
4.14
3.57
2.90
4.04
4.30
2.38
2.01
4.20
1.93
6.13
5.21
3.14
2.29
5.02
5.08
2.70
4.89
2.66
3.50
3.40
3.96
5.55
4.17
5.20
3.33
4.61
3.20
5.18
4.64
2.78
3.51
2.13
6.41
4.12
4.91
4.13
5.97
4.00
3.69
3.34
5.60
6.20
5.77
2.30
4.53
2.18
4.37
3.90
4.45
2.31
4.07
6.20
6.12
5.77
4.31
2.61
3.69
1.94
2.76
2.59

148
39
51
16
58
15
59
108
146
38
86
74
78
67
49
77
130
112
90
98
125
70
41
45
43
97
46
2
5
145
57
63
20
40
65
124
48
6
47
19
92
4
89
91
136
137
18
62
53
95
116
120
66
82
14
11
32
131
31
35
52
96
76
133
107
7
115
117
85
143
87
139
81
114

2.55
5.35
5.08
6.03
4.94
6.04
4.94
4.18
2.85
5.35
4.44
4.64
4.59
4.82
5.11
4.62
3.65
4.07
4.42
4.34
3.74
4.67
5.30
5.22
5.25
4.36
5.17
6.80
6.64
2.89
4.95
4.89
5.91
5.34
4.88
3.75
5.12
6.58
5.14
5.93
4.41
6.69
4.43
4.41
3.36
3.32
6.01
4.91
5.03
4.39
3.97
3.90
4.87
4.54
6.05
6.29
5.60
3.65
5.61
5.43
5.06
4.37
4.62
3.64
4.20
6.42
3.98
3.95
4.49
3.10
4.44
3.25
4.56
4.01

28
141
144
120
50
36
79
118
123
33
145
15
136
43
73
93
76
37
82
138
111
125
88
4
5
87
146
14
48
128
68
112
95
96
42
27
105
25
84
71
94
53
55
131
69
147
2
39
17
135
30
52
78
140
13
12
11
114
81
121
63
47
59
127
62
49
16
34
58
83
67
129
126
116

6.27
3.56
3.22
4.52
5.97
6.08
5.60
4.52
4.43
6.10
3.05
6.39
3.72
6.01
5.69
5.38
5.65
6.07
5.48
3.67
5.05
4.43
5.44
6.61
6.60
5.46
3.04
6.41
5.97
4.26
5.76
4.89
5.36
5.33
6.03
6.28
5.28
6.32
5.47
5.71
5.37
5.92
5.90
4.17
5.75
2.74
6.72
6.07
6.38
3.89
6.21
5.94
5.60
3.57
6.45
6.48
6.49
4.64
5.52
4.51
5.81
5.98
5.86
4.35
5.84
5.97
6.39
6.10
5.88
5.48
5.78
4.22
4.41
4.55

Note: Ranks out of 148 economies and scores measured on a 1-to-7 scale.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 19

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Table 6: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014: Efficiency enhancers
PILLARS
EFFICIENCY
ENHANCERS

5. Higher education and training

6. Goods market efficiency 7. Labor market efficiency 8. Financial market development 9. Technological readiness 10. Market size

Country/Economy

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Côte d’Ivoire
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao PDR
Latvia

100
133
143
97
85
13
21
66
38
108
43
17
134
125
120
89
93
44
65
60
137
148
91
113
6
130
146
29
31
64
59
112
68
49
37
16
90
81
109
106
30
126
9
19
124
117
86
8
87
67
80
141
103
142
114
3
54
35
42
52
98
24
26
48
79
10
70
53
73
23
77
118
107
41

3.68
3.18
2.91
3.70
3.90
5.18
4.97
4.09
4.50
3.59
4.39
5.03
3.15
3.30
3.41
3.80
3.77
4.39
4.09
4.18
3.11
2.58
3.79
3.52
5.33
3.22
2.72
4.64
4.63
4.11
4.18
3.54
4.05
4.34
4.51
5.05
3.79
3.90
3.57
3.62
4.64
3.27
5.30
5.00
3.31
3.43
3.89
5.31
3.85
4.06
3.91
3.01
3.65
2.94
3.51
5.57
4.28
4.53
4.41
4.32
3.70
4.89
4.73
4.34
3.92
5.27
4.01
4.30
4.00
4.89
3.95
3.42
3.60
4.41

78
101
147
49
77
15
13
87
53
127
20
5
123
107
93
63
99
72
55
69
141
148
116
112
16
94
145
38
70
60
33
121
51
32
39
14
96
71
118
100
23
137
1
24
135
106
92
3
108
41
105
140
81
128
110
22
44
12
91
64
88
18
34
42
80
21
56
54
103
19
84
97
111
40

4.17
3.55
2.07
4.62
4.18
5.51
5.57
4.00
4.52
2.83
5.29
5.83
2.95
3.44
3.79
4.30
3.56
4.22
4.52
4.25
2.39
2.03
3.12
3.25
5.46
3.71
2.09
4.87
4.23
4.33
5.01
3.03
4.53
5.01
4.85
5.54
3.65
4.22
3.08
3.55
5.22
2.55
6.27
5.21
2.62
3.48
3.79
5.90
3.42
4.81
3.51
2.42
4.10
2.77
3.32
5.24
4.72
5.58
3.88
4.30
3.99
5.43
5.00
4.75
4.11
5.28
4.50
4.52
3.54
5.41
4.04
3.64
3.31
4.84

97
142
146
145
58
31
23
71
19
89
75
13
139
121
138
104
92
123
42
81
129
140
55
100
17
112
147
36
61
102
65
113
111
29
48
24
99
106
119
77
30
136
15
45
131
95
67
21
70
108
66
137
73
144
114
2
78
46
85
50
110
11
68
87
84
16
39
56
80
33
90
116
54
40

4.06
3.20
3.03
3.06
4.34
4.72
4.88
4.27
4.96
4.10
4.25
5.08
3.47
3.85
3.50
3.98
4.10
3.82
4.52
4.19
3.73
3.39
4.35
4.03
5.00
3.91
2.83
4.64
4.32
4.01
4.30
3.91
3.92
4.74
4.41
4.87
4.03
3.97
3.88
4.23
4.73
3.56
5.03
4.43
3.65
4.07
4.29
4.92
4.28
3.93
4.30
3.54
4.26
3.07
3.91
5.57
4.23
4.43
4.18
4.40
3.93
5.21
4.28
4.17
4.18
5.01
4.55
4.34
4.21
4.68
4.10
3.89
4.36
4.53

67
147
134
144
50
54
42
30
19
124
24
64
94
29
131
88
47
92
10
61
83
123
27
82
7
129
128
45
34
87
53
68
114
36
81
13
118
111
146
121
12
108
20
71
73
46
40
41
91
127
90
74
63
77
142
3
85
17
99
103
145
16
57
137
66
23
101
15
35
78
105
96
44
26

4.33
2.91
3.66
3.15
4.49
4.45
4.56
4.72
4.87
3.80
4.79
4.34
4.11
4.73
3.70
4.15
4.51
4.13
5.06
4.36
4.19
3.84
4.76
4.19
5.26
3.74
3.76
4.53
4.63
4.16
4.48
4.32
3.94
4.62
4.20
5.03
3.92
3.96
3.00
3.88
5.03
3.99
4.85
4.31
4.31
4.53
4.59
4.57
4.14
3.77
4.15
4.28
4.34
4.23
3.34
5.74
4.18
4.91
4.08
4.04
3.02
4.93
4.39
3.48
4.33
4.82
4.07
4.98
4.62
4.21
4.01
4.09
4.55
4.76

128
143
145
133
76
7
37
88
25
102
28
44
125
123
120
113
53
50
56
73
131
146
65
107
12
127
139
20
54
63
96
94
78
64
58
36
86
89
119
101
35
126
5
33
108
84
75
29
52
138
43
136
82
142
61
1
74
80
19
60
130
85
22
124
47
23
79
103
31
81
70
112
91
45

3.27
2.61
2.40
3.05
3.91
5.41
4.56
3.80
4.75
3.68
4.71
4.48
3.33
3.35
3.39
3.53
4.34
4.40
4.29
3.95
3.17
2.33
4.04
3.59
5.21
3.32
2.78
4.83
4.32
4.08
3.75
3.76
3.90
4.07
4.20
4.57
3.85
3.78
3.41
3.71
4.59
3.32
5.57
4.61
3.58
3.86
3.91
4.69
4.36
2.86
4.48
2.97
3.88
2.69
4.17
6.02
3.93
3.89
4.83
4.18
3.17
3.86
4.81
3.33
4.42
4.80
3.89
3.67
4.68
3.89
3.96
3.54
3.77
4.46

92
136
138
88
72
12
20
50
32
127
25
18
134
132
122
73
104
55
71
44
143
146
97
121
21
91
147
42
85
87
53
110
45
36
34
5
76
82
100
109
29
139
11
17
114
106
68
14
99
39
84
142
96
135
103
6
46
10
98
75
116
13
23
37
79
19
70
57
89
22
69
129
113
38

3.33
2.48
2.47
3.38
3.74
5.82
5.59
4.17
4.95
2.69
5.26
5.61
2.55
2.57
2.77
3.74
3.11
4.14
3.75
4.45
2.41
2.20
3.22
2.80
5.58
3.34
2.09
4.48
3.44
3.39
4.16
3.03
4.41
4.78
4.88
6.05
3.61
3.49
3.21
3.05
5.20
2.47
5.89
5.69
2.97
3.09
3.83
5.72
3.21
4.62
3.45
2.43
3.24
2.50
3.12
6.03
4.35
5.91
3.22
3.66
2.95
5.75
5.56
4.71
3.55
5.59
3.78
4.10
3.36
5.57
3.80
2.67
2.98
4.70

107
48
65
24
117
18
37
72
106
45
138
28
125
143
86
98
101
9
131
63
113
144
92
91
13
148
115
42
2
31
84
96
74
110
41
53
68
59
29
90
99
67
55
8
118
145
103
5
70
47
76
129
137
132
94
27
52
130
3
15
19
57
49
10
108
4
87
54
77
12
66
120
122
95

2.92
4.35
3.84
4.95
2.73
5.15
4.63
3.60
2.93
4.44
2.06
4.82
2.51
1.83
3.33
3.09
3.03
5.65
2.42
3.87
2.79
1.71
3.23
3.26
5.49
1.30
2.77
4.49
6.85
4.70
3.41
3.17
3.59
2.83
4.50
4.24
3.71
4.01
4.82
3.28
3.06
3.74
4.20
5.76
2.72
1.55
2.96
6.02
3.67
4.37
3.59
2.44
2.09
2.38
3.22
4.84
4.26
2.43
6.25
5.32
5.14
4.15
4.35
5.61
2.91
6.14
3.29
4.21
3.58
5.61
3.80
2.68
2.63
3.18
(Cont’d.)

20 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Table 6: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014: Efficiency enhancers (cont’d.)
PILLARS
EFFICIENCY
ENHANCERS

5. Higher education and training

6. Goods market efficiency 7. Labor market efficiency 8. Financial market development 9. Technological readiness 10. Market size

Country/Economy

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Seychelles
Senegal
Serbia
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

75
132
131
139
47
22
76
127
122
25
129
36
147
61
55
102
94
72
84
135
140
99
128
11
14
116
83
12
39
104
50
110
57
58
32
46
33
18
63
51
96
27
95
105
92
136
2
56
62
34
28
69
121
123
7
5
15
115
40
145
82
88
45
111
71
20
4
1
78
119
74
144
101
138

3.97
3.18
3.21
3.11
4.35
4.92
3.96
3.27
3.33
4.86
3.23
4.52
2.71
4.18
4.27
3.66
3.73
4.01
3.90
3.13
3.03
3.69
3.25
5.27
5.17
3.44
3.90
5.22
4.45
3.64
4.33
3.55
4.20
4.20
4.60
4.38
4.58
5.02
4.13
4.32
3.73
4.69
3.73
3.62
3.78
3.12
5.63
4.27
4.14
4.54
4.64
4.03
3.34
3.32
5.31
5.44
5.16
3.49
4.43
2.85
3.90
3.81
4.38
3.55
4.01
5.00
5.45
5.66
3.95
3.41
3.98
2.90
3.67
3.11

45
125
126
104
27
36
76
132
133
46
136
31
146
61
85
90
82
50
102
143
139
115
130
6
9
109
120
10
57
129
68
113
86
67
37
28
30
29
59
47
122
48
79
114
83
142
2
58
25
89
26
62
98
117
8
4
11
138
66
134
75
73
65
131
43
35
17
7
52
74
95
144
119
124

4.69
2.88
2.86
3.52
5.15
4.89
4.18
2.66
2.65
4.68
2.55
5.04
2.07
4.32
4.03
3.88
4.07
4.61
3.54
2.34
2.52
3.12
2.73
5.78
5.68
3.36
3.03
5.67
4.46
2.76
4.26
3.20
4.01
4.28
4.88
5.15
5.09
5.11
4.41
4.66
3.00
4.65
4.13
3.14
4.05
2.36
5.91
4.44
5.21
3.94
5.19
4.31
3.59
3.09
5.69
5.88
5.65
2.54
4.29
2.63
4.21
4.22
4.29
2.72
4.75
4.93
5.45
5.75
4.53
4.21
3.69
2.31
3.05
2.95

51
79
47
143
49
5
44
94
115
10
109
32
141
25
83
107
96
64
69
125
135
91
127
8
9
122
93
22
18
103
35
86
52
82
57
72
26
3
117
126
41
27
53
59
132
105
1
76
62
28
63
37
128
98
12
6
7
118
34
134
101
88
43
120
124
4
14
20
60
148
74
133
38
130

4.39
4.22
4.42
3.13
4.40
5.33
4.47
4.07
3.90
5.23
3.93
4.72
3.38
4.85
4.19
3.93
4.07
4.31
4.28
3.80
3.57
4.10
3.74
5.25
5.24
3.85
4.09
4.89
4.99
3.99
4.65
4.18
4.37
4.19
4.34
4.26
4.83
5.49
3.89
3.80
4.52
4.79
4.36
4.33
3.64
3.97
5.59
4.24
4.32
4.75
4.32
4.63
3.73
4.05
5.10
5.26
5.26
3.89
4.67
3.58
4.03
4.10
4.52
3.88
3.81
5.39
5.05
4.93
4.33
2.80
4.25
3.61
4.61
3.66

120
86
60
136
69
22
79
37
39
25
112
43
143
55
113
95
51
58
122
125
98
59
133
21
8
107
52
14
28
138
75
117
48
100
80
126
38
6
110
72
11
70
31
65
119
97
1
76
106
116
115
135
102
104
18
2
33
49
62
109
89
132
130
32
84
9
5
4
139
148
56
141
93
140

3.90
4.17
4.37
3.53
4.31
4.83
4.21
4.60
4.59
4.79
3.96
4.56
3.23
4.45
3.94
4.09
4.49
4.39
3.86
3.80
4.09
4.39
3.66
4.84
5.23
3.99
4.48
5.02
4.73
3.46
4.25
3.92
4.50
4.08
4.20
3.79
4.59
5.29
3.96
4.31
5.06
4.31
4.69
4.33
3.90
4.09
5.77
4.24
4.00
3.93
3.93
3.53
4.04
4.01
4.88
5.76
4.67
4.49
4.35
3.98
4.15
3.67
3.74
4.69
4.18
5.20
5.35
5.37
3.44
2.85
4.40
3.36
4.12
3.40

100
118
106
147
87
14
62
137
71
6
122
34
140
26
59
105
129
49
69
132
144
39
95
30
4
104
66
9
21
67
16
92
40
48
38
114
18
13
72
121
57
27
83
98
115
116
2
42
134
3
97
41
111
68
8
11
17
99
32
141
55
110
51
77
117
24
15
10
90
135
93
148
46
109

3.71
3.43
3.60
2.30
3.82
5.14
4.15
2.93
3.96
5.45
3.38
4.61
2.71
4.73
4.19
3.60
3.23
4.40
4.01
3.13
2.41
4.51
3.75
4.68
5.61
3.61
4.04
5.31
4.82
4.04
5.00
3.76
4.50
4.41
4.54
3.50
4.86
5.19
3.95
3.39
4.23
4.71
3.87
3.72
3.48
3.46
5.82
4.49
2.98
5.80
3.72
4.49
3.55
4.03
5.32
5.23
4.95
3.72
4.61
2.70
4.32
3.56
4.40
3.90
3.46
4.79
5.00
5.26
3.77
2.97
3.76
2.26
4.45
3.56

81
140
141
128
35
2
67
131
144
51
117
16
125
63
74
64
66
49
80
123
148
90
133
8
24
119
108
3
56
118
47
111
86
77
43
27
40
31
54
59
105
41
65
95
60
130
7
52
33
62
26
93
101
124
1
9
30
126
78
145
61
83
58
120
94
28
4
15
48
107
102
137
115
112

3.52
2.45
2.43
2.68
4.81
6.19
3.84
2.63
2.40
4.17
2.91
5.71
2.71
3.90
3.66
3.89
3.85
4.22
3.53
2.77
2.03
3.34
2.55
5.97
5.40
2.85
3.08
6.08
4.11
2.90
4.35
3.00
3.39
3.58
4.47
5.24
4.60
5.10
4.14
3.97
3.10
4.60
3.87
3.26
3.94
2.65
6.01
4.16
4.90
3.92
5.26
3.30
3.19
2.72
6.22
5.93
5.19
2.70
3.56
2.33
3.93
3.47
4.05
2.82
3.28
5.22
6.06
5.72
4.33
3.09
3.14
2.48
2.97
2.98

71
141
146
80
78
97
109
116
126
26
123
127
134
112
11
124
119
135
56
104
79
121
100
21
62
102
32
51
73
30
81
93
43
33
20
50
82
60
46
7
128
23
147
105
69
133
34
58
83
25
14
61
140
139
35
40
17
75
22
142
114
64
16
89
38
44
6
1
88
39
36
85
111
136

3.61
1.94
1.55
3.51
3.58
3.14
2.90
2.73
2.50
4.87
2.63
2.46
2.16
2.80
5.61
2.55
2.69
2.14
4.16
2.96
3.57
2.66
3.05
5.11
3.88
2.98
4.66
4.34
3.60
4.70
3.50
3.23
4.46
4.66
5.14
4.34
3.49
3.96
4.44
5.78
2.46
5.07
1.46
2.94
3.68
2.19
4.66
4.03
3.46
4.89
5.45
3.90
1.95
2.03
4.64
4.56
5.24
3.59
5.10
1.86
2.78
3.86
5.30
3.28
4.60
4.44
5.80
6.94
3.28
4.57
4.64
3.38
2.80

2.12

Note: Ranks out of 148 economies and scores measured on a 1-to-7 scale.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 21

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Table 7: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014: Innovation and sophistication factors
PILLARS
INNOVATION
AND SOPHISTICATION
FACTORS

11. Business sophistication PILLARS
INNOVATION
AND SOPHISTICATION
FACTORS

12. Innovation

11. Business sophistication 12. Innovation

Country/Economy

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Country/Economy

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Côte d’Ivoire
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao PDR
Latvia

119
143
148
98
88
26
12
60
59
124
48
15
123
117
93
89
106
46
54
108
130
145
83
96
25
118
144
45
34
69
31
116
80
50
36
11
91
63
104
73
35
127
2
18
137
67
122
4
72
81
64
142
56
147
112
19
71
28
41
33
86
21
8
30
75
3
51
87
53
20
101
140
74
68

3.12
2.63
2.52
3.35
3.40
4.56
5.14
3.71
3.71
3.03
3.91
5.07
3.03
3.16
3.38
3.40
3.30
3.92
3.81
3.28
2.92
2.56
3.44
3.35
4.64
3.13
2.61
3.92
4.10
3.61
4.14
3.18
3.46
3.87
4.07
5.14
3.40
3.69
3.31
3.56
4.08
2.98
5.65
4.84
2.78
3.61
3.08
5.59
3.56
3.46
3.66
2.69
3.76
2.55
3.26
4.83
3.60
4.48
4.00
4.13
3.41
4.81
5.23
4.22
3.53
5.62
3.87
3.41
3.83
4.82
3.34
2.72
3.54
3.61

122
144
143
95
87
30
8
70
53
113
46
12
132
117
103
110
102
39
56
106
142
148
86
105
25
121
147
54
45
63
31
123
88
44
38
11
71
69
84
60
51
133
5
21
139
68
120
3
81
83
50
141
59
145
90
14
96
29
42
37
104
18
23
27
72
1
47
94
61
24
77
130
78
67

3.44
2.89
2.89
3.71
3.82
4.66
5.46
3.97
4.25
3.51
4.30
5.27
3.23
3.50
3.61
3.53
3.61
4.42
4.23
3.59
2.97
2.80
3.83
3.60
4.80
3.44
2.81
4.25
4.31
4.06
4.54
3.37
3.81
4.34
4.43
5.29
3.96
3.97
3.83
4.10
4.26
3.21
5.51
5.00
3.04
4.00
3.47
5.68
3.85
3.84
4.27
2.97
4.12
2.87
3.76
5.22
3.69
4.68
4.38
4.44
3.60
5.04
4.88
4.74
3.95
5.75
4.30
3.72
4.09
4.86
3.88
3.24
3.86
4.01

119
141
147
104
103
22
15
51
73
131
48
14
113
114
75
63
102
55
59
105
111
142
91
80
21
116
139
43
32
74
35
101
79
56
37
11
115
58
120
96
31
121
1
19
132
67
126
4
64
87
90
140
57
144
123
23
47
27
41
33
71
20
3
38
83
5
53
84
46
17
118
145
68
70

2.80
2.38
2.15
2.99
2.99
4.45
4.82
3.45
3.17
2.54
3.51
4.87
2.84
2.83
3.15
3.28
2.99
3.42
3.38
2.97
2.86
2.31
3.05
3.11
4.47
2.83
2.41
3.60
3.89
3.16
3.74
3.00
3.12
3.41
3.70
4.99
2.83
3.40
2.79
3.01
3.89
2.76
5.79
4.68
2.51
3.22
2.68
5.50
3.27
3.08
3.05
2.40
3.41
2.22
2.76
4.44
3.51
4.28
3.62
3.82
3.21
4.58
5.58
3.69
3.11
5.49
3.44
3.10
3.56
4.78
2.81
2.20
3.22
3.21

Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Seychelles
Senegal
Serbia
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

90
135
114
141
44
17
94
105
115
23
111
40
134
57
55
133
121
70
100
131
146
102
132
7
27
113
82
16
39
78
43
128
97
58
65
38
22
14
103
99
66
29
62
76
125
129
13
77
49
37
32
42
120
110
5
1
9
109
52
138
92
79
47
107
95
24
10
6
84
136
85
139
61
126

3.40
2.84
3.22
2.71
3.93
4.84
3.37
3.31
3.20
4.70
3.26
4.03
2.84
3.76
3.79
2.87
3.08
3.61
3.34
2.91
2.55
3.34
2.91
5.36
4.55
3.25
3.44
5.07
4.05
3.48
3.99
2.97
3.35
3.75
3.65
4.06
4.71
5.08
3.32
3.35
3.65
4.33
3.69
3.51
3.01
2.93
5.14
3.49
3.88
4.06
4.14
4.00
3.10
3.27
5.46
5.72
5.22
3.28
3.83
2.76
3.39
3.47
3.91
3.29
3.36
4.67
5.15
5.43
3.43
2.83
3.41
2.73
3.71
2.99

62
136
108
131
48
22
100
111
114
20
112
36
138
41
55
125
128
89
92
135
146
99
129
4
26
115
75
13
32
85
52
119
74
49
65
57
19
10
101
107
80
28
64
82
137
127
17
73
58
35
33
34
118
93
7
2
15
116
40
140
79
76
43
109
97
16
9
6
91
134
98
124
66
126

4.07
3.20
3.56
3.23
4.29
4.98
3.65
3.53
3.50
5.02
3.52
4.44
3.18
4.40
4.24
3.32
3.26
3.79
3.75
3.20
2.87
3.65
3.25
5.56
4.75
3.50
3.89
5.24
4.54
3.83
4.26
3.49
3.95
4.29
4.06
4.18
5.03
5.36
3.62
3.56
3.86
4.74
4.06
3.85
3.18
3.30
5.08
3.95
4.14
4.49
4.52
4.51
3.49
3.72
5.48
5.75
5.20
3.50
4.42
3.03
3.86
3.89
4.36
3.55
3.68
5.13
5.40
5.49
3.75
3.21
3.68
3.35
4.05
3.30

124
135
110
146
44
18
86
85
108
25
98
42
133
81
61
138
109
54
106
128
143
94
129
10
26
99
100
13
45
77
36
136
122
69
65
29
24
16
97
78
52
30
62
72
112
130
9
95
40
39
34
49
125
117
6
2
8
89
66
134
107
88
50
92
93
28
12
7
82
137
76
148
60
127

2.73
2.47
2.88
2.19
3.58
4.70
3.09
3.09
2.90
4.39
3.00
3.61
2.50
3.11
3.35
2.42
2.89
3.42
2.94
2.63
2.24
3.02
2.56
5.16
4.34
3.00
3.00
4.90
3.57
3.13
3.72
2.45
2.76
3.21
3.24
3.93
4.39
4.80
3.01
3.13
3.44
3.93
3.32
3.18
2.85
2.56
5.19
3.02
3.63
3.64
3.75
3.49
2.70
2.83
5.43
5.70
5.25
3.06
3.24
2.49
2.92
3.06
3.47
3.04
3.03
4.22
4.90
5.37
3.11
2.45
3.14
2.12
3.36
2.68

Note: Ranks out of 148 economies and scores measured on a 1-to-7 scale.
22 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

room for improvement exists in both areas, which are the keys to Singapore’s future prosperity.
Finland retains its 3rd position. Similar to other countries in the region, the country boasts wellfunctioning and highly transparent public institutions
(1st), topping several indicators included in this category.
Its private institutions, ranked 3rd overall, are also seen to be among the best run and most ethical in the world. Finland also occupies the top position both in the health and primary education pillar and the higher education and training pillar, the result of a strong focus on education over recent decades. This has provided the workforce with the skills needed to adapt rapidly to a changing environment and has laid the groundwork for high levels of innovation, allowing Finland to become a highly innovative economy. Improving the country’s capacity to adopt the latest technologies (ranked 18th) could lead to important synergies that could, in turn, further reinforce the country’s competitive position going forward. Finland’s macroeconomic environment has weakened slightly on the back of rising inflation (above 3 percent), but it fares comparatively well when contrasted with other euro-zone economies.
Germany moves up by two notches to 4th place this year. The country is ranked an excellent 3rd for the quality of its infrastructure, boasting in particular first-rate facilities across all modes of transport. The goods market is quite efficient and is characterized by intense local competition (10th) and low market dominance by large companies (2nd). Germany’s business sector is very sophisticated, especially when it comes to production processes and distribution channels. German companies are among the most innovative in the world, spending heavily on R&D (4th) and displaying a high capacity for innovation (3rd)—traits that are complemented by the country’s well-developed ability to absorb the latest technologies at the firm level
(16th). Research institutions are assessed as being of higher quality than in previous years, and scientists and engineers appear to be more readily available. All these attributes allow Germany to benefit greatly from its significant market size (5th), which is based on both its large domestic market and its strong exports.
Some shortcomings remain with respect to labor markets and the educational system. Despite some improvement (from 53rd to 41st), Germany’s labor market remains rigid (113th for the labor market flexibility subpillar), where a lack of flexibility in wage determination and the high cost of firing hinder job creation, particularly during business cycle downturns. To maintain Germany’s competitiveness, the quality of the educational system— where, at 23rd place, the country continues to trail most of its top 10 peers—needs to be improved further. But the country has already registered an improvement across all educational quality indicators in the GCI, an important basis for sustained innovation-led growth.

After having declined for four consecutive years in the ranking, the United States reverses its downward trend, rising by two positions to take 5th place this year and overtaking the Netherlands and Sweden. While the economy is getting back on track, the deleveraging process in the banking sector continues to show positive effects on the stability and efficiency of the country’s financial markets, improving from 31st three years ago to 10th this year in that pillar. At the same time, the assessment of public institutions is slightly more positive, which is a hopeful outcome after a number of years of weakening confidence in this area.
Overall, many structural features continue to make the US economy extremely productive. US companies are highly sophisticated and innovative, supported by an excellent university system that collaborates admirably with the business sector in R&D. Combined with flexible labor markets and the scale opportunities afforded by the sheer size of its domestic economy—the largest in the world by far—these qualities continue to make the United States very competitive. On the other hand, some weaknesses in particular areas remain. Although the assessment of institutions improves this year, the business community continues to be rather critical, with trust in politicians still somewhat weak (50th), concerns about the government’s ability to maintain arms-length relationships with the private sector (54th), and a general perception that the government spends its resources relatively wastefully (76th). The macroeconomic environment continues to be the country’s greatest area of weakness (117th), although the deficit is narrowing for the first time since the onset of the financial crisis.
Sweden falls two places to 6th position. Like
Switzerland, the country has been placing significant emphasis on creating the conditions for innovationled growth. Although the assessment has deteriorated slightly over the past year—mainly due to a somewhat weaker macroeconomic environment—the quality of
Sweden’s public institutions remains first rate, with a very high degree of efficiency, trust, and transparency.
Private institutions also receive excellent marks, with firms that demonstrate highly ethical behavior. Additional strengths include goods and financial markets that are very efficient, although the labor market could be more flexible (Sweden ranks 57th on the flexibility subpillar).
Combined with a strong focus on education over the years and a high level of technological readiness (1st),
Sweden has developed a very sophisticated business culture (7th) and is one of the world’s leading innovators
(6th). These characteristics come together to make
Sweden one of the most productive and competitive economies in the world.
Hong Kong SAR further consolidates its position among the 10 most competitive economies, advancing a further two places to 7th, thanks to a consistently strong performance. In particular, Hong Kong tops the

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 23

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

infrastructure pillar for the fourth consecutive edition, reflecting the outstanding quality of its facilities across all modes of transportation. It also dominates the financial market development pillar, owing to the high level of efficiency, trustworthiness, and stability of the system. As in the case of Singapore, the dynamism and efficiency of
Hong Kong’s goods market (2nd) and labor market (3rd) further contribute to its excellent overall positioning. In order to enhance its competitiveness, Hong Kong must improve on higher education (22nd) and innovation (23rd, up three). In the latter category, the quality of research institutions (31st) and the limited availability of scientists and engineers (32nd) remain the two key issues to be addressed. After having moved up in the rankings in the last edition, the Netherlands loses three places and slips to 8th place this year. The drop mainly reflects weakening financial markets and, in particular, rising concerns regarding the stability of banks. Overall, the economy is highly productive due to some pronounced strengths. Dutch businesses are highly sophisticated
(4th) and innovative (10th), and the country is rapidly and aggressively harnessing new technologies for productivity improvements (8th). Its excellent educational system (ranked 4th for health and primary education and
6th for its higher education and training) and efficient markets—especially its goods market (8th)—are highly supportive of business activity. And although the country has registered fiscal deficits in recent years (4.15 percent of GDP in 2012), its macroeconomic environment is stronger than that of a number of other advanced economies. Last but not least, the quality of its infrastructure is among the best in the world, reflecting excellent facilities for maritime, air, and railroad transport, which are ranked 1st, 4th, and 11th, respectively.
Up one position, Japan now ranks 9th with a score almost unchanged since last year. The country continues to enjoy a major competitive edge in business sophistication (1st for the fifth consecutive year) and in innovation (5th). High R&D spending (2nd), availability of talent (4th), world-class research institutions (9th), and capacity to innovate (6th) are among Japan’s strengths.
Indeed, in terms of innovation output, this pays off: the country has the fourth-highest number of patent applications per capita in the world. Further, companies operate at the highest end of the value chain, producing high-value-added goods and services. However, the country’s overall competitive performance continues to be dragged down by severe macroeconomic weaknesses (127th). For the past four years, the budget deficit has been hovering around 10 percent of GDP, one of the highest ratios in the world, while the public debt reached record levels, representing almost 240 percent of Japan’s GDP. It is unlikely that the coming year will see a reversal in these trends in light of the country’s aggressive monetary policy and various

24 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

stimulus packages. In addition, the labor market (23rd, down three) is characterized by persisting rigidities and inefficiencies, including the lack of female participation in the labor force (90th overall, the fifth lowest ratio among the member states of the Organisation for Economic
Co-operation and Development, or OECD). Burdensome regulation, notably for business creation; high taxation; various trade barriers (111th); and a relative isolation, resulting in low foreign investment and ownership and a weak capacity to attract talent (80th), represent Japan’s major competitive weaknesses. It remains to be seen whether the government will deliver on its promise to address those structural issues as part of its strategy to revitalize Japan’s economy.
The United Kingdom (10th) rounds out the top
10, falling by two places in this year’s assessment.
The country deteriorates slightly in several areas, most notably its macroeconomic environment and its financial markets. Overall, the United Kingdom benefits from clear strengths such as the efficiency of its labor market (5th), in sharp contrast to the rigidity of those of many other
European countries. The country continues to have sophisticated (9th) and innovative (12th) businesses that are highly adept at harnessing the latest technologies for productivity improvements and operating in a very large market (it is ranked 6th for market size). The highly developed financial market also remains a strength overall, despite some weakening since last year. All these characteristics are important for spurring productivity enhancements. On the other hand, the country’s macroeconomic environment (115th, down from 85th two years ago) represents the greatest drag on its competitiveness, with a fiscal deficit above 8 percent in
2012, an increase of over 7 percentage points in public debt amounting to 90.3 percent of GDP in 2012 (136th), and a comparatively low national savings rate (10.8 percent of GDP in 2012, 122nd).
North America, Europe, and Eurasia
Throughout the past year, much of Europe has continued to struggle with financial and structural challenges. Far-reaching actions were taken in Europe to avoid the breakup of the euro zone and bring the region onto a more dynamic growth path, mainly through macroeconomic measures and, to some extent, through structural reforms especially in peripheral euro zone countries. Although measures to improve competitiveness in some countries seem to have started bearing fruit, low global and regional demand continues to constrain growth, and several core countries still must reform their own economies in order to once again become engines of growth. See also Box 4 on regional competitiveness in the European Union.
Despite these challenges, several European countries continue to feature prominently among the most competitive economies in the world. As described

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Box 4: The European Union’s Regional Competitiveness Index
Paola Annoni and Lewis Dijkstra
European Commission, Joint Research Centre and the Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy regions, but more is provided to less developed ones. These investments also support the Europe 2020 strategy.
The RCI also can be a useful tool for EU countries with a large gap in the competitiveness of their regions.
EU countries with a large gap or high variation in regional competitiveness should consider to what extent these gaps are harmful for their national competitiveness and whether they can be reduced, possibly with the support of Cohesion
Policy. For example, in Romania, the Slovak Republic, and France the gap between the capital region and the second most competitive region is very wide, while regional competitiveness in Germany shows no large differences.
The 2010 edition of the RCI had already noted the lack of regional spillovers, particularly around the capitals of some of the less-developed EU countries. Although the economic crisis may have limited the potential growth of regional spillovers, in the medium term such spillovers should be strengthened. The overall competitiveness of a country depends on the performance of all its regions, not of its capital region alone.
The RCI reveals substantial differences in competitiveness within some countries (see Figure 1). In
France, Spain, the United Kingdom, the Slovak Republic,
Romania, Sweden, and Greece, the level of variability across regions is particularly high, with the capital region always being the best performer, except for Italy, the Netherlands, and Germany, where the capital region is not the most competitive. Earlier territorial research highlighted the existence of the
“blue banana” corridor of urbanization that linked the region of greater London all the way to Lombardy, passing through the
Benelux countries and Bavaria, or a pentagon linking London,

To measure the different dimensions of competitiveness at the regional level, the European Commission has developed the Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI), which was inspired by the structure of the Global Competitiveness Index. The
RCI was published in 2010 and again in 2013 through a coordinated effort of the European Commission’s Joint
Research Centre and the Directorate-General for Regional
Policy. The regional dimension is important because many of the factors of competitiveness are influenced or even determined by regional and city authorities. The trend toward more decentralization in Europe makes the role of cities and regions even more important. The strong regional dimension of competitiveness, with more variation between regions than between countries, confirms the influence and role of regions and cities.
Main results
The RCI highlights the competitive strengths and weaknesses of each of the European Union (EU)’s regions. 1 It can provide a guide to what each region should focus on, taking into account its specific situation and its overall level of development. This is particularly important for the preparation of the EU Cohesion Policy programs for 2014–20. The
European Union will provide 325 billion euros to co-finance these seven-year programs. The programs are implemented by the countries, regions, or cities following an agreed strategy. These programs can improve transport or Internet access, boost innovation, encourage entrepreneurship, invest in energy efficiency, and enhance education and skills.
The objective of the Cohesion Policy is to reduce regional disparities by investing in job creation, competitiveness, economic growth, improved quality of life and sustainable development. Funding is provided to all

Figure 1: Regional Competitiveness Index 2013: Results across EU Member States
1.5
Region
Capital region
Member State

1.0

RCI 2013 score

0.5

0.0

–0.5

Belgium

Netherlands

Sweden

Germany

United Kingdom

Denmark

Austria

Finland

France

Ireland

Slovenia

Estonia

Spain

Czech Republic

Cyprus

Italy

Portugal

Poland

Malta

Hungary

Croatia

Slovak Republic

Lithuania

Latvia

Greece

Bulgaria

–1.5

Romania

–1.0

Source: Annoni and Dijkstra 2013.
(Cont’d.)

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 25

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Box 4: The European Union’s Regional Competitiveness Index (cont’d.)
Table 1: RCI 2013: Top 10 regions

Region

NUTS 2 code

RCI 2013
(standardized
scores)

Utrecht

NL31

100

London
(functional economic area)

UKH2, HKH3,
UKI1 and UKI2

94

Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire

UKJ1

94

Stockholm

SE11

93

Surrey, East and
West Sussex

UKJ2

91

NL23 and NL32

90

Darmstadt
(includes Frankfurt)

DE71

89

Île de France
(includes Paris)

FR10

89

Hovedstaden
(includes Copenhagen)

DK01

89

Zuid-Holland (includes
Rotterdam and The Hague)

NL33

88

Amsterdam
(functional economic area)

Paris, Milan, Munich, and Hamburg. These areas were seen as having the highest concentrations of economic activity.
This line of research emphasized a strong core-periphery pattern of economic activity in Europe.

The RCI, however, shows a more polycentric pattern, with strong capital and metropolitan regions in many parts of Europe. For example, the regions that include Stockholm,
Copenhagen, Helsinki, Prague, Bratislava, and Madrid all have a high level of competitiveness (see Figure 2). 2 With the right policies and investments, regions outside the core of Europe can also become highly competitive.
Eight out of the top 10 regions in the 2013 RCI confirm their position with respect to 2010. The most competitive region in both editions is Utrecht. Also present in the top 10 in
2010 were the London functional economic region; the group comprising Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, and Oxfordshire; the Amsterdam functional economic region; 3 Zuid-Holland; the Danish region Hovedstaden (includes Copenhagen);
Stockholm; and Île de France (includes Paris) (see Table 1).
The new entries in the 2013 top 10 are Darmstadt
(includes Frankfurt) in Germany and Surrey, East and West
Sussex in the United Kingdom. It is striking that eight out of the top 10 are either capital regions or regions that include large cities.
At the other end of the competitiveness scale, we find some regions that are, unfortunately, consistently the least competitive. These are the Bulgarian region Severozapaden, the Greek region Notio Aigaio, and the two southern
Romanian regions Sud-Est and Sud-Vest Oltenia. Figure 2 shows the results for all regions assessed.
Methodology
The RCI is built on a broad definition of regional competitiveness that can be summarized as “the ability to offer an attractive and sustainable environment for firms

Figure 2: RCI 2013 results

Canarias

Guyane

Guadeloupe
Martinique

Réunion
Mayotte
Açores

Madeira

Values range from low (negative) to high (positive) n less than or equal to –1 n –1 to –0.5 n –0.5 to –0.2 n –0.2 to 0 n 0 to 0.2 n 0.2 to 0.5 n 0.5 to 1 n greater than or equal to 1

Source: Joint Research Centre and DG for Regional and Urban Policy, © EuroGeographics Association for the administrative boundaries.
(Cont’d.)

26 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Box 4: The European Union’s Regional Competitiveness Index (cont’d.) and residents to live and work.” This definition focuses on the close link between competitiveness and prosperity, characterizing competitive regions not only in output-related terms but also by overall socioeconomic performance and potential. The RCI was first published in 2010 and included 69 indicators. It builds on the methodology developed by the
World Economic Forum for the Global Competitiveness
Index, and has proved to be a robust way to summarize many different indicators in one index. The index covers a wide range of issues, and includes innovation, quality of institutions, availability and usage of infrastructure (comprising digital networks), and measures of health and human capital.
It has been used in many regions in the European Union and has sparked similar initiatives in Australia and South Africa.
The RCI 2013 is the second edition of the index and takes in updated and improved data together with method refinements. Croatia has been included in the 2013 edition, as it joined the European Union on July 1, 2013. The RCI
2013 is based on a set of 73 indicators and follows the same framework and structure of the 2010 edition. Data for all the indicators mainly span the period between 2009 and 2011. As for the previous version, the index is based on 11 pillars describing both inputs and outputs of territorial competitiveness. Pillars are grouped into three sets describing basic, efficiency, and innovative factors of competitiveness.
The pillar groups are weighted differently according to the region’s development stage in terms of gross domestic product per capita.
The basic pillars represent the basic drivers of all economies. They include (1) Institutions, (2) Macroeconomic

above, six of them are among the top 10. In total, 10 are among the top 20, as follows: Switzerland (1st), Finland
(3rd), Germany (4th), Sweden (6th), the Netherlands
(8th), the United Kingdom (10th), Norway (11th), Denmark
(15th), Austria (16th), and Belgium (17th). However,
Europe is also a region with significant disparities in competitiveness, with several countries from the region significantly lower in the rankings (with Spain at 35th,
Italy at 49th, Portugal at 51st, and Greece at 91st). As in previous years, North American countries feature among the most competitive economies worldwide, with the
United States occupying the 5th position and Canada the 14th.
Norway rises by four places in the rankings to a remarkable 11th this year, with progress in a number of areas. Specifically, the country features a notable improvement in the uptake of ICTs, particularly increasing
Internet bandwidth and greater penetration of mobile broadband. Similar to the other Nordic countries,
Norway is further characterized by well-functioning and transparent public institutions; private institutions also get

Stability, (3) Infrastructure, (4) Health, and (5) Basic Education.
These pillars are most important for less-developed regions.
The efficiency pillars are (6) Higher Education and
Lifelong Learning, (7) Labor Market Efficiency, and (8) Market
Size.
The innovation pillars, which are particularly important for the most advanced regional economies, include (9)
Technological Readiness, (10) Business Sophistication, and
(11) Innovation. This group plays a more important role for intermediate and especially for highly developed regions.
Overall, the RCI framework is designed to capture short- as well as long-term capabilities of the regions. Further information about the RCI 2013 is available at www.easu.jrc. ec.europa.eu or www.ec.europa.eu/regional_policy.
Notes
1

The RCI uses NUTS 2 regions, which are the basic territorial units for the application of regional policies. They are defined by the Commission regulation on nomenclature of territorial units for statistics (from the French Nomenclature des Unités Territoriales
Statistiques, or NUTS). NUTS level 2 refers to regions with an average population size between 800,000 and 3 million.

2

The RCI does not include northern Italy, Wallonia, or eastern
France among the most competitive EU regions, which were included in the core-periphery analyses.

3

To ensure that the regional competitiveness index does not break up functional economic areas, the capital regions of Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, and the United Kingdom were combined with one or more of the neighboring regions to better capture the functional metropolitan region. This ensures a good match between the workplace-based indicators such as research and development and the residencebased indicators such as educational attainment.

admirable marks for ethics and accountability. Markets in the country are efficient, with labor and financial markets ranked 14th and 9th, respectively. Productivity is also boosted by a good uptake of new technologies, ranked an excellent 3rd overall for technological readiness, up 10 places in this area since last year. Moreover,
Norway’s macroeconomic environment is ranked an impressive 2nd out of all countries (up from 3rd last year, and continuing an upward trend over the last several years), driven by windfall oil revenues combined with prudent fiscal management. On the other hand,
Norway’s competitiveness would be further enhanced by continuing to upgrade its infrastructure (33rd), fostering greater goods market efficiency and competition (22nd), and further improving its environment for R&D.
Canada remains stable at 14th place. The country continues to benefit from highly efficient markets (with its goods, labor, and financial markets are ranked
17th, 7th, and 12th, respectively), well-functioning and transparent institutions (14th), and excellent infrastructure
(12th). Canada is also successfully nurturing its human

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 27

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

resources compared with other advanced economies
(ranking 7th for health and primary education and
16th for higher education and training), providing the workforce with the skills needed to succeed in a competitive economy. Canada’s competitiveness would be further enhanced by improvements in its innovation ecosystem such as increased company-level spending on R&D and government procurement of advanced research products.
Denmark loses three positions this year at 15th, placing just behind Canada, with a weakening in its macroeconomic environment. Similar to its Nordic neighbors, the country continues to benefit from one of the best functioning and most transparent institutional frameworks in the world (18th). Denmark also continues to receive a first-rate assessment for its higher education and training system (14th), which has provided the
Danish workforce with the skills needed to adapt rapidly to a changing environment and has laid the ground for high levels of technological adoption and innovation.
A continued strong focus on education would help to reverse the downward trend in the country’s ranking and to maintain the skill levels needed to provide the basis for sustained innovation-led growth. A marked difference from the other Nordic countries relates to labor market flexibility, where Denmark (13th) continues to distinguish itself as having one of the most efficient labor markets internationally, with more flexibility in setting wages, firing, and therefore hiring, along with a greater number of workers than seen in the other Nordics and most
European countries more generally.
Austria is ranked 16th this year, demonstrating a stable performance since last year. The country benefits from excellent infrastructure (16th) and sophisticated businesses (8th) that are highly innovative (15th). This is buttressed by an education and training system that does a good job of preparing the workforce, particularly through a strong focus on on-the-job training (5th).
Austria’s competitiveness would be further enhanced by greater flexibility in its labor market (the country is ranked
88th in this subpillar), and by continuing to improve its already-excellent educational system.
Belgium is ranked 17th, retaining the same place as last year. The country has outstanding health indicators and a primary education system that is among the best in the world (2nd). Belgium also boasts an exceptional higher education and training system (5th), with excellent math and science education, top-notch management schools, and a strong propensity for on-the-job training that contribute to a relatively high capacity to innovate
(14th). Its goods market is characterized by high levels of competition and an environment that facilitates new business creation. Business operations are also distinguished by high levels of sophistication and professional management processes. On the other hand, there are some concerns about government inefficiency

28 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

(56th) and its highly distortionary tax system, which particularly reduces the incentives to work (142nd).
Moreover, its macroeconomic environment continues to be burdened by persistent deficit spending and high public debt.
France is ranked 23rd, down two places from last year. The decline comes on the back of increasing concerns among business leaders about the health of the financial sector. France retains a number of clear competitive advantages, including the country’s infrastructure, which is among the best in the world (4th), with outstanding transport links, energy infrastructure, and communications. The health of the workforce and the quality and quantity of education are other strengths (ranked 24th for health and primary education and 24th for higher education and training). These elements have provided the basis for a business sector that is aggressive in adopting new technologies for productivity enhancements (France is ranked 17th for technological readiness). In addition, the country’s business culture is highly professional and sophisticated
(21st in the business sophistication pillar), buttressing its good position in innovation (19th in the innovation pillar, particularly in certain science-based sectors) and bolstered by a large market (8th), all of which help to boost the country’s growth potential. On the other hand, France’s competitiveness would be enhanced by injecting more flexibility into its labor market, which is ranked a low 116th both because of the strict rules on firing and hiring and the rather conflict-ridden laboremployer relations in the country. Its tax regime is also perceived as highly distortive to decisions to work
(127th). Tentative efforts being made in these areas, if implemented with rigor, would provide an important boost to France’s economic performance going forward.
Ireland is ranked 28th this year with a relatively stable performance. The country continues to benefit from its excellent health and primary education system
(6th) and strong higher education and training (18th), along with its well-functioning goods and labor markets, ranked 11th and 16th, respectively. These attributes have fostered a sophisticated and innovative business culture (ranked 18th for business sophistication and 20th for innovation), buttressed by excellent technological adoption in the country (13th). Yet the country’s macroeconomic environment continues to raise significant concern (134th), showing little improvement since last year. Of related and continuing concern is also
Ireland’s financial market (85th), although this seems to be tentatively recovering since the trauma faced in recent years, and confidence is slowly being restored.
Iceland is ranked at 31st position this year. Despite significant difficulties in recent years, Iceland continues to benefit from a number of clear competitive strengths in moving to a more sustainable economic situation.
These include the country’s top-notch educational

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

system at all levels (9th and 12th in the health and primary education and higher education and training pillars, respectively) coupled with a relatively innovative business sector (27th) that is highly adept at adopting new technologies for productivity enhancements (10th).
Business activity is further supported by an efficient labor market (17th) and well-developed infrastructure
(17th). On the other hand, a weakened macroeconomic environment (118th) and financial markets (80th) remain areas of concern, although these have measurably improved since last year.
Estonia remains the best performer within
Eastern Europe, up two places this year to 32nd.
The country has an excellent educational system and highly efficient and well-developed goods and financial markets, as well as a strong commitment to advancing technological readiness. In addition, Estonia’s 22nd rank in macroeconomic stability reflects its relatively well managed public finances. The country’s margin ahead of the rest of the region also reflects its more flexible and efficient labor markets (12th), which continue to be rigid in other countries throughout much of Europe as a whole. Despite the current difficult conditions, Spain goes up one notch in the rankings to 35th place.
The country continues to leverage its traditional competitiveness strengths in terms of a world-class transport infrastructure (6th), a good use of ICTs (23rd), and—despite the high unemployment rate—a large and skilled labor force, thanks to one of the highest tertiary education enrollment rates in the world (8th). Moreover, the country has started to address some of its most pressing challenges. In the past year, Spain undertook sharp public budget cuts that will help improve its stillweak macroeconomic situation; it also implemented a series of structural reforms to improve the functioning of its goods, labor, and financial markets. The liberalization of certain services, the implementation of a labor market reform to mitigate the rigidities of a dual labor market, and the restructuring of the banking system are all measures aimed at improving the efficiency in the allocation of resources, whose full effects are likely to become more visible in the medium term. As a result of these and other measures at the European level, the country has obtained access to international financing markets at a more affordable cost than it had at the time the previous edition of this Report was released. However, this situation has not translated in an improvement in access to financing for local firms— which still suffer from an important credit crunch—to upgrade or transform their production facilities. Access to financing is regarded as the most problematic factor for doing business, and the country ranks very low in terms of the ease of accessing loans (138th) or other sources of financing, either through equity markets (101th) or venture capital (105th). In addition,

the reduction of both public and private budgets for research and innovation could hamper the capacity of local firms to innovate (57th) and contribute to the economic transformation of the country. Addressing these weaknesses will be crucial in order to bridge the competitiveness gap with Northern European economies the country continues to suffer.
Poland is ranked 42nd, with a relatively stable performance since last year and a fairly even performance across all 12 pillars of competitiveness.
Notable strengths include its large market size (20th) and high educational standards, in particular its high enrollment rates (it is ranked 18th on the quantity of higher education subpillar). The financial sector is well developed (38th), and banks are assessed as more sound than they were only four years ago, although additional strengthening will be necessary, given the country’s still mediocre 54th rank on this indicator.
Further enhancing competitiveness will require a significant upgrading of transport infrastructure, which trails international standards by a considerable margin
(ranked 92nd). Although some progress has been made over the past few years in this area in the context of the European Football Championships in 2012, it is not sufficient to create the step change necessary to better connect the different parts of the country. The business sector remains very concerned about some aspects of the institutional framework, including the government inefficiencies (121st)—in particular the high burden of government regulation (133rd). As Poland transitions to the innovation-driven stage of development, it will have to focus more strongly on developing capacities in R&D and business sophistication. Stronger R&D orientation of companies, easier access to venture capital, and intensified collaboration between universities and the private sector would help the country to move toward a more future-oriented development path.
Turkey falls by one position to 44th, following its significant improvement last year. The macroeconomic environment has deteriorated slightly, with a rising fiscal deficit and inflation nearing double digits, although the situation remains better than in many other European economies. Turkey’s vibrant business sector derives important efficiency gains from its large domestic market (ranked 16th), which is characterized by intense local competition (15th). Turkey also benefits from its reasonably developed infrastructure (49th), particularly roads and air transport, although ports and the electricity supply require additional upgrading. In order to further enhance its competitiveness, Turkey must focus on building up its human resources base through better primary education and healthcare (59th) and higher education and training (65th), increasing the efficiency of its labor market (130th), and reinforcing the efficiency and transparency of its public institutions (58th).

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 29

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

The Czech Republic falls by seven places this year to 46th position. Concerns remain about the quality of the country’s public institutions, with public trust in politicians ranked an extremely low 146th, ahead of only
Argentina and Lebanon globally. The macroeconomic environment has worsened slightly with rising deficits and debt, although (at 55th) it remains more stable than in much of the rest of Europe. Czech businesses are relatively sophisticated and innovative, buttressed by a strong uptake of new technologies. The country’s competitiveness would be further enhanced by improvements to the educational system and by injecting greater flexibility into the labor market.
After a slight improvement last year, Italy falls back seven places to 49th position this year, with a deterioration across the board and with the lack of clear political direction over the past year increasing business uncertainty and weighing down on the country’s competitiveness. Italy continues to do well in some of the more complex areas measured by the GCI, particularly the sophistication of its businesses, where it is ranked
27th, producing goods high on the value chain with one of the world’s best business clusters (2nd). Italy also benefits from its large market size—the 10th largest in the world—which allows for significant economies of scale. However, Italy’s overall competitiveness performance continues to be hampered by some critical structural weaknesses in its economy. Its labor market remains extremely rigid—it is ranked 137th for its labor market efficiency, hindering employment creation. Italy’s financial markets are not sufficiently developed to provide needed finance for business development (124th).
Other institutional weaknesses include high levels of corruption and organized crime and a perceived lack of independence within the judicial system, which increase business costs and undermine investor confidence—
Italy is ranked 102nd overall for its institutional environment. Greater political stability in the country and stronger efforts to address structural rigidities are critical for boosting the country’s competitiveness. The institutional reforms that are presently being proposed by the government would be an important step toward addressing some of these challenges.
Kazakhstan improves by one position to rank
50th this year. The country benefits from a flexible and efficient labor market (15th) and a stable macroeconomic environment (23rd) at a time when many countries are struggling in these areas. Kazakhstan’s main challenges relate to its health and primary education systems (97th), its lack of business sophistication (94th), and its low innovation (84th).
Portugal continues to fall in the rankings, coming in at 51st place, two places down since last year. An unstable macroeconomic environment (124th), similar to other Southern European economies; a certain loss of trust in politicians (77th) and in government efficiency

30 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

(116th); and, above all, increasing difficulties in accessing financing—either through the equity market (108th) or loans (121st)—have contributed to this drop. Despite this slight decline, the country is striving to regain productivity and competitiveness by increasing liberalization of the markets and labor market reforms. These are expected to bear fruit in the medium term, helping the country bridge the competitiveness divide with other European economies. In this effort, Portugal will be able to leverage its world-class transport infrastructure (19th) and its well-prepared labor force thanks to high levels of university education (26th), although it must be said that the quality of this education (58th) is not always in line with the productive needs of the country. In addition to the recently undertaken reforms, the country should not neglect strengthening its innovation potential through efficient investments in science, technology, and other intangible assets, such as advanced management techniques. These factors will be crucial in allowing the
Portuguese economy to move toward higher-valueadded activities.
The Russian Federation, at 64th place, improves by three positions since last year. The country’s macroeconomic environment has continued to improve— up from 44th two years ago to 19th this year because of low government debt and a government budget that has maintained a surplus. Other strengths include its high level of education enrollment, especially at the tertiary level; its fairly good infrastructure; and its large domestic market (8th), all of which represent areas that can be leveraged to improve Russia’s competitiveness.
On the other hand, the country continues to receive a poor assessment of its public institutions (118th) and shows a lack of innovation capacity (78th). Russia suffers from inefficiencies in the goods (126th), labor
(72nd), and financial (121st) markets. The weak level of competition (135th)—caused by inefficient anti-monopoly policies (116th) and high restrictions on trade and foreign ownership as well as a lack of trust in the financial system (132nd)—contributes to this inefficient allocation of Russia’s vast resources, hampering higher levels of productivity in the economy. Moreover, as the country moves toward a more advanced stage of economic development, its lack of business sophistication
(107th) and low rates of technological adoption (127th) will become increasingly important challenges for its sustained progress.
After improving somewhat last year, Ukraine falls back by 11 places to 84th position in this year’s GCI.
Overall, Ukraine maintains its competitive strengths.
These result from its large market size (38th) and a solid educational system that provides easy access to all levels of education (ranked 43rd on higher education and training and 57th on primary education). Putting economic growth on a more stable footing in future will require Ukraine to address important challenges.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Arguably, the country’s most important challenge is the needed overhaul of its institutional framework, which suffers from red tape, a lack of transparency, and favoritism. Ukraine could realize further efficiency gains from instilling more competition into its goods and services markets (124th) and continuing the reform of its financial and banking sector (117th).
This year Greece, after falling over the past several years, improves in the rankings to 91st place.
Although it remains the lowest-ranked country of the
European Union and the results in the macroeconomic environment pillar continue to raise concern (second to last at 147th position this year), Greece has started to show improvements in a number of other areas, perhaps indicating that the reform efforts are beginning to bear fruit. Slight improvements are seen in the country’s institutional environment, the efficiency of its labor markets, and technological adoption, although continued efforts in these areas are still needed. Although some progress is being made, public institutions (e.g., government efficiency, corruption, undue influence) continue to receive a poor evaluation (102nd) and confidence has not returned to financial markets in the country (138th). The country’s inefficient labor market
(127th) continues to constrain Greece’s ability to emerge from the crisis, although this has improved somewhat since last year, perhaps reflecting recent efforts to increase both the retirement age and labor market flexibility. In working to overcome its present difficulties,
Greece has a number of strengths on which it can build, including a reasonably well educated workforce that is adept at adopting new technologies for productivity enhancements. With continued efforts toward growthenhancing reforms, there is every reason to believe that
Greece will continue to improve its competitiveness in the coming years.
Asia and the Pacific
The competitiveness landscape in Asia and the
Pacific remains very mixed. The region is home to some of the most competitive nations, including three members of the top 10 (Singapore, Hong Kong SAR, and Japan) and some of the most dynamic and rapidly improving economies in terms of competitiveness, such as Indonesia and the Philippines. On the other hand, a number of Asian countries, including Pakistan and Timor-Leste, have been unable to improve their competitiveness. This year, we cover three new Asian countries: Bhutan (109th), Lao PDR (81st), and Myanmar
(139th). With the latter two additions, the GCI now offers a full coverage of the Association of Southeast Nations
(ASEAN) and its 10 members. Box 5 discusses ASEAN’s competitiveness landscape and trends and the impact the region’s deep competitiveness divide may have on the planned ASEAN Economic Community.

Advancing one position, Taiwan (China) ranks
12th this year with a score of 5.3. Its performance has been very stable and consistently strong over the past five years. Notable strengths include the capacity of Taiwanese businesses to innovate (8th), its highly efficient goods markets (7th), and its world-class primary education (9th) and higher education (11th). In order to enhance its competitiveness, Taiwan will need to further strengthen its institutional framework (26th), whose quality is undermined by some inefficiency within the government (28th) and various forms of corruption (30th), and will also need to address some inefficiencies and rigidities in its labor market (33rd).
This edition marks the first time that Australia
(21st, down one) exits the top 20 and is overtaken by
New Zealand (18th), which jumps five places. Australia delivers a consistent—and essentially unchanged— performance across the board, the highlight of which is its 7th rank in the financial market development pillar, the only pillar where it features in the top 10.
The country also earns very good marks for higher education and training, placing 15th. Australia’s favorable macroeconomic situation is improving further (25th, up one place). Its budget deficit was reduced in 2012 and inflation brought to under 2 percent, while the public debt-to-GDP ratio, though on the rise, is the third lowest among advanced economies, behind only Estonia and
Luxembourg. The main area of concern for Australia is the rigidity of its labor market (54th, down 12), where the situation has deteriorated further. Australia ranks
137th for the rigidity of the hiring and firing practices and 135th for the rigidity of wage setting. The quality of
Australia’s public institutions is excellent except when it comes to the burden of government regulation, where the country ranks a poor 128th. Indeed, the business community cites labor regulations and bureaucratic red tape as being, respectively, the first and second most problematic factor for doing business in their country.
Malaysia advances one position to 24th. Second among ASEAN countries, behind Singapore, Malaysia ranks no lower than 51st in any of the 12 pillars of the
GCI and features in the top 10 of two of them. Its most notable advantages are its efficient and competitive market for goods and services (10th), its well-developed and sound financial market (6th), and its businessfriendly institutional framework (29th). In a region plagued by corruption and red tape, Malaysia stands out as one of the very few countries that have been relatively successful at tackling these two issues, as part of its economic and government transformation programs.
The country, for instance, ranks an impressive 8th for the burden of government regulation, although the score differential with the leader, Singapore, remains large. Malaysia ranks a satisfactory 33rd in the ethics and corruption component of the Index, but room for improvement remains. Furthermore, Malaysia ranks 15th

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 31

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Box 5: ASEAN’s competitiveness landscape: A mixed picture with encouraging trends
To any observer of the region, the developmental gap within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is striking. No other regional integration initiative has deeper disparities among participating members. Founded in 1967 by
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines, the subsequent accession of Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam,
Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Cambodia have made ASEAN’s developmental landscape even more disparate. For example,
Singapore is 80 times richer than Myanmar, where infant mortality rate is 25 times higher. Singapore’s population also lives 20 years longer than Cambodia’s.
Despite this diversity, ASEAN has embarked on an ambitious journey toward regional integration. The ASEAN
Economic Community (AEC) is one of the three pillars of this integration effort, alongside the ASEAN Political-Security
Community and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community. The
AEC vision is for ASEAN to become, by 2015, a single market and production base, a highly competitive economic region, a region of equitable economic development, and a region fully integrated into the global economy. Progress is real. By its own account, ASEAN has implemented nearly 80 percent of the measures set out in the AEC Blueprint of 2007. 1
Although it remains to be seen whether the AEC vision will be fully realized by 2015, the fast-approaching deadline should motivate ASEAN leaders, and boosting competitiveness should be a priority. Competitiveness will foster economic development, which in turn will reduce disparities and accelerate regional and global integration—the other goals of the AEC.
This year for the first time, with the inclusion of Lao PDR and Myanmar, the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) offers a complete picture of ASEAN’s competitiveness landscape, and it is a landscape that demonstrates much greater contrast than exhibited in earlier GCI editions. Lao PDR comes in 81st and Myanmar ranks 139th, some 50 places behind Cambodia, which at 88th place is ranked second lowest in ASEAN. Table 1 allows for a more granular analysis of the GCI results by reporting the rank achieved by ASEAN
Member States in the overall GCI and its 12 pillars. The different shadings allow for a ready identification of strengths and weaknesses and of regional patterns. Plain white and dark blue colors correspond to the 1st and 148th rank, respectively. The table reveals that Singapore is in a league of its own. Malaysia performs consistently well, although room for improvement remains. Myanmar is ASEAN’s lowest ranked nation on all the pillars except market size. In technological readiness, it even ranks last among the 148 economies studied. The table also reveals that the competitiveness of most ASEAN countries is still impeded by poor transport, inadequate energy and communication infrastructures, low enrollment rates and/or mediocre quality in education, and low levels of technological readiness. With the exception of Singapore and Myanmar, performance tends to be inconsistent across the different pillars of the Index. Finally, the macroeconomic environment (3rd pillar) is rather sound in a majority of ASEAN countries, much more so than in many troubled advanced economies. In fact, Brunei Darussalam— an oil-rich economy—tops this pillar. More prudent and sustainable macroeconomic management is probably one of

the positive consequences of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, which created havoc across ASEAN nations and inspired reforms. All in all, the assessment is very mixed. Much remains to be done for ASEAN to become a more competitive, prosperous, and harmonious group. Although ASEAN economies have enjoyed brisk economic growth over the past decade, the foundations remain relatively shaky for a number of countries. Yet there is reason for optimism.
First, since the 2006–2007 edition of the GCI, the competitiveness trends for ASEAN have been overwhelmingly positive, as seen in Figure 1, which depicts the evolution in rank of selected developing Asian countries within a constant sample of 118 economies. 2 The seven ASEAN members
(identified by solid blue lines) covered since 2006 have either improved or maintained their standing over the eight-year period to 2013. 3 Cambodia has leapfrogged 23 ranks, the fourth largest gain within the entire sample. Indonesia and the Philippines each progress 19 places. Indonesia posts the biggest progression among the group of 20 major economies
(G20). It is all the more encouraging that these two nations are also the most populous in ASEAN, accounting for more than half of the group’s population. Furthermore, Singapore has improved steadily from 8th in 2006 to 2nd in 2011—behind
Switzerland—and has retained its rank since then. Malaysia and Thailand have slightly declined, losing four and five places, respectively, but they have done so from a relatively high base and both countries have progressed in the last year. Meanwhile, Vietnam has seen important improvements followed by similar declines—partly reflecting the fragility of its economy—and now sits just one notch below its 2006 rank.
Second, in terms of competitiveness levels and trends, the ASEAN nations fare much better than most developing Asian nations, especially when compared with
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries (identified by solid black lines in Figure 1). With the notable exception of Sri Lanka, which has gained 19 ranks, the historical performance of other SAARC countries is disappointing. India has lost 15 places since 2006. The
Philippines, once 40 places behind, is now ahead of India, and its rank differential with China—the other BRIC in the region—is 29, up from just 8 in 2006. Meanwhile Pakistan, the second largest country in South Asia, has slumped 28 positions, the fourth biggest decline out of all economies in the sample, over the 2006–2013 period. Mongolia, like
Vietnam, exhibits erratic trends, owing to an unstable macroeconomic environment and investment climate, and posts a net loss of six places over the period.
Third, the fact that ASEAN membership spans the entire development ladder and includes competitiveness champions can benefit the less competitive countries in the group. Indeed, there are many stories of member countries successfully addressing key competitiveness issues in ways that could be emulated by others. For instance, Singapore is a competitiveness champion. Its administration is one of the world’s least corrupt and most efficient. Malaysia has been tackling excessive regulation as part of its Government
Transformation Programme, and the Philippines—where a national competitiveness council was set up in 2006—has made significant strides against corruption. Furthermore, a
(Cont’d.)

32 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Box 5: ASEAN’s competitiveness landscape: A mixed picture with encouraging trends (cont’d.)

Table 1: Performance of ASEAN members in the 2013–14 GCI and the 12 composing pillars, rank out of 148 economies

29

29

38

33

12th pillar: Innovation

24

11th pillar: Business sophistication

Malaysia

10th pillar: Market size

2

9th pillar: Technological readiness

18

8th pillar: Financial market development

4th pillar: Health and primary education

2

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

3

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

2

5th pillar: Higher education and training

1st pillar: Institutions

Singapore

Country/economy

INNOVATION AND
SOPHISTICATION
FACTORS

EFFICIENCY ENHANCERS

GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS INDEX

BASIC REQUIREMENTS

1

1

2

7

34

17

9

10

25

6

51

26

20

25

2
46

Brunei Darussalam

26

25

58

1

23

55

42

10

56

71

131

56

59

Thailand

37

78

47

31

81

66

34

62

32

78

22

40

66

Indonesia

38

67

61

26

72

64

50

103

60

75

15

37

33

Philippines

59

79

96

40

96

67

82

100

48

77

33

49

69

Vietnam

70

98

82

87

67

95

74

56

93

102

36

98

76

Lao PDR

81

63

84

93

80

111

54

44

91

113

122

78

68

Cambodia

88

91

101

83

99

116

55

27

65

97

92

86

91

Myanmar

139

141

141

125

111

139

135

98

144

148

79

146

143

Worst

Median

Best

Rank out of 118 (inverted scale)

Figure 1: Evolution in GCI rankings, selected Asian countries

Rank change since 2006

1

Singapore

+6

21

Malaysia
China
Thailand
Indonesia

–4
+6
–5
+19

Philippines
India
Sri Lanka
Vietnam

+19
–15
+19
–1

Cambodia

+23

41

61

81

101

2006–2007

2007–2008

2008–2009

2009–2010

ASEAN

2010–2011

SAARC

2011–2012

2012–2013

Mongolia
Bangladesh
Nepal

–6
–4
+2

Pakistan
Timor–Leste

–28
–2

2013–2014

Other

Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report, various years.
Notes: The ranks are among the 118 countries covered in every edition since 2006–2007. SAARC = South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.
(Cont’d.)

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 33

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Box 5: ASEAN’s competitiveness landscape: A mixed picture with encouraging trends (cont’d.) number of regional initiatives, launched in the 1990s following the accession of less developed members and aimed at reducing the developmental gap, have proven quite effective.
These include the Initiative for ASEAN Integration and the
Master Plan on ASEAN connectivity.
Although the responsibility for addressing the structural issues described above lies primarily with national actors, regional cooperation is critical. Efforts at the country and regional levels are complementary and reinforce each other.
They enable Member States to leverage growth opportunities and strengthen their respective competitive advantages to

for the quality of its transport infrastructure, a remarkable feat in this part of the world, where insufficient infrastructure and poor connectivity are major obstacles to development for many countries. Finally, Malaysia’s private sector is highly sophisticated (20th) and already fairly innovative (25th). All this bodes well for a country that aims to become a high-income, knowledge-based economy by the end of the decade. Amid this largely positive assessment, the government budget deficit, which represented 4.3 percent of GDP in 2012 (103rd); the low level of female participation in the workforce
(121st); and the still comparatively low technological readiness (51st) stand out as some of Malaysia’s major competitive weaknesses.
The Republic of Korea drops six positions to
25th. Its performance is uneven across the different dimensions of the Index. Korea possesses a remarkably sound macroeconomic environment (9th, second only to Norway among OECD countries). The country also boasts excellent infrastructure (11th) and educational systems. Enrollment rates at all levels of education are among the highest in the world (Korea has the highest tertiary enrollment in the sample, with a 103 percent gross rate of enrollment). These factors, combined with the country’s high degree of technological adoption
(22nd) and relatively strong business sophistication
(24th), contribute to explaining the country’s remarkable capacity for innovation (17th). However, Korea’s assessment is considerably weakened by the average quality of its public and private institutions (74th, down 12 positions), the extreme rigidity and the inefficiencies of its labor market (78th), and its poorly functioning financial market (81st). Korea falls sharply in those three areas, and without tackling these issues decisively, the country will not be able to close the competitiveness gap with the three other Asian Tigers.24
China remains stable at 29th position this year.
The country posts small gains in certain areas of the
Index but loses ground in others, resulting in an overall

34 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

move up the value chain, thus reducing the intra-ASEAN developmental gap.
Notes
1

See ASEAN 2013

2

The ranking based on the constant sample of 118 countries differs from the ranking of the 2013–2014 edition of the GCI, which comprises 148 economies.

3

For the sake of readability, we refer only to the first year (e.g.,
2006 instead of 2006–2007) of the Index edition that corresponds to the release year.

performance virtually unchanged since last year. China leads the BRICS economies by a wide margin, well ahead of South Africa (53rd), Brazil (56th), India (60th), and Russia (64th).25 The Chinese institutional framework is improving slightly (47th), but weaknesses—including corruption (68th), security issues (75th), and low levels of accountability (82nd) and ethical standards (54th) among businesses—remain. In addition, problems endure in those areas that are becoming increasingly important for
China as it becomes wealthier and can no longer rely on cheap labor: its financial market (54th) is undermined by the relative fragility of the banking sector; technological adoption by firms (86th) and by the population at large (79th) remains very low; and the efficiency of its goods market (61st) is seriously undermined by various barriers to entry and investment rules, which greatly limit competition. On a more positive note, China’s macroeconomic situation remains favorable (10th). Inflation was back down to below 3 percent in 2012 (from 5.4 percent the previous year), the budget deficit is moderate, China’s public debt-to-GDP ratio at 22.9 percent is among the lowest in the world, and the gross savings rate represents a staggering 50 percent of GDP. However, this rate is probably too high in light of the need for
China to rebalance its economy away from investment and toward more consumption. Although China receives good marks in health and basic education (40th), the assessment is more negative when it comes to higher education (70th) because of China’s low tertiary education enrollment, the average quality of teaching, and an apparent disconnect between educational content and business needs (54th). Finally, China’s innovation capacity has been improving recently, but much remains done for it to become an innovation powerhouse. Posting a one-notch gain for the second year in a row, Thailand ranks 37th as a result of a very small improvement in its performance, but the competitiveness

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

challenges remain considerable. Political and policy instability, excessive red tape, omnipresent corruption and clientelism, security concerns, low reliability and high uncertainty around property rights protection seriously undermine the quality of Thai public institutions
(85th). Poor public health (74th) and education, two other critical building blocks of competitiveness, require urgent attention. For instance, Thailand displays one of the highest HIV prevalence rates outside Africa, while enrollment in and the quality of higher education remain abnormally low.
Turning to more sophisticated areas, which are just as important given Thailand’s stage of development, technological readiness remains low (78th) when considering technologies beyond mobile telephony.
Only a quarter of the population accesses the Internet on a regular basis, and only a small fraction does so at broadband speeds, but the growth is rapid. On a more positive note, Thailand ranks high on the macroeconomic environment pillar (31st, its best showing among the 12 pillars) owing to a very favorable fiscal situation, its high savings rate, an inflation rate under control at around 3 percent, and—in international comparison—a relatively good debt-to-GDP ratio of about 44 percent in 2012. In addition, the county continues to improve in the financial development (32nd) and the market efficiency pillars
(34th), having progressed 17 and 10 places, respectively, in the past four years. Room for improvement remains, however, especially when it comes to promoting domestic competition (60th).
After three years of gradual decline, Indonesia
(38th) bounces back, posting one of the largest improvements in this year’s rankings. This positive development will contribute to sustaining Indonesia’s impressive growth momentum—GDP grew by 5.2 percent annually over the past decade. The country progresses in 10 of the 12 pillars of the Index, but its overall performance remains uneven. Indonesia improves the most in the infrastructure pillar, where it leapfrogs
17 places to 61st. After years of neglect, Indonesia has been boosting infrastructure spending to upgrade roads, ports, water facilities, and power plants, and our results suggest that these improvements have started to bear fruit. The efficiency of its labor market (103rd) has also improved considerably, although from a very low base. Rigidities in terms of wage setting and hiring and firing procedures, along with the weak participation of women in the workforce (115th), continue to undermine
Indonesia’s performance in this pillar. But the quality of public and private institutions is improving (67th, up 5), with all indicators pointing in the right direction in this category. In particular, Indonesia ranks a satisfactory
45th in government efficiency and 54th for undue influence. The two main dark spots in this pillar remain bribery (106th) and security (104th). The country’s macroeconomic environment (26th) is characterized by

a very small deficit (equivalent to 1.3 percent of GDP) and gross government debt representing 24 percent of GDP (30th), an inflation rate that is low by historical standards, and a savings rate exceeding 30 percent of GDP. Turning to the more sophisticated drivers of competitiveness, Indonesia’s technological readiness is also improving (75th, up 10), led by the private sector, which is increasingly aggressive in adopting the latest technologies (51st, up 13). The use of ICTs by the population at large remains comparatively low, but this is spreading rapidly (84th, up seven). One of the few areas where the situation has deteriorated is health (103rd). In particular, the incidence of communicable diseases and infant mortality rate are among the highest outside subSaharan Africa.
Advancing six positions, the Philippines ranks
59th overall. The trends are positive across most dimensions of the Index. In the institutions pillar (79th), the Philippines has leapfrogged over the past years.
The current government, which came into power in
2010, has made the fight against corruption an absolute priority; corruption had historically been one of the country’s biggest drags on competitiveness. There are signs that these efforts are producing results: in the ethics and corruption category, the country has jumped from 135th in 2010 to 87th this year. A similar trend has been observed in the government efficiency category
(75th) and elsewhere in the Index. But improvements are coming from such a low base that the country cannot afford to be complacent. For instance, transport infrastructure has improved but remains in a dire state
(84th), especially with respect to airport (113th) and seaport facilities (116th). Similarly, the labor market has become more flexible and efficient over the years, but the Philippines still ranks a low 100th. The recent successes of the government in tackling some of the most pressing structural issues are encouraging and proof that bold reforms and measures can yield positive results. Down one position, India now ranks 60th, continuing its downward trend that began in 2009. With a GCI score essentially unchanged since then, India has been overtaken by a number of countries. Once ahead of Brazil and South Africa, it now trails them by several places and is behind China by a margin of 31 positions, while Russia (64th) has almost closed the gap.
India continues to be penalized for its very disappointing performance in the basic drivers underpinning competitiveness, the very ones that matter the most for India given its stage of development. The country’s supply of transport, ICTs, and energy infrastructure remains largely insufficient and ill-adapted to the needs of the economy (85th), despite the steady improvement that has been made since 2006. The Indian business community repeatedly cites infrastructure as the single biggest hindrance to doing business, ahead of corruption

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 35

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

and cumbersome bureaucracy. Notwithstanding improvements across the board over the past few years, very poor public health and education levels (102nd) remain a prime cause of India’s low productivity. The quality of higher education is better, but enrollment rates at that level remain very low, even by developingcountry standards. Turning to the country’s institutions
(72nd, down two places), discontent within the business community remains high about the lack of reforms and the perceived inability of the government to push them through. Public trust in politicians has been eroding since
2009 and has now reached an all-time low at 115th, while bribery remains deeply rooted (110th). Indeed, India has lost almost 30 ranks on this indicator since 2010.
Meanwhile, the situation has deteriorated further on the macroeconomic front, with India now 110th in this pillar.
The inflation rate and public deficit-to-GDP ratio were dangerously close to double digits in 2012, and the debtto-GDP ratio is the second highest among the BRICS.
Indeed, a March 2013 survey of sovereign debt analysts reveals an increased risk of sovereign debt default over the previous year. Another major concern is the country’s low level of technological readiness (98th). Although businesses adopt new technologies relatively promptly
(47th), penetration rates of fixed and mobile Internet and telephony among the population remain among the lowest in developing Asia. Furthermore, the situation has worsened in terms of labor market efficiency (99th), where the most salient problem remains the dismally low participation of women in the workforce. With a ratio women-to-men of 0.36 (137th), India has the lowest percentage of working women outside the Arab world.
Up five positions, Vietnam ranks 70th, regaining half of the ground it lost last year. This progression is mainly the result of a slightly better macroeconomic environment (87th, up 19 positions)—after jumping to almost 20 percent, inflation was back to single-digit levels in 2012—and improvements to the quality of transport and energy infrastructures, albeit from a very low base (82nd, up 13). Vietnam also advances in the goods market efficiency pillar (74th, up 17), thanks to lower trade barriers and a less heavy tax rate on businesses. Despite these encouraging developments, the foundation of Vietnam’s economy and prosperity remain fragile. The country ranks no higher than 57th in any of the pillars except the market size pillar (36th).
It loses ground in several areas of the Index, including labor market efficiency (56th, down five) and financial market development (93rd, down five). Another area of concern is technological readiness (102nd, down four): although new technologies are spreading among the population, Vietnamese businesses are particularly slow to adopt the latest technologies for their business use (128th), thus forfeiting significant productivity gains through technological transfer.

36 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

Mongolia falls to 107th position this year, almost entirely the result of a significant deterioration of its macroeconomic environment (130th) as captured by data from the IMF. In 2012, Mongolia’s budget deficit doubled to 7 percent of GDP, inflation surged to 15 percent, the gross savings rate plummeted to 28 percent of GDP, and public debt increased slightly. The country’s performance in most other dimensions of the Index remains stable, suggesting that a great deal remains to be done for Mongolia to live up to its significant economic potential. In order to create opportunities for its citizens and build up the confidence of businesses and investors, the country must urgently upgrade its institutional framework (113th), develop its transport and energy infrastructure (113th), improve the functioning and efficiency of its goods markets (96th), establish clear rules for foreign investment, and develop its fledgling financial sector (129th).
Dropping a further nine places, Pakistan ranks
133th overall. Its performance continues to deteriorate in some of the most critical and basic areas of competitiveness. Pakistan’s public institutions (126th) are crippled by inefficiencies, corruption, patronage, and lack of property rights protection. The security situation, already alarming, is worsening, with violence and terrorism taking a huge toll not only on the population, but also on businesses. The macroeconomic situation is also worrisome (145th). In 2012, the public deficit widened to near 10 percent of GDP, inflation remains in double-digit territory, and the savings rate dwindled to just 10 percent of GDP. Pakistan’s infrastructure
(121st)—particularly for electricity (135th)—remains in a dire state. Moreover, the country displays some of the lowest education enrollment rates in the world and basic education is poor (137th). Pakistan’s competitiveness is further penalized by the many rigidities and inefficiencies of its labor market (138th, down eight), with female participation in the labor force among the lowest in the world (144th). Finally, the potential of ICTs is not sufficiently leveraged in Pakistan, where access to ICTs remains the privilege of a few (118th). On a slightly more positive note, Pakistan does comparatively better in the more advanced areas captured by the GCI. It ranks
67th in the financial development pillar, 85th business sophistication pillar, and 77th in innovation.
Myanmar enters the rankings at 139th among
148 economies, right behind Timor-Leste (138th). After decades of political and economic isolation, the March
2011 elections have brought profound changes to the country. The government has embarked on an ambitious process of reforms to improve the country’s economic landscape and prospects, notably by leveraging
Myanmar’s extraordinary assets, which include an abundance of natural resources, very favorable demographics, and a strategic location at the heart of
Asia. Competitiveness is at the core of this strategy.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Indeed, the government’s Framework for Economic and
Social Reforms, which sets the policy priorities through
2015, mirrors the 12 pillars of the GCI, thus making the
Index a useful tool to monitor progress.
The country’s performance in the GCI confirms that it is starting from a very low base and that the road toward prosperity will be long and dauntingly arduous.
Myanmar owes its presence at the very bottom of the
GCI rankings to major weaknesses across the board.
The country ranks 111th or worse in 10 of the 12 pillars of the Index, and is among the 10 worst performers in seven pillars. The two exceptions are the market size pillar (79th) and labor market efficiency pillar (98th).
Given the extent of the task ahead, and in order to have the biggest impact in creating a more conducive environment for business to flourish, Myanmar needs to focus on the basic determinants of its competitiveness, namely the institutional framework (141st), transport, energy, and communication infrastructures (141st), health and primary education (111th), and the banking sector, as well as access to technology. Myanmar is among the world’s least connected countries and ranks last (148th) in the technological readiness pillar of the Index. There are just 11 mobile subscriptions for every 100 population, compared with 80 for developing Asia; only 1 percent of the population accesses the Internet on a regular basis; broadband access is almost nonexistent; and firms are extremely slow at adopting technologies for doing business (148th).
Latin America and the Caribbean
In 2012, Latin America and the Caribbean grew by 3 percent, a slower pace than in previous years. Despite this moderate deceleration, the region has exhibited resilience with a projected growth rate of 3 percent for
2013 and 3.4 percent for 2014, outperforming other regions in the world, especially advanced economies. A recovery in several export markets and robust internal demand based on fairly good access to financing are driving this growth.
Notwithstanding this positive economic outlook, the region continues to suffer from low levels of productivity and slow productivity growth rates.26 Overall, after a few years of general improvement, the results of this edition of The Global Competitiveness Report show that most countries are stagnating in their competitiveness performance. These results point to a certain exhaustion of the traditional sources of competitiveness gains utilized by several countries in past years. These gains were based on sound macroeconomic management, improvements in credit conditions, and, in certain cases, better functioning of the goods, labor, and financial markets. In order to support the transition of Latin America toward higher productivity levels, urgent actions will be needed to improve the functioning of the institutions;

the quality of infrastructure; the allocation of production factors through enhanced competition; and, very importantly, the skills, technology, and innovation base.
This will require a series of overdue reforms that have been repeatedly postponed, along with significant and sustained investments to support the rapid economic growth of the past years.
Chile, at 34th, one position down from last year, remains the most competitive economy in Latin
America. The country owes this privileged position to its traditional strengths: a strong institutional setup
(28th) with low levels of corruption (26th) and an efficient government (18th); solid macroeconomic stability (17th) with a balanced public budget and low levels of public debt; and well-functioning markets with high levels of domestic competition (32nd) and openness to foreign trade (29th), which allows for an efficient allocation of available resources. In addition, Chile has made great efforts to develop ICTs, almost doubling its international
Internet bandwidth capacity from 20 to 40 kb/s per user
(43rd) over the past year and expanding its number of
Internet users (45th). Notwithstanding these strengths, the lack of substantive progress in the recent GCI rankings suggests a certain stagnation in the country’s competitiveness model and the need to tap into new sources of productivity gains in order to diversify its economy and move toward higher-value-added activities.
Important weaknesses in the educational system, notably in terms of its quality (74th)—especially in math and science (107th)—do not provide companies with a workforce with the necessary skills to upgrade their production or embark on innovative projects. This, linked to low innovation investments, especially in the private sector (58th), result in an overall poor innovation capacity
(63rd), which can jeopardize Chile’s necessary transition toward a knowledge-based economy.
After three years of sharp rises in the competitiveness rankings, Panama consolidates its position at 40th place as the most competitive economy in Central America, and second in Latin America, behind
Chile. In the past year, Panama has continued to improve its competitiveness edge by reinforcing its strengths. The country has been relentlessly improving its infrastructure
(37th), with one of the best port (6th) and airport (5th) networks, closely aligning with its overall economic development strategy of becoming a major transport hub for the region. Its financial market (16th) and an assessment of its technological adoption (11th) are also persistently improving, especially via foreign multinational corporations setting up operations in the country. In addition, Panama has also made progress in addressing some of its most pressing challenges, notably in terms of improving the quality of education, where it has moved to 75th place from 112th last year. Notwithstanding these positive dynamics, the country still faces important challenges in terms of strengthening the functioning

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 37

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

of its institutions (66th), fighting corruption (80th) and crime (115th), and improving trust in politicians (94th) and the independence of the judiciary system (118th). Also important will be to continue improving the quality of education, notably in terms of math and science (114th), which will be necessary in order to better develop local technological capacity.
Despite a slight improvement in score, Barbados falls three positions in the rankings to 47th place. This drop is driven by the persistence of the credit crunch that is hindering the capacity of local businesses to finance their activities by raising new equity (92nd), loans
(89th), or venture capital (98th) to support innovative projects. In addition, and closely related to this concern, macroeconomic conditions (121st), although slowly improving, are still worrisome, and the capacity to innovate remains low (81st). On a more positive note,
Barbados continues to benefit from a fairly skilled labor force thanks to a high-quality educational system (6th) and high enrollment rates in secondary (23rd) and tertiary education (33rd), well-functioning institutions
(30th), and solid infrastructure (24th).
Costa Rica continues to rise in the rankings this year, improving three positions to 54th place. Although the competitiveness profile of the country remains fairly stable, slight improvements in its innovation capacity
(37th) have driven this progress. Overall, the country continues to benefit from a fairly open economy (44th) and strong institutions (50th), despite rising concerns about the wastefulness of government spending (114th) and fairly high costs associated with crime and violence
(106th). It also has a high-quality educational system
(20th) that provides a skilled labor force, as well as a relatively high rate of technological adoption (36th) and business sophistication (31st). Notwithstanding these strengths, Costa Rica still suffers from poor transport infrastructure (110th); difficulty in accessing finance, either through equity (118th) or loans (106th), and from an only moderate capacity to innovate (37th), which will be crucial for the country’s economy to move up toward higher-value-added activities.
Mexico depicts a stable competitiveness profile this year, and is ranked 55th overall. The country continues to benefit from a relatively stable macroeconomic environment (49th), a sound banking system (30th), a large and deep internal market allowing for important economies of scale (11th), reasonably good transport infrastructure (39th), and a number of sophisticated businesses (55th), particularly for a country at its stage of development. At the same time, under the political consensus achieved through the Pacto for Mexico agreements, the country has started to undertake some important and long-overdue reforms in the labor market and education. Moreover, further reforms in the goods and service market intended to increase levels of competition in key strategic sectors, notably in the

38 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

energy sector, are foreseen before the end of the year.
A full and efficient implementation of these reforms after a period of political transition is expected to improve some of the most pressing challenges the country currently faces in terms of domestic competition (100th), a skills gap due to a poor-quality educational system
(119th), and labor market rigidities (99th). In addition, the competitiveness agenda for Mexico must include actions oriented toward strengthening the functioning of its institutions, notably in the fight against corruption (99th), and increasing the level of security (135th). To support its transition toward higher-value-added economic activities, it will be critical to foster the use of ICTs (83rd) and boost its innovation capacity (75th), which remain low.
Brazil comes in at 56th place this year. A slight deterioration in some of the macroeconomic indicators
(75th), a tightening of access to financing, and the lack of sufficient progress in some of the most pressing challenges the country faces has driven this drop. More precisely, the functioning of institutions (80th), with increasing concerns about government efficiency (124th), corruption (114th), and low trust in politicians (136th) persist as a source of concern. Moreover, the lack of progress in improving the quality of overall infrastructure
(114th) and education (121st), coupled with an economy fairly closed to foreign competition (144th), also hinder
Brazil’s competitive edge. Notwithstanding these challenges, the country still benefits from important strengths, especially its large market size and its fairly sophisticated business community (39th), with pockets of innovation excellence (36th) in many researchdriven, high-value-added activities. Going forward,
Brazil should not delay the necessary reforms to boost its competitiveness, and should further leverage its numerous and important strengths.
Peru remains stable at 61st place following a strongly positive trend that led the country up in the rankings more than 20 places in recent years. The results suggest a consolidation of the competitiveness profile of the country and a certain exhaustion of the sources of competitiveness gains of the past years: a very strong macroeconomic performance (20th) and high levels of efficiency in the goods (52nd), financial
(40th), and labor (48th) markets, despite some rigidity in the hiring and firing practices (129th). In order to move forward and continue advancing up the rankings,
Peru will have to address some of its most long-lasting challenges by strengthening the robustness of its public institutions (124th) by increasing government efficiency
(107th), fighting corruption (109th), and improving infrastructure (91st). In addition, poor educational quality
(134th) has generated a deep skills gap in the economy.
Coupled with a low capacity to innovate (106th) caused by limited R&D investment (124th) and a weak scientific research system (119th), this hinders Peru’s capacity to

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

diversify its economy and move up toward new, more knowledge-rich activities.
As in the past two years, Colombia, at 69th place, presents a very stable competitiveness profile with results similar to those of previous editions of this
Report across all dimensions. The country continues to exhibit very positive macroeconomic conditions (33rd), with a balanced public budget, low levels of public debt and inflation that is under control at around 3 percent, financial services that are relatively sophisticated by regional standards (52nd), a considerable market size
(31st), and fairly high levels of education enrollment compared with those of other countries in the region.
Notwithstanding these strengths, Colombia continues to suffer from weak institutions (110th) and considerable corruption. The country’s low-quality transport infrastructure (111th) is largely the result of a complex topography. Moreover, despite the rapid economic growth from high oil revenues in recent years, the need to diversify its economy will require improving the quality of the educational system (86th), which does not yet respond to the productive needs of an increasingly sophisticated business environment, and its innovation capacity (83rd), which is pulled down by low private
R&D investment (73rd) and the poor quality of scientific research institutions (95th).
Close behind Colombia, Ecuador at 71st place improves by 15 places in the ranking. Major advances in infrastructure development (79th), education quality
(62nd), and innovation (58th) have resulted in this positive result, although these areas remain challenging.
In addition, despite a low country credit rating (121st),
Ecuador benefits from stable macroeconomic conditions
(44th) that has facilitated access to finance through equity (54th) and loans (31st), allowing local companies to undertake investment projects. In spite of this positive trend, the country still faces significant challenges that are hindering its competitiveness potential. Notably, the functioning of institutions is still weak (92nd): concerns about a lack of independence within the judicial system
(100th) create mistrust in the overall legal framework. The inefficient functioning of the goods (106th), labor (111th), and financial (89th) markets because of insufficient competition, as well as high rigidities and mistrust in the banking system, remain problematic.
In the bottom half of the rankings, we find a series of Central and South American economies. In
Central America, Guatemala (86th) follows Panama and Costa Rica in the subregional rankings. Despite fairly well-functioning goods (66th) and financial (43rd) markets, thanks to its openness to trade and a sound banking system (17th), the country continues to suffer from security-related and corruption costs that hinder the functioning of institutions. In addition, the combination of a poorly performing educational system
(35th) and a scientific (107th) and digital gap (106th),

even with increasing efforts to raise the information technology profile of the country, persist in hindering the national capacity to move toward higher-value-added activities. El Salvador (96th) and Nicaragua (99th), rising four and nine positions, respectively, thanks to some improvements in their innovation capacity, albeit from a low base, follow Guatemala, while Honduras plummets 21 positions to 111th place.
In South America, Bolivia improves its competitiveness performance by six notches to 98th place, while Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay (119th), and
Venezuela drop in this edition of the rankings.
Uruguay drops 11 positions to 85th place, the result of a combined series factors that include a deterioration in macroeconomic conditions (85th), with a high inflation rate that is affecting the access to financing in the country, restrictive labor conditions (139th), and weaknesses in the quality of education (120th) and capacity to innovate (88th). These latter factors are gaining importance in Uruguay as the country moves toward more advanced stages of development, where the need for a skilled labor force and higher innovation capacity become more crucial for increasing the productivity of the national economy. Notwithstanding these weaknesses, Uruguay continues to leverage its strong and transparent institutional setup (36th) and its fairly high degree of digital connectivity (46th), thanks to the continued efforts to narrow the digital divide with more advanced economies.
Continuing its fall of previous years, Argentina drops 10 positions to 104th place. A persistent deterioration across the board—notably in the macroeconomic conditions (111th) that affect access to financing (143rd) and in the institutional framework, with one of the lowest scores in terms of corruption
(145th), government inefficiency (147th), and government favoritism (146th)—have contributed to this disappointing result. These factors, coupled with inefficient goods
(145th), labor (144th), and financial (133rd) markets offsets the enormous potential the country has to offer. More precisely, its relatively large market size (24th), with the potential for important economies of scale and scope, its decent digital readiness (62nd), and high university enrollment (15th) of 75 percent are not being fully utilized amid the negative framework conditions that hinder the potential of the Argentine economy.
Venezuela, immersed in a deep macroeconomic
(143rd) and institutional (148th) crisis, drops eight positions to 134th place. The country’s continued deterioration in most of the dimensions analyzed— notably the macroeconomic conditions, with a large public deficit and inflation rates and very weak institutions, with the poorest evaluation of government efficiency, corruption, and judicial independence among all countries—do not provide the right conditions for companies to develop their economic activity. In

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 39

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Box 6: Mineral resource abundance: Blessing or curse?
The availability of abundant natural resources, especially minerals such as oil, gas, copper, and gold, has traditionally been regarded as an important input into economic growth and higher levels of prosperity in many economies. Many oil- and gas-rich countries in the Middle East have benefited from some of the highest gross domestic product per capita in the world, for example. More recently, several Latin
American economies—including Chile, Colombia, and Peru— have experienced rapid economic growth thanks to robust demand for their mineral resources, even in a global context of uncertainty.
However, an abundance of mineral resources does not necessarily directly equate with higher rates of sustained productivity and overall competitiveness, and thus with rising prosperity in the long term. From the 17th century, when a resource-poor Netherlands managed to flourish in sharp contrast to gold- and silver-abundant Spain, to more recent cases—such as the rapid economic development of mineral-poor newly industrialized countries of Southeast
Asia, which stand in contrast to some oil-rich nations such as Venezuela—history is full of examples where mineral endowments have not proved to be a blessing for long-term economic growth. Instead, such endowments have been a curse that has held countries back from making investments to support future, long-term economic development.
In the end, the relationship between mineral abundance and levels of prosperity depends on the use that nations make of the revenues accruing from mineral exports. Those countries that use such revenues for current spending rather than on productive investments will most likely not

addition, poorly functioning goods (148th), labor (148th), and financial (135th) markets result in sub-optimal allocation of available resources and hinder the strong potential of a country with the particularly high university enrollment (13th) of 78 percent.
The Middle East and North Africa
The Middle East and North African region continues to be affected by political turbulence that has impacted individual countries’ competitiveness. Economies that are significantly affected by unrest and political transformation within their own borders or those of neighboring countries tend to drop or stagnate in terms of national competitiveness. At the same time, some small, energy-rich economies in the region perform well in the rankings (see Box 6 on mineral resource abundance). This underlines the fact that, contrary to the situation found in previous energy price booms, these countries have managed to contain the effects of rising energy prices on their economies and have used the window of opportunity to embark on structural reforms and invest in competitiveness-enhancing measures.

40 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

benefit from high growth rates in the long run. In those countries, national investments are driven toward mineralextraction activities that affect the level of productivity of other activities, such as manufacturing and services.
This leads to an increase in the country’s exposure to fluctuations of mineral prices in international markets. In order to avoid these negative effects, known in the academic literature as the “Dutch disease,” countries should invest their mineral revenues carefully in productive activities such as infrastructure, education, and innovation. By doing so, they will enhance their overall productivity and support a progressive diversification of their economies, becoming more resilient and ensuring more sustainable patterns of economic growth. One crucial factor that allows countries to effectively channel mineral revenues toward productive investments is the presence of strong, transparent, and efficient institutions.
The absence of corruption, along with high levels of transparency and accountability and a strong commitment to a long-term economic agenda that is based on steady productivity gains and independent from the political cycle, are necessary, if not always sufficient, conditions to ensure that natural resources support long-term growth. Chile,
Norway, and the United Arab Emirates are examples of countries that are managing their mineral revenues smartly.
These countries are creating national funds that avoid overheating their economies and that invest in growthenhancing activities related to education and innovation, thus supporting more diversification and preparing the ground for longer-lasting and more sustainable economic growth.

Qatar reaffirms once again its position as the most competitive economy in the region at 13th position.27 The country’s strong performance in terms of competitiveness rests on solid foundations made up of a high-quality institutional framework (4th), a stable macroeconomic environment (6th), and an efficient goods market (3rd). Low levels of corruption and undue influence on government decisions, high efficiency of government institutions, and strong security are the cornerstones of the country’s solid institutional framework, which provides a good basis for heightening efficiency. Going forward, as noted in previous editions of this Report, reducing the country’s vulnerability to commodity price fluctuations will require diversification into other sectors of the economy and reinforcing some areas of competitiveness. As a high-income economy,
Qatar will have to continue to pay significant attention to developing into a knowledge- and innovation-driven economy. The country’s patenting activity remains low by international standards, at 60th, although some elements that could contribute to fostering innovation are in place. The government drives innovation by procuring high-technology products, universities collaborate with

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

the private sector, and scientists and engineers are readily available. To become a truly innovative economy,
Qatar will have to continue to promote a greater use of the latest technologies (31st), ensure universal primary education, and foster more openness to foreign competition—currently ranked at 30th, a ranking that reflects barriers to international trade and investment and red tape when starting a business.
The United Arab Emirates moves up in the rankings to take second place in the region at 19th.
Higher oil prices have buoyed the budget surplus and allowed the country to reduce public debt and raise the savings rate. The country has also been aggressive at adopting technologies and in particular using ICTs, which contributes to enhancing the country’s productivity.
Overall, the country’s competitiveness reflects the high quality of its infrastructure, where it ranks a solid 5th, as well as its highly efficient goods markets (4th). Strong macroeconomic stability (7th) and some positive aspects of the country’s institutions—such as strong public trust in politicians (3rd) and high government efficiency
(9th)—round up the list of competitive advantages.
Going forward, putting the country on a more stable development path will require further investment to boost health and educational outcomes (49th on the health and primary education pillar). Raising the bar with respect to education will require not only measures to improve the quality of teaching and the relevance of curricula, but also measures to provide incentives for the population to attend schools at the primary and secondary levels.
Saudi Arabia remains rather stable with a small drop of two places to 20th position overall. The country has seen a number of improvements to its competitiveness in recent years that have resulted in more efficient markets and sophisticated businesses.
High macroeconomic stability (4th) and strong, albeit falling, use of ICTs for productivity improvements contribute to maintaining Saudi Arabia’s strong position in the GCI. As much as the recent developments are commendable, the country faces important challenges going forward. Health and education do not meet the standards of other countries at similar income levels.
Although some progress is visible in health and primary education, improvements are being made from a low level. As a result, the country continues to occupy low ranks in the health and primary education pillar
(53rd). Room for improvement also remains on the higher education and training pillar (48th), where the assessment has weakened over the past year. Labor market efficiency also declines, to a low 70th position, in this edition. Reform in this area will be of great significance to Saudi Arabia given the growing number of young people who will enter the labor market over the next several years. More efficient use of talent—in particular, enabling the increasing share of educated women to work—and better education outcomes will

increase in importance as global talent shortages loom on the horizon and the country attempts to diversify its economy, which will require a more skilled and educated workforce. Last but not least, although some progress has been recorded recently, the use of the latest technologies can be enhanced further (41st), especially as this is an area where Saudi Arabia continues to trail other Gulf economies.
Israel drops by one to place 27th in this year’s
GCI. The country’s main strengths remain its worldclass capacity for innovation (3rd), which rests on highly innovative businesses that benefit from the presence of some of the world’s best research institutions geared toward the needs of the business sector.
Israel’s excellent innovation capacity, supported by the government’s public procurement policies, is reflected in the country’s large number of patents (6th). Its favorable financial environment, particularly evident in the ease of access to venture capital (8th), contributes to making Israel an innovation powerhouse. Challenges to maintaining and improving national competitiveness relate to the need for the continued upgrading of institutions (40th) and a renewed focus on raising the bar in terms of the quality of education. If not addressed, poor educational outcomes—particularly in math and science (78th)—could undermine the country’s innovation-driven competitiveness strategy over the longer term. As in previous years, the security situation remains fragile and imposes an increasingly high cost on business (83rd). Room for improvement also remains with respect to the macroeconomic environment (72nd), where increased budgetary discipline with a view to reducing debt levels (123rd) would help the country maintain stability and support economic growth going into the future.
Jordan loses four positions to 68th rank after a significant improvement in the previous year. The drop mainly reflects the country’s macroeconomic challenges.
The economic crisis resulted in wider fiscal deficits and higher public debt levels that will undermine growth over the medium term if they remain unaddressed. Boosting growth over the longer term to levels that would result in sustainable job creation will require Jordan’s policymakers to address a number of challenges.
Stabilizing the macroeconomic environment should be accompanied by growth-enhancing structural reforms.
According to the GCI, there is significant room for improvement in boosting labor market efficiency (101st), and the full potential of ICTs for improving productivity has not yet been exploited (90th). Jordan could also benefit from more openness to international trade and investment, which would trigger efficiency gains in the domestic economy as well as the transfer of knowledge and technology. Tariff barriers remain high in international comparison (108th) and regulatory barriers to FDI remain in place (72nd). And although financing appears to

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 41

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

be more easily available than in many other countries
(Jordan comes in at 34th on ease of access to loans) efforts to further stabilize the banking sector should be continued (114th).
Tunisia places 83rd in this year’s Report. The country’s positioning reflects the important challenges
Tunisia will have to tackle in order to put its economy onto a sustainable growth path and resolve its daunting unemployment problem. The country’s macroeconomic fundamentals need to be brought back on track by narrowing the budget deficit and further reducing inflation. Ensuring that the labor market contributes to more efficiently using talent is crucial to raising competitiveness. The country currently ranks very low at 132nd overall on the labor market efficiency pillar. At the same time, financial markets do not efficiently fulfill their role in providing the business sector with financial means to grow. Moreover, the banking system needs to be stabilized further to build trust and confidence, which at present is ranked a low 129th.
Egypt drops by 11 positions to reach 118th place in this year’s GCI. This assessment is likely influenced by the country’s continued transition since the events of the Arab Spring. The deteriorating security situation and tenacious political instability are undermining the country’s competitiveness and its growth potential going forward. Although resolving political friction needs to remain the priority as this Report goes to print, many of the underlying factors that will be decisive about the sustainability of the country and the cohesion of the society over the medium to longer term are economic in nature. Establishing confidence through a credible and far-reaching reform program will be vital to the country’s future and to realizing the considerable potential of the country’s large market size and proximity to key global markets. According to the GCI, three areas are of particular importance. First, the macroeconomic environment has deteriorated over recent years to reach 140th position mainly because of widening fiscal deficit, rising public indebtedness, and persisting inflationary pressures. A credible fiscal consolidation plan, accompanied by structural reforms, will be necessary in order to maintain macroeconomic stability in the country. This may prove difficult in times of rising energy prices, as energy subsidies account for a considerable share of public expenditure. However, better targeting of subsidies could allow for fiscal consolidation while protecting the most vulnerable.
Second, measures to intensify domestic competition would result in efficiency gains and contribute to energizing the economy by providing access to new entrants. This, in turn, would make the country’s private sector more dynamic, thereby contributing to job creation. And third, making labor markets flexible (141st) and more efficient (145th) would allow the country to increase employment in the medium term.

42 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa continues its impressive growth rate of close to 5 percent in 2012 (with similar projections for the next two years), providing something of a silver lining in an otherwise uncertain global economy.
Indeed, only emerging Asia registers higher growth.
Growth has largely taken place on the backs of strong investment, favorable commodity prices, and a prudent macroeconomic stance.
There are, however, some regional variations, and in fact, in terms of underlying competitiveness, subSaharan Africa continues to reflect one of significant regional variations in the GCI, ranging from Mauritius
(overtaking South Africa and coming in at 45th this year) to the lowest ranked Chad at 148th. Economies with closer ties to advanced economies, such as South
Africa, have not yet returned to pre-crisis growth rates.
More generally, sub-Saharan Africa as a whole trails the rest of the world in competitiveness, requiring efforts across many areas to place the region on a firmly sustainable growth and development path going forward: the region continues to register a profound infrastructure deficit. In addition, sub-Saharan Africa overall continues to underperform significantly in providing health and basic education (only Mauritius and Seychelles rank in the upper half of the rankings). Higher education and training also need to be further developed. The region’s poor performance across all basic requirements for competitiveness stands in stark contrast to its comparatively stronger performance in market efficiency, where particularly the region’s middle-income economies fare relatively well (South Africa, Mauritius, and Kenya rank in the top 20 percent in financial market development). Moving forward, technological uptake continues to remain weak, with only three economies
(South Africa, Mauritius, and Seychelles) featuring in the top half of the overall GCI rankings on this pillar.
Mauritius moves up by nine places this year to
45th place, becoming the highest ranked country in the region. The country benefits from relatively strong and transparent public institutions (39th), with clear property rights, strong judicial independence, and an efficient government (29th). Private institutions are rated as highly accountable (14th), with effective auditing and accounting standards and strong investor protection. The country’s infrastructure is well developed by regional standards
(50th), particularly its ports, air transport, and roads.
Furthermore, notable improvements have taken place in the areas of market efficiency. Financial markets have deepened, lifting Mauritius’ rank up to 26th on the back of improved access to different modes of financing and financial services. This is further reflected in company spending on R&D—which seems to be increasing, albeit from low levels—thus somewhat enhancing Mauritius’ innovative capacity. Furthermore, the country boasts an efficient goods market (25th) driven by greater foreign

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

prevalence and more competition. The labor market is relatively flexible (55th), although the country does not deploy its talent efficiently: Mauritius ranks 92nd in its capacity to retain talent, and the share of women in the labor force remains low at 118th. This is further reflected in the low availability of scientists and engineers (102nd).
South Africa is ranked 53rd this year, overtaking
Brazil to place second among the BRICS. South Africa does well on measures of the quality of its institutions
(41st), including intellectual property protection (18th), property rights (20th), and in the efficiency of the legal framework in challenging and settling disputes (13th and 12th, respectively). The high accountability of its private institutions (2nd) further supports the institutional framework. Furthermore, South Africa’s financial market development remains impressive at 3rd place. The country also has an efficient market for goods and services (28th), and it does reasonably well in more complex areas such as business sophistication (35th) and innovation (39th). But the country’s strong ties to advanced economies, notably the euro area, make it more vulnerable to their economic slowdown and likely have contributed to the deterioration of fiscal indicators: its performance in the macroeconomic environment has dropped sharply (from 69th to 95th). Low scores for the diversion of public funds (99th), the perceived wastefulness of government spending (79th), and a more general lack of public trust in politicians (98th) remain worrisome, and security continues to be a major area of concern for doing business (at 109th). Building a skilled labor force and creating sufficient employment also present considerable challenges. The health of the workforce is ranked 133rd out of 148 economies—the result of high rates of communicable diseases and poor health indicators more generally. The quality of the educational system is very poor (146th), with low primary and tertiary enrollment rates. Labor market efficiency is poor (116th), hiring and firing practices are extremely rigid (147th), companies cannot set wages flexibly (144th), and significant tensions in labor-employer relations exist
(148th). Raising educational standards and making the labor market more efficient will thus be critical in view of the country’s high unemployment rate of over 20 percent, with the rate of youth unemployment estimated at close to 50 percent.
Rwanda is ranked 66th this year, retaining its third place in the sub-Saharan African region.
As do the other comparatively successful African countries, Rwanda benefits from strong and relatively well-functioning institutions, with very low levels of corruption (an outcome that is certainly related to the government’s no-tolerance policy, and a good security environment). Its labor markets are efficient, its financial markets are relatively well developed, and Rwanda is characterized by a capacity for innovation that is quite good for a country at its stage of development.

The greatest challenges facing Rwanda in improving its competitiveness are the state of the country’s infrastructure, its low secondary and university enrollment rates, and the poor health of its workforce.
Botswana moves up five places to 74th, taking fourth spot in the region. Improvements are driven in large part by a sounder macroeconomic environment.
Among the country’s strengths are its relatively reliable and transparent institutions (34th), with efficient government spending, strong public trust in politicians, and low levels of corruption. Botswana’s primary weaknesses continue to be related to its human resources base. Educational enrollment rates at all levels remain low by international standards, and the quality of the educational system receives mediocre marks.
Yet it is clear that by far the biggest obstacle facing
Botswana in its efforts to improve its competitiveness remains its health situation. The rates of disease in the country remain very high, and health outcomes are poor despite improvements in recent years. For a middle-income country in transition to an efficiencydriven economy, the goods market must become more efficient (92nd). Going forward, combined efforts across all areas will be needed if the country was to reduce its heavy dependence on the mining sector and to set its economy on a more diversified growth path.
Seychelles ranks 80th overall, rounding out the top five countries in the region. The country registers a solid performance in the basic requirements for competitiveness: It benefits from strong and wellfunctioning institutions by regional standards (45th), with strong public trust in politicians (32nd) and a government that is seen as efficient (37th). Infrastructure is also relatively well developed (43rd) and the Seychelles do well in regional comparison when it comes to health and primary education (55th). As the country is now approaching the innovation-driven stage of development, it needs to lay the fundamentals for higher-value added growth. This will require improvements in higher education and training (79th) particularly in view of its very low tertiary enrollment rates (2.6 percent), its weak math and science education and limited availability of research and training services (93rd).
Namibia reverses its downward trend of recent years slightly, improving by two places to reach 90th place. The country continues to benefit from a relatively well-functioning institutional environment (48th), with well-protected property rights, an independent judiciary, and reasonably strong public trust in politicians. The country’s transport infrastructure is also good by regional standards (47th). Financial markets are reasonably developed (39th) and buttressed by solid confidence in financial institutions (21st), although their overall assessment has weakened for three years in a row. In order to improve its competitiveness, as in much of the region, Namibia must improve its health and educational

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 43

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

systems. The country is ranked a low 123rd on the health subpillar (down five places), with high infant mortality and low life expectancy—the result, in large part, of the high rates of communicable diseases. On the educational side, enrollment rates remain low and the quality of the educational system remains poor (124th).
In addition, Namibia could do more to harness new technologies to improve its productivity levels (90th).
Kenya moves up by an impressive 10 places and is ranked 96th this year on the back of greater confidence in institutions (88th). The country’s strengths continue to be found in the more complex areas measured by the
GCI. Kenya’s innovative capacity is ranked an impressive
46th, with high company spending on R&D and good scientific research institutions that collaborate well with the business sector in research activities. Supporting this innovative potential is an educational system that— although educating a relatively small proportion of the population compared with most other countries— gets relatively good marks for quality (44th) as well as for on-the-job training (49th). The economy is also supported by financial markets that are well developed by international standards (31st) and a relatively efficient labor market (35th). On the other hand, Kenya’s overall competitiveness is held back by a number of factors.
Health remains an area of serious concern (121st), with a high prevalence of communicable diseases contributing to the low life expectancy of fewer than 58 years and reducing the productivity of the workforce. The security situation in Kenya also remains worrisome (131st).
Senegal comes in at 113th place this year. Although the country’s institutions rank still relatively low at 82nd, our data suggest an improvement across a range of indicators since the 2012 elections, albeit from low levels.
Senegal also benefits from relatively efficient goods and labor markets (59th and 65th, respectively), red tape to start a business is low even in international comparison,
FDI faces relatively few barriers, and labor-employer relations are reasonably good (57th). Moreover, Senegal hosts good ports (47th), although all other modes of transport require significant upgrades (95th overall). The country’s competitiveness is further pulled down by the poor health and basic education of its population (131st).
Indeed, only three out of four children receive primary education, which is very low compared with its middleincome peers, and communicable diseases continue to erode at the health of the general population.
Ghana declines this year to 114th in large part as a result of a deterioration in its macroeconomic indicators (reversing last year’s trend). With regard to strengths, the country seems to be improving its public institutions, which are already somewhat strong by regional standards (up by five places to 70th), with relatively high government efficiency (57th). In addition, some aspects of its infrastructure are good for the region, particularly the state of its ports, and its financial

44 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

and goods markets are also relatively well developed
(52nd and 70th, respectively). On the other hand,
Ghana must do much more to develop and deploy talent in the country. Education levels continue to trail international standards at all levels, labor markets are characterized by inefficiencies, and the country is not sufficiently harnessing new technologies for productivity enhancements (ICT adoption rates continue to be very low). Nigeria is ranked 120th this year. The country continues to benefit from its relatively large market size
(32nd), which has the potential for significant economies of scale and is an important factor for attracting investment. Nigeria also benefits from an efficient labor market, and the financial market has been recovering gradually from the 2009 crisis. Yet efforts need to be taken to diversify its economy into the non-oil sector and increase long-term competitiveness. Institutions remain weak (129th) with insufficiently protected property rights, high corruption, and undue influence.
The security situation in the country, already seriously worrisome, continues last year’s downward trend to
142nd. Additionally, Nigeria must continue to upgrade its infrastructure (135th) as well as improve health and primary education (146th). Furthermore, the country is not harnessing the latest technologies for productivity enhancements, as demonstrated by its low rates of ICT penetration. Tanzania is ranked 125th this year. Its institutions have been deteriorating over the past years—although government regulation is not seen as overly burdensome
(53rd), corruption has been worsening (106th) and policymaking has become less transparent. In addition, some aspects of the labor market—such as the country’s strong female participation in the labor force (5th) and reasonable redundancy costs—lend themselves to efficiency. On the other hand, infrastructure in Tanzania is underdeveloped (134th), with poor roads and ports and an unreliable electricity supply (131st). And although primary education enrollment is commendably high, providing universal access, enrollment rates at the secondary and university levels are among the lowest in the world (at 134th and 138th place, respectively), while the quality of the educational system needs upgrading.
A related area of concern is the country’s low level of technological readiness (126th), with very low uptake of ICTs such as the Internet and mobile telephony. The basic health of its workforce is also a serious concern: the country is ranked 125th in this area, with poor health indicators and high levels of communicable diseases.
Côte d’Ivoire is ranked 126th this year. Like many of its sub-Saharan peers, the country’s labor market is relatively efficient (68th), a ranking that is primarily driven by its high flexibility (36th). Furthermore, the country does well in attracting FDI—prevalence of foreign ownership is perceived as very high by the business community.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Going forward, however, critical challenges remain.
Institutional quality remains low (104th) despite a gradual improvement over recent years, and infrastructure is underdeveloped (107th). Moreover, the country does not meet primary needs in terms of health and basic education (142nd), ranking among the lowest 10 countries worldwide on the related pillar. Only 60 percent of all children are enrolled in primary education, and the burden of communicable diseases—particularly the high incidence of malaria and HIV—weighs heavily on the workforce. Furthermore, technological adoption is very low across private users and the business sector, with only 2 percent of the population using the Internet.
Ethiopia falls six places to 127th this year, facing challenges across all pillars. The country ranks above
100th only for its market size (67th) and the quality of its institutions (95th), although it should be noted that the assessment of institutions has been falling over recent years across almost all indicators, including property rights, ethics and corruption, undue influence, and government efficiency. Furthermore, the country’s goods (136th) and labor markets (108th) seem to be deteriorating, with more procedures and time required to start a business along with increasing concerns about the quality of labor-employer relations (121st), hiring and firing practices (99th), and the alignment between pay and productivity (125th). Ethiopia also requires significant improvements in the areas of infrastructure (124th), higher education and training (137th), and technological readiness (139th). On a more positive note, security— ranked 55th—is better than in many of its sub-Saharan peers, primary education with a net enrollment rate of 87 percent is comparatively good (although the quality of primary education is very low), and women account for a high percentage of the country’s labor force.
Liberia ranks 128th in this year’s GCI. The country features a well-developed goods and labor market by regional standards (47th and 60th, respectively), with few procedures and low cost to start a business in the country, and a taxation regime that is not overly distortive to economic decision making. In order to enhance its competitiveness, Liberia must focus on improving its physical infrastructure (131st) and enhancing human resources by improving the health and education levels of its workforce (144th).
Zimbabwe remains relatively stable at 131st position. Public institutions continue to receive a weak assessment, particularly related to corruption, security, and government favoritism, although overall the assessment of this pillar has improved somewhat since a few years ago. Yet major concerns remain with regard to the protection of property rights (137th), where Zimbabwe is among the lowest-ranked countries, reducing the incentive for businesses to invest.
And despite efforts to improve its macroeconomic environment—including the dollarization of its economy

in early 2009, which brought down inflation and interest rates—Zimbabwe still receives a low rank in this pillar
(114th), demonstrating the extent of efforts still needed to ensure its macroeconomic stability. Weaknesses in other areas include health (132nd in the health subpillar), low education enrollment rates, and formal markets that continue to function with difficulty (particularly with regard to goods and labor markets, ranked 130th and
140th, respectively).
Mozambique ranks 137th this year, with efforts required across many areas to lift the economy onto a sustainable growth and development path, particularly in view of its natural resource potential. The country’s public institutions receive a weak assessment on the basis of low public trust in politicians, significant red tape faced by companies in their business dealings, and the perceived wastefulness of government spending. Macroeconomic stability is still weak (98th) although recent efforts seem to be bearing some fruit in containing price rises (inflation is down to 2 percent from double-digits last year). Looking ahead, significant reform will be needed to advance the country’s long-term competitiveness, including making critical investments across all modes of infrastructure (ranked 130th), establishing a regulatory framework that encourages competition to foster economic diversification, and developing a sound financial market (132nd). Also critical, in view of the country’s rapidly growing population and high unemployment, are investing in the healthcare system and primary education (138th) as well as higher education and training (143rd).
Angola re-enters the GCI this year at 142nd place.
As with its oil-exporting peers, a positive fiscal balance and low public debt contribute to a comparatively stable macroeconomic environment (54th), but much remains to be done across the board to build out the country’s competitiveness. Given its favorable fiscal stance, the country has a unique opportunity to invest revenues in competiveness-enhancing measures. In this context, its poor performance across all governance indicators is worrisome: Both public and private institutions are characterized by widespread corruption, and inefficient government spending casts doubt on the country’s ability to spend resource receipts in the most important areas. Furthermore, the country’s infrastructure is one of the least developed globally (145th), and its population would be well served by improvements in the educational and health systems (137th).
CONCLUSIONS
This chapter has presented and analyzed the results of
Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014, a tool that assesses the competitiveness of 148 economies across all geographies and stages of development. The GCI aims to capture the complexity of the phenomenon of national competitiveness, which can be improved only

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 45

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

through an array of efforts in different areas that affect the longer-term productivity of a country, which is the key factor affecting economic growth performance of economies. Against the backdrop of the cautious and stillfragile global recovery, the results this year stress the importance of competitiveness as a key dimension of economic policymaking across all regions and stages of development. The top 10 of the overall CGI rankings are dominated by economies that display strong institutions and ample innovative capacity, reflecting the paramount importance of these elements. However, with the rise of emerging markets, the distinction between advanced and emerging economies is becoming more and more blurred, as demonstrated by several emerging markets that are higher in the rankings than advanced economies. Since its introduction in 2005, the GCI has been used by a growing number of countries and institutions to benchmark national competitiveness. The clear and intuitive structure of the GCI framework is useful for prioritizing policy reforms because it allows each country to identify the strengths and weaknesses of its national competitiveness environment and pinpoint those factors most constraining its economic development. More specifically, the GCI provides a platform for dialogue among government, business, and civil society that can serve as a catalyst for productivity-improving reforms, with the aim of boosting the living standards of the world’s citizens. Over the years, the GCI has proved to be a very useful tool for advancing competitiveness across countries.
NOTES
1 The first version of the Global Competitiveness Index was published in 2004. See Sala-i-Martín and Artadi 2004.
2 Schumpeter 1942; Solow 1956; and Swan 1956.
3 See, for example, Sala-i-Martín et al. 2004 for an extensive list of potential robust determinants of economic growth.
4 See Easterly and Levine 1997; Acemoglu et al. 2001, 2002; Rodrik et al. 2002; and Sala-i-Martín and Subramanian 2003.
5 See de Soto 2000.
6 See de Soto and Abbot 1990.
7 See Shleifer and Vishny 1997; Zingales 1998.
8 See Kaufmann and Vishwanath 2001.
9 See Aschauer 1989; Canning et al. 1994; Gramlich 1994; and
Easterly 2002.
10 See Fischer 1993.
11 See Sachs 2001.
12 See Schultz 1961; Lucas 1988; Becker 1993; and Kremer 1993.
13 See Almeida and Carneiro 2009; Amin 2009; and Kaplan 2009 for country studies demonstrating the importance of flexible labor markets for higher employment rates and, therefore, economic performance. 14 See Aghion and Howitt 1992 and Barro and Sala-i-Martín 2003 for a technical exposition of technology-based growth theories.

46 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

15 A general purpose technology (GPT), according to Trajtenberg
(2005), is one that, in any given period, gives a particular contribution to an overall economy’s growth thanks to its ability to transform the methods of production in a wide array of industries.
Examples of GPTs have been the invention of the steam engine and the electric dynamo.
16 See Sachs and Warner 1995; Frenkel and Romer 1999; Rodrik and Rodriguez 1999; Alesina et al. 2005; and Feyrer 2009. The case of the European Union illustrates the importance of the market size for competitiveness. Although the reduction of trade barriers and the harmonization of standards within the European
Union have contributed to raising exports within the region, many barriers to a true single market, in particular in services, remain in place and lead to important border effects. Therefore we continue to use the size of the national domestic and foreign market in the
Index.
17 This is particularly important in a world in which economic borders are not as clearly delineated as political ones. In other words, when Belgium sells goods to the Netherlands, the national accounts register the transaction as an export (so the Netherlands is a foreign market for Belgium), but when California sells the same kind of output to Nevada, the national accounts register the transaction as domestic (so Nevada is a domestic market for
California).
18 See Romer 1990; Grossman and Helpman 1991; and Aghion and
Howitt 1992.
19 Probably the most famous theory of stages of development was developed by the American historian W. W. Rostow in the 1960s
(see Rostow 1960). Here we adapt Michael Porter’s theory of stages (see Porter 1990). Please see Chapter 1.1 of The Global
Competitiveness Report 2007–2008 (Sala-i-Martín et al. 2007) for a complete description of how we have adapted Michael Porter’s theory for the present application.
20 Some restrictions were imposed on the coefficients estimated. For example, the three coefficients for each stage had to add up to one, and all the weights had to be non-negative.
21 In order to capture the resource intensity of the economy, we use as a proxy the exports of mineral products as a share of overall exports according to the sector classification developed by the
International Trade Centre in their Trade Performance Index. In addition to crude oil and gas, this category also contains all metal ores and other minerals as well as petroleum products, liquefied gas, coal, and precious stones. The data used cover the years
2005 through 2009. Further information on these data can be found at http://www.intracen.org/menus/countries.htm.
All countries that export more than 70 percent of mineral products are considered to be to some extent factor driven. The stage of development for these countries is adjusted downward smoothly depending on the exact primary export share. The higher the minerals export share, the stronger the adjustment and the closer the country will move to stage 1. For example, a country that exports 95 percent of mineral exports and that, based on the income criteria, would be in stage 3 will be in transition between stages 1 and 2. The income and primary exports criteria are weighted identically. Stages of development are dictated solely by income for countries that export less than 70 percent minerals.
Countries that export only primary products would automatically fall into the factor-driven stage (stage 1).
22 In practice, this applies to countries where the GDP per capita at current market prices has, for the past five years, been above an average of that of economies at the technology frontier. Countries at the technology frontier are the 10 countries with the highest per capita patenting activity according to Patent Cooperation Treaty data. 23 We have retained the geographical classifications used in past editions of the Report while changing the groupings in the country/ economy profiles. The groupings in the profiles are based on IMF data, and use the IMF classifications.
24 The four Asian Tigers are Hong Kong SAR, Singapore, the
Republic of Korea, and Taiwan (China).
25 The BRICS countries are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South
Africa.
26 Busso et al. 2012.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

27 Qatar ranked 11th in the GCR 2012–2013. The drop in the rankings reflects the higher weight put on innovation and business sophistication this year, as Qatar is being assessed as an innovation-driven economy. See methodology section of this chapter for a description of the new criteria introduced.

REFERENCES
Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson, and J. Robinson. 2001. “The Colonial
Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.”
American Economic Review 91: 1369–401.
———. 2002. “Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the
Making of the Modern World Distribution of Income.” Quarterly
Journal of Economics 117 (4): 1231–94.
AfDB and OECD (African Development Bank and Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development). 2011. The African
Economic Outlook 2011. Paris: OECD.
Africa Commission, AfDB (African Development Bank), and World
Economic Forum. 2011. The Africa Competitiveness Report 2011.
Geneva: World Economic Forum, African Development Bank, and
Africa Commission.
Aghion P. and P. Howitt. 1992. “A Model of Growth through Creative
Destruction.” Econometrica LX: 323–51.

Feyrer, J. 2009. “Trade and Income: Exploiting Time Series in
Geography.” NBER Working Paper No. 14910. Cambridge, MA:
National Bureau of Economic Research.
FINMA. 2010. “Committee of Experts on “Too Big to Fail’ Issue: FINMA and SNB Recommend Rapid Implementation of Measures.” Press
Release. October 4. Available at http://www.finma.ch/e/aktuell/
Pages/mm-schlussbericht-exko-tbtf-20101004.aspx.
Fischer, S. 1993. “The Role of Macroeconomic Factors in Growth.”
Journal of Monetary Economics 32 (3): 485–512.
Frenkel, J. and D. Romer. 1999. “Does Trade Cause Growth?” American
Economic Review 89 (3): 379–99.
Gramlich, E. M. 1994. “Infrastructure Investment: A Review Essay.”
Journal of Economic Literature 32 (3): 1176–96.
Grossman, G. and E. Helpman. 1991. Innovation and Growth in the
World Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Chapters 3 and 4.
IADB (Inter-American Development Bank). 2010. The Age of Productivity:
Transforming Economies from the Bottom Up. Washington DC:
IADB.
IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2013a. World Economic Outlook database, April. Available at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ weo/2011/01/weodata/index.aspx. Alesina, A., E. Spolaore, and R. Enrico. 1998. Endogenous Growth.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

———. 2013b. “2013 Article IV Consultation.” IMF Country Report No.
13/128: Switzerland. May 2013. Available at https://www.imf.org/ external/pubs/ft/scr/2013/cr13128.pdf. ———. 2005. “Trade, Growth and the Size of Countries.” In P. Aghion and S. Durlauf, eds., Handbook of Economic Growth, 1st edition, volume 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1499–542.

Kaplan, D. 2009. “Job Creation and Labor Reform in Latin America.”
Journal of Comparative Economics 37 (1): 91–105.

Almeida, R., and P. Carneiro, 2009. “Enforcement of Labor Regulation and Firm Size.” Journal of Comparative Economics 37 (1): 28–46.

Kaufmann, D. and T. Vishwanath. 2001. “Toward Transparency: New
Approaches and their Application to Financial Markets.” World
Bank Observer 16 (1): 41–57.

Amin, M. 2009. “Labor Regulation and Employment in India’s Retail
Stores.” Journal of Comparative Economics 37 (1): 47–61.

Kremer, M. 1993. “The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development.”
Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 (3): 551–75.

Annoni P. and L. Dijkstra. 2013. EU Regional Competitiveness Index:
RCI 2013. EUR 26060 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the
European Union, doi:10.2788/61698.

Lucas, R. E. 1988. “On the Mechanics of Economic Development.”
Journal of Monetary Economics 22 (1): 3–42.

Aschauer, D. A. 1989. “Is Public Expenditure Productive?” Journal of
Monetary Economics 23 (2): 117–200.

———. OECD.stat, Dataset 11: Government Spending by Function.
Available at http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx (retrieved on August
12, 2011).

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). 2013. ASEAN
Annual Report 2012–2013. Jakarta, Indonesia: Jakarta: ASEAN
Secretariat. June.

Porter, M. 1990. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: The
Free Press.

———. 2003. Economic Growth, 2nd edition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Rodrik, D. and F. Rodriguez. 1999. “Trade Policy and Growth: A
Skeptics’ Guide to Cross National Evidence.” NBER Working
Paper No. 7081, April. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of
Economic Research.

Becker, G. S. 1993. Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical
Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, 3rd edition.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Rodrik, D., A. Subramanian, and F. Trebbi. 2002. “Institutions Rule:
The Primacy of Institutions over Geography and Integration in
Economic Development.” Mimeo, Harvard University, October.

Busso, M., L. Magrigal, and C. Pagés. 2012. “Productivity and Resource
Misallocation in Latin America.” IDB Working Paper Series No.
IDB-WP-306. Inter-American Development Bank. Available at http://www.iadb.org/en/research-and-data/publicationdetails,3169.html?pub_id=IDB-WP-306.

Romer, P. 1990. “Endogenous Technological Change.” Journal of
Political Economy 98 (October): X71–S102.

Barro, R. J. and X. Sala-i-Martín. 1992. “Convergence.” Journal of
Political Economy 100 (April): 223–51.

Canning, D., M. Fay, and R. Perotti. 1994. “Infrastructure and Economic
Growth.” In M. Baldarassi, L. Paganetto, and E. Phelps, eds.,
International Differences in Growth Rates. New York: MacMillan.
De Soto, H. 2000. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books.
De Soto, H. and J. Abbot. 1990. The Other Path: The Economic Answer to Terrorism. New York: Harper Perennial.
Easterly, W. 2002. The Elusive Quest for Growth. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Press.
Easterly W. and R. Levine. 1997. “Africa’s Growth Tragedy: Policies and
Ethnic Divisions.” Quarterly Journal of Economics CXII: 1203–50.
European Commission. 2011. Innovation Union Competitiveness Report
2011. Brussels: European Commission.

Rostow, W. W. 1960. The Stages of Economic Growth, a NonCommunist Manifesto. Cambridge: University Press.
Sachs, J. 2001. Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development: Report of the Commission on
Macroeconomics and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Sachs, J. and A. Warner. 1995. “Economic Reform and the Process of
Economic Integration.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity
1995 (1): 1–118.
Sala-i-Martín, X. and E. V. Artadi, 2004. “The Global Competitiveness
Index.” The Global Competitiveness Report 2004–2005.
Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 51–80.
Sala-i-Martín X., J. Blanke, M. Drzeniek Hanouz, T. Geiger, I. Mia, and
F. Paua. 2007. “The Global Competitiveness Index: Measuring the Productive Potential of Nations.” The Global Competitiveness
Report 2007–2008. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 3–50.
Sala-i-Martín, X., G. Doppelhoffer, and R. Miller. 2004. “Cross-Sectional
Growth Regressions: Robustness and Bayesian Model Averaging.”
American Economic Review 94 (4) September.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 47

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Sala-i-Martín, X. and A. Subramanian. 2003. “Addressing the Natural
Resources Curse: An Illustration from Nigeria.” NBER Working
Paper No. 9804, June. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of
Economic Research.
Schultz, T. W. 1961. “Investment in Human Capital.” American Economic
Review 1 (2): 1–17.
Schumpeter, J. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York:
Harper & Row; 3rd Edition, 1950.
Shleifer, A. and R. Vishny. 1997, “A Survey of Corporate Governance.”
Nobel Symposium on Law and Finance, August, 1995. Journal of
Finance 52 (June): 737–83.
Solow, R. 1956. “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth.”
Quarterly Journal of Economics 70 (February): 65–94.
Swan, T. W. 1956. “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation.”
Economic Record 32 (2): 334–61.
Trajtenberg, M. 2005. “Innovation Policy for Development: An Overview.”
Paper prepared for LAEBA, Second Annual Meeting. November
28–29. Tel Aviv University.
World Economic Forum. 2010. The Global Competitiveness Report
2010–2011. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
———. 2011. The Global Competitiveness Report 2011–2012. Geneva:
World Economic Forum.
———. 2012a: The Europe 2020 Competitiveness Report: Building a
More Competitive Europe, 2012 edition. Geneva: World Economic
Forum.
———. 2012b: The Global Information Technology Report 2012. Geneva:
World Economic Forum.
———. 2012c. The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013. Geneva:
World Economic Forum.
———. 2013. The Travel & Tourism Report 2013. Geneva: World
Economic Forum.
Zingales, L. 1998. “Corporate Governance.” In P. Newman, ed., The
New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law. New York:
Macmillan.

48 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

Appendix:
Computation and structure of the Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

This appendix presents the structure of the Global
Competitiveness Index 2013–2014 (GCI). The numbering of the variables matches the numbering of the data tables. The number preceding the period indicates to which pillar the variable belongs (e.g., variable 1.11 belongs to the 1st pillar and variable 9.04 belongs to the
9th pillar).
The computation of the GCI is based on successive aggregations of scores from the indicator level (i.e., the most disaggregated level) all the way up to the overall GCI score. Unless noted otherwise, we use an arithmetic mean to aggregate individual variables within a category. a For the higher aggregation levels, we use the percentage shown next to each category. This percentage represents the category’s weight within its immediate parent category. Reported percentages are rounded to the nearest integer, but exact figures are used in the calculation of the GCI. For example, the score a country achieves in the 9th pillar accounts for 17 percent of this country’s score in the efficiency enhancers subindex, irrespective of the country’s stage of development. Similarly, the score achieved on the subpillar transport infrastructure accounts for 50 percent of the score of the infrastructure pillar.
Unlike the case for the lower levels of aggregation, the weight put on each of the three subindexes (basic requirements, efficiency enhancers, and innovation and sophistication factors) is not fixed. Instead, it depends on each country’s stage of development, as discussed in the chapter. b For instance, in the case of Burundi—a country in the first stage of development—the score in the basic requirements subindex accounts for 60 percent of its overall GCI score, while it represents just
20 percent of the overall GCI score of Sweden, a country in the third stage of development. For countries in transition between stages, the weighting applied to each subindex is reported in the corresponding profile at the end of this volume. For instance, in the case of Algeria, currently in transition from stage 1 to stage 2, the weight on each subindex is 59.1 percent, 35.7 percent, and 5.2 percent, respectively, as reported in the country profile on page 102.
Variables that are not derived from the Executive
Opinion Survey (the Survey) are identified by an asterisk
(*) in the following pages. The Technical Notes and

Sources section at the end of the Report provides detailed information about these indicators. To make the aggregation possible, these variables are converted to a 1-to-7 scale in order to align them with the Survey results. We apply a min-max transformation, which preserves the order of, and the relative distance between, country scores. c
Indicators that are followed by the designation
“1/2” enter the GCI in two different pillars. In order to avoid double counting, we assign a half-weight to each instance. d
Weight (%) within immediate parent category

BASIC REQUIREMENTS

1st pillar: Institutions ...............................................25%
A. Public institutions .................................................... 75%
1. Property rights .......................................................................20%
1.01 Property rights
1.02 Intellectual property protection ½
2. Ethics and corruption .............................................................20%
1.03 Diversion of public funds
1.04 Public trust in politicians
1.05 Irregular payments and bribes
3. Undue influence.....................................................................20%
1.06 Judicial independence
1.07 Favoritism in decisions of government officials
4. Government efficiency............................................................20%
1.08 Wastefulness of government spending
1.09 Burden of government regulation
1.10 Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes
1.11 Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations
1.12 Transparency of government policymaking
5. Security.................................................................................20%
1.13 Business costs of terrorism
1.14 Business costs of crime and violence
1.15 Organized crime
1.16 Reliability of police services
B. Private institutions ................................................... 25%
1. Corporate ethics ....................................................................50%
1.17 Ethical behavior of firms
2. Accountability ........................................................................50%
1.18 Strength of auditing and reporting standards
1.19 Efficacy of corporate boards
1.20 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests
1.21 Strength of investor protection*

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 49

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

2nd pillar: Infrastructure ..........................................25%

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency .........................17%

A. Transport infrastructure ........................................... 50%
2.01 Quality of overall infrastructure
2.02 Quality of roads
2.03 Quality of railroad infrastructure e
2.04 Quality of port infrastructure
2.05 Quality of air transport infrastructure
2.06 Available airline seat kilometers*

A. Competition .............................................................. 67%

B. Electricity and telephony infrastructure ................. 50%
2.07 Quality of electricity supply
2.08 Mobile telephone subscriptions* ½
2.09 Fixed telephone lines* ½

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment .................25%
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance*
Gross national savings*
Inflation* f
Government debt*
Country credit rating*

4th pillar: Health and primary education.................25%
A. Health ....................................................................... 50%
4.01 Business impact of malaria g
4.02 Malaria incidence* g
4.03 Business impact of tuberculosis g
4.04 Tuberculosis incidence* g
4.05 Business impact of HIV/AIDS g
4.06 HIV prevalence* g
4.07 Infant mortality*
4.08 Life expectancy*
B. Primary education ................................................... 50%
4.09 Quality of primary education
4.10 Primary education enrollment rate*

EFFICIENCY ENHANCERS

5th pillar: Higher education and training.................17%
A. Quantity of education .............................................. 33%
5.01 Secondary education enrollment rate*
5.02 Tertiary education enrollment rate*
B. Quality of education ................................................ 33%
5.03 Quality of the educational system
5.04 Quality of math and science education
5.05 Quality of management schools
5.06 Internet access in schools
C. On-the-job training .................................................. 33%
5.07 Local availability of specialized research and training services 5.08 Extent of staff training

1. 1. Domestic competition ..................................................variable h
6.01 Intensity of local competition
6.02 Extent of market dominance
6.03 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy
6.04 Effect of taxation on incentives to invest
6.05 Total tax rate*
6.06 Number of procedures required to start a business* i
6.07 Time required to start a business* i
6.08 Agricultural policy costs
2. Foreign competition .........................................................variable h
6.09 Prevalence of trade barriers
6.10 Trade tariffs*
6.11 Prevalence of foreign ownership
6.12 Business impact of rules on FDI
6.13 Burden of customs procedures
6.14 Imports as a percentage of GDP* j
B. Quality of demand conditions ................................. 33%
6.15 Degree of customer orientation
6.16 Buyer sophistication

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency ..........................17%
A. Flexibility .................................................................. 50%
7.01 Cooperation in labor-employer relations
7.02 Flexibility of wage determination
7.03 Hiring and firing practices
7.04 Redundancy costs*
7.05 Effect of taxation on incentives to work
B. Efficient
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

use of talent............................................... 50%
Pay and productivity
Reliance on professional management ½
Country capacity to attract talent
Country capacity to retain talent
Female participation in labor force*

8th pillar: Financial market development ................17%
A. Efficiency .................................................................. 50%
8.01 Availability of financial services
8.02 Affordability of financial services
8.03 Financing through local equity market
8.04 Ease of access to loans
8.05 Venture capital availability
B. Trustworthiness and confidence ............................. 50%
8.06 Soundness of banks
8.07 Regulation of securities exchanges
8.08 Legal rights index*

9th pillar: Technological readiness ..........................17%
A. Technological adoption ........................................... 50%
9.01 Availability of latest technologies
9.02 Firm-level technology absorption
9.03 FDI and technology transfer
B. ICT use ..................................................................... 50%
9.04 Internet users*
9.05 Broadband Internet subscriptions*
9.06 Internet bandwidth*
9.07 Mobile broadband subscriptions*
2.08 Mobile telephone subscriptions* ½
2.09 Fixed telephone lines* ½

50 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.1: The Global Competitiveness Index 2013–2014

10th pillar: Market size............................................17%

The sample minimum and sample maximum are, respectively, the lowest and highest country scores in the sample of economies covered by the GCI. In some instances, adjustments were made to account for extreme outliers. For those indicators for which a higher value indicates a worse outcome (e.g., disease incidence, government debt), the transformation formula takes the following form, thus ensuring that 1 and 7 still corresponds to the worst and best possible outcomes, respectively:

A. Domestic market size .............................................. 75%
10.01 Domestic market size index* k
B. Foreign market size ................................................. 25%
10.02 Foreign market size index* l

INNOVATION AND SOPHISTICATION FACTORS

–6 x

11th pillar: Business sophistication ........................50%
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
7.07

Local supplier quantity
Local supplier quality
State of cluster development
Nature of competitive advantage
Value chain breadth
Control of international distribution
Production process sophistication
Extent of marketing
Willingness to delegate authority
Reliance on professional management ½

(sum of scores on full-weight variables) ϩ
(count of full-weight variables) ϩ

f

NOTES a Formally, for a category i composed of K indicators, we have:
K

⌺ indicatork

ϭ

k=1

K

b As described in the chapter, the weights are as specified below.
Refer to Table 2 of the chapter for country classification according to stage of development:
Stage of development
Factor-driven Transition stage (1) from stage 1 to stage 2

Efficiencydriven stage (2)

Transition from stage 2 to stage 3

Innovationdriven stage (3)

GDP per capita (US$) thresholds*
<2,000

2,000–2,999 3,000–8,999 9,000–17,000

>17,000

Weight for basic requirements subindex
60%

40–60%

35–50%

40%

20–40%

20%

50%

50%

50%

10–30%

30%

Weight for innovation and sophistication factors subindex
5%

5–10%

10%

* For economies with a high dependency on mineral resources, GDP per capita is not the sole criterion for the determination of the stage of development. See text for details. c Formally, we have:
6 x

(

+ 7

ϫ (sum of scores on half-weight variables) ϫ (count of half-weight variables)

country score – sample minimum sample maximum – sample minimum

)

h The competition subpillar is the weighted average of two components: domestic competition and foreign competition. In both components, the included variables provide an indication of the extent to which competition is distorted. The relative importance of these distortions depends on the relative size of domestic versus foreign competition. This interaction between the domestic market and the foreign market is captured by the way we determine the weights of the two components.
Domestic competition is the sum of consumption (C), investment
(I), government spending (G), and exports (X), while foreign competition is equal to imports (M). Thus we assign a weight of
(C + I + G + X)/(C + I + G + X + M) to domestic competition and a weight of M/(C + I + G + X + M) to foreign competition. i Variables 6.06 and 6.07 combine to form one single variable.

j

For variable 6.14, imports as a percentage of GDP, we first apply a log-transformation and then a min-max transformation.

k The size of the domestic market is constructed by taking the natural log of the sum of the gross domestic product valued at purchased power parity (PPP) plus the total value (PPP estimates) of imports of goods and services, minus the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services. Data are then normalized on a 1-to-7 scale. PPP estimates of imports and exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP and GDP valued at PPP. The underlying data are reported in the data tables section (see Tables 10.03, 6.14, and
10.04).
l

+ 1

In order to capture the idea that both high inflation and deflation are detrimental, inflation enters the model in a U-shaped manner as follows: for values of inflation between 0.5 and 2.9 percent, a country receives the highest possible score of 7. Outside this range, scores decrease linearly as they move away from these values. g The impact of malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS on competitiveness depends not only on their respective incidence rates but also on how costly they are for business. Therefore, in order to estimate the impact of each of the three diseases, we combine its incidence rate with the Survey question on its perceived cost to businesses. To combine these data we first take the ratio of each country’s disease incidence rate relative to the highest incidence rate in the whole sample. The inverse of this ratio is then multiplied by each country’s score on the related
Survey question. This product is then normalized to a 1-to-7 scale. Note that countries with zero reported incidence receive a
7, regardless of their scores on the related Survey question. In the case of malaria, countries receive a 7 if they have been classified as non-endemic by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Weight for efficiency enhancers subindex
35%

)

e “n/appl.” is used for economies where the railroad network totals less than 50 kilometers.

Capacity for innovation
Quality of scientific research institutions
Company spending on R&D
University-industry collaboration in R&D
Government procurement of advanced technology products
Availability of scientists and engineers
PCT patent applications*
Intellectual property protection ½

categoryi

country score – sample minimum sample maximum – sample minimum

d For those categories that contain one or several half-weight variables, country scores are computed as follows:

12th pillar: R&D Innovation ......................................50%
12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07
1.02

(

The size of the foreign market is estimated as the natural log of the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1-to-7 scale. PPP estimates of exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP and GDP valued at PPP. The underlying data are reported in the data tables.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 51

© 2013 World Economic Forum

CHAPTER 1.2

Assessing the Sustainable
Competitiveness of Nations
BEÑAT BILBAO-OSORIO
JENNIFER BLANKE
EDOARDO CAMPANELLA
ROBERTO CROTTI
MARGARETA DRZENIEK-HANOUZ
CECILIA SERIN

World Economic Forum

The concept of competitiveness aims at capturing the economic development process as a necessary condition for improved living standards. During most of the post–World War II period, economic growth was accompanied by an improvement in living conditions for large parts of the world’s population. More recently, toward the end of the last century, economic growth in developing and emerging markets has helped millions of people escape poverty.
Recent projections and studies point out that the rates of progress seen in the past may not be sustainable going forward.1 As income levels have risen and more and more emerging markets have entered rapid growth paths, pressures on the environment have become more palpable and concerns over the distribution of the benefits of economic progress within countries have grown. This has led many to question whether the prevalent growth model is sustainable over time.
The perception that economic growth is not translating into the desired results for society at large was given further support by the recent financial crisis and the ensuing economic slowdown, which brought social tensions to light. These manifested themselves in multiple ways, including the events related to the Arab
Spring; the rise of unemployment in many Western economies, particularly in segments of the population such as the young and the less skilled; and increasing inequalities of income and socioeconomic opportunities in both Western countries and fast-growing Asian economies. Diminishing economic prospects, sometimes combined with demand for more political participation, have also sparked protests in several countries including, for example, the recent events in Brazil and Turkey.
At the same time, pressures on the natural environment resulting from economic activity have grown over recent decades. Pollution has increased and the loss of biodiversity is more and more problematic, while climate change and its unpredictable consequences raise concerns. The world is also facing a progressive scarcity of water, energy, and mineral resources, for which demand continues to climb. Despite some efforts to address these issues, the undesirable environmental consequences of human activity are leading to a less habitable world.
As a result, social and environmental sustainability increasingly influence economic policy decisions and can have an impact on economic performance. At the same time, these challenges bring into question whether wellestablished ideas and models that take a narrow view of economic growth and do not take into account the use of natural resources or social concerns can still provide adequate solutions. The relationships between these challenges need to be better understood and measured in order to inform policies that will set and achieve the desired objectives, and in order to better track progress toward higher levels of sustainable prosperity.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 53

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Box 1: Public-private collaboration to achieve sustainable competitiveness
The World Economic Forum is taking an important step forward to inform the discussion on competitiveness by creating a Competitiveness Repository. This new initiative aims at bridging a knowledge gap in the current literature by compiling relevant information about the content and process of building public-private collaboration practices that have improved competitiveness.
Public private collaborations have also been used to reinforce environmental and social sustainability over the last 20 years to achieve enduring results. For example, areas such as health and education—two crucial pillars of competitiveness and also of social sustainability—have long been areas of multi-stakeholder collaboration. As early as 1993, the World Health Organization recognized that achieving health for all would require partnerships with the private sector and civil society, and subsequently made such partnerships part of the organization’s strategy.1
Nowadays, most international organizations systematically include the private sector in their strategies. This approach was evident at the latest United Nations Conference on
Sustainable Development, where heads of state recognized that “[Sustainable Development] can only be achieved with a broad alliance of people, governments, civil society and the private sector, all working together to secure the future we want for present and future generations.” 2
Achieving sustainable competitiveness requires funding and expertise that cannot come from the public sector alone—especially in the context of cash-strapped governments and austerity measures. Involving the private sector in a collaborative way (through shared visions and deep engagement in planning and decision making) can have many benefits:

1. Typically, the most obvious reason for involving the private sector in environmental and social sustainability national projects has been financial: it is a way for governments to add investment to underfunded projects in public infrastructure and services. For instance, the Green
Growth Action Alliance is a group that supports the scaling-up in green infrastructure investment through the collaboration of more than 50 leading financial institutions, corporations, governments, and nongovernmental organizations. 3 In Vietnam, the Alliance will support the government’s efforts to transform the country’s agricultural sector with the goal of delivering a 20 percent reduction in emissions, a 20 percent reduction in poverty, and a 20 percent increase in growth.
2. In some sectors of the economy, initiatives can also greatly benefit from the skills and expertise of the private sector, which the public sector may lack. For instance, in the context of water management (which, beyond being an infrastructure matter, also has a strong social and environmental impact), the responsibility of providing water often rests solely with the Ministry of Agriculture or a similar department. However, key industries—such as food and beverage, mining and metals, and energy—have developed skills and expertise that can be used to ensure a more equitable and sustainable use of water resources. The Water Resource
Group is an example of an innovative public-private platform for collaboration that mobilizes stakeholders from the public and private sectors, civil society, centers of academic expertise, and financing institutions to help governments manage the water sector sustainably in support of their economic growth plans.4 In South Africa, the Water Resource Group has led to improvement in
(Cont’d.)

COMPETITIVENESS AND SUSTAINABILITY
The relationship between some aspects of sustainability and economic growth has been studied extensively by academics, policy practitioners, and international organizations.2 Public interest in sustainable development has also increased over the past few decades, driven by influential work such as the report Our Common Future, which was published under the auspices of the United
Nations by the Brundtland Commission in 1987. In this seminal report, sustainable development was defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”3 The breadth of the definition was meant to capture the several dimensions of development that go beyond the usual boundaries of economic growth in order to include both the tangible and intangible necessities of life. This initial concept mainly focused on environmental aspects of development. However, it has evolved significantly over time and today it is widely

54 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

accepted that sustainability also includes an economic and a social dimension.
Despite mounting interest in sustainable development, the relationship between environmental or social sustainability and national competitiveness has been only marginally explored. So far, economists have devoted most of their efforts to trying to understand the way economic growth impacts the quality of the environment or income distribution within a country and vice versa. However, little is known about how these aspects of sustainability relate to competitiveness and productivity. Against this background, the World Economic
Forum has engaged in a series of activities to expand our knowledge about sustainability and its relationship to competitiveness. More precisely, the Forum has been at the forefront of the discussion on environmental sustainability, working to shape the agenda by catalyzing public-private platforms that help governments draw on private-sector expertise to identify and implement

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Box 1: Public-private collaboration to achieve sustainable competitiveness (cont’d.) in the context of environmental regulations. Indeed, by studying a series of examples, researchers from Harvard
University’s Kennedy School came to the conclusion that regulations on environmental policies that are negotiated with industries and citizens are more likely to be successful in the long term. 7

effluent and wastewater management, water efficiency and leakage reduction, and agriculture and supply chains.
3. Public-private collaboration might also allow the public sector to reach remote communities. A recent paper from the International Institute for Sustainable
Development highlights the importance of public-private collaboration for sustainable development. Indeed, the private sector’s involvement can help “deliver a range of essential public services to even the most remote areas and marginalized communities.” 5 For instance, in Nepal the Public Private Partnership for Urban Environment
(PPUE) 6—a collaboration among the Federation of
Nepalese Chambers of Commerce & Industry, the
Municipal Association of Nepal, the United Nations
Development Programme, and the Asian Development
Bank—aims to boost the coverage and quality of basic urban services to the urban poor while increasing the participation of the local population in the process of service delivery. The project has already supported its partner municipalities to implement 88 projects that demonstrate this way of providing services and developing infrastructure. In 2010 and 2011, most of the projects were in solid waste management, mobile toilets, sewage-attached biogas, solar street lighting, the management of recreational areas and city markets, and building and operating slaughterhouses. Most of these initiatives are improving the urban environment and services for urban dwellers as well as providing new employment for local residents by hiring them for the new projects. 4. Finally, and very importantly, public-private collaboration may contribute to long-term acceptance, especially

solutions to the most pressing issues. As a key convening platform for the international community, national policymakers, and business leaders, the World
Economic Forum has found itself at the center of the discussion on the nature of the relationship between competitiveness and sustainability. Issues of economic, social, and environmental sustainability have been showcased and discussed at many of the Forum’s regional and annual meetings and, more recently, the
Forum has embarked on a new initiative to identify and showcase public-private collaborations that can support sustainable competitiveness, as described in Box 1.
In addition, the World Economic Forum—in collaboration with a multi-stakeholder Advisory Board of international experts (Box 2)—embarked on an effort to integrate the concept of sustainability into its competitiveness work. The results of our preliminary work were released in last two editions of The Global
Competitiveness Report.

The Competitiveness Repository will continue to highlight cases of public-private collaboration in the domain of social and environmental sustainability and bring them into the multi-stakeholder discussions that the World Economic Forum regularly organizes at global and regional summits and at targeted roundtables. The purpose of these discussions is to catalyze action and commitment from different stakeholders.
Notes
1

Buse and Waxman 2001.

2

United Nations Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform.
Future We Want: Outcome document, I. Our common vision,
Item 13. Available at http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/ futurewewant.html. 3

For more information about the Green Growth Action Alliance, see www.weforum.org/issues/climate-change-and-green-growth. 4

For further information about the 2030 Water Resources Group, see www.2030wrg.org.

5

Colverson and Perera 2012, p. 21.

6

For information about the organization Public-Private Partnerships for Urban Environment, see www.pppue.org.np.

7

Pande et al. 2012.

In this edition, we continue our ongoing efforts to build a more robust narrative of the concept of sustainable competitiveness. These efforts aim to better understand the complex relationship between competitiveness and sustainability and to provide a working definition of the concept, thereby contributing to the intellectual debate. The chapter also updates the results for the preliminary measurement of sustainable competitiveness, the sustainability-adjusted Global
Competitiveness Index, which was introduced for discussion in last year’s edition of this Report.
The sections that follow explore the relationships among competitiveness, environmental sustainability, and social sustainability. The discussion will provide the building blocks to explain how we have arrived at the overall definition of sustainable competitiveness, which is the set of institutions, policies and factors that make a nation remain productive over the longer term while ensuring social and environmental sustainability.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 55

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Box 2: Consultation with external experts
The Advisory Board on Sustainability and Competitiveness advises the World Economic Forum on integrating the concept of sustainability more fully into its competitiveness work. Members are drawn from the network of Global
Agenda Councils, the World Economic Forum’s knowledge backbone. They represent voices from key business sectors, government, and civil society.
The members of the Advisory Board are:
James Cameron, Chairman, Climate Change Capital,
United Kingdom
Dan Esty, Commissioner, Connecticut Department of
Energy and Environmental Protection, USA
Clément Gignac, Chief Economist and Senior VicePresident, Industrial Alliance Insurance and Financial
Services, Canada
Jeni Klugman, Director for Gender, The World Bank, USA
Marc A. Levy, Deputy Director, Center for International
Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University,
USA
John W. McArthur, Senior Fellow, UN Foundation &
Nonresident Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution
Kevin X. Murphy, President and Chief Executive Officer,
J.E. Austin Associates Inc., USA
Mari Elka Pangestu, Minister of Tourism and Creative
Economy, Indonesia
Xavier Sala-i-Martín, Professor, Economics Department,
Columbia University, USA
Mark Spelman, Global Head, Strategy, Accenture, United
Kingdom
Simon Zadek, Senior Visiting Fellow, Global Green
Growth Institute (GGGI), Switzerland

In addition to frequent consultations with the Advisory
Board (including a face-to-face meeting in Dubai in November
2012 during the Summit on the Global Agenda), The Global
Competitiveness and Benchmarking Network team regularly consults with international experts in order to ensure that our work on sustainable competitiveness remains at the forefront of the research in this domain. Accordingly, in the last 18 months, three workshops were organized to:
1. Define sustainable competitiveness and review the rationale for the social pillar. This workshop was held in
Geneva in April 2012 with experts from the World Health
Organization, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, the International Labour Organization, and the
International Organization for Migration.
2. Review the concept of environmental sustainability and discuss how it can be measured in our context. This workshop was held in New York in September 2012 with experts from the Center for International Earth Science
Information Network at Columbia University, the United
Nations Sustainable Development Department, the World
Bank, and Zurich Insurance.
3. Discuss the impact that social and environmental sustainability have on one another. This workshop was held in Geneva in April 2013 with experts from the World Health Organization, the International
Labour Organization, the United Nations Development
Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme, the United Nations Research Institute for Social
Development, the Overseas Development Institute, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development, Deloitte, and KPMG.
In the upcoming year, The Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Network team will hold further multistakeholder consultations in order to strengthen the relevance of the Sustainable Competiveness Project.

Two new members joined the Advisory Board in the course of the past year:
Lindene Patton, Chief Climate Product Officer,
Zurich Insurance Group, Ltd., Switzerland
Anthony O’Sullivan, Head Private Sector Development,
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD), France

Competitiveness and environmental sustainability
For decades, economists, strategists, and business leaders were skeptical about the compatibility between environmental goals and industrial competitiveness.4
In most of the macroeconomic literature,5 nature has traditionally been regarded as a constraint. Because natural resources on the planet are either limited or they renew at a specific physical rate, they are usually viewed as a major source of “limits to growth.”6 Consequently, natural resources are modeled as an additional input in the production process or as an additional cost that must be incurred to abate unwanted byproducts such

56 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

as pollution. Another limitation to growth, according to this strand of literature, can be traced back to nature’s decreasing ability to dissipate waste from production as pollution accumulates. Once pollution reaches a critical limit, ecosystems will not be able to function properly and cannot absorb additional waste from production.
Although environmental limitations to growth are important, empirical evidence of development dynamics shows that the state of the environment tends to worsen at the initial stages of industrialization but to then improve as income increases—a concept known in the literature as the Environmental Kuznets Curve.7 Many advanced

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

economies have adopted pollution control measures that have improved the state of the natural environment, yet this should not lead to the conclusion that environmental sustainability will be automatically achieved at a certain income level.8 In order to preserve future generations’ ability to benefit from nature’s resources and services and increase standards of living, policies and measures that ensure an efficient use of natural resources as well as the adoption of clean industrial processes are significant.9 Taking into account all aspects described above, it emerges that the relationship between environmental sustainability and competitiveness is multifaceted and affects an economy in different ways. Multiple channels support a positive relationship between environmentally sustainable practices and productivity gains. Here we identify and describe the main ones:
• Efficient use of natural resources. The efficient use of natural resources includes both managing exhaustible raw materials and using renewable resources within their regenerative capacity in order to minimize production costs, ensure the legacy for future generations, and reduce pollution. As described by the literature on public goods, welfare increases once the negative externality generated by pollution is corrected.10 It follows that environmental sustainability can bring about a better economic outcome if it is associated with formal or informal institutions that define property rights and result in the adoption of sustainable processes over the use of scarce resources.
• Improved health. A high-quality natural environment improves the productivity of the workforce by reducing health damage caused by pollution or environmental degradation. According to some studies,11 in the Asia Pacific region alone about
2.5 million people die every year because of air pollution, unsafe water, and poor sanitation, creating a vicious circle of poverty, low-quality environmental conditions, and dismal economic performance.
Since health affects productivity and pollution affects health, efforts to reduce pollution may be interpreted as an investment in human capital.
Recent empirical evidence has indicated that, in the
United States, ozone levels below federal air quality standards have a positive impact on productivity (a
10 parts per billion decrease in ozone concentrations raises worker productivity by 4.2 percent).12 Finally, environment-driven health problems lead to resource misallocation, forcing governments to fund additional, and otherwise unnecessary, health programs and diverting resources that would otherwise go into productivity-enhancing investments in, for example, education or innovation.

• Biodiversity for innovation. Ultimately, environmental degradation can impact the way ecosystems work and reduce biodiversity.
Biodiversity supports the productivity of the workforce by providing food, fiber, shelter, and natural medicines, and it regulates the water supply and air quality. According to the Convention on Biodiversity,13 more than 1.3 billion people in the world depend on biodiversity and on basic ecosystem goods for their livelihoods. Biodiversity losses caused by deforestation or significant landuse changes—which today are estimated to be
100 to 1,000 times greater than is considered to occur naturally—increase the vulnerability of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and induce changes in climate and ocean acidity.14 Biodiversity is also a key driver of economic growth, especially in developing countries, because it provides the basis for many innovations in areas such as pharmaceutical or cosmetic products. At the same time, interfering with ecosystems may make living conditions for humans more difficult and perhaps engender additional costs. Last but not least, biodiversity restoration and protection can create profitable business opportunities, incentivizing the development of new technologies and products for their utilization, in still-unexplored markets.15
In addition to these general sources of potential competitiveness gains for an economy, environmental sustainability can have more marked impacts in particular economic sectors such as agriculture,16 fishery, and forestry. More precisely, in the absence of any technological change, a reduction in the cultivable area for staple crops would lead to a decrease in overall production, an increase in the price of staples, a fall in consumption, and widespread malnutrition. According to United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)’s
Green Economy Report, green agriculture is capable of nourishing a growing world population at higher nutritional levels, switching from today’s 2,800 Kcal availability per-person per-day to around 3,200 Kcal by
2050. Furthermore, investing in the greening of tourism can reduce the cost of energy, water, and waste and thus enhance the value of biodiversity, ecosystems, and cultural heritage.17 A degraded environment would reduce tourist inflows, which increasingly depend on the quality of a country’s environment.18
Finally, human activities that are respectful of the environment help to reduce the likelihood of extreme weather events such as floods, windstorms, and droughts. Natural disasters negatively affect the competitiveness of an economy by impacting the life and health of the local workforce and by diverting available resources from productivity-enhancing investments, such as education or innovation, for rescue and

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 57

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

reconstruction purposes. At the same time, disasters destroy tangible assets such as infrastructure, public facilities, and industrial stocks, and they interrupt the regular flows of goods and services both within and between countries. According to an estimate of the
2007/2008 UN Human Development Report, to reach the
Millennium Development Goals by 2015, the additional cost associated with coping with more a hostile climate will amount to approximately US$85 billion per year. An example is the unprecedented floods in Thailand in 2011, which, according to the World Bank, cost its economy
US$45 billion and triggered the disruption of many global supply chains.19 Also in 2011, China experienced its worst drought in 50 years, with over 4 million farmers facing severe water shortages. And recent floods in the Philippines have claimed at least 1,500 lives, with corresponding negative impacts to infrastructure and land. In terms of empirical evidence, a body of research supporting the positive relationship between competitiveness and environmental sustainability is slowly emerging. Jaffe and Palmer (1997) suggest a positive relationship between the intensity of environmental regulation and innovation as measured by the amount of R&D expenditure,20 which contributes to productivity, at a country level. In the Green Economy
Report,21 the UNEP argues that a green economy, which invests a considerable amount of resources in the preservation of the environment and in the restoration of natural capital, tends to grow faster than a brown economy, which underinvests in natural capital and overinvests in activities that cause its degradation.
Moreover, over the longer term, the green growth path starts off lower than the brown one but eventually surpasses it, when environmental damage begins to constrain growth. In this context, green growth leads to higher energy and resource efficiency, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, enhances ecosystem services, and creates additional jobs in the medium term.
At the firm level, the impact of environmental standards on productivity has become more and more controversial. Some recent studies suggest that the relationship between higher environmental standards and productivity could be positive, contrary to the traditional analysis that finds this relationship to be negative. For instance, refineries in the Los Angeles area of California, where environmental regulation tended to be stricter than in other US states, have enjoyed higher productivity than refineries located elsewhere in the country. Other studies on the Mexican food-processing industry have found that productivity is positively correlated with the intensity of environmental regulation.22
Based on the analysis and the relationship between different elements of environmental sustainability and competitiveness, we define environmentally sustainable competitiveness as the institutions, policies, and factors

58 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

that ensure an efficient management of resources to enable prosperity for present and future generations.
Competitiveness and social sustainability
The body of research on social sustainability is growing, but remains limited. Because of the sometimes intangible nature of the social dimension of growth that is often the result of deliberate political choice, the concept of social sustainability tends to be under-theorized.23 The social dimension of development, which had been considered in works such as the recommendations from the StiglitzSen-Fitoussi Commission and by the Brundtland Report, has only recently gained greater recognition both in academic and policymaking circles.
Overall, there is no widely accepted definition of social sustainability. Each branch of social science tends to approach it from a different perspective, applying different criteria. However, it is possible to identify recurring themes in the different definitions that have been proposed so far. Human rights, equity, and social justice are among the most relevant.
Both the theoretical underpinnings of the relationship between social sustainability and development and empirical evidence to support such a theory remain somewhat unclear, although a series of recent events in different parts of the world seems to suggest that an unbalanced social model can undermine the stability of the growth process for both current and future generations. The recent wave of protests in Brazil, the several chapters of social revolts in the Arab World, and the Occupy Wall-Street Movement in the United
States are some examples of how, if economic benefits are perceived to be unevenly redistributed within a society, riots or social discontent can affect the capacity of individuals to contribute to and benefit from higher rates of economic growth.
In what follows, we will individually analyze those dimensions of social sustainability that are likely to fuel productivity and long-term prosperity while at the same time preserving social stability. Our aim is to unbundle the most relevant elements, even if they are often interrelated and not always clearly distinct:
• Inclusion. An inclusive social system ensures that all citizens contribute to and benefit from the economic prosperity of their country. Inclusion is a prerequisite for social cohesion because, if some members of the community are marginalized, the society will lack the necessary coherence of goals to accomplish common purposes. Typical examples of social exclusion that have a considerable negative impact on the competitiveness of a nation are the lack of access to basic necessities, discrimination according to gender, youth marginalization, and extreme polarization of income. Any type of social exclusion that prevents people from

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

fully participating in the labor market reduces the availability of talent to a country’s firms and organizations, thereby reducing competitiveness.
Lack of access to sanitation, drinkable water, or healthcare can dramatically impair labor productivity, reducing the ability of the economy to compete globally. At the same time, when young people are marginalized by the labor market and have access only to short-term and highly volatile jobs, they remain vulnerable, especially during downturns.
These workers usually receive less on-the-job training than their counterparts in stable positions, with a reduction in the overall level of human capital.
Finally, the participation and empowerment of women is key to ensuring a large talent pool and tends to bring about other positive effects, such as reducing infant mortality, reducing poverty, improving the management of scarce resources, reducing conflict, and guaranteeing food security.24
• Equity and cohesion. An equitable society guarantees the same opportunities to its members, rewarding them according to their talents and fairly redistributing the benefits of growing wealth,25 creating a cohesive society with no excessive income disparities across different groups.
Inequality is a multidimensional concept. For the purposes of this Report we are mainly interested in income inequality, which certainly represents one of the biggest challenges for policymakers globally and which is highly correlated with access to other opportunities. According to the literature,26 some of the main arguments suggesting that inequality may be harmful for growth are, first, that it can potentially distort the political process; second, it could suppress aggregate demand; third, it requires more redistributive efforts, thus potentially introducing more market distortions; and, finally, it may trigger economically harmful social tensions, especially in the context of a weak institutional setup. Persistent inequalities tend to limit upward social mobility, preventing gifted and hard-working individuals from being rewarded according to their talents. However, it can be argued that some degree of disparity— provided it is not driven by rent positions—is actually beneficial for growth because it incentivizes people to invest in education, work harder, and be more innovative and productive.
• Resilience. A social system is resilient when it can absorb temporary or permanent shocks and adapt to quickly changing conditions without compromising its stability. Formal or informal institutions usually perform the role of shock absorber, reducing the vulnerability of the society as a whole. In advanced economies, welfare states promote the economic and social well-being of the

society by protecting its members from excessive loss of income during old age and during periods of unemployment or illness. Although welfare systems represent a source of stability for the economy, they can turn into a hurdle for its competitiveness since overly generous social security programs increase labor costs, can undermine the stability of public finances and limit macro-stabilization policies, and can hamper the incentives to work, innovate, and excel. In order to be sustainable, a social protection system needs to be well balanced and affordable.
The resilience of a social system also depends on the features of its labor market and on the extent of the black economy. When workers have access only to short-term contracts or vulnerable employment, they are exposed to negative shocks and to all the costs associated with unemployment.
Moreover, a widespread black economy may affect the resilience of a social system, since informal workers are more vulnerable to concerns related to job loss, old age, maternity, disability, or illness.
Based on the above analysis, our definition of social sustainability is the institutions, policies, and factors that enable all members of society to experience the best possible health, participation, and security; and that maximize their potential to contribute to and benefit from the economic prosperity of the country in which they live.
Relationship between environmental and social sustainability The third and final relationship we would like to explore is the one between environmental and social sustainability.
The quality of the environment and the structure of a society are strictly correlated. On the one hand, wellmanaged natural resources increase the quality of life, reduce tensions within and between generations, provide better opportunities to the whole community, and improve the resilience of the society. Moreover, the management of natural resources might translate into
“in-kind” income distribution, as resource scarcity may leave the poorest of the population unable to access basic necessities. On the other hand, widespread prosperity, which facilitates a high quality of life, requires a functioning economy that, by definition, uses natural resources. For this reason, although the academic literature tends to focus on these two dimensions individually, the World Economic Forum is interested in exploring the way environmental and social sustainability interact with one another. In this chapter, we focus on selected channels that have been extensively highlighted by the literature:
• Health and environmental degradation. As discussed in the previous section, a degraded environment negatively affects the health, and thus the productivity, of the workforce. It also reduces

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 59

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

the overall quality of life of members of the society.
Each year, air pollution, unsafe drinking water, and exposure to chemical products contribute to a number of often-lethal diseases both in the developed and developing world. According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD),27 unsafe water supplies, lack of sanitation, and poor hygiene are responsible for 3 percent of all deaths worldwide, of which 90 percent are children. An unhealthy environment dampens economic opportunities, prevents people from participating in the life of the community, diverts resources from productive uses, and contributes to urban decline.
• Demography, poverty, and the environment.
The relationship between demography and environmental/social sustainability is extremely intricate. Rapidly growing populations might be a source of environmental stress, leading to greenhouse gas emissions, high rates of soil erosion, and the extinction of species. If rapid population growth is not accompanied by environmental management, it can give rise to tensions between groups for the control of scarce resources and can therefore be a source of further social instability, creating a vicious circle. Persistent poverty may also affect the environment and may lead to massive unplanned urbanization, such as slums, where large segments of the population are without access to basic services. Such living conditions can have significant repercussions on the environment, including damage via deforestation and the pollution of water resources as a result of a lack of waste management.
• Energy and social stability. The consumption of carbon-based fuel is one of the major causes of global warming. According to the International
Energy Agency,28 in order to limit the rise of global temperature to 2°C, a number of measures need to be adopted to limit greenhouse gas emissions; these measures would consequently reduce the demand and therefore also the price of oil and gas.
A study by HSBC estimates that a drop in demand of fossil fuel could cause the price of oil to remain below US$50 per barrel.29 This would mean that only a third of current fossil fuel reserves would be burned before 2050 because the cost of extraction would overweigh the associated value. Reduced volumes and lower values for fossil fuel would impact the stock value of extractive companies and tax revenues from fossil fuel–related levies.
Consequently, public revenues would be reduced, putting pressure on the affordability of several social programs. For energy-driven countries, a stark reduction in revenues from mineral resources may

60 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

pose particular challenges to their welfare systems.
An additional link between energy, environment, and social sustainability is the use of alternative energy sources, such as ethanol and biodiesel.
Although these energy sources help to reduce
CO2 emissions, they also use wide land areas, contributing to the increase in food prices that led to a food crisis in 2008. Moreover, these alternatives also have significant environmental impact in the form of additional pressure on water resources, for example.30 • Climate change, food security and conflict.31
In the future, rising sea levels and more extreme weather conditions may force millions of people to migrate, adding pressure on the use of natural resources—especially water—in the destination areas. Rising competition over these resources could eventually result in military conflict. Adverse changes in temperature and precipitation are likely to influence the capacity of many areas to produce food, thus increasing the vulnerability of the population. According to some studies, at present
1.7 billion people live in water-stressed countries.
Industrialization and demographic forces are likely to further aggravate the situation, and climate change may exacerbate the situation even more by decreasing stream-flow and groundwater recharge.
Pressure on water resources and land, combined with a growing world population and rising poverty in some regions, may also aggravate food security concerns, which already represent a major problem today.32 At present, in the developing world there are at least 800 million individuals without sufficient access to food. In less-developed countries, decreasing crop yields may lead to further exploiting degraded land, while globally, changing environmental conditions are reducing crop productivity. This constellation of pressures may increase food insecurity in the long term, even in areas where food availability is relatively secure today. • Climate change and women’s empowerment.33
According to a growing body of research, climate change is not gender neutral. In many rural and traditional societies in Africa, women are responsible for securing water, food, and energy for cooking and heating. But the effects of climate change such as droughts, heat waves, infections encouraged by rising temperatures, deforestation, and uncertain rainfall make it harder for these women to secure the resources they need. This, in turn, further weakens their position in society and reduces opportunities to better their lives and that of their families.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

DEFINITION OF SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVENESS
Given all these forces and interrelationships, and as already mentioned at the beginning of the chapter, we define sustainable competitiveness as the set of institutions, policies, and factors that make a nation remain productive over the longer term while ensuring social and environmental sustainability.
Fundamental to this concept is the notion that, although competitiveness can be equated with productivity and economic performance, sustainable competitiveness can be linked to a broader concept that focuses on aspects that go beyond mere economic well-being to include other important elements that render societies sustainably prosperous by ensuring high-quality growth.
Another way of looking at the concept of sustainable competitiveness is that it aims to gauge not only whether a country has the potential to grow over the medium and long term, but whether the national development process is producing the kind of society in which we want to live.
THE MEASUREMENT OF SUSTAINABLE
COMPETITIVENESS
In order to assess where we stand today and to provide meaningful insights about how we want to proceed on these inter-related issues, we need to be able to measure sustainability. The following sections lay out the key existing approaches to measuring sustainability and describe the methodology of the sustainability-adjusted
Global Competitiveness Index, which is the World
Economic Forum’s ongoing contribution to these efforts.
Efforts to measure sustainability
Over recent decades, significant efforts have been made to devise methods and metrics for capturing the concept of sustainability. For example, the concept of triple bottom line accounting, which emerged in the
1980s, was a major attempt at expanding the traditional reporting framework for companies and countries to take into account environmental and social performance as well as financial and economic performance.
The work of the Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Commission in
2009 also reflects a remarkable attempt to expand the measurement of prosperity in societies “beyond measures of market activity to measure wellbeing.”
International organizations have also embraced these efforts. The European Commission, for example, has integrated sustainability objectives into its growth strategy: “The Europe 2020 Strategy, for smart, inclusive and sustainable growth.”34 The OECD is undertaking the
Better Life Initiative, measured by the Better Life Index,35 which includes social and environmental sustainability metrics; and, finally, the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) has also included the concepts of environmental sustainability and equity in its human development assessment.36

All these efforts to better integrate environmental and social sustainability metrics into mainstream development thinking have been possible thanks to the ongoing attempts to improve the indicators in these fields, which are still not widely available.
In terms of metrics on environmental sustainability, the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) and its predecessor the Environmental Sustainability Index, developed by researchers at Yale and Columbia universities;37 the Ecological Footprint,38 developed by the Global Footprint Network; and the Global Adaptation
Index,39 created by the Global Adaptation Institute, have been pioneers in measuring the ecological resource use and resource capacity of countries.
For social sustainability, fewer attempts have been made. Among others are the World Bank’s
Worldwide Governance Indicators Framework, which measures different aspects of governance such as political instability, voice, and accountability;40 and the International Labour Organization’s Decent Work initiative, which aims at measuring various elements relevant for labor conditions.41
Despite this progress, a generalized lack of high-quality data that would allow countries to fully understand how they fare in these critical areas persists. Without an improvement in the quality and availability of key data on social and environmental sustainability, countries will continue to have trouble assessing the situation and monitoring their evolution in key dimensions. It will therefore be difficult for them to determine and implement appropriate policies and measures to ensure that their development model leads to the desired outcomes.
Sustainable competitiveness: The analytical framework Based on our definition of sustainable competitiveness, we have developed a framework that aims to create a common ground to develop policies that balance economic prosperity with social inclusion and environmental stewardship. This conceptual model is represented in Figure 1, which presents a framework where the Forum’s index for measuring competitiveness, the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), is adjusted by factors that encompass social and environmental sustainability. This framework highlights the central position of competitiveness as the key driver of prosperity in society. High levels of competitiveness are crucial to sustained prosperity. The GCI measures the level of competitiveness of an economy, as discussed in Chapter
1.1, defined as the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of an economy.
The GCI is a comprehensive index that takes into account 12 pillars or drivers: institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, health and primary

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 61

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Figure 1: The structure of the sustainability-adjusted GCI

GLOBAL
COMPETITIVENESS
INDEX (GCI)

Social sustainability pillar

Environmental sustainability pillar

Social sustainability– adjusted GCI

Environmental sustainability– adjusted GCI

(GCI) × (social sustainability coefficient)

(GCI) × (environmental sustainability coefficient)

Sustainabilityadjusted GCI

Note: Refer to appendix A for a detail explanation of the methodology.

education, higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labor market efficiency, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication, and innovation. The variables that are analyzed in each of these 12 pillars are well known and benefit from more than 30 years of ongoing work on competitiveness at the World Economic Forum as well as a rich literature on growth and development.
However, the framework presented in Figure 1 indicates that competitiveness on its own may not lead to sustainable levels of prosperity. While the attainment of a certain level of economic prosperity is essential for achieving high standards of living, within this exercise, countries are assessed also for their ability to generate this long-lasting prosperity for their citizens in a sustainable way. In other words, competitiveness is a necessary but not sufficient condition for continued prosperity—hence the need for social sustainability– adjusted and environmental sustainability–adjusted measures of competitiveness.
As described in the first half of this chapter, defining the functional relationship between competitiveness and sustainability and identifying and measuring the pillars and variables that are driving environmental and social sustainability are complex tasks from both a conceptual and a measurement point of view. Sufficient

62 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

evidence does not yet exist that would lead to a solid functional relationship among them; we therefore opt for the simple approach of defining a linear relationship among the three dimensions. As a result, the final overall sustainability-adjusted Global Competitiveness Index is an average of the two sustainability-adjusted indexes: the social sustainability–adjusted GCI and the environmental sustainability–adjusted GCI.42
Social sustainability pillar
For social sustainability, the Forum identifies three conceptual elements (Figure 2). The first category aims to assess a population’s access to basic necessities.43
It includes three indicators: Access to sanitation, Access to improved drinking water, and Access to healthcare services. This category is thus a measure of inclusion as well as a measure of the fulfillment of basic physical needs. Other indicators that we would have liked to incorporate but could not because of the lack of data include access to decent housing and food security.
A population with poor access to water, food, shelter, healthcare, and sanitation cannot develop to its full capacity. The second category is linked to the concept of perceived economic security. Hence it aims to evaluate a population’s vulnerability to economic exclusion.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Figure 2: Summary of indicators for social sustainability

Access to basic necessities

Vulnerability to shocks

Social cohesion

• Access to sanitation

• Vulnerable employment

• Income Gini index

• Access to improved drinking water

• Extent of informal economy

• Social mobility

• Access to healthcare

• Social safety net protection

• Youth unemployment

Figure 3: Summary of indicators for environmental sustainability

Environmental policy

Use of renewable resources

Degradation of the environment

• Environmental regulations
(stringency and enforcement)

• Agricultural water intensity

• Level of particulate matter concentration • Number of ratified international environmental treaties

• Forest cover change
• Fish stocks’ overexploitation

• CO2 intensity
• Quality of the natural environment

• Terrestrial biome protection

Three indicators have been chosen for this evaluation:
Vulnerable employment as a percentage of total employment, The extent of informal economy, and
Social safety net protection. The vulnerable employment indicator measures the percentage of people who are self-employed in a small business or are in a small family business that may provide income levels insufficient to meet the living standards of the country of residence and can prove unstable in times of economic difficulties. The extent of the informal economy provides a sense of how well integrated the workforce is into official structures.
A workforce that is less integrated leaves workers more vulnerable to concerns related to job loss, old age, maternity, disability, or illness. Third, the social safety net is a complementary measure of protection: in times of financial and economic instability, it helps households to maintain their access to basic needs and weather crises without falling into poverty traps. Providing protection also leads to a sense of financial security that enables individuals to undertake investments and entrepreneurial risk, which can in turn translate into the creation of new jobs and innovative ideas, thus benefitting the economy.
A third category can be thought of as an assessment of social cohesion including the following indicators: the Income Gini index, Social mobility, and
Youth unemployment. We include the income Gini index as a measure of income inequality, but keeping in mind that—from a normative approach—excessive inequality may hide relative poverty that would prevent lowerincome families from accessing the same opportunities as those with incomes at the high end of the range in the society. Linked to this idea, we include an indicator on social mobility, which was introduced last year into the
World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey.44 In

the context of sustainable competitiveness, it is crucial that subsequent generations can improve their condition regardless of the socioeconomic status of their parents.
From a purely economic perspective, the absence of such social mobility can be detrimental to human capital development because talented individuals, in a society that does not allow them to access education and move ahead, will not be leveraged for economic advancement and they may leave the country to pursue opportunities abroad. Additionally, low expectations for the future in a context of high unemployment and persistent inequality can spark political instability. On a broader conceptual level, social mobility is also a direct measure of the freedom to pursue human development. Finally, high youth unemployment can reduce social cohesion and incur significant economic and social costs. It depresses lifetime earnings for unemployed workers, taking a toll on their health and reducing the potential of the next generation to succeed. From an economic standpoint, high youth unemployment reflects a failure to mobilize existing resources and build productive skills.
Environmental sustainability pillar
To develop the environmental sustainability pillar, the
Forum has worked closely with experts at Yale’s Center for Environmental Law and Policy (YCELP) and with the
Center for International Earth Science Information Network
(CIESIN) at Columbia University’s Earth Institute to define the best existing indicators to use in this area and to understand the shortcomings of these data. The measures captured here and presented in the environmental sustainability pillar are meant to complement the analysis carried out through the Environmental Performance Index
(EPI) produced by these two organizations, which provides

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 63

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

a much more comprehensive indication of national performance on a variety of environmental indicators.
In this pillar, indicators have been selected according to three categories (see Figure 3) aimed at covering the most relevant aspects of environmental sustainability. The first area measured in the environmental sustainability pillar is environmental policy, which is composed of a gauge of the stringency and enforcement of environmental regulations along with the extent to which land areas are protected, providing an assessment of a country’s commitment to protecting natural capital. We also include a measure of the number of key international environmental treaties, out of a total of 25, in which the country is a participant. This variable demonstrates the country’s level of engagement with environmental issues and thus its willingness to become involved in international efforts toward addressing global environmental challenges. Together these variables capture to some extent the political will of countries to respond to environmental issues in a structured and consistent way and indicate their importance in the government agenda.
The second area relates to the use of renewable resources. These indicators comprise measures of water withdrawal intensity of agriculture in an economy, which considers the extent to which the agriculture sector is efficient in its use of water; forest cover change, which takes into account reported information about the percentage of total land area that is deforested (or afforested) over time; and the exploitation of fishing grounds. A diminishing regeneration capacity is one of the major environmental issues for which a simple solution is not easily identified. Although the data in this area are among the most difficult to collect and interpret, it is crucial for a country to manage these resources in order to ensure that they remain available for future generations. The third area takes into consideration the degradation of the environment, which can cause serious damage to human health while destroying the ecosystem. The specific indicators used to measure this concept are the level of particulate matter concentration, the quality of the natural environment, and CO2 intensity. Particulate matter concentration is a proxy for air pollution, which has proven negative effects on human health and is monitored by local authorities in many countries. The quality of the natural environment is a perception-based assessment of the local status of the environment that measures the observation of local business leaders on the ground. CO2 intensity is a measure of the efficiency of energy use in relation to the emissions it produces. It is important to note that, although CO2 intensity also provides a sense of national contributions to climate change, at present, the decision was taken not to include climate change as a specific

64 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

factor in this pillar. This is because there is currently no agreement on how to attribute emission responsibilities to particular countries. For example, in a world of globalized markets, should emissions be allocated to the country producing the goods that created the emissions, or to the consuming country? Also it is not yet clear what impact countries’ contributions to climate change would have on national competitiveness, particularly in the absence of an international agreement that would impose costs on large emitters.
While the variables described in this and the previous sections capture a number of important aspects of social and environmental sustainability, additional variables would be needed to obtain a more complete measure of the concept. These indicators include measurements of social participation and respect for core human rights, as well as discrimination and the treatment of minority populations and additional environmental indicators. However, as noted in Box 3, because of the lack of quality indicators in these areas we are unable to include them for the time being.
Calculation of the sustainability-adjusted GCI
The two areas of sustainability—social and environmental—are treated as independent adjustments to each country’s performance in the GCI. The details behind the aggregation are described in Appendix A;
Appendix B provides detailed notes and sources for each indicator. The aggregation leads to three outcomes: an environmental sustainability–adjusted GCI, a social sustainability–adjusted GCI, and an overall sustainabilityadjusted GCI that combines the two effects.
Lacking clear theoretical guidelines in assigning weights to the individual elements, each indicator has been given an equal weight within each pillar.
As described in detail in Appendix A, each pillar is converted into an “adjustment coefficient” with a range from 0.8 to 1.2, which is then used to adjust the GCI score upward or downward within this range. This result is an adjusted score of a maximum of 20 percent lower or 20 percent higher than the underlying GCI score.
The single indicators are aggregated using a simple average. Although this aggregation method is transparent and simple to replicate, its limitation is that it allows for compensation across the different sustainability dimensions. This needs to be kept in mind when interpreting the results, especially on environmental sustainability. For example, Brazil performs well on a number of environmental indicators but ranks poor in terms of deforestation. By construction, the poor performance on the forest cover change indicator is compensated for by the good results in other areas; consequently Brazil attains an above-average performance for environmental sustainability despite deforestation. © 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Box 3: Data limitations and a plea for better sustainability data
High-quality data on the social and the environmental dimensions of sustainability are critical for international benchmarking, tracking progress, and analyzing relationships between the different dimensions. Yet, despite the great effort of many organizations to assess some aspects of sustainability, data availability is not satisfactory and the lack of a complete, high-quality global dataset represents a relevant and severe limitation to the ability to compare data across countries and benchmark progress over time.
Even when data are available, they are in many cases not collected on a regular basis, measure concepts that are either too broad or too narrow, or are not calculated with a consistent methodology across countries. For example, youth unemployment is not measured according to the same methodology across countries and the related datasets are not updated regularly. As a result, figures are in some cases more than five years old and hence are incapable of reflecting the rapidly changing reality on the ground, for example following the most recent financial crisis. Using out-of-date figures can be misleading for policymakers, who require statistics that accurately reflect the current situation in order to gain a sense of the effectiveness of their reform efforts.
At the same time, for a number of key concepts of sustainability, indicators are simply not available. The absence of such indicators is reflected in our assessment of sustainable competitiveness: a number of measures that we recognize as relevant and would like to include in our methodology are missing, and hence the results reflect an
“omitted variables” bias.
Some of the most relevant missing indicators include:
• Inclusion of minorities. A measure of how homogenous and how well integrated the social fabric is would provide a relevant component of social sustainability. Although there is no evidence that the exclusion of minorities can cause instability, it is widely recognized that this can be a source of tensions and political polarization.
• Civil and political rights. Political and civil rights, such as freedom of speech and freedom of association, facilitate higher levels of transparency and support a system of checks and balances. They generally result in more inclusive governance systems that ensure that the benefits of progress are distributed more widely within the society. Although some indicators in this domain exist, the intangible nature of the topic does not easily allow for a quantitative assessment of the level of political rights present in a country.
• Real purchasing power of households. In the context of social sustainability, it is desirable to ensure that salaries allow for a sufficient and secure income and full participation in the country’s prosperity and opportunities.
Although several studies at the local level highlight the erosion of the purchasing power of households in several advanced economies, this phenomenon does not emerge in our analysis because it cannot be captured by the indicators used in our methodology. Despite the efforts of the International Labour Organization, which has published statistics on labor rights and productive work, the data available cover only a limited number of economies. Until such data are available for a wide range of countries, they cannot be considered for a global assessment. • Welfare schemes. Although preferences for the generosity of welfare schemes may differ across countries, these schemes should be affordable in the long run without placing a major burden on public finance. A measure of the financial sustainability of social protection for a large number of countries would allow us to better assess the balance of social protection and public finance.
• Water stress. As water is one of the most critical resources for human life as well as for economic activity, sound water indicators are of primary importance.
Currently such indicators are not available for a large number of countries because their measurement is very complex. One challenge comes from the fact that water is unevenly distributed on the planet, it flows through national borders, and it can be used for more than one purpose. Another difficulty originates from the fact that water is used differently according to its availability.
For example, agricultural products change in different climates: water-intensive products such as paddy rice are most likely produced in areas with abundant water.
Consequently, a relevant indicator should measure the actual level of net water available compared with the needs of the population and businesses. The Forum is in contact with the World Research Institute (Aqueduct) program to develop a water stress indicator to be included in the sustainable competitiveness framework in future iterations.
• Water pollution. The availability of clean water determines the health of the population and indirectly affects migration patterns. Managing water efficiently requires minimizing water use as well as keeping the water tables fully usable. Internationally comparable data on water quality could contribute to further highlighting the issue.
• Recycling. Being able to re-use material is critical to the ability to continue producing new goods without depleting the mineral and natural resources available. An assessment of how much of the material incorporated in consumer goods is actually re-used would constitute a good benchmark for countries’ exposure to resource scarcity. • Waste management. Directly linked to recycling, managing waste is essential for establishing a culture of recycling as well as for avoiding the careless disposal of dangerous materials that affect the health of the population. Unfortunately, cross-country data that can measure the management of waste are not yet available.
In order to bridge the gap in measuring sustainability, a wider international effort is required. This challenge can be met by pooling resources to produce and collect the data and by defining global measurement standards. To contribute to data production and collection, in 2012 the
World Economic Forum created the Global Agenda Council on Measuring Sustainability. One of the main objectives of the
Council is to create a platform to enable and incentivize data collection from different sources and make them available for researchers and the public at large. Additionally, the Council aims to bring scientists and policymakers together to develop new sustainability indicators.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 65

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Figure 4: Country performance on the GCI and the components of the sustainability-adjusted GCI

7 GCI score
6

Social sustainability–adjusted GCI

Score (1–7 scale)

Environmental sustainability–adjusted GCI
5

4

3

2

1

Low

High

Countries by GCI rank

Nothwithstanding extensive research efforts, we were not able to identify new metrics of appropriate quality to be included in the index. At the same time, based on a detailed review of the structure of the two pillars, the indicator Forest loss has been dropped because of its overlap with the indicator Forest cover change. In this year’s Sustainable Competitiveness exercise, we are able to increase the country coverage to 121 economies, up from 79 in the previous edition of the
Report. This significant increase in coverage is mainly the result of dropping the indicator Forest loss, which was not available for a number of countries. Yet coverage remains lower than for the GCI, which includes 148 economies this year.
Results of the sustainability-adjusted GCI analysis
In this section, the results from the sustainability-adjusted
GCI analysis are presented. Table 1 shows how the GCI score is adjusted once sustainability indicators are taken into account. An upward arrow shows that sustainability results drive a better score than the GCI itself; a downward arrow points to a situation of vulnerability in terms of social and/or environmental sustainability that lowers the GCI score. A “flat” arrow indicates that GCI results do not change substantially once sustainability aspects are taken into account.
As Figure 4 shows, the results indicate that there is no clear trade-off between being competitive and being sustainable. Countries attain results on the two elements of sustainability that are above or below the

66 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

competitiveness score at all levels of competitiveness.
However, countries in the top half of the competitiveness rankings tend to perform better on sustainability as well. This is particularly true for the social sustainability dimension, which is, not surprisingly, highly correlated with the level of development. Developed economies tend to have more mature institutions that ensure that citizens have access to basic infrastructure, health, and welfare. At the same time, countries that face challenges related to their competitiveness fare even more poorly in terms of social sustainability.
In terms of environmental sustainability, the picture is more complex. Countries toward the lower end of the competitiveness scale tend to fare better than advanced economies in terms of emissions such as CO2, as well as manufacturing-related pollution such as waste and by-products of industrial processes.45 However, these economies are currently facing problems that advanced economies have already experienced in their own earlier stages of development, such as biodiversity loss caused by deforestation, urbanization, and the expansion of agricultural land as well as air pollution (measured here through particulate matter, or PM2.5, emissions) triggered by the use of older combustion technologies, especially in the transport sector. Therefore, not surprisingly, cities in countries such as Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, and Nigeria are among some of the most polluted areas on the planet.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

RESULTS FOR SELECTED ECONOMIES
Switzerland remains at top of the sustainability-adjusted
GCI and shows a high level of sustainability on both the social and environmental dimensions of the index. Low unemployment combined with relatively good social protection enables Switzerland to perform well on the social dimension. In terms of environmental sustainability, although results are positive in comparison with other countries, the treatment of chemicals and air pollutant emissions appear to be areas for improvement. The performance of Switzerland demonstrates that there is no necessary trade-off between being environmentally and socially sustainable on the one hand and being competitive on the other. In general terms, countries that are close to the innovation frontier can innovate and manage their resources effectively, and in fact these countries are often keener to monitor possible sustainability concerns and to put in place policies to address them. Although Switzerland does not yet attain the maximum possible score, indicating there are still areas for improvement, the country’s leadership and population are certainly aware of the pressures on environmental resources and social issues and do much to address them.
Similarly, Nordic countries perform well in terms of sustainability. Norway is the only other country
(besides Switzerland) that attains very strong results in both aspects of sustainability, being the only country in the Nordics with youth unemployment below 10 percent and wide-ranging social protection combined with low emissions and good land management on the environmental side. One area for improvement is Norway’s depleting fish stock. Finland attains a similar performance, scoring well especially on the social dimension with a high level of social protection and universal access to healthcare; however, these good results are partially offset by a relatively high youth unemployment figure (20.3 percent). In terms of environmental sustainability, Finland is also relatively sustainable with strict regulations, low water stress, and low emissions. However, little protected land area and some pressure on fish stocks prevent the country from attaining an even better result. Sweden also performs well both in terms of social and environmental sustainability, but at a lower level than other Nordic countries, especially on the social pillar where the country’s persistently high youth unemployment rate continues to weigh heavily. In terms of environmental sustainability, Sweden attains a result similar to Finland, with generally responsible management of resources; limitations are seen, however, in some concerns over depleting fish stocks and very little protected land area.
Germany performs relatively well on both aspects of sustainability. On the social sustainability pillar, relatively low youth unemployment, wide access to healthcare, and the presence of a social safety net are the main

drivers of the positive assessment. Some emerging social difficulties, such as the increasing number of employed people who rely on the welfare state, may put the country’s social sustainability at risk.46 Environmental sustainability is also relatively positive. Stringent and well-enforced regulations and the existence of a large amount of protected land indicate Germany’s particular attention to environmental issues. However, despite the country’s efforts, some areas for improvement remain. CO2 intensity is still relatively high, although slowly diminishing, and fish stocks appear somewhat overexploited. The performance of the United States in terms of sustainable competitiveness is, as in the previous edition, modest, with somewhat better results for social than environmental sustainability. The country’s social sustainability score is somewhat lower than that of other advanced economies because of high income inequality and relatively high youth unemployment (17.3 percent). According to the 2012 assessment from the US
Census Bureau, more than 16 percent of the population lived in poverty in the United States—a worse result than the 14.3 percent of 2009 and a sign of increasing polarization within the income structure. In terms of environmental sustainability, the below-par performance of the United States is the consequence of several factors that include the country’s lack of commitment to joining international treaties, its limited political will to firmly improve on critical environmental issues, the high pressure on its water resources for agriculture, its relatively high CO2 emissions, and limited protected land area. This aligns with the concerns highlighted by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on the need to protect habitats, especially on the coasts where urbanization is moving faster. The EPA recognizes that the loss of open land and forest because of its conversion to urban areas or agricultural uses is a significant threat to natural habitats.47 On a more positive note, air quality is improving somewhat in several areas in the country.
Japan receives a relatively positive assessment in the social sustainability component, performing better than other economies thanks to low youth unemployment, a small informal economy, and a sound social safety net. However, the country also displays a relatively high level of income inequality. On the environmental side, Japan’s performance is more mixed.
The country is doing well in terms of environmental policies (with high commitment to ensuring that regulations and standards are in place), yet it continues to face a high level of CO2 emissions and it faces some pressure on water resources and on fish stocks.
Among other countries performing well in terms of environmental sustainability, New Zealand emerges as an economy with a strongly articulated political commitment to environmental stewardship. It performs

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 67

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Table 1: Adjustment to the GCI scores by sustainability indicators

GCI 2013–2014
Country/Economy
Switzerland

Finland
Germany
United States
Sweden
Netherlands
Japan
United Kingdom
Norway
Canada
Denmark
Austria
Belgium
New Zealand
United Arab Emirates
Saudi Arabia
Australia
France
Malaysia
Korea, Rep.
Israel
Ireland
China
Estonia
Chile
Spain
Kuwait
Thailand
Indonesia
Azerbaijan
Panama
Poland
Turkey
Czech Republic
Lithuania
Italy
Kazakhstan
Portugal
Latvia
South Africa
Costa Rica
Mexico
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Philippines
India
Peru
Slovenia
Hungary
Russian Federation
Sri Lanka
Montenegro
Jordan
Colombia
Vietnam
Ecuador
Georgia
Macedonia, FYR
Botswana
Croatia

Social sustainability– adjusted GCI†

Environmental sustainability– adjusted GCI‡

Sustainabilityadjusted GCI‡‡

Rank*

Score

Score

Direction

Score

Direction

Score

Direction

1
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
24
25
27
28
29
32
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
42
44
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75

5.67
5.54
5.51
5.48
5.48
5.42
5.40
5.37
5.33
5.20
5.18
5.15
5.13
5.11
5.11
5.10
5.09
5.05
5.03
5.01
4.94
4.92
4.84
4.65
4.61
4.57
4.56
4.54
4.53
4.51
4.50
4.46
4.45
4.43
4.41
4.41
4.41
4.40
4.40
4.37
4.35
4.34
4.33
4.31
4.30
4.29
4.28
4.25
4.25
4.25
4.25
4.22
4.20
4.20
4.19
4.18
4.18
4.15
4.14
4.13
4.13

6.74
6.43
6.41
5.80
6.18
6.40
6.15
5.96
6.39
5.85
6.03
6.06
5.81
5.84
5.84
5.32
5.77
5.57
5.41
5.33
5.34
5.33
4.83
4.93
4.66
4.74
5.05
4.58
4.26
4.37
4.45
4.45
4.44
4.84
4.68
4.44
4.69
4.65
4.67
4.10
4.47
4.28
4.31
4.32
4.66
4.12
4.07
3.95
4.68
4.34
4.30
4.12
4.13
4.35
3.76
3.93
4.06
3.79
3.99
3.80
4.09

⇑
⇑
⇑
⇗
⇗
⇑
⇗
⇗
⇑
⇗
⇑
⇑
⇗
⇗
⇗
⇒
⇗
⇗
⇗
⇗
⇗
⇗
⇒
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇗
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇗
⇗
⇒
⇗
⇗
⇗
⇘
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇒

6.80
6.36
6.05
5.24
6.23
5.85
5.52
5.73
6.19
5.42
5.29
5.90
5.54
5.72
4.89
4.78
5.22
5.54
5.18
4.61
4.43
5.31
4.47
4.93
4.57
4.69
3.66
4.38
4.43
3.94
4.78
4.54
4.06
4.69
4.85
4.55
3.72
4.41
4.92
3.97
4.75
3.99
4.76
4.18
4.19
4.48
3.79
4.04
4.60
4.40
4.10
4.28
4.13
3.62
4.10
3.73
4.03
3.81
3.83
4.19
4.39

⇑
⇗
⇗
⇒
⇗
⇗
⇒
⇗
⇑
⇒
⇒
⇗
⇗
⇗
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇗
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇗
⇘
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇓
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇗
⇒
⇘
⇗
⇗
⇒
⇓
⇒
⇗
⇘
⇗
⇘
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇗

6.77
6.40
6.23
5.52
6.21
6.13
5.83
5.85
6.29
5.64
5.66
5.98
5.67
5.78
5.37
5.05
5.50
5.56
5.29
4.97
4.89
5.32
4.65
4.93
4.61
4.71
4.36
4.48
4.35
4.15
4.62
4.50
4.25
4.77
4.76
4.50
4.20
4.53
4.80
4.03
4.61
4.13
4.53
4.25
4.42
4.30
3.93
4.00
4.64
4.37
4.20
4.20
4.13
3.98
3.93
3.83
4.05
3.80
3.91
3.99
4.24

⇑
⇑
⇗
⇒
⇗
⇗
⇗
⇗
⇑
⇗
⇗
⇑
⇗
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇗
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇗
⇒
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇗
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇗
⇘
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇒
⇒
(Cont’d.)

68 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Table 1: Adjustment to the GCI scores by sustainability indicators (cont’d.)

GCI 2013–2014

Social sustainability– adjusted GCI†

Environmental sustainability– adjusted GCI‡

Sustainabilityadjusted GCI‡‡

Country/Economy

Rank*

Score

Score

Direction

Score

Direction

Score

Direction

Romania
Morocco
Slovak Republic
Armenia
Iran, Islamic rep.
Tunisia
Ukraine
Uruguay
Guatemala
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cambodia
Moldova
Namibia
Greece
Trinidad and Tobago
Zambia
Jamaica
Albania
Kenya
El Salvador
Bolivia
Nicaragua
Algeria
Serbia
Guyana
Lebanon
Argentina
Dominican Republic
Suriname
Mongolia
Bangladesh
Honduras
Gabon
Senegal
Ghana
Cameroon
Gambia, The
Nepal
Egypt
Paraguay
Nigeria
Kyrgyz Republic
Cape Verde
Swaziland
Tanzania
Côte d 'Ivoire
Ethiopia
Liberia
Benin
Zimbabwe
Madagascar
Pakistan
Venezuela
Mozambique
Timor-Leste
Mauritania
Haiti
Sierra Leone
Yemen
Guinea

76
77
78
79
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
124
125
126
127
128
130
131
132
133
134
137
138
141
143
144
145
147

4.13
4.11
4.10
4.10
4.07
4.06
4.05
4.05
4.04
4.02
4.01
3.94
3.93
3.93
3.91
3.86
3.86
3.85
3.85
3.84
3.84
3.84
3.79
3.77
3.77
3.77
3.76
3.76
3.75
3.75
3.71
3.70
3.70
3.70
3.69
3.68
3.67
3.66
3.63
3.61
3.57
3.57
3.53
3.52
3.50
3.50
3.50
3.45
3.45
3.44
3.42
3.41
3.35
3.30
3.25
3.19
3.11
3.01
2.98
2.91

3.97
3.71
4.21
3.86
3.84
4.14
4.09
4.22
3.75
3.66
3.76
3.88
3.58
3.79
4.03
3.32
3.52
3.80
3.34
3.45
3.26
3.50
3.48
3.58
3.52
3.62
3.69
3.40
3.67
3.44
3.48
3.21
3.22
3.22
3.30
3.34
3.45
3.40
3.50
3.27
3.21
3.33
3.24
3.27
3.03
3.03
3.04
3.24
2.91
2.93
2.80
2.93
3.19
2.76
3.01
2.69
2.49
2.63
2.58
2.51

⇒
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇓
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇓
⇘
⇓
⇘
⇒
⇓
⇘
⇓
⇓
⇘
⇘
⇘

3.98
3.68
4.45
3.61
3.75
3.74
3.71
4.28
3.88
3.44
4.02
3.93
3.86
4.08
3.75
4.08
3.82
3.72
3.92
3.34
3.80
4.08
3.22
3.74
3.57
3.05
3.42
3.40
3.80
3.41
3.42
3.63
4.03
3.61
3.67
3.60
3.49
3.52
2.97
3.63
3.47
3.29
3.07
3.33
3.52
3.48
3.36
3.20
3.47
3.45
3.20
2.91
3.25
3.42
2.60
2.58
2.78
2.86
2.42
2.67

⇒
⇘
⇗
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇗
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇗
⇓
⇒
⇘
⇓
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇗
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇓
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇒
⇓
⇓
⇘
⇘
⇓
⇘

3.97
3.70
4.33
3.74
3.80
3.94
3.90
4.25
3.82
3.55
3.89
3.91
3.72
3.94
3.89
3.70
3.67
3.76
3.63
3.40
3.53
3.79
3.35
3.66
3.54
3.34
3.55
3.40
3.74
3.43
3.45
3.42
3.62
3.41
3.48
3.47
3.47
3.46
3.23
3.45
3.34
3.31
3.15
3.30
3.27
3.25
3.20
3.22
3.19
3.19
3.00
2.92
3.22
3.09
2.81
2.63
2.63
2.74
2.50
2.59

⇒
⇘
⇗
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇘
⇒
⇘
⇘
⇓
⇓
⇘
⇓
⇘

* This is the GCI rank, as presented in Chapter 1.1. Only the 121 countries covered by this exercise are included in the table.
† This is the score obtained by multiplying the GCI score by the social sustainability coefficient.
‡ This is the score obtained by multiplying the GCI score by the environmental sustainability coefficient.
‡‡ This is the average of social sustainability–adjusted GCI and environmental sustainability–adjusted GCI scores.
Please refer to the technical appendix of this chapter for a description of how the coefficients are calculated. All the underlying indicators are available at http://www.weforum.org/content/pages/ sustainable-competitiveness. Key

⇑ GCI score changes by > +15% to +20%
⇗ GCI score changes by +5% to +15%
⇒ GCI score remains stable between +5% and –5%
⇘ GCI score changes by –5% to –15%
⇓ GCI score changes by < –15% to –20%

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 69

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

better than neighboring Australia. The main differences between the two countries lie in the lower level of air pollution in New Zealand and the country’s efforts to set aside protected land areas. Both countries receive strong assessments for their social sustainability as well.
The United Arab Emirates emerges as somewhat socially sustainable, although its environmental performance shows some weaknesses. Low youth unemployment and wide access to basic necessities
(sanitation and drinking water) drive these fairly positive results. In terms of environmental sustainability, however, high pressure on water resources (partially the result of geographic conditions) and a high concentration of particulate matter lead to an overall below-par performance. In addition, the country is signatory to fewer international environmental treaties than most countries, and CO2 emissions, although decreasing, are also relatively high.
China’s competitiveness is overall less positive once the sustainability measures are taken into account. The environmental sustainability component particularly is less positive. In terms of social sustainability, China’s performance is comparable to its overall competitiveness score, although this may be affected by the fact that the country does not report data related to youth unemployment or vulnerable employment. Access to improved drinking water and sanitation are improving slightly, as is the perceived access to healthcare, and there is some access to a social safety net. However, the fraction of the population covered by the welfare system is still relatively small and is restricted mainly to full-time urban workers, and 35 percent of the population still does not have access to improved sanitation facilities.
Additionally, income inequality is high, with stark differences across different geographical areas but also within cities; this situation has driven the government to consider raising the national minimum wage to 40 percent of average urban salaries by 2015.
It is, however, the environmental sustainability dimension in which China’s competitiveness may encounter the most important challenges. The level of emissions (both CO2 and PM2.5 particles) continues to rise, and air pollution is worsening in several cities.
The agricultural sector places a great deal of pressure on the environment (e.g., China’s water intensity is very high). Water pollution is also pervasive, with the ecosystem of water streams severely damaged. Rapid industrialization has taken a heavy toll on the Chinese natural environment, especially in terms of pollution, and—according to a study from the Beijing-based
Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning—this has also resulted in productivity loss. Health issues, crop degradation, and losses from pollution-related accidents have reduced China’s productivity, with the total cost arising from pollution estimated at 3.1 percent of GDP.48
The tangible deterioration of natural capital has induced

70 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

the government to plan changes to the way resource use is taxed: according to the Chinese press,49 the government envisages changing the taxation of coal in a way that would increase coal prices and discourage the use of this fuel. Additionally China may introduce a tax on water use. The Chinese leadership’s growing focus on the natural environment will be important for placing the country on a more sustainable path over the next few years. Indonesia’s assessment on sustainable competitiveness brings down the country’s GCI result.
In terms of social sustainability, the primary area of concern is the significant share of the population in vulnerable employment. Additionally, access to sanitation remains low (40 percent of the population does not have regular access to sanitation facilities) and access to healthcare services is inadequate. From an environmental perspective, sustainability is threatened by the high rate of deforestation, which is depleting the country’s forests and destroying the habitat of a highly biodiverse ecosystem. Logging and agriculture are taking the highest toll on Indonesia’s forests, which could be protected by stricter enforcement of environmental regulations. In addition to deforestation,
Indonesia’s environmental issues include a rising level of CO2 emissions and the relatively high intensity of water use for agriculture. Beyond the assessment of this framework, marine pollution is also reported to be severely damaging Indonesia’s coral reefs.50
Turkey attains a middling score on the social sustainability dimension and a lower score in the environmental sustainability–adjusted GCI than it does in the GCI itself. In terms of social sustainability, the country’s relatively high youth unemployment, its large informal sector, and its limited social protection continue to represent its main challenges.
In terms of environmental sustainability, high CO2 emissions, intensive water use for agriculture, and limited protected land area together with a lack of commitment to international environmental agreements contribute to diminishing the sustainability of long-term competitiveness. South Africa’s social sustainability is undermined by high income inequality and youth unemployment.
In addition, the country has not yet achieved universal access to sanitation. On a more positive note, the share of the population in vulnerable employment is relatively low and social mobility is somewhat better than it is in many other countries at a similar stage of development.
From an environmental point of view, South Africa’s performance is weakened mainly by increasing CO2 emissions and strained water and fish stock resources.
Soil erosion and practices connected with commercial farming, such as the use of pesticides, add to the pressures on the environment.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Brazil’s results on sustainable competitiveness are in line with its GCI score, and it has a somewhat more positive assessment on environmental sustainability.
The size of the country and the richness of its natural assets result in relatively positive aggregate results in areas such as emissions and air quality. In addition, environmental regulation has become stricter following recent efforts to undo the damage inflicted on the natural environment that occurred in the process of industrialization. However, some issues—such as the country’s long-running deforestation—do not seem to be improving. The Brazilian government disclosed figures earlier this year pointing toward further deforestation in the Amazon, undoing recent progress in preserving the rainforest.51 In terms of social sustainability, the population’s high income inequality and poor access to health and sanitation is damaging the country’s capacity to sustain its competitiveness. Protests recently took place in several of Brazil’s cities, and although the causes are complex, some of the country’s socioeconomic intricacies play a key role. Inefficient and expensive public transport, rising prices compared to the level of salaries, and poor access to credit, combined with strong income disparities, are undermining social sustainability in the country.
India’s sustainable competitiveness is also characterized by concerns in both areas of sustainability.
On the social sustainability side, India’s performance is hindered by lack of access to basic sanitation and health services for many of its citizens (only 35 percent of the population has access to improved sanitation). Also, despite the introduction of the National Social Assistance
Programmes (NSAP) in 1995, the share of population covered by the social safety net is still relatively small.
This issue, combined with a large informal sector and a high share of the workforce in vulnerable employment, makes it difficult to manage the country’s growing income inequality. Altogether these structural issues make India’s competitiveness vulnerable to shocks.
India’s environmental performance also hinders the achievement of sustainable competitiveness. A high level of emissions (especially in terms of particulate matter concentration) and few protected areas are wearing down the quality of the natural environment. Additionally, high agricultural water-use intensity is depleting water tables because usage is above their regenerative capacity. According to the Ministry of Water Resources,
“68% of the country is prone to drought in varying degrees of which 33% is chronically drought prone.”52
Agriculture use, industrial use, increasing population, infrastructure gaps, and contamination exacerbate the water scarcity issue. The Ministry of Water Resources reports that: “high incidence of fluoride, arsenic, iron
& heavy metals has been found in isolated pockets” in several states.53

Peru’s competitiveness is also reduced once sustainability measures are taken into account in both the social and environmental areas. Regarding social sustainability, Peru is characterized by high income inequality, which is worsened by a large informal economy that leaves many people unprotected. Although the country’s strong growth contributes to slowly reducing unemployment, and although measures to improve primary education, nutrition, and childcare have been taken by the government, a weak social safety net exposes workers to shocks and access to healthcare is far from being universal. On the environmental sustainability front, although a high share of Peru’s surface is forested—partially thanks to the creation of several protected land areas—the enforcement of environmental regulations is quite lax, to the detriment of efforts to preserve the environment. For example, illegal logging is a menace as authorities struggle to fight the phenomenon effectively. In addition, the level of CO2 emissions is on the rise, spurred by an increased level of industrial activity, while the fishery sector, one of the key export areas for the country, is registering a depletion of fish stock. Another environmental issue is the pollution of water resources, especially in areas with strong mining development, which has recently spurred several local protests in the country.
The Russian Federation attains an intermediate performance with a sustainability score in line with its
GCI results across both pillars, although some important challenges may undermine the country’s sustainability going forward. In terms of social sustainability, the
Russian Federation is characterized by a relatively weak social safety net, high and increasing inequality, and limited social mobility. In terms of environmental sustainability, its lax environmental regulations, resource depletion, and the slowly degrading quality of its natural environment emerge as the most important challenges for the country’s leadership. The Russian Federation is endowed with rich natural resources—including some of the largest water reserves in the world and widespread forests. The consequence is that the country still performs relatively well on several environmental indicators in international comparison, despite the depletion of those resources.
Colombia’s competitiveness is pulled down once sustainability is taken into account. In terms of social sustainability, income inequality is high, over 20 percent of households still do not have access to improved sanitation, and access to healthcare services is fraught with difficulties. Additionally, despite efforts by the government, the social safety net is still not very strong in a country where over 30 percent of the population lives in poverty, although it should be noted that poverty is declining. The difficult economic situation of many households hinders social mobility, which reinforces persistent income inequality. This inequality is further

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 71

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

exacerbated by—according to the OECD—the country’s high unemployment and the fact that the majority of those working are employed in informal, and often lowproductivity, jobs, which in turn cements labor market segmentation. In terms of environmental sustainability,
Colombia’s performance is comparable with its competitiveness results. Colombia is one of the most biologically diverse countries on the planet, has little pressure on its water tables, and has several protected land areas. However, a number of factors threaten the country’s unique biodiversity. First, the somewhat weak enforcement of environmental regulations limits the effect of establishing protected areas and fails to abate pollution. Additionally, deforestation is occurring because of the country’s growing population, infrastructure development, illegal logging in coastal tropical rainforests, small-scale agricultural activities, mining, and the cocaine trade. According to international studies,54 each year Colombia loses nearly 200,000 hectares of natural forest. According to the World Bank, a 2006 study found that the costs of environmental degradation—including air pollution and inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene—amounted to 3.7 percent of Colombia’s GDP,55 limiting Colombia’s long-term sustainable competitiveness.
Vietnam’s GCI performance is weakened once sustainability measures are considered. In terms of social sustainability, the main issues are the country’s lack of access to healthcare services, its insufficient social mobility, and the large segments of its population in vulnerable employment. Although Vietnam’s social sustainability is not very strong, the challenges are even more significant in the environmental domain. First, regulations are assessed as lax and not well enforced, an attitude that is also reflected in the country’s low level of commitment to international treaties. In addition, Vietnam has a high level of particulate matter concentration and CO2 emissions. Moreover, the pressure on water resources and fish stocks is relatively high. Overall, the rapid industrialization of the country is having a strong negative impact on the environment, including air and water pollution (not fully measured by this framework), which together may put the country’s long-term competitiveness and the living conditions of the citizens in jeopardy if more sustainable processes are not adopted.
Zambia’s competitiveness is weakened especially by social sustainability issues, while on the environmental front, despite some ongoing concerns, its performance is in line with its competitiveness. Access to sanitation, improved drinking water, and healthcare services are still very limited, which—together with the large portion of the population working in vulnerable employment—explains the negative performance on the social dimension.
In addition, income is unevenly distributed, and the country has one of the highest income Gini coefficients

72 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

in the world. In terms of environmental sustainability,
Zambia protects a large portion of its land, has relatively stringent regulations, and manages to keep the level of CO2 emissions low, which together contribute to its above-average performance on this dimension. However, issues such as the net loss of forests and water pollution connected especially with the lead processing and mining industry still need to be addressed. Because of high levels of lead in some areas, Zambian children average a lead concentration in their blood that is between five and ten times greater than what is considered safe by the US Environmental Protection
Agency. The World Bank has allocated approximately
US$40 million toward a clean-up project in these areas.56
Kenya’s sustainable competitiveness is similarly weakened especially by the social dimension, while environmental sustainability is not presently affecting its score. The data point to a need for developing certain areas of social sustainability. Access to improved drinking water, healthcare services, and sanitation facilities are limited (the latter are available for less than
30 percent of the population). A significant share of the population still relies on vulnerable employment, and widespread poverty is exacerbated by a lack of social mobility. In terms of environmental sustainability,
Kenya has put into place a relatively well enforced regulatory framework, is committed to international treaties, and has created several protected land areas.
In addition, in line with its position in the industrialization process, the country’s level of emissions (both CO2 and particulate matter) is low, limiting such damage to the natural environment. Yet protection of forests and habitats remains an issue, with logging related to timber production and agriculture reducing the stock of forests faster than their natural regenerative capacity.
Water scarcity also needs to be addressed, as intense agriculture use and pollution are limiting the availability of water to the population.
In Senegal, the main areas of vulnerability are found in social sustainability. Although somewhat better than other sub-Saharan African countries, access to improved sanitation is limited (only 51 percent of the population has access) while access to improved drinking water is broader (73.4 percent), yet still needs to be improved.
In addition, large portions of the population do not have access to healthcare services and are not protected by a social safety net. This is partly the result of the large informal economy and the fact that almost 80 percent of the total employed population works in vulnerable employment. On a more positive note, Senegal appears to be somewhat less unequal than some rapidly growing economies. Its income Gini coefficient is 40.3 (a level similar to that of Turkey)—better, for example, than those of Ghana or Kenya. The environmental sustainability pillar, despite an overall performance that is in line with the GCI, also presents some areas of concern.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Overexploited fish stocks, deforestation, and air and water pollution are the main problems that Senegalese authorities need to manage. These issues, which emerge from the indicators assessed in the sustainable competitiveness framework, are also mentioned by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF)—with the addition of water pollution and overgrazing—as being among the most prominent environmental problems in Senegal.57
However, the country is attempting to protect the environment by, for example, creating several protected land areas and committing to most of the international environment treaties. Additionally, and partly because of its level of development, its CO2 emissions are relatively low. By focusing on these dimensions, Senegal could achieve a more sustainable development path.
Ghana’s sustainability assessment unveils particular pressures on the social sustainability pillar where, despite continued growth, access to improved sanitation is still very low and the development process has not yet benefitted large portions of the population that have vulnerable jobs or work in the informal economy and do not have access to social security. Additionally, and partially as a result of this structure, income inequality is relatively high and on the rise,58 highlighting the noninclusive economic growth in the country. This in turn could lead to social tensions in the longer term. In terms of environmental sustainability, Ghana attains a better result with low CO2 emissions and relatively sustainable fishing practices. However, some concerns remain. First, deforestation is depleting natural resources at a rapid rate. According to the WWF,59 Ghana can sustainably produce about 1 million cubic meters of timber from its forest reserves and agricultural lands; however, it is currently producing much more, and reached a peak in 2002 when the harvested timber was about four times the regenerating capacity. In addition to logging, commercial agriculture is damaging the country’s forest by clearing the land by means of burning and cutting wooded areas. Second, mining activity and the use of agricultural pesticide impacts groundwater by polluting water streams and aquifers. Third, the pressure on water resources in areas where the population is growing quickly is high, while water is not steadily available throughout the year. This results in water rationing, and in some cases creates tensions for water access among citizens. More efficient resource management would enable Ghana to preserve its natural wealth and improve the living conditions of its citizens.
CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS
Sustainable competitiveness is a nascent area of research. Our initial work has shown that progress on the conceptual side as well as advances with respect to data for measuring key concepts will be necessary to better inform decisions that have implications for the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable

competitiveness. In an effort to proceed toward a better understanding of sustainable competitiveness, this chapter develops further the conceptual framework for sustainable competitiveness introduced by the World
Economic Forum in 2011. By combining social and environmental indicators with the GCI, we have been able to develop a preliminary framework for measuring the concept and to carry out a preliminary analysis of national sustainable competitiveness.
The most important finding of this analysis is that there is no necessary trade-off between being competitive and being sustainable. Many countries at the top of the competitiveness rankings are also the best performers in many areas of sustainability. Going forward, economies that are able to balance economic progress with social inclusion and good and effective environmental stewardship will most likely experience higher rates of human progress and prosperity.
Given the complexity of the issue at hand and important gaps in data to measure key elements of sustainable competitiveness, the endeavor to measure sustainable competitiveness has been designed as a multi-year process. The World Economic Forum will continue to serve the international community by providing a neutral multi-stakeholder platform to advance the understanding and analysis of this important concept. One crucial element of this strand of work will focus on obtaining more and better metrics to fully assess sustainable competitiveness, as a number of key concepts still cannot be captured. The World
Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council on Measuring
Sustainability will work to develop better and more complete datasets. And as in previous years, the
Advisory Board on Sustainability and Competitiveness will contribute to improving the conceptual foundations of sustainable competitiveness and the measurement methodology going forward.
NOTES
1 See UNDP 2011 for an overview of trends and patterns related to growth and social and environmental sustainability.
2 References to studies on growth and environment are provided in note 6 and for studies on growth and inequality in note 26.
3 This definition is from the World Commission on Environment and
Development’s (the Brundtland Commission) report Our Common
Future. This report is commonly known as “the Brundtland
Report.”
4 Porter and van der Linde 1995.
5 Brock and Taylor 2004; Nordhaus 2002; Bovenberg and Smulders
1996; and Acemoglu 2009.
6 Nordhaus 1992.
7 See, for example, Barbier 1997 and Yandle et al. 2000.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 73

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

8 This conclusion would be misleading for at least three reasons: (1) the cumulated level of damage and resource scarcity may reach a critical point before the economy cleans up without interventions,
(2) early damage to the environment might not be reversible and is not completely neutralized in any case, and (3) a higher level of income may not be achievable because of a lack of environmental sustainability. 9 World Bank 2012.
10 Luenberger 1995.
11 See, for example, Worldwatch Institute 2006, issue xxiv.
12 Zivin and Neidell 2011.
13 Information on the Convention on Biological Diversity is available at https://www.cbd.int/development/.
14 See Rockström 2009.
15 Brink et al. 2012.

42 The lack of some additional indicators, especially in the social sustainability dimension, constrains the model and does not allow for a comprehensive measurement of sustainability. For example,
Germany performs well on the social sustainability pillar despite an existing trend of decreasing wages in Germany where, according to the Federal Employment Agency, over the past four years the number of individuals who require state support to get by despite full- or part-time jobs has increased steadily. Similarly, in Italy, the Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat) disseminates the relative and absolute poverty estimations for households in the country, based on 2012 Households Budget Survey data. In 2012 the relative poverty incidence was equal to 12.7 percent, whereas the absolute poverty rate was 6.8 percent. These dimensions, although measured at country level in advanced economies, are not measured worldwide. Additionally, because poverty thresholds change from country to country, it is difficult to establish a crosscountry comparison. The Gini index variable does not yet capture similar phenomena in the assessed countries.
43 The lack of access to basic necessities indicates a state of poverty. 16 See, for example, Marshal et al. 1997.
17 UNEP 2011.

44 For more information about the Executive Opinion Survey, please see Chapter 1.3 of this Report.

18 Gross and Ringbeck 2008.

45 These are not covered by this framework; see Box 3.

19 World Bank News 2011.

46 This aspect of social sustainability is not fully reflected in the quantitative measurements because of a lack of available data.

20 Jaffe and Palmer 1997.

47 See US Environmental Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/ owow_keep/estuaries/pivot/habitat/problem.htm. 21 UNEP 2011.
22 Alpay et al. 2002.

48 Wang et al. 2004.

23 For an exhaustive review of the issue, see Colantonio 2011.
24 World Economic Forum 2013.
25 For an overview on the income inequality problem, see OECD
2011; Mankiw 2013; and Stiglitz 2012.
26 See, for example, Perotti 1993; Bertola 1993; Alesina and Rodrik
1994; Persson and Tabellini 1994; and Green et al. 2006.
27 OECD 2012.
28 IEA 2012.
29 Spedding et al. 2013.
30 Sexton et al. 2008.
31 See Raleigh and Urdal 2009 for further discussion of this topic.
32 UNCTAD 2011b.
33 See Bäthge 2010 for further discussion of climate change and women’s empowerment.
34 See the World Economic Forum 2012b for an assessment of how
Europe is faring in meeting these goals.
35 For more information on this index, see www.oecdbetterlifeindex. org/. 36 See http://hdr.undp.org/en/.
37 For more information on the EPI, see http://www.epi.yale.edu/.
38 See http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/ methodology/ for information about information about the Global
Footprint Network.

49 English.news.cn, China. 2013. “China to Introduce Carbon Tax:
Official.” February 19. Available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/ english/china/2013-02/19/c_132178898.htm. 50 See World Resources Institute 2002.
51 Another problematic area contributing to environmental degradation is the lack of waste management, which, because of a lack of data, is not captured in the pillars. As landfills are still the most common way to dispose of waste, growing population and growing consumption are leading to an increase in the size of landfills. This in turn hinders natural areas from being able to sustain life.
52 See the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, available at http://mha.nic.in/par2013/par2013-pdfs/rs-080513/592.pdf; this is based on the Manual for Drought Management published by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of
Agriculture, available at http://mha.nic.in/par2013/par2013-pdfs/ rs-080513/592.pdf. 53 See the Government of India, Ministry of Water Resources 2010.
54 Calvani 2007.
55 World Bank 2013.
56 See SCGH (Sierra Club GreenHome), “The Cleanest and
Most Polluted Cities in the World.“ Available at http://www. sierraclubgreenhome.com/green-news/the-cleanest-and-themost-polluted-cities/#sthash.LFwWAd6b.dpuf. 57 See WWF (World Wildlife Fund). “Environmental Problems in
Senegal: Fished Out and Running Dry.” Available at http://wwf. panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/senegal/environmental_ problems__in_senegal/.

39 Information about the Global Adaptation Index is available at http://index.gain.org/. 58 Ghana Business News 2011.

40 The World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators Framework is available at http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp.

59 See http://wwf.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/ghana/ problems/. 41 Information about the Decent Work initiative is available at http:// www.ilo.org/integration/themes/mdw/lang--en/index.htm. REFERENCES
Acemoglu, D. 2002. “Directed Technical Change.” Review of Economic
Studies 69 (4): 781–809.
———. 2007. “Equilibrium Bias of Technology.” Econometrica 75 (5):
1371–1409.

74 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

———. 2009. Introduction to Modern Economic Growth. New York:
Princeton University Press.
Acemoglu, D., P. Aghion, L. Bursztyn, and D. Hemous. 2012. “The
Environment and Directed Technical Change.” American Economic
Review 102 (1): 131–66.
Aghion P., P. Howitt, and F. Murtin. 2009. “The Relationship Between
Health and Growth: When Lucas Meets Nelson-Phelps.”
Documents de Travail de l’OFCE no. 2009-28, Observatoire
Francais des Conjonctures Economiques (OFCE).
Alesina, A. and D. Rodrik 1994, “Distributive Politics and Economic
Growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 109 (2): 465–90.
Alpay, E., S. Buccola, and J. Kerkvliet. 2002. “Productivity Growth and Environmental Regulation in Mexican and US Food
Manufacturing.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 84
(4): 887–901.
Arrow, K., P. Dasgupta, G. Lawrence, D. Gretchen, P. Ehrilch, G. Heal,
S. Levin., K. Maler, S. Schneider, D. Starrett, B. Waller. 2004. “Are
We Consuming Too Much?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18
(3): 147–72.
Barbier, E. 1997. “Environmental Kuznets Curve Special Issue:
Introduction.” Environment and Development Economics 2:
369–81.
Bäthge, S. 2010. “Climate Change and Gender: Economic
Empowerment of Women Through Climate Mitigation and
Adaptation?” The Governance Cluster, Working Paper, October.
Eschborn: GTZ.
Berg, A. and J. Ostry. 2011. “Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two
Sides of the Same Coin?” IMF Staff Discussion Note. Washington
DC: International Monetary Fund. Available at http://www.imf.org/ external/pubs/ft/sdn/2011/sdn1108.pdf. Bertola, G. 1993. “Factors Shares and Savings in Endogenous Growth.”
American Economic Review 83 (5):1194–98.
Bovenberg, A. L. and J. A. Smulders. 1996. “Transitional Impacts of
Environmental Policy in an Endogenous Growth Model.” Open
Access publications from Tilburg University, urn:nbn:nl:ui:12-73103,
Tilburg University.
Brink, P., L. Mazza, T. Badura, M. Kettunen, and S. Withana. 2012.
Nature and its Role in the Transition to a Green Economy.
Brussels: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB).
Brock, W. and A. Taylor. 2004. “Economic Growth and the Environment:
A Review of Theory and Empirics.” NBER Working Paper No.
10854. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Buse, K. and A. Waxman. 2001. “Public-Private Health Partnerships: A
Strategy for WHO.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79
(8): 748–54.
Calvani, S. 2007. La coca, pasado y presente, mitos y realidade.
Bogota: Editions Aurora.
Colantonio, A. 2011. “Social Sustainability: Linking Research to Policy and Practice.” OISD Working Paper. Oxford: Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/ research/sd/conference/2009/papers/7/andrea_colantonio_-_ social_sustainability.pdf.
Colverson, S. and O. Perera. 2012. “Harnessing the Power of PublicPrivate Partnerships: The Role of Hybrid Financing Strategies in
Sustainable Development.” IISD Report. Manitoba and Geneva:
International Institute for Sustainable Development.
Coman, K. 2011. “Some Unsettled Problems of Irrigation (1911).”
American Economic Review 101 (1): 36–48.
Cowen, T., ed. 1992. Public Goods and Market Failures. New
Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Dealkin, S. 2009. “The Evidence-Based Case for Labour Regulation.”
Paper prepared for the Regulating Decent Work Conference, ILO,
Geneva, July 8.

Driscoll, T., K. Steenland, D. Imel Nelson, and J. Leigh. 2004.
Occupational Airborne Particulates: Assessing the Environmental
Burden of Disease at National and Local Levels. Environmental
Burden of Disease Series, No. 7. Geneva: World Health
Organization.
Elkington, J. 1997. Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21st
Century Business. Oxford, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons.
Esteban, J. and D. Ray. 2006. “Inequality, Lobbying and Resource
Allocation.” The American Economic Review 96 (1): 257–79.
Esty, D. C., M. Levy, T. Srebotnjak, and A. de Sherbinin. 2005. 2005
Environmental Sustainability Index: Benchmarking National
Environmental Stewardship. New Haven: Yale Center for
Environmental Law & Policy.
Ewing B., A. Reed, A. Galli, J. Kitzes, and M. Wackernagel. 2010.
Calculation Methodology for the National Footprint Accounts.
Oakland: Global Footprint Network.
Ghana Business News. 2011. “There Is Economic Surge in Ghana, but
Inequality Is on the Rise.” Editorial, June 19. Available at http:// www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2011/06/19/there-is-economicsurge-in-ghana-but-inequality-on-the-rise/. Gleick, P.H. 2003. “Water Use.” Annual Review of Environment and
Resources 28: 275–314.
Government of India, Ministry of Water Resources. 2010. Ground Water
Quality in Shallow Aquifers of India. Faridabad: Central Ground
Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources. Available at http:// cgwb.gov.in/documents/waterquality/gw_quality_in_shallow_ aquifers.pdf.
Green, A., J. Preston, and G. Janmaat. 2006. Education, Equality and
Social Cohesion: A Comparative Analysis. Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Gross, S. and J. Ringbeck. 2008. “Environmental Sustainability as a
Driver for Competitiveness.” The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
Report 2008. Geneva: World Economic Forum. 27–40.
Hamilton, K. and M. Clemens. 1998. “Genuine Savings Rates in
Developing Countries.” World Bank Economic Review 13 (2):
333–56.
Hanley, N., J. Shogren, and B. White. 2007. Environmental Economics in
Theory and Practice. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
IEA (International Energy Agency). 2012. World Energy Outlook 2012.
Paris: IEA.
ILO (International Labour Organization). 2008. Decent Work Indicators for Asia and the Pacific: A Guidebook for Policy-Makers and
Researchers. Geneva: ILO. Available at www.ilo.org/asia/ whatwedo/publications/WCMS_099163/lang--en/index.htm. Indu, R., S. Krishnan, and T. Shah. 2007. “Impacts of Groundwater
Contamination with Fluoride and Arsenic: Affliction Severity,
Medical Cost and Wage Loss in some Villages of India.” Paper.
Available at http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal. org/files/Groundwater%20Contamination_Fluoride%20and%20 Arsenic_CAREWATER_2007.pdf
IOM (International Organization for Migration). 2011. IOM Case Data
Global Figures & Trends: Human Trafficking. Geneva: IOM.
Jaffe, A. and K. Palmer. 1997. “Environmental Regulation and Innovation:
A Panel Data Study.” Review of Economics and Statistics 79 (4):
610–19.
Kutzents, S. 1955. “Economic Growth and Income Inequality.” American
Economic Review 45 (1):1–28.
Luenberger, D. 1995. “Externalities and Benefits.” Journal of
Mathematical Economics 24 (1995): 159–77.
Mankiw, G. 2013. “Defending the One Percent.” Journal of Economic
Perspectives 27 (3): 21–34.
Marshall, F., M. Ashmore, and F. Hinchcliffe. 1997. A Hidden Threat to
Food Production: Air Pollution and Agriculture in the Developing
World. Gatekeeper series, NO SA 73. London: International
Institute for Environment and Development.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 75

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Mercer. 2011. Climate Change Scenarios: Implications for Strategic
Asset Allocation. Public Report. Washington DC: Mercer, Carbon
Trust, and IFC. Available at www.mercer.com/climatechange.
Meyer, S. 1999. The Economic Impact of Environmental Regulation. MIT
Project on Environmental Politics & Policy. Available at http://web. mit.edu/polisci/mpepp/Reports/Econ%20Impact%20 Enviro%20
Reg.pdf.
Najam A., D. Runnalls, and M. Halle. 2007. Environment and
Globalization Five Propositions. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada:
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). Available at http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2007/trade_environment_globalization. pdf. Nordhaus, W. 1992. “Lethal Model 2: The Limits to Growth Revisited.”
Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Volume 2: 1–59.
———.1994. “Locational Competition and the Environment: Should
Countries Harmonize Their Environmental Policies?“ Cowles
Foundation Discussion Paper No. 1079, Cowles Foundation for
Research in Economics, Yale University.
———. 2000. “Alternative Methods for Measuring Productivity Growth,”
Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 1282, Cowles
Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale University.
———. 2002. “The Health of Nations: The Contribution of Improved
Health to Living Standards,” NBER Working Paper No. 8818.
Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development).
2011. “An Overview of Growing Income Inequalities in OECD
Countries: Main Findings.” Available at http://www.oecd.org/els/ soc/49499779.pdf. ———. 2012. “Health and the Environment.” In OECD Environmental
Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction. OECD
Publishing. 275–332.
Pande, R., D. Ford, N. Ryan, and A. Sudarshan. 2012, “Industrial
Pollution, Regulation and Growth: Governance Challenges and
Innovations.” Working Paper 2012-02, July. The 2012 San Servolo
Workshop on Grand Challenges of Sustainability, Sustainability
Science Program. Available at http://www.hks.harvard.edu/var/ ezp_site/storage/fckeditor/file/pdfs/centers-programs/centers/ mrcbg/programs/ssp/docs/documents/working-papers/2012-02. pdf. Perotti R. 1993. “Political Equilibrium, Income Distribution, and Growth.”
Review of Economic Studies 60 (4): 755–76.
Persson, T. and G.Tabellini 1994. “Is Inequality Harmful for Growth?
Theories and Evidence.” American Economic Review 84: (1994):
600–21.
Porter, M. and C. van der Linde. 1995. “Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship.” Journal of
Economic Perspectives 9 (4): 97–118.
Raleigh, C. and H. Urdal. 2009. “Climate Change, Demography,
Environmental Degradation, and Armed Conflict.” Environmental
Change and Security Program Report, Issue 13 2008–2009.
Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for
Scholars. 27–33.
Rockström, J. 2009. “A Safe Operating Space for Humanity.” Nature 461
(2009): 472–75.
Sexton, S., D. Rajagopal, D. Zilberman, and G. Hochman, 2008. Food
Versus Fuel: How Biofuels Make Food More Costly and Gasoline
Cheaper.” Agricultural and Resource Economics Update,12 (1).
Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, University of
California. Available at http://www.ncsu.edu/cenrep/research/ documents/food_v_fuel.pdf. Shorrocks, A. 2005. Inequality Values and Unequal Shares. Helsinki:
UNU-WIDER.
Smith, A. 2012. “U.S. Drought Drives Up Food Prices Worldwide.”
CNNMoney, August 9. Available at http://money.cnn. com/2012/08/09/news/economy/food-prices-index/index.htm. 76 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

Spedding, P. K. Mehta, and N. Robins. 2013., “Oil & Carbon Revisited:
Value at Risk from ‘Unburnable’ Reserves.” HSBC Global
Research, January 25. Available at http://gofossilfree.org/ files/2013/02/HSBCOilJan13.pdf. Stavins, R. 2011. “The Problem of the Commons: Still Unsettled after
100 Years.” American Economic Review 101 (1): 81–108.
Stern, N. 2006. Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change.
London: HM Treasury.
Stiglitz, J. 2012. The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society
Endangers Our Future. New York and London: Norton.
Stiglitz, J., A. Sen, and J. Fitoussi. 2009. The Measurement of
Economic Performance and Social Progress Revisited: Reflections and Overview. Available at http://www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/ documents/overview-eng.pdf. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development).
2011a. The Road to Rio + 20. New York and Geneva: UNCTAD.
Issue 1, March. Available at http://www.uncsd2012.org/index.php? page=view&type=400&nr=11&menu=45. ———. 2011b. “Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in LDCs.”
UNCTAD Policy Brief No. 20, May. Available at http://unctad.org/ en/Docs/presspb20116_en.pdf. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) 2007. Human
Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting Climate Change: Human
Solidarity in a Divided World. New York: UNDP.
———. 2011. Human Development Report 2011: Sustainability and
Equity: A Better Future for All. New York: UNDP.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2010a. “How Close Are
We to the Two Degree Limit?” Information Note Paper prepared for the UNEP Governing Council Meeting & Global Ministerial
Environment Forum, February 24–26, Bali, Indonesia. Available at http://www.unep.org/PDF/PressReleases/temperature-briefing-2102-10-final-e.pdf. ———. 2010b. Overview of the Republic of Korea’s National Strategy for Green Growth. Report prepared by the United Nations
Environment Programme as part of its Green Economy
Initiative, April. Available at http://www.unep.org/PDF/
PressReleases/201004_UNEP_NATIONAL_STRATEGY.pdf.
———. 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable
Development and Poverty Education. Nairobi: United Nation
Environment Programme.
UN-HABITAT (United Nations Human Settlements Programme). 2010.
Bridging the Urban Divide: Sao Paolo: A Tale of Two Cities. Cities
& Citizens series. Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements
Programme.
United Nations Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. Future
We Want: Outcome document, I. Our common vision, Item 13.
Available at http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/futurewewant. html. Venieris, Y. P. and D. K. Gupta. 1986. “Income Distribution and
Sociopolitical Instability as Determinants of Savings: A CrossSectional Model.” Journal of Political Economy 94 (4): 873–83.
Wang, J., F. Yu, D. Cao, H. Jiang, Y. Zhao, W. Pan, C. Ge, X. Guo, S.
Gao, and G. Yan. 2004. China Green National Accounting Study
Report 2004. Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning (A
Study Report on China Environmental and Economic Accounting in 2004). Available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/ ceea/archive/Framework/China_EEA_Report_2004.pdf. World Bank. 2012. Inclusive Green Growth: The Pathway to Sustainable
Development. Washington DC: The World Bank.
———. 2013. “Colombia: Healthier People, A Stronger Economy Through
Better Environmental Management.” News & Broadcast. Available at http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,conten tMDK:22904508~menuPK:141310~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~th eSitePK:4607,00.html.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

World Bank News. 2011. “The World Bank Supports Thailand’s
Post-Floods Recovery Effort.” News Feature Story, December
13. Available at http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/ feature/2011/12/13/world-bank-supports-thailands-post-floodsrecovery-effort. World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland
Commission). 1987. Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
World Economic Forum. 2011. The Global Competitiveness Report
2011–2012. Geneva: World Economic Forum. Available at http:// www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GCR_Report_2011-12.pdf. ———. 2012a. The Global Competitiveness Report 2012–2013. Geneva:
World Economic Forum. Available at http://www.weforum.org/gcr,
———. 2012b. The Europe 2020 Competitiveness Report: Building a
More Competitive Europe. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
———. 2012c. Financing Green Growth in a ResourceConstrained World. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Available at http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_ENI_
FinancingGreenGrowthResourceConstrainedWorld_Report_2012.
pdf.
———. 2013. Five Challenges, One Solution: Women. Geneva: World
Economic Forum. Available at http://www3.weforum.org/docs/
WEF_GAC_WomensEmpowerment_FiveChallangesOneSolution_
Compendium_2013.pdf .
World Resources Institute. 2002. Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia.
Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available at http:// www.wri.org/publication/content/8135. Worldwatch Institute. 2006. State of the World 2006, Special Focus:
China and India. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
Yandle, B., M. Vijayaraghavan, and M. Bhattarai. 2002. “The
Environmental Kuznets Curve: A Primer.” The Property and
Environment Research Center.
YCELP and CIESIN (Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy, and
Center for International Earth Science Information Network at
Columbia University). 2012. Environmental Performance Index.
Available at http://epi.yale.edu/.
Zivin, J. and M. Neidell. 2011. “The Impact of Pollution on Worker
Productivity.” NBER Working Paper No. 17004. Cambridge, MA:
National Bureau of Economic Research.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 77

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Appendix A:
Calculation of the sustainability-adjusted GCI

As described in the text, the two areas of sustainability— social and environmental—are treated as independent adjustments to each country’s performance in the
Global Competitiveness Index (GCI). The adjustment is calculated according to the following steps.
AGGREGATION
In the first step, the individual indicators in each area are normalized on a 1-to-7 scale and aggregated by averaging the normalized scores, such that a social sustainability score and an environmental sustainability score are calculated for each country.
In the second step, these scores are normalized again on a 0.8-to-1.2 scale,a which is based on the distribution of each of the two sustainability components.
The purpose of this methodology is to reward the countries attaining a relatively good performance on the two sustainability components while penalizing those that register a poor performance. Applying this methodology corresponds to transforming actual averages into coefficients ranging from 0.8 to 1.2. For example, the worst performer on the social sustainability pillar obtains a score of 0.8 and the best performer a 1.2.
The same calculation is conducted for the environmental sustainability pillar.
Normalizing on a 0.8-to-1.2 scale and using the actual sample maximum and minimum are corroborated by the statistical distribution of the data, so as to ensure that the final data are not skewed. In the absence of empirical evidence, the selection of the impact limits
(0.8–1.2) relies on the best judgment of the authors and is based on the assumption that countries can experience either an opportunity if they manage their resources well or a weakness if they do not.
The selection of this methodology is not intended to be scientific, but it represents a normative approach aimed at stimulating discussions on policy priorities and possibly stimulating scientific research in this field.
In the third step, the GCI score of each country is multiplied twice: once by its social sustainability coefficient and once by its environmental sustainability coefficient, to obtain two separate sustainabilityadjusted GCI scores. Finally, an average of the two scores provides an overall measure of the sustainability adjustment. 78 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

STRUCTURE OF THE SUSTAINABILITY PILLARS
The computation of the sustainability components is based on an arithmetic mean aggregation of scores from the indicator level.b
Variables that are not derived from the Executive
Opinion Survey (the Survey) are identified by an asterisk
(*) in the following pages. To make the aggregation possible, these variables are transformed into a 1-to-7 scale in order to align them with the Survey results. We apply a min-max transformation, which preserves the order of, and the relative distance between, country scores.c Indicators marked with a “(log)” subscript are transformed applying the logarithm (base 10) to the raw score. Social sustainability pillar
S01 Income Gini index*
S02 Youth unemployment*
S03 Access to sanitation* d(log)
S04 Access to improved drinking water* d
S05 Access to healthcared
S06 Social safety net protection
S07 Extent of informal economy
S08 Social mobility
S09 Vulnerable employment*
Environmental sustainability pillar
S10 Stringency of environmental regulation e
S11 Enforcement of environmental regulation e
S12 Terrestrial biome protection*
S13 No. of ratified international environmental treaties*
S14 Agricultural water intensity*
S15 CO2 intensity*(log)
S16 Fish stocks overexploited*(log)
S17 Forest cover change*
S18 Particulate matter (2.5) concentration*(log)
S19 Quality of the natural environment

NOTES a Formally we have
0.4 x

(

country score – sample minimum sample maximum – sample minimum

)

+ 0.8

The sample minimum and sample maximum are, respectively, the lowest and highest country scores in the sample of economies covered by the sustainability-adjusted GCI in each pillar.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

b Formally, for a category i composed of K indicators, we have:
K

categoryi

⌺ indicatork

ϭ

k=1

K

c Formally, we have:
6 x

(

country score – sample minimum sample maximum – sample minimum

)

+ 1

The sample minimum and sample maximum are, respectively, the lowest and highest country scores in the sample of economies covered by the sustainability-adjusted GCI. In some instances, adjustments were made to account for extreme outliers. For those indicators for which a higher value indicates a worse outcome
(e.g., CO2 emission, income Gini index), the transformation formula takes the following form, thus ensuring that 1 and 7 still corresponds to the worst and best possible outcomes, best possible outcomes, respectively:
–6 x

(

country score – sample minimum sample maximum – sample minimum

)

+ 7

d Variables S03, S04, and S05 are combined to form one single variable. e Variables S10 and S11 are combined to form one single variable.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 79

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

Appendix B:
Technical notes and sources for sustainability indicators

The data in this Report represent the best available estimates from various national authorities, international agencies, and private sources at the time the Report was prepared. It is possible that some data will have been revised or updated by the sources after publication.
Throughout the Report, “n/a” denotes that the value is not available or that the available data are unreasonably outdated or do not come from a reliable source.
For each indicator, the title appears on the first line, preceded by its number to allow for quick reference. The numbering is the same as the one used in Appendix A.
Below is a description of each indicator or, in the case of Executive Opinion Survey data, the full question and associated answers. If necessary, additional information is provided underneath.
S01 Income Gini coefficient
Measure of income inequality (0 = perfect equality; 100 = perfect inequality) | 2011 or most recent available
This indicator measures the extent to which the distribution of income among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators Online
(retrieved May 27, 2013); US Central Intelligence Agency, The
World Factbook (retrieved June 6, 2013); national sources

S02 Youth unemployment
Percent of total unemployed youth to total labor force aged
15–24 | 2010 or most recent available
Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force aged
15–24 without work but available for and seeking employment.
Sources: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the
Labour Markets Net (retrieved June 5, 2013) ;The World Bank,
World Development Indicators Online (retrieved May 27, 2013); national sources

S03 Access to sanitation

S04 Access to improved drinking water
Percent of the population with access to improved drinking water | 2011 or most recent available
Share of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of water from an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, or rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as the availability of at least 20 liters per person per day from a source within 1 kilometer of the dwelling.
Source: World Health Organization, World Health Statistics 2013
(online database retrieved June 5, 2013)

S05 Accessibility of healthcare services
How accessible is healthcare in your country? [1 = limited, only the privileged have access; 7 = universal, all citizens have access to healthcare] | 2012–2013 weighted average
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2012 and 2013 editions

S06 Social safety net protection
In your country, does a formal social safety net provide protection from economic insecurity due to job loss or disability? [1 = not at all; 7 = fully] | 2012–2013 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2012 and 2013 editions

S07 Extent of informal economy
How much economic activity in your country would you estimate to be undeclared or unregistered? [1 = most economic activity is undeclared or unregistered; 7 = most economic activity is declared or registered] | 2012–2013 weighted average
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2012 and 2013 editions

S08 Social mobility
To what extent do individuals in your country have the opportunity to improve their economic situation through their personal efforts regardless of the socioeconomic status of their parents? [1 = little opportunity exists to improve one’s economic situation; 7 = significant opportunity exists to improve one’s economic situation] | 2012–2013 weighted average Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2012 and 2013 editions

Percent of total population using improved sanitation facilities |
2011 or most recent available
Share of the population with at least adequate access to excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained.
Source: World Health Organization, World Health Statistics 2013
(online database, retrieved June 5, 2013)

80 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

S09 Vulnerable employment

S13 No. of ratified international environmental treaties

Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment | 2011 or most recent year available

Total number of ratified environmental treaties | 2012
This variable measures the total number of international treaties from a set of 25 for which a state is a participant. A state is acknowledged as a “participant” whenever its status for each treaty appears as “Ratified,” “Accession,” or “In Force.” The treaties included are: the International Convention for the
Regulation of Whaling, 1948 Washington; the International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954, as amended in 1962 and 1969, 1954 London; the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl
Habitat, 1971 Ramsar; the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972 Paris; the
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of
Wastes and Other Matter, 1972 London, Mexico City, Moscow,
Washington; the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973 Washington; the
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL) as modified by the Protocol of 1978, 1978 London; the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild
Animals, 1979 Bonn; the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 Montego Bay; the Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985 Vienna; the Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987 Montreal; the Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1989 Basel; the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation,
1990 London; the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change, 1992 New York; the Convention on Biological
Diversity, 1992 Rio de Janeiro; the International Convention to
Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious
Drought and/or Desertification, particularly Africa, 1994 Paris; the
Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December
1982, 1994 New York; the Agreement relating to the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 1995 New York; the Kyoto
Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on the
Climate Change, Kyoto 1997; the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous
Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, 1998 Rotterdam; the Cartagena Protocol of Biosafety to the Convention on
Biological Diversity, 2000 Montreal; the Protocol on Preparedness,
Response and Co-operation to Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 London; the Stockholm
Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 2001 Stockholm; the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 2001 Rome; the International Tropical Timber
Agreement, 2006 Geneva.

Vulnerable employment refers to unpaid family workers and ownaccount workers as a percentage of total employment—that is, the share of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment. A contributing family worker is a person who is self-employed in a market-oriented establishment operated by a related person living in the same household, and who cannot be regarded as a partner because of the degree of his or her commitment to the operation of the establishment, in terms of the working time or other factors to be determined by national circumstances, is not at a level comparable with that of the head of the establishment.
Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators Online
(retrieved May 26, 2013)

S10 Stringency of environmental regulations
How would you assess the stringency of your country’s environmental regulations? [1 = very lax ; 7 = among the world’s most stringent] | 2012–2013 weighted average
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2012 and 2013 editions

S11 Enforcement of environmental regulations
How would you assess the enforcement of environmental regulations in your country? [1 = very lax ; 7 = among the world’s most rigorous] | 2012-2013 weighted average
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2012 and 2013 editions

S12 Terrestrial biome protection
Degree to which a country achieves the target of protecting 17 percent of each terrestrial biome within its borders | 2010 or most recent year available
This indicator is calculated by CIESIN (Columbia University’s
Center for International Earth Science Information Network) by overlaying the protected area mask on terrestrial biome data developed by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF)’s Terrestrial
Ecoregions of the World for each country. A biome is defined as a major regional or global biotic community, such as a grassland or desert, characterized chiefly by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate. Scores are capped at 17 percent per biome such that higher levels of protection of some biomes cannot be used to offset lower levels of protection of other biomes, hence the maximum level of protection a country can achieve is 17 percent. CIESIN uses time series of the World
Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) developed by the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Conservation
Monitoring Centre (WCMC) in 2011, which provides a spatial time series of protected area coverage from 1990 to 2010. The WCMC considers all nationally designated protected areas whose location and extent is known. Boundaries were defined by polygons where available, and where they were not available protected area centroids were buffered to create a circle in accordance with the protected area size. The WCMC removed all overlaps between different protected areas by dissolving the boundaries to create a protected areas mask.

Source: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Environmental Law Centre ELIS Treaty Database

S14 Agricultural water intensity

Source: Yale University and Columbia University, Environmental
Performance Index (EPI) 2012 edition based on WWF World
Wildlife Fund USA and UNEP World Conservation Centre data

Agricultural water withdrawal as a percent of total renewable water resources | 2009 or most recent year available
Agricultural water withdrawal as a percent of total renewable water resources is calculated as: 100 × agricultural water withdrawal / total renewable water resources. In turn, total renewable = surface renewable water + renewable water resources groundwater – overlap between surface and groundwater. Where available, this indicator includes water resources coming from desalination used for agriculture (as in
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Spain).
Source: FAO AQUASTAT database, available at http://www.fao. org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm (retrieved May 24, 2013)

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 81

1.2: Assessing the Sustainable Competitiveness of Nations

S15 CO2 intensity

S18 Particulate Matter (2.5) concentration

CO2 intensity (kg of CO2 per kg of oil equivalent energy use) |
2009

Population-weighted exposure to PM2.5 in micro-grams per cubic meter, based on satellite data | 2009

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include CO2 produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport. A logarithm transformation is applied to the ratio of these statistics in order to spread the data distribution.

This indicator is based on satellite data that are then converted to ground-level concentrations using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to account for the meteorological and chemical factors that influence the spatially and temporally varying relationship between column and surface concentrations. The 0.1
× 0.1 resolution aerosol optical depth (AOD) values for 2001–05 are derived from the NASA Terra MODIS and MISR sensors, averaged to get a six-year mean AOD for each grid cell, and then population-weighted to better represent human exposure by country. PM2.5 concentrations were averaged over the period
2001–05 and the grid was resampled to match the Global RuralUrban Mapping Project 1 kilometer population grid. The weighted average of the values in each grid cell was used to derive a country total exposure to PM2.5 in micrograms per cubic meter. A logarithm transformation is applied to these statistics in order to spread the data distribution.

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators Online
(retrieved May 27, 2013)

S16 Fish stocks overexploited
Fraction of country’s exclusive economic zone with overexploited and collapsed stocks | 2006
The See Around Us (SAU) project‘s Stock Status Plots (SSPs) are created in four steps (Kleisner and Pauly, 2011). In the first step, SAU defines a stock as a taxon (at the species, genus, or family level of taxonomic assignment) that occurs in the catch records for at least 5 consecutive years, over a minimum span of
10 years, and that has a total catch in an area of at least 1,000 tonnes over the time span. In the second step, SAU assesses the status of the stock for every year relative to the peak catch.
SAU defines five states of stock status for a catch time series.
This definition is assigned to every taxon that meets the definition of a stock for a particular spatial area (e.g., exclusive economic zones, or EEZs). These states are: (1) Developing—before the year of peak catch and less than 50 percent of the peak catch; (2)
Exploited—before or after the year of peak catch and more than
50 percent of the peak catch; (3) Overexploited—after the year of peak catch and less than 50 percent but more than 10 percent of the peak catch; (4) Collapsed—after the year of peak catch and less than 10 percent of the peak catch; and (5) Rebuilding—after the year of peak catch and after the stock has collapsed, when catch has recovered to between 10 percent and 50 percent of the peak. In the third step, SAU graphs the number of stocks by status in a given year by tallying the number of stocks in a particular state and presenting these as percentages. In the final step, the cumulative catch of stock by status in a given year is summed over all stocks and presented as a percentage in the catch by stock status graph. The combination of these two figures represents the complete Stock Status Plot. The numbers for this indicator are taken from the overexploited and collapsed numbers of stocks over total numbers of stocks per EEZ. A logarithm transformation is applied to these statistics in order to spread the data distribution.

Source: Yale University and Columbia University, Environmental
Performance Index (EPI) 2012 edition based on NASA MODIS and MISR data (van Donkelaar et al. 2010), Battelle, and CIESIN

S19 Quality of natural environment
How would you assess the quality of the natural environment in your country? [1 = extremely poor; 7 = among the world’s most pristine] | 2012–2013 weighted average
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey, 2012 and 2013 editions

Source: Yale University and Columbia University, Environmental
Performance Index (EPI) 2012 edition based on Sea Around Us data S17 Forest cover change
Average percent change in forest area per year between
1990 and 2010 | 2010
This measure represents the percent change in forest area, applying a 10 percent crown cover as the definition of forested areas, between time periods. We used total forest extent rather than the extent of primary forest only. The change measure is calculated from forest area data in 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010.
The data are reported by national governments, and therefore methods and data sources may vary from country to country.
Positive values indicate afforestation or reforestation, and negative values represent deforestation.
Source: Yale University and Columbia University, Environmental
Performance Index (EPI) 2012 edition based on FAO data

82 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

CHAPTER 1.3

The Executive
Opinion Survey:
The Voice of the
Business Community
CIARA BROWNE
THIERRY GEIGER
TANIA GUTKNECHT

World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report continues to be a highly respected assessment of national competitiveness. To conduct this work, the World
Economic Forum relies on a large set of data sourced from various international organizations and from its own annual Executive Opinion Survey (the Survey).
The Survey, administered each year in over
140 economies, captures valuable information on a broad range of factors that are critical for a country’s competitiveness and sustainable development, and for which data sources are scarce or, frequently, nonexistent on a global scale. Among several examples of otherwiseunavailable data are the quality of the educational system, indicators measuring business sophistication, and labor market variables such as flexibility in wage determination. The Survey results are used in the calculation of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) and other
Forum indexes, including the Networked Readiness
Index, the Enabling Trade Index, the Travel & Tourism
Competitiveness Index, the Financial Development
Index, and the Gender Gap Index, as well as in regional studies.1 A truly unique source of information, the Survey data have also long served a number of international and national organizations, government bodies, and academia as well as the private sector to inform policy work, strategies, and investment decisions. For example,
Transparency International uses the Survey data for the elaboration of their Corruption Perceptions Index and the
Bribe Payers Index. Institutions such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World
Bank, and the International Monetary Fund also refer to these data in their publications, as do a number of academic publications. Finally, an increasing number of national competitiveness reports also draw on or refer to the Survey data.
THE SURVEY IN NUMBERS
The World Economic Forum has conducted its annual
Survey for over 30 years, making it the longest-running and most extensive survey of its kind. This year’s Survey captured the opinions of over 13,000 business leaders in
148 economies between January and May 2013.
Following the data-editing process (see below), a total of 13,638 surveys were retained for 144 countries.2
This represents an average of 94.7 respondents per country, while the median country sample size is 85.5 responses. Given the extent of the Survey’s country coverage and in order to maximize its outreach, it is available in 41 languages.3
Geographic expansion
Since the first edition of the World Economic Forum report on competitiveness in 1979, country coverage has expanded from 16 European countries to 148 economies worldwide for this edition, together accounting for over

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 83

1.3: The Executive Opinion Survey

Figure 1: Country/economy coverage of the Executive Opinion Survey 2013

n Previous coverage n 2013 additions

reinstated following a year of non-inclusion. Tajikistan and Syria, however, are not included in this year’s edition owing to the inability to conduct a survey in these two countries.4 The Forum’s Global Competitiveness and
Benchmarking Network continues its efforts to increase country coverage year on year.

Box 1: Example of a typical Survey question

In your country, how strong is the protection of intellectual property, including anti-counterfeiting measures? Extremely weak < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 > Extremely strong

Circling 1 ... means you agree completely with the answer on the left-hand side
Circling 2 ... means you largely agree with the lefthand side
Circling 3 ... means you somewhat agree with the lefthand side
Circling 4 ... means your opinion is indifferent between the two answers
Circling 5 ... means you somewhat agree with the righthand side
Circling 6 ... means you largely agree with the right-hand side Circling 7 ... means you agree completely with the answer on the right-hand side

99 percent of the world’s gross domestic product
(GDP; see Figure 1). In the 2013 edition, three additional economies are included: Bhutan, Lao PDR, and
Myanmar. Furthermore, Angola and Tunisia have been

84 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

SURVEY STRUCTURE, ADMINISTRATION,
AND METHODOLOGY
The Survey is divided into 14 sections:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.

About Your Company
Overall Perceptions of Your Economy
Infrastructure
Innovation and Technology Infrastructure
Financial Environment
Foreign Trade and Investment
Domestic Competition
Company Operations and Strategy
Government and Public Institutions
Education and Human Capital
Corruption, Ethics and Social
Responsibility
Travel & Tourism
Environment
Health

Most questions in the Survey ask respondents to evaluate, on a scale of 1 to 7, one particular aspect of their operating environment. At one end of the scale, 1

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.3: The Executive Opinion Survey

represents the worst possible situation; at the other end of the scale, 7 represents the best (see Box 1 for an example). The administration of the Survey could not be carried out without the network of over 160 Partner
Institutes worldwide. Partner Institutes are recognized research or academic institutes, business organizations, national competitiveness councils, or other renowned professional entities and, in some cases, survey consultancies (for the full list, see the Partner Institutes section at the beginning of the Report).5 They are selected on the basis of their capacity to reach out to the business community, their reputation, and their commitment to the issue of competitiveness.
In administering the Survey, Partner Institutes are asked to follow detailed sampling guidelines to ensure that the sample of respondents is the most representative and comparable across the globe and in a specific timeframe. The sampling guidelines have evolved over time and are based on best practices in the field of survey administration and on discussion with survey experts. The Survey sampling guidelines specify that the Partner Institute should build a “sample frame”— that is, a list of potential business executives from smalland medium-sized enterprises and large companies— from the various sectors of activity as stated below. It then applies a dual stratification procedure based on these two criteria of company size and sector. More specifically, the Partner Institutes are asked to carry out the following steps:
1.

Prepare a sample frame, or large list of potential respondents, which includes firms representing the main sectors of the economy (agriculture, manufacturing industry, non-manufacturing industry, and services).

2.

Separate the frame into two lists: one that includes only large firms, and a second list that includes all other firms (both lists representing the various economic sectors).6

3.

Based on these lists, and in view of reducing survey bias, choose a random selection of these firms from both lists to receive the Survey.

Furthermore, the sampling guidelines specify that the Partner Institute should aim to collect a combination of random respondents with some repeat respondents for further comparative analysis.7 Partner Institutes are asked to collect between 80 and 100 surveys, although generally accepted practice in sampling as well as recommendations received from Gallup has led to a cut-off of a minimum of 30 surveys per country. We are working closely with the Partner Institutes to increase the sample size for countries that have collected a number

of surveys just above the cut-off. The administration of the Survey may take a variety of formats, including faceto-face interviews with business executives and mailed or telephone interviews, with an online survey option as an alternative.
For energy, time, and cost considerations, the
Forum encourages the use of the online survey tool, which was available this year in 20 languages. The share of online participation has significantly increased over the years and has now reached almost 40 percent of all responses, up by 10 percent in just two years. This year, the Survey was administered entirely via the online tool in 19 economies (Argentina, Barbados, Belgium, Bolivia, the Czech Republic, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland,
Georgia, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Malta,
Norway, Puerto Rico, Switzerland, and Venezuela), while the use of the online tool exceeded 90 percent in 18 further economies (see Table 1).
The Partner Institutes also take an active and essential role in disseminating the findings of The Global
Competitiveness Report and other reports published by
The Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Network by holding press events and workshops to highlight the results at the national level to the business community, the public sector, and other stakeholders.
Following an initial external audit by a team of survey experts from Gallup in 2008, a second review was conducted by Gallup in 2012, during which the
Survey instrument, the sampling guidelines, and the administration process underwent a thorough inspection.
After five years of implementing the recommendations from the first audit, it was time to take a further twofold approach by analyzing the recommendations and their impact on the process as well as keeping up to date on best practices in the field of surveying.
Overall, the outcome of the review regarding the implementation of the 2008 recommendations was commended. The audit determined that the Executive
Opinion Survey process follows best practices and has made the recommended improvements to the
Survey tool and translations, as well as to the sampling quality. The 2012 audit addressed an important aspect related to the impact of national culture—the so-called cultural bias—that may impact interviewee responses.
The Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking
Network recognizes this as a possibility; nonetheless, following international best practices and upon Gallup’s recommendation, it was decided not to re-weight the data using anchoring mechanisms because of the limited effectiveness of such a procedure and to prevent adding further noise to the data. However, and as a step to follow best practices to help minimize possible language-based biases found in data collected via a single language survey, the number of languages for the
Executive Opinion Survey is ever increasing, reaching 41 for this edition.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 85

1.3: The Executive Opinion Survey

Table 1: Executive Opinion Survey: Descriptive statistics and weightings
First component*
Country/Economy
Albania

Algeria
Angola‡‡§
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bhutan‡‡
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina‡
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Côte d 'Ivoire
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador†
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia, The
Georgia†
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan‡
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait§
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao PDR‡‡
Latvia
Lebanon§

Survey edition

2012
2012
—
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
—
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2011
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2011
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
—
2012
2012

No. of respondents

81
33
—
99
80
68
105
95
65
86
72
83
90
—
72
100
80
143
44
120
41
92
77
62
103
108
105
78
371
286
94
92
107
79
163
128
91
134
73
34
85
60
36
129
48
87
95
127
79
83
83
60
89
67
86
69
103
93
122
88
585
62
51
87
75
111
156
103
112
98
38
99
—
98
38

Second component: 2013 edition*
Weight (%)*

45.0
36.8
—
42.4
45.6
47.2
45.7
46.4
50.7
47.4
49.3
44.6
43.6
—
44.7
100.0
44.0
49.7
48.2
49.9
40.9
42.8
42.6
41.7
41.8
48.7
45.4
38.8
45.2
49.2
43.0
46.6
48.6
47.8
58.3
41.3
51.0
46.6
47.4
41.8
44.0
39.0
43.7
50.9
42.4
46.7
48.1
41.4
46.5
43.9
44.6
45.9
44.6
38.2
50.5
46.7
47.0
45.3
49.5
45.1
61.4
46.5
43.0
45.3
47.6
44.6
100.0
44.5
46.4
47.4
45.7
44.8
—
45.1
44.7

No. of respondents

81
65
35
122
76
57
99
85
41
71
51
86
101
85
74
—
87
98
34
81
57
110
93
81
133
80
102
130
364
204
110
81
80
63
50
173
56
118
60
44
92
98
40
80
59
76
74
170
70
91
86
56
92
117
55
60
88
91
85
87
121
55
60
85
61
115
—
107
100
81
36
101
62
97
39

Online (%)

0.0
0.0
40.0
100.0
1.3
50.9
47.5
1.2
97.6
0.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
—
41.4
82.7
94.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
97.0
13.8
0.0
58.5
0.0
57.8
97.3
0.0
28.8
0.0
100.0
0.0
5.4
72.9
0.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
3.8
0.0
0.0
100.0
85.9
4.3
90.1
1.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
63.3
63.6
100.0
90.6
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
4.7
0.0
6.1
—
0.0
0.0
0.0
47.2
0.0
0.0
100.0
94.9

Weight (%)*

55.0
63.2
100.0
57.6
54.4
52.8
54.3
53.6
49.3
52.6
50.7
55.4
56.4
100.0
55.3
—
56.0
50.3
51.8
50.1
59.1
57.2
57.4
58.3
58.2
51.3
54.6
61.3
54.8
50.8
57.0
53.4
51.4
52.2
41.7
58.7
49.0
53.4
52.6
58.2
56.0
61.0
56.3
49.1
57.6
53.3
51.9
58.6
53.5
56.1
55.4
54.1
55.4
61.8
49.5
53.3
53.0
54.7
50.5
54.9
38.6
53.5
57.0
54.7
52.4
55.4
—
55.5
53.6
52.6
54.3
55.3
100.0
54.9
55.3
(Cont’d.)

86 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.3: The Executive Opinion Survey

Table 1: Executive Opinion Survey: Descriptive statistics and weightings (cont’d.)
First component*
Country/Economy

Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar‡‡
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand§
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Oman‡
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda†
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles§
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka†
Suriname
Swaziland§
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor-Leste§
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates‡
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Survey edition

2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
—
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2011
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2011
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012

No. of respondents

89
85
72
153
45
89
92
61
79
102
58
82
91
278
112
85
76
40
91
—
82
93
82
55
77
104
75
78
110
133
80
83
132
206
115
71
123
98
414
40
95
94
99
32
99
178
68
110
45
91
105
37
51
77
79
70
99
75
35
151
83
85
90
109
169
102
397
81
39
96
53
94
64

Second component: 2013 edition*
Weight (%)*

43.9
43.0
46.7
46.0
42.1
46.0
38.5
46.3
41.4
46.0
49.0
44.1
47.1
43.2
43.9
44.9
44.7
36.4
45.6
—
45.5
45.0
44.3
49.9
46.4
44.4
46.2
100.0
42.9
45.3
49.0
45.6
49.1
44.9
46.7
47.7
46.9
44.4
49.2
36.5
40.3
44.5
44.9
45.4
45.0
47.1
38.7
46.4
44.5
46.0
45.6
41.3
50.7
51.6
46.3
44.8
45.9
43.3
45.4
46.7
44.9
43.7
44.6
45.1
100.0
43.2
39.9
43.4
41.0
43.4
41.2
46.3
46.4

Grand total/Average

No. of respondents

Online (%)

97
100
63
141
57
82
157
55
106
94
42
88
77
320
122
86
78
82
87
79
79
93
87
37
69
109
68
—
130
130
58
79
95
208
100
57
106
103
294
81
139
98
100
31
99
150
114
98
47
84
100
50
32
45
71
71
92
86
34
132
84
94
93
108
—
118
598
92
54
109
72
85
57

0.0
0.0
23.8
62.4
98.2
0.0
0.0
10.9
38.7
0.0
100.0
0.0
90.9
87.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.2
1.1
0.0
0.0
4.3
96.6
100.0
98.6
1.8
100.0
—
14.6
72.3
0.0
22.8
1.1
99.0
60.0
100.0
6.6
0.0
4.8
0.0
59.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
63.3
78.1
0.0
85.1
69.0
0.0
0.0
34.4
95.6
100.0
59.2
0.0
97.7
0.0
92.4
38.1
39.4
0.0
2.8
—
98.3
99.3
42.4
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
42.1

13,638

39.1

Weight (%)*

56.1
57.0
53.3
54.0
57.9
54.0
61.5
53.7
58.6
54.0
51.0
55.9
52.9
56.8
56.1
55.1
55.3
63.6
54.4
100.0
54.5
55.0
55.7
50.1
53.6
55.6
53.8
—
57.1
54.7
51.0
54.4
50.9
55.1
53.3
52.3
53.1
55.6
50.8
63.5
59.7
55.5
55.1
54.6
55.0
52.9
61.3
53.6
55.5
54.0
54.4
58.7
49.3
48.4
53.7
55.2
54.1
56.7
54.6
53.3
55.1
56.3
55.4
54.9
—
56.8
60.1
56.6
59.0
56.6
58.8
53.7
53.6

Note: All statistics were computed following the editing process. See text for details. * The table reports the information about the two Survey editions used in the computation of the two-year weighted average score. See Box 2 for explanation. § For these countries, we are working closely with Partner Institutes to increase the sample size. Survey edition(s) used for the computation of country scores are as follows: † 2011 and 2013; ‡ 2012; ‡‡ 2013. See Box 2 for details about exceptions.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 87

1.3: The Executive Opinion Survey

With the aim of continually improving the Survey tool and processes, and following expert recommendations, the Survey was made shorter and the terminology simplified. An Executive Opinion Survey administration manual is also being developed for the Partner Institutes.
With such ongoing efforts in the realm of survey administration best practice, The Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Network team continues to improve processes to achieve greater data quality and heightened comparability across economies.
DATA TREATMENT AND SCORE COMPUTATION
This section details the process whereby individual responses are edited and aggregated in order to produce the scores of each economy on each individual question of the Survey. These results, together with other indicators obtained from other sources, feed into the GCI and other projects.8
Data editing
Prior to aggregation, the respondent-level data are subjected to a careful editing process. The first editing rule consists of excluding those surveys with a completion rate inferior to 50 percent.9 This is because a partially completed survey probably demonstrates a lack of sufficient focus on the part of the respondent. In a second step, a multivariate outlier analysis is applied to the data using the Mahalanobis distance technique.
This test assesses whether each individual survey is representative, given the overall sample of survey responses in the specific country, and allows for the deletion of clear outliers.
More specifically, the Mahalonobis distance test estimates the likelihood that one particular point of N dimensions belongs to a set of such points. One single survey made up of N answers can be viewed as the point of N dimensions, while a particular country sample c is the set of points. The Mahalanobis distance is used to compute the probability that any survey i does not belong to the sample c. If the probability is high enough—we use 99.9 percent as the threshold—we conclude that the survey is a clear outlier and does not “belong” to the sample. The implementation of this test requires that the number of responses in a country be greater than the number of answers, N, used in the test. The test uses 65 questions, selected by their relevance and placement in the Survey instrument. A univariate outlier test is then applied at the country level for each question of each survey. We use the standardized score—or “z-score”—method, which indicates by how many standard deviations any one individual answer deviates from the mean of the country sample. Individual answers with a standardized score
Zi,q,c greater than 3 are dropped.

88 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

Data weighting: Sector-weighted country averages
Once the data have been edited, individual answers are aggregated at the country level. We compute sector-weighted country averages to obtain a more representative average that takes into account the structure of a country’s economy. The structure is defined by the estimated contributions to a country’s
GDP of each of the four main economic sectors: agriculture, manufacturing industry, non-manufacturing industry, and services (see Table 2).10
An additional step is taken to prevent individual responses within a sample from receiving excessive weight when the structure of the sample and the underlying economy differ greatly. As an extreme example, imagine the case of a country where just 3 percent of responses come from the services sector, but that sector actually represents 90 percent of the country’s economy. By applying the above sectorweighting scheme, we would be giving a very high weight to a very few surveys. This is avoided by
“trimming” the sector weights. When, for a particular country, the ratio of the weight of one sector in the economy to the percentage of surveys from that sector in the country sample exceeds 5, the sector weight used for the weighted average is capped to five times the percentage of surveys from that sector in the sample. The weights of the other sectors are then adjusted proportionally to their weight in the country’s GDP.
Formally, the sector-weighted average of a Survey
S
w s,c ϫ q i,s,cas indicator i for country c, denoted q i,c =
, is⌺ computed s follows: q i,c = q i,c = with q i,s,c = q i,s,c =

S

⌺ ww
⌺
S s s,c s,c ϫ q i,s,c ϫ q i,s,c

s

N s,c
N s,c

⌺ j ⌺ j q i,s,c =

N s,c

⌺ j q i,j,s,c
N s,c

q i,j,s,c qNi,j,s,c s,c
,
N s,c

where ws,c is sector s’s contribution to the economy of country c; qi,s,c is the mean of the answers to question i from sector s in country c; qi,j,s,c is the answer to question i from respondent j in sector s in country c; and
Ns,c is the number of responses from sector s in country c.
When, for a given country, the sample size is too small or the sectoral representation of the sample is too different from the actual structure in the economy, the mechanism described above might not be sufficient to prevent an individual response from receiving a disproportionate weight.11 In such a case the economic sector stratification average is abandoned and a simple average of the surveys is applied, where all individual responses contribute equally to the country score

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1.3: The Executive Opinion Survey

Table 2: Sectoral value-added as a share (%) of GDP, most recent year available

Country/Economy
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina†
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Côte d 'Ivoire
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan†
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao PDR
Latvia

Agriculture
20
7
10
9
21
2
2
6
0
18
3
1
32
16
12
8
2
5
1
5
33
35
36
19
2
10
14
3
10
7
7
24
5
2
2
1
6
7
14
13
4
42
3
2
4
30
7
1
27
6
41
13
21
26
12
0
4
7
17
17
10
1
3
2
6
1
3
5
23
3
0
20
31
4

Manufacturing industry Nonmanufacturing industry
19*

7
6
18
11
9
19
6
15
18
7
14
8
9
13
13
4
15
12
17
14
10
16
17
12
9
7
12
30
15
18
21
18
8
31
12
25
11
15
20
18
5
19
11
3
4
10
21
6
10
20
5
4
8
18
2
23
15
14
11
11
24
22
17
9
19
19
13
11
31
2
18
8
12

56
54
9
27
10
10
61
30
10
16
8
6
35
21
16
43
13
55
14
9
9
8
14
20
9
42
27
17
17
9
9
9
12
8
10
8
30
22
7
12
8
10
8
58
7
8
7
19
6
10
42
29
11
8
6
8
10
13
34
34
8
9
9
12
8
11
32
8
9
49
11
27
10

Services

Country/Economy

Agriculture

61
31
30
65
42
78
69
27
54
53
74
78
54
40
54
63
51
67
32
63
44
46
41
50
66
72
38
57
43
62
66
45
67
78
60
77
61
52
49
60
65
46
68
79
36
58
75
71
47
79
30
39
46
55
61
93
65
68
56
38
45
67
67
73
73
71
66
50
58
58
49
51
35
74

Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Oman†
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan, China
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates†
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

6
8
77
2
4
0
11
29
31
11
37
2
16
4
4
13
15
10
15
32
48
7
38
2
6
21
33
2
2
22
4
22
8
13
4
2
1
0
7
4
32
2
18
9
2
44
0
4
2
2
3
14
11
8
2
1
1
27
12
27
1
8
9
23
8
2
1
1
10
4
20
8
21
13

Manufacturing industry Nonmanufacturing industry

8
12

13
22
5*

4
23
7
18
14
10
26
3
13
4
18
18
12
8
6
15
13
12
8
6
13
15
20
4
9
8
15
6
11
16
19
18
13
46
4
21
16
7
10
14
16
11
4
21
21
21
13
13
17
23
41
16
19
32
10
39
3
5
18
18
8
18
12
11
13
13
15
19
6
9
11

74
5
6
10
2
6
18
21
19
43
9
16
0
28
14
14
12
5
12
9
11
10
11
36
31
47
11
11
8
17
11
13
10
4
71
4
20
8
50
10
11
7
15
6
14
11
17
13
11
15
5
10
8
4
17
5
15
47
16
9
17
14
48
10
7
12
40
22
23
28
12

Services
72
59
18
20
68
86
61
55
53
45
39
65
37
70
62
74
48
70
55
44
35
73
47
74
70
47
27
58
43
53
79
59
58
57
65
75
49
25
68
59
53
38
58
64
80
37
73
61
66
67
71
58
51
46
72
72
62
46
44
56
47
58
64
51
60
38
78
79
65
42
40
63
42
64

Sources: World Bank, World Development Indicators (accessed December 12, 2012); Economist Intelligence Unit, CountryData database (accessed December 13, 2012); US Central Intelligence
Agency, The World Factbook (accessed December 13, 2012)
* Combined share of manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors.
† Figures were collected in December 2011 used for the computation of the 2012 Survey results.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 89

1.3: The Executive Opinion Survey

Box 2: Country score calculation q i,c10–11

q i,

ϱ‫گ‬ᎏԽ␣ϩϪ⌺ϫϬϭϮϯЊЈ
This box presents the method applied to compute the country scores in The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014.
2012–13

For any given Survey question i, country c’s final score, q i,c
2012–13

q i,c

2012

ϭwc

2012

2013

ϫ q i,c

ϩ wc

2013

2012

2012

, isw cgiven ϭ ϫ qby: i,c q i,c

where

(1)

t
Nc

t
⌺ q i,n,c

t

–t q i,c ϭ n=1

q i,n,c

(1Ϫ␣) ϩ

2012 c 2012 ϩ c2013 c N

N
N
N
2012
q wc ϭ t with t = 2012, 2013, as computed q i,c is country c’s score on question i in yearN ct,
2
t qti,n,c following the approach described in the text; t 2013 q i,n,c wc Nc
΂΃΄΅Ά·͓͓͠΍ΕΔΖ
tt
␣ ϩ 2012 qNi,ctc is respondent n’s response (on a 1–7 scale) to question i in year t; and
2013
10–11
N c ϩN c
2013
q i, Nqc i,c wc ϭ ϱ‫گ‬ᎏԽ␣ϩϪ⌺ϫϬϭϮϯЊЈ tt qwi,n,c is the weight applied to country c’s score in year t (see below).
2
tc wc t
2012–13
2012–13
2012
2012
2013
2013 q i,c2013 q i,c10–11ϭ q i,c–2012 c w each
The weights for q i,c Nϭ ϫ year ϩ wdetermined ϫ q i,c as follows: q i,c q i,c are c c t 2013 q i,c2012 1
2012
2013
1
N q i,c2012–12 ϭ ϫ (1Ϫ␣) ϫ ␣q i,cϩ ϩ ␣ ϫc q i,c ϩ ϫ
2012
2013
2
2 ϩ N
N
c c 2013
2012
wc ϭ
N cand discounted-past weighted average

2012

wc

t i,c t c ΄

Nc

΅

Ά

(1Ϫ␣)N ctϩ 2012
2013
Nt c ϩ N c
2012
(2a)
⌺ q i,n,c w c ϭ –t n=1 t q i,n,c
(1Ϫ␣) ϩ 2012
2
2 q i,c ϭ
2013
N c ϩN c
N ct
2012
wc ϭ t where N c is the sample size (i.e., the number of respondents) for country c in year t, with t = 2012, 2013.
2
q

΄

2013

wc

2012

2012

wc

ϭ0

wc

2013

ϭ0

wc

ϭ1 ϭ1 N c2012
N c2013
2012
2013 ϩ 2012 ϫ q i,c
2013 ϫ q i,c ϩ Nc
Nc
N c ϩ N c2013
(2b)
2012

΄

sample-size weighted average

΅

t
2013 yields:
N ct
N ct
Plugging
w c Equations (2a) and (2b) into (1) and rearranging t t t t
1
1 t –t
Nc
΂΃΄΅Ά·͓͓͠΍ΕΔΖ ϭ ϫ (1Ϫ␣) ϫ q i,c ϩ ␣ ϫ q i,c ϩ ϫ ϫ q i,c ϩ t ϫ q i,c q t t i,c
␣ ϩ 2012
2
N c ϩN c
N c ϩ N ct
2
2013 ϩ N
N
c c 2013
2013
2012 ϭ ϭ0 w ϭN1 c2013 w2012 Nwc2012 c c
2013
2012 c
2013 .
1
1
(3)
ϩ 2012 ϫ q i,c q i,c2012–13 ϭ ϫ (1Ϫ␣) ϫ q i,c ϩ ␣ ϫ q i,c 2 ϩ ϫ
2012
2013 ϫ q i,c
2
2
N c ϩ 2012
Nc
N c ϩ N c2013
2013
w c ϭ1 w c ϭ0 discounted-past weighted average average N c2005
N c2006
–2005
–2006
–2005
–2006
1 sample-size weighted
1
05–06 ϩ 2005 ϭ ϫ (1Ϫ␣) ϫ q i,c 2013ϩ ␣ ϫ q i,c ϩ ϫ ϫ q i,c q i,c 2012
2005
2006 ϫ q i,c ϩ N c componentN c ϩ N c2006
Nisc the2 discounted-past
N c weighted 2013
2 TheNsecond
2012of the weighting
2013
2012 c 1 first component
1
2012–12
In Equation
(3),
the scheme average. ϫ q i,c ϩ 2012 ϫ q i,c q i,c ϭ ϫ (1Ϫ␣) ϫ q i,c ϩ ␣ ϫ q i,c ϩ ϫ ϩ N c2013The value
2
2
N c2012
N c2013 half-weight
N c each. is the sample size-weighted average. The two components areϩ given for ␣ is 0.6, which
1

2

΅

΅

ΆΆ

΄

1

΄

΅

Ά Ά

΄

΄

2

΄

΄

΅

΅

΅

1

2

1

1

2

2

1

΄

Ά
Ά

΄

2

q i,ct –t ϭ
1

2

1

2

΄

΅

1

2

1

1

΄
΄

2

2

1

2

΅

lower bound = Q1 – 1.5 ϫ IQR

΅

N ct
N ct t t t t
1
1 ϩ t = t Q3 ϫ (1Ϫ␣) ϫ q i,c ϩ ␣ ϫ q i,c ϩ ϫ ϫ q i,c bound ϫ –q i,c1.5 ϫ IQR t t upper
.
2
2
N c ϩN c
N c ϩN c

΄

1

΄

2

΅

΅

–2005
–2006
1
1
q i,c05–06ϭ ϫ (1Ϫ␣) ϫ q i,c ϩ ␣ ϫ q i,c ϩ ϫ
2
2

1

2

1

1

Nc

2

2

1

2005

N c2005ϩ N c2006

ϫ q

–2005 i,c ϩ

2

Nc

2006

N c2005ϩ N c2006

ϫ q

(4)

΅

–2006 i,c Exceptions

Ά
Ά

0.453 ϫ 3.57 ϩ 0.547 ϫ 3.82 ϭ 3.71
As described in the text, there
2012 are a number
2013 of exceptions to the approach described above. In describing them below, we use actual years—rather than letters—in equations for the sake of concreteness.
In the case of Survey questions that were introduced in 2013, where, by definition, no past data exist, the weight applied is wc2012 = 0 and wc2013 = 1. Equation (1) simply is qi,c2012–13 = qi,c2013. The same is true for those countries that are newly covered
(Bhutan, Lao PDF, and Myanmar) and reinstated (Angola and Tunisia) in 2013. For these countries too we use qi,c2012–13 = qi,c2013. lower bound = Q1 – 1.5 ϫ IQR
In the case of countries that failed the inter-year robustness check, the weight applied is wc2012 = 1 and wc2013 = 0, so that upper bound =2012–13
Q3 – 1.52012ϫ IQR
Equation (1) simply becomes qi,c
= qi,c . In the case of countries that failed the inter-year robustness check last year and for which the 2012 data were discarded, we use the Survey data from 2011 instead, and combine them with those of 2013 to compute the scores. Equation (1) then becomes qi,c2011,2013 = wc2011 ϫ qi,c2011 ϩ wc2013 ϫ qi,c2013.
Example
For this example, we compute the score of Panama for indicator 7.03 Hiring and firing practices, which is derived from the following Survey question: “In your country, how would you characterize the hiring and firing of workers? [1 = heavily impeded by regulations; 7 = extremely flexible].” This question is not a new question, and Panama did not fail the inter-year robustness test either this year or last year. Therefore, the general case of Equation (1) applies. Panama’s score was 3.57 in 2012 and 3.82 in 2013. The weighting scheme described above indicates how the two scores are combined. In Panama, the size of the sample was 133 in 2012 and 130 in 2013. Using ␣ = 0.6 and applying Equations (2a) and (2b) yields weights of 45.3 percent for 2012 and 54.7 percent for 2013 (see Table 1). The final country score for this question is given by Equation (1):
(Cont’d.)

90 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2

΅

discounted-past average is, the 2012 score of country corresponds to a discount factor ofweighted
2/3. That c is given
2/3 of the weight given to the 2013 sample-size weighted average ϩ 0.547 ϫ 3.82 ϭ 3.71
0.453
ϫ 3.57 score. One additional characteristic of this approach is that it prevents a country sample that is much larger in one year from
2012
2013 overwhelming the smaller sample from the other year.
The formula is easily generalized. For any two consecutive editions t1 and t of the Survey, country c’s final score on
N ct
N ct 2 t t t t
1
1 t –t question qi is computed as follows: ϭ ϫ (1Ϫ␣) ϫ q i,c ϩ ␣ ϫ q i,c ϩ ϫ ϫ q i,c ϩ t ϫ q i,c t t t i,c
2
N c ϩN c
N c ϩN c
2
1

΅

Ά

t t i,c

q i,c10–11ϭ q i,c–2012

q i,c2013

q i,c2012–13

2013

ϫ q i,c

q i,c2012

t

ϫ q i,c

2013

ϩ wc

q i,ct –t ϭ
1

2

΄

Nc
Nc
t t t t 1
1
ϫ (1Ϫ␣) ϫ q i,c ϩ ␣ ϫ q i,c ϩ ϫ ϫ q i,c ϩ t ϫ q i,c
2
N ct ϩ N ct
N c ϩ N ct
2

΄

1

2

΅

1

1

2

2

1

2

΅
1.3: The Executive Opinion Survey

΄

΅

N c2005
N c2006
–2006
–2005
–2006
1
1
q i,c–2005ϩ ␣calculation ϩ 2005
(1Ϫ␣) ϫ score ϭ 2:ϫ Country ϫ q i,c ϩ (cont’d.) ϫ ϫ q i,c q i,c05–06
2005
2006 ϫ q i,c
Box
2
2
N c ϩN c
N c ϩ N c2006

΄

΅

Ά
Ά

0.453 ϫ 3.57 ϩ 0.547 ϫ 3.82 ϭ 3.71 .
2012

2013

This is the final score used in the computation of the GCI and reported in Table 7.03 (see page 490). Although numbers are rounded to two decimal places in this example and to one decimal place in the data tables, exact figures are used in all calculations. lower bound = Q1 – 1.5 ϫ IQR

upper bound = Q3 – 1.5 ϫ IQR

regardless of the sector of activity of the respondents’ companies. In 2013, this was the case for seven countries: Angola, Bahrain, El Salvador, Finland, Kuwait,
Seychelles, and Venezuela.
Data weighting: Moving average
As a final step, the sector-weighted country averages for
2013 are combined with the 2012 averages to produce the country scores that are used for the computation of the GCI 2013–2014 and for other projects.
This moving average technique, introduced in 2008, consists of taking a weighted average of the most recent year’s Survey results together with a discounted average of the previous year. There are several reasons for doing this. First, it makes results less sensitive to the specific point in time when the Survey is administered. Second, it increases the amount of available information by providing a larger sample size. Additionally, because the
Survey is carried out during the first quarter of the year, the average of the responses in the first quarter of 2012 and first quarter of 2013 better aligns the Survey data with many of the data indicators from sources other than the Survey, which are often year-average data.
For newly introduced questions, for which no time series exists, the final country score corresponds to the country score in 2013. This year, this is the case for indicators 6.04 Effect of taxation on incentives to invest, 7.05 Effect of taxation on the incentive to work,
7.08 Country capacity to retain talent, and 7.09 Country capacity to attract talent, which are derived from four
Survey questions introduced in 2013 to replace two double-barreled questions on the capacity to attract and retain talent and on the effect of taxation on incentives to invest and work, respectively.
To calculate the moving average, we use a weighting scheme composed of two overlapping elements. On one hand, we want to give each response an equal weight and, therefore, place more weight on the year with the larger sample size. At the same time, we would like to give more weight to the most recent responses because they contain more updated information. That is, we also
“discount the past.” Table 1 reports the exact weights

used in the computation of the scores of each country, while Box 2 details the methodology and provides a clarifying example.
Inter-year robustness test and trend analysis
The two tests described above address variability issues among individual responses in a country. Yet they were not designed to track the evolution of country scores across time. We therefore carry out an analysis to assess the reliability and consistency of the Survey data over time. As part of this analysis, we run an inter-quartile range test, or IQR test, to identify large swings—positive and negative—in the country scores. More specifically, for each country we compute c as the average difference in country scores across all the Survey questions. We then compute the inter-quartile range (i.e., the difference between the 25th percentile and the 75th percentile), denoted iq, of the sample of 148 economies. Any value c lying outside the range bounded by the 25th percentile minus 1.5 times iq and the 75th percentile plus 1.5 times iq is identified as a potential outlier. Formally, we have: lower bound = Q1 – 1.5 ϫ IQR upper bound = Q3 – 1.5 ϫ IQR where Q1 and Q3 correspond to the 25th and 75th percentiles of the sample, respectively, and
IQR is the difference between these two values. In addition to this test, we conduct an analysis of the evolution in the results over the past five editions and also consider the latest developments in all countries displaying large swings.
Based on this quantitative and qualitative analyses, the 2013 Survey data collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Jordan, Oman, and the United
Arab Emirates appear to deviate significantly from the historical trends, and recent developments in these countries do not seem to provide enough justification for the large swings observed. For these four countries, therefore, we use only the 2012 Survey data in the computation of this year’s GCI. Although this remains

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 91

1.3: The Executive Opinion Survey

a remedial measure, we will continue to investigate the situation over the coming months in an effort to improve the representativeness of the Survey data in these countries. Last year, the same analysis resulted in the Survey data of four countries—Ecuador, Georgia,
Rwanda, and Sri Lanka—being removed. This year, as an intermediate step toward the re-establishment of the standard computation method, we used a weighted average of the Survey data of 2011 for these countries— that is, the edition preceding the problematic one—and
2013.
CONCLUSION
The World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey remains the largest poll of its kind, capturing the insight of more than 13,000 executives into critical drivers of their respective countries’ development. This scale could not be achieved without the tremendous efforts of the Forum’s network of over 160 Partner Institutes in carrying out the Survey at a national level. It gathers valuable information on a broad range of variables for which data sources are scarce or nonexistent. For this reason, and for the integrity of our publication and related research, sampling and comparability across the globe remain an essential and ongoing endeavor of The
Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Network.

9 The completion rate is the proportion of answered questions among the 131 questions in the survey instrument used in the computation of the indexes.
10 In some cases, the information about the company’s sector of activity is missing. In these cases, for any given country when the sample includes at least one survey without sector information, the average response values across the surveys are apportioned to the other sectors according to the sample sizes in those other sectors. This has the effect of including these surveys on a one-for-one basis as they occur in the sample—that is, with no adjustment for sector.
11 Following the computation of the sector-weighted country scores, for each country we compute the weight of each individual response in the sample. For any given country, if the individual weight of a response exceeds 10 percent, we abandon the sector-weighted approach and apply a simple average across all responses. NOTES
1 For Forum competitiveness publications, please see http://www. weforum.org/content/pages/competitiveness-library. 2 For a number of countries, 2013 data were not used. Please see the data-editing section for further details.
3 The Executive Opinion Survey 2013 is available in the following 41 languages—13 more than last year: Albanian, Arabic, Armenian,
Azeri, Bosnian, Brazilian Portuguese, Bulgarian, Burmese,
Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Estonian, English, French,
German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Khmer,
Korean, Lao, Latvian, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Mongolian,
Montenegrin, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian,
Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Turkish, Urdu, and
Vietnamese.
4 In the case of Tajikistan, the Survey was not conducted because of a lack of clearance for its administration.
5 The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness and
Benchmarking Network would like to acknowledge e-Rewards
Market Research for carrying out the Executive Opinion Survey
2013 in the United States, collecting over 670 surveys following the detailed sampling guidelines. Furthermore, e-Rewards supplemented a sample of 128 in Germany as well as 71 in India.
6 Company size is defined as the number of employees of the firm in the country of the Survey respondent. The company size value used for delineating the large and small company sample frames varies across countries. The size value tracks closely with the overall size of the economy. Adjustments were made to the value based on searches in company directories and data gathered through the administration of the Survey in past years.
7 In order to reach the required number of surveys in each country
(80 for most economies and 300 for the BRICs countries and the
United States), a Partner Institute uses the response rate from previous years.
8 The results are the scores obtained by each economy in the various questions of the Survey. The two terms are used interchangeably throughout the text.

92 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Part 2
Data Presentation

© 2013 World Economic Forum

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.1
Country/Economy Profiles

© 2013 World Economic Forum

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles

The Country/Economy Profiles section presents a twopage profile for each of the 148 economies covered in
The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014.

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Albania
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 3.2
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 12.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,913
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Albania

20,000

Central and Eastern Europe

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

PAGE 1

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 89 ......3.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 78 ......4.1

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................94 ......4.2

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 118 ......3.3
Infrastructure ............................................................ 99 ......3.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 94 ......4.4
Health and primary education ................................... 56 ......5.9

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) ...................................100 ......3.7

2

Higher education and training ................................... 78 ......4.2
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 97 ......4.1
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 67 ......4.3
Financial market development ................................ 128 ......3.3
Technological readiness ............................................ 92 ......3.3
Market size ............................................................. 107 ......2.9

• Population figures are from The World Bank, World
Development Indicators (April 2013 edition). The population figure for Taiwan (China) is sourced from
Taiwan’s national statistics.

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........119 ......3.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 122 ......3.4
Innovation ............................................................... 119 ......2.8

Albania

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................25.5
Access to financing ...........................................................20.3
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.7
Tax regulations ..................................................................11.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................9.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.7
Inflation ................................................................................3.5
Policy instability ...................................................................3.1
Tax rates..............................................................................2.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.8
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................0.6
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.4

• Gross domestic product (GDP) data come from the
April 2013 edition of the International Monetary Fund
(IMF)’s World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database, with the exception of Puerto Rico, for which figures are sourced from Puerto Rico’s national statistics.
Reported GDP and GDP per capita are valued at current prices.
• The chart on the upper right-hand side displays the evolution of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) from 1990 through 2012 (or the period for which data are available) for the economy under review (blue line). The black line plots the
GDP-weighted average of GDP per capita of the group of economies to which the economy under review belongs. We draw on the IMF’s classification
(as used in the April 2013 edition of WEO), which divides the world into six regions: Central and
Eastern Europe; the Commonwealth of Independent
States (CIS), which includes Georgia although it is not a CIS member; Developing Asia, which now includes Mongolia; the newly created Middle East,
North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan region
(MENAP); Sub-Saharan Africa; and Latin America and the Caribbean. The last group comprises advanced economies. GDP figures come from the
WEO database. For more information regarding the classification and the data, visit www.imf.org/weo.
Note that no data are available for Puerto Rico.

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 95 ..... 3.8

Key indicators
The first section presents a selection of key indicators for the economy under review:

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Percent of responses
Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

100 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

Global Competitiveness Index
This section details the economy’s performance on the main components of the Global Competitiveness
Index (GCI). The first column shows the country’s rank among the 148 economies, while the second column presents the score. The percentage contribution to the overall GCI score of each subindex score is reported next to the subindex name. These weights vary depending on the country’s stage of development. For more information on the methodology of the GCI, refer to Chapter 1.1. On the right-hand side, a chart shows the country’s performance in the 12 pillars of the GCI
(blue line) measured against the average scores across all the economies in the same stage of development
(black line).
The most problematic factors for doing business
This chart summarizes those factors seen by business executives as the most problematic for doing business in their economy. The information is drawn from the
2013 edition of the World Economic Forum’s Executive
Opinion Survey (the Survey). From a list of 16 factors, respondents were asked to select the five most

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 97

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

problematic and rank them from 1 (most problematic) to 5. The results were then tabulated and weighted according to the ranking assigned by respondents. For
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Jordan, Oman, and the United
Arab Emirates we use data from the 2012 edition of the
Survey. See Chapter 1.3 for details.

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Albania
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

1st pillar: Institutions
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.8 ..........137
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.9 ..........114
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.5 ..........112
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.4 ............99
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.1 ..........118
Judicial independence............................................ 2.3 ..........134
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.7 ..........102
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.1 ............77
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.9 ............33
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.0 ..........120
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.9 ..........113
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.1 ............72
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.2 ............92
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.3 ............92
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.4 ..........108
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.7 ..........101
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.3 ..........129
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.8 ..........123
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............89
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.8 ............95
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 7.3 ............17

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.8 ............92
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.9 ............76
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.2 ..........118
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.5 ..........109
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.3 ............77
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 24.2 ..........119
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.5 ............85
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 108.4 ............75
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 9.7 ............94

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP* ..................-3.1 ............81
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 13.9 ..........104
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.0 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 60.6 ..........112
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 37.3 ............88

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.3 ............34
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 13.0 ............32
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.3 ............23
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. <0.1 ..............1
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 12.8 ............67
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 77.0 ............38
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.3 ............53
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 93.0 ............83

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 78.2 ............95
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 43.9 ............57
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.0 ............52
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.3 ............54
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.1 ............84
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.2 ............73
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.6 ..........113
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.4 ............36

6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.4 ..........144
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.0 ..........131
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.4 ..........125
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.7 ............75
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 38.7 ............74

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

PAGE 2
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
This page details the country’s performance on each of the indicators entering the composition of the GCI.
Indicators are organized by pillar. For indicators entering at the GCI in two different pillars, only the first instance is shown on this page.

• VALUE: This column reports the country’s score on each of the variables that compose the GCI.
• RANK/148: This column reports the country’s position among the 148 economies covered by the GCI 2013–2014. The ranks of those indicators that constitute a notable competitive advantage are highlighted in blue bold typeface (except for inflation). Competitive advantages are defined as follows:
For those economies ranked in the top 10 in the overall GCI, individual indicators ranked from 1 through 10 are considered to be advantages.
For instance, in the case of Germany—which is ranked 4th overall—its 2nd rank on indicator
5.07 Availability of research and training services makes this indicator a competitive advantage.
For those economies ranked from 11 through 50 in the overall GCI, variables ranked higher than the economy’s own rank are considered to be advantages. In the case of Iceland, ranked 31st overall, its rank of 13 on indicator 7.10 Female participation in labor force makes this indicator a competitive advantage.
For those economies ranked lower than 50th in the overall GCI, any individual indicators with a rank of 50 or better are considered to

98 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 4 ............20
No. days to start a business* .................................... 4 ..............8
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.4 ..........115
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.1 ............99
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 2.7 ............39
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.6 ..........128
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.5 ............81
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.3 ..........117
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 52.6 ............60
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............77
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.2 ............89

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.7 ............39
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.3 ..........123
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.4 ............29
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 20.8 ............99
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.7 ............69
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.5 ............24
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.9 ............95
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.5 ............60
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.6 ............63
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.72 ............95

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.5 ..........129
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.4 ..........127
Financing through local equity market .................... 1.7 ..........146
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.9 ..........135
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.9 ..........136
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.9 ..........129
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 1.9 ..........146
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.1 ..........119
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.2 ..........108
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.4 ............91
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 54.7 ............58
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 5.0 ............78
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 17.0 ............75
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 18.4 ............70

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency

• INDICATOR, UNITS: This column contains the title of each indicator and, where relevant, the units in which it is measured—for example, “days” or
“% GDP.” Indicators that are not derived from the
Survey are identified by an asterisk (*). Indicators derived from the Survey are always expressed as scores on a 1–7 scale, with 7 being the most desirable outcome.

INDICATOR

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size
10.01 Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.7 ..........105
10.02 Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.5 ..........113
10.03 GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 26.1 ..........108
10.04 Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 31.8 ............92

11th pillar: Business sophistication
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.7 ..........135
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.7 ..........127
State of cluster development.................................. 2.5 ..........145
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.8 ..........129
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.6 ..........147
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.0 ............74
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.7 ............73
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.0 ............81
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.8 ............71

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.0 ..........121
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.8 ..........121
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.0 ............82
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.6 ..........135
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.7 ............52
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.5 ..........106
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.2 ............91

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 101

be advantages. For the Philippines, ranked
59th overall, indicator 8.02 Affordability of financial services, where the country ranks 31st, constitutes a competitive advantage.
This year, two indicators derived from the Survey were revised. The former indicator 7.07 Brain drain was split into two indicators, namely 7.08 Country capacity to retain talent and 7.09 Country capacity to attract talent.
The former indicator 6.04 Extent and effect of taxation was split into two new indicators, namely 6.04 Effect of taxation on incentives to invest and 7.05 Effect of taxation on incentives to work. For those countries for which we discarded the 2013 Survey data (i.e., Bosnia and Herzegovina, Jordan, Oman, and the United Arab
Emirates), the 2012 results derived from the Survey questions on brain drain and on the extent and effect of taxation are used in the calculation and reported in the country profiles.
For further analysis, the data tables in the following section of the Report provide ranks, values, and the period of each data point, indicator by indicator.

ONLINE DATA PORTAL
In addition to the analysis presented in this Report, an interactive data platform can be accessed via www.weforum.org/gcr. The platform offers a number of analytical and visualization tools, including sortable rankings, scatter plots, bar charts, and maps, as well as the possibility of downloading portions of the GCI data set.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Index of Country/Economy Profiles

Country/Economy

Page

Country/Economy

Page

Country/Economy

Page

Albania
Algeria

100
102

Guatemala
Guinea

200
202

Nigeria
Norway

300
302

Angola

104

Guyana

204

Oman

304

Argentina

106

Haiti

206

Pakistan

306

Armenia

108

Honduras

208

Panama

308

Australia

110

Hong Kong SAR

210

Paraguay

310

Austria

112

Hungary

212

Peru

312

Azerbaijan

114

Iceland

214

Philippines

314

Bahrain

116

India

216

Poland

316

Bangladesh

118

Indonesia

218

Portugal

318

Barbados

120

Iran, Islamic Rep.

220

Puerto Rico

320

Belgium

122

Ireland

222

Qatar

322

Benin

124

Israel

224

Romania

324

Bhutan

126

Italy

226

Russian Federation

326

Bolivia

128

Jamaica

228

Rwanda

328

Bosnia and Herzegovina

130

Japan

230

Saudi Arabia

330

Botswana

132

Jordan

232

Senegal

332

Brazil

134

Kazakhstan

234

Serbia

334

Brunei Darussalam

136

Kenya

236

Seychelles

336

Bulgaria

138

Korea, Rep.

238

Sierra Leone

338

Burkina Faso

140

Kuwait

240

Singapore

340

Burundi

142

Kyrgyz Republic

242

Slovak Republic

342

Cambodia

144

Lao PDR

244

Slovenia

344

Cameroon

146

Latvia

246

South Africa

346

Canada

148

Lebanon

248

Spain

348

Cape Verde

150

Lesotho

250

Sri Lanka

350

Chad

152

Liberia

252

Suriname

352

Chile

154

Libya

254

Swaziland

354

China

156

Lithuania

256

Sweden

356

Colombia

158

Luxembourg

258

Switzerland

358

Costa Rica

160

Macedonia, FYR

260

Taiwan, China

360

Côte d 'Ivoire

162

Madagascar

262

Tanzania

362

Croatia

164

Malawi

264

Thailand

364

Cyprus

166

Malaysia

266

Timor-Leste

366

Czech Republic

168

Mali

268

Trinidad and Tobago

368

Denmark

170

Malta

270

Tunisia

370

Dominican Republic

172

Mauritania

272

Turkey

372

Ecuador

174

Mauritius

274

Uganda

374

Egypt

176

Mexico

276

Ukraine

376

El Salvador

178

Moldova

278

United Arab Emirates

378

Estonia

180

Mongolia

280

United Kingdom

380

Ethiopia

182

Montenegro

282

United States

382

Finland

184

Morocco

284

Uruguay

384

France

186

Mozambique

286

Venezuela

386

Gabon

188

Myanmar

288

Vietnam

388

Gambia, The

190

Namibia

290

Yemen

390

Georgia

192

Nepal

292

Germany

194

Netherlands

294

Zambia
Zimbabwe

392
394

Ghana
Greece

196
198

New Zealand
Nicaragua

296
298

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 99

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Albania
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 3.2
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 12.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,913
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Albania

20,000

Central and Eastern Europe

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 95 ..... 3.8

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 89 ......3.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 78 ......4.1

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................94 ......4.2

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 118 ......3.3
Infrastructure ............................................................ 99 ......3.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 94 ......4.4
Health and primary education ................................... 56 ......5.9

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) ...................................100 ......3.7

2

Higher education and training ................................... 78 ......4.2
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 97 ......4.1
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 67 ......4.3
Financial market development ................................ 128 ......3.3
Technological readiness ............................................ 92 ......3.3
Market size ............................................................. 107 ......2.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........119 ......3.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 122 ......3.4
Innovation ............................................................... 119 ......2.8

Albania

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................25.5
Access to financing ...........................................................20.3
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.7
Tax regulations ..................................................................11.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................9.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.7
Inflation ................................................................................3.5
Policy instability ...................................................................3.1
Tax rates..............................................................................2.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.8
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................0.6
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

100 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Albania
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.8 ..........137
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.9 ..........114
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.5 ..........112
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.4 ............99
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.1 ..........118
Judicial independence............................................ 2.3 ..........134
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.7 ..........102
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.1 ............77
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.9 ............33
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.0 ..........120
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.9 ..........113
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.1 ............72
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.2 ............92
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.3 ............92
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.4 ..........108
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.7 ..........101
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.3 ..........129
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.8 ..........123
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............89
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.8 ............95
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 7.3 ............17

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.8 ............92
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.9 ............76
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.2 ..........118
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.5 ..........109
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.3 ............77
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 24.2 ..........119
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.5 ............85
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 108.4 ............75
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 9.7 ............94

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.1 ............81
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 13.9 ..........105
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.0 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 60.6 ..........112
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 37.3 ............88

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.3 ............34
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 13.0 ............32
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.3 ............23
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. <0.1 ..............1
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 12.8 ............67
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 77.0 ............38
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.3 ............53
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 93.0 ............83

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 78.2 ............95
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 43.9 ............57
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.0 ............52
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.3 ............54
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.1 ............84
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.2 ............73
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.6 ..........113
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.4 ............36

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 4 ............20
No. days to start a business* .................................... 4 ..............8
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.4 ..........115
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.1 ............99
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 2.7 ............39
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.6 ..........128
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.5 ............81
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.3 ..........117
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 52.6 ............60
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............77
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.2 ............89

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.7 ............39
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.3 ..........123
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.4 ............29
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 20.8 ............99
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.7 ............69
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.5 ............24
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.9 ............95
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.5 ............60
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.6 ............63
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.72 ............95

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.5 ..........129
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.4 ..........127
Financing through local equity market .................... 1.7 ..........146
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.9 ..........135
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.9 ..........136
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.9 ..........129
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 1.9 ..........146
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.1 ..........119
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.2 ..........108
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.4 ............91
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 54.7 ............58
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 5.0 ............78
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 17.0 ............75
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 18.4 ............70

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.7 ..........105
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.5 ..........113
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 26.1 ..........108
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 31.8 ............92

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.7 ..........135
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.7 ..........127
State of cluster development.................................. 2.5 ..........145
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.8 ..........129
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.6 ..........147
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.0 ............74
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.7 ............73
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.0 ............81
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.8 ............71

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.0 ..........121
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.8 ..........121
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.0 ............82
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.6 ..........135
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.7 ............52
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.5 ..........106
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.2 ............91

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.4 ..........144
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.0 ..........131
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.4 ..........125
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.7 ............75
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 38.7 ............74

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 101

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Algeria
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 36.0
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 207.8
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 5,694
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.33

Algeria

8,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 100 ..... 3.8

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 110 ......3.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 87 ......4.0

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (59.1%) .......................................92 ......4.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 135 ......3.0
Infrastructure .......................................................... 106 ......3.1
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 34 ......5.5
Health and primary education ................................... 92 ......5.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.7%) ...................................133 ......3.2

2

Higher education and training ................................. 101 ......3.5
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 142 ......3.2
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 147 ......2.9
Financial market development ................................ 143 ......2.6
Technological readiness .......................................... 136 ......2.5
Market size ............................................................... 48 ......4.4

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.2%) ...........143 ......2.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 144 ......2.9
Innovation ............................................................... 141 ......2.4

Algeria

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................17.5
Access to financing ...........................................................15.8
Corruption .........................................................................11.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................9.0
Policy instability ...................................................................7.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................7.0
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................6.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................4.6
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.0
Tax rates..............................................................................3.6
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.5
Inflation ................................................................................3.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.8
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.5
Poor public health ...............................................................1.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

102 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Algeria
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.2 ..........128
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.2 ..........145
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.3 ..........131
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.3 ..........108
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.6 ..........133
Judicial independence............................................ 3.2 ............95
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.6 ..........110
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.8 ..........101
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.5 ..........138
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.1 ..........116
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.3 ..........139
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.4 ..........133
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 3.7 ..........138
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.1 ..........102
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.8 ..........131
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.7 ............97
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.1 ..........138
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.0 ..........141
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.5 ..........143
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.0 ..........138
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.8 ............89
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.3 ............99
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.3 ............83
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.7 ..........132
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.0 ..........132
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 183.9 ............65
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.2 ............90
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 103.3 ............86
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 8.8 ............98

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.7 ............71
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 42.4 ............11
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 8.9 ..........124
General government debt, % GDP* ....................... 9.9 ..............8
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 50.0 ............68

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.1 ..........105
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.1 ............75
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.3 ..........115
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 90.0 ............92
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.3 ..........118
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 25.6 ..........100
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.1 ............85
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.5 ..........131
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 96.2 ............53

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 101.6 ............31
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 32.1 ............76
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.7 ..........133
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.7 ..........132
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.0 ..........135
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.2 ..........138
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.1 ..........136
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.0 ..........139

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 14 ..........140
No. days to start a business* .................................. 25 ............97
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.2 ..........123
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.4 ..........143
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 14.4 ..........134
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.2 ..........135
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.3 ..........134
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 2.7 ..........143
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 29.8 ..........123
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.1 ..........144
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.8 ..........119

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.4 ..........137
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.4 ..........116
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.7 ..........142
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 17.3 ............85
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.3 ..........107
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.8 ..........140
Reliance on professional management ................... 2.3 ..........145
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.1 ..........137
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.0 ..........139
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.21 ..........148

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.0 ..........141
Affordability of financial services ............................. 2.7 ..........144
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.1 ..........138
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.7 ............86
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.0 ..........123
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.3 ..........140
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.0 ..........142
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.2 ..........144
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.2 ..........147
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.6 ..........128
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 15.2 ..........114
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 3.0 ............90
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 8.1 ..........100
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........136

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.1 ............49
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.0 ............49
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 272.9 ............48
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 38.8 ............76

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.0 ..........123
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.3 ..........140
State of cluster development.................................. 3.2 ..........119
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.7 ..........132
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.6 ..........145
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.0 ..........146
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.5 ..........142
Extent of marketing ................................................ 2.4 ..........146
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 2.6 ..........144

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.3 ..........147
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.5 ..........133
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.0 ..........147
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.1 ..........146
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.7 ..........127
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.1 ............68
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ............99

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.6 ..........141
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.1 ..........130
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.1 ..........136
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.6 ............84
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 72.0 ..........141

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 103

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Angola
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 19.6
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 118.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 5,873
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.15

Angola

8,000

Sub-Saharan Africa

7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 142 ..... 3.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) .................................... n/a ......n/a
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 139 ......3.0

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (58.7%) .....................................139 ......3.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 145 ......2.8
Infrastructure .......................................................... 145 ......1.9
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 54 ......5.0
Health and primary education ................................. 137 ......3.7

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (36.0%) ...................................143 ......2.9

2

Higher education and training ................................. 147 ......2.1
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 146 ......3.0
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 134 ......3.7
Financial market development ................................ 145 ......2.4
Technological readiness .......................................... 138 ......2.5
Market size ............................................................... 65 ......3.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.3%) ...........148 ......2.5

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 143 ......2.9
Innovation ............................................................... 147 ......2.1

Angola

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................18.9
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................14.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................14.7
Access to financing ...........................................................13.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................10.0
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................7.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................5.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................3.1
Poor public health ...............................................................2.7
Tax rates..............................................................................2.0
Inflation ................................................................................1.8
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.3
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.3
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.9
Policy instability ...................................................................0.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

104 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Angola
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.8 ..........140
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.4 ..........137
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.2 ..........137
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.1 ..........123
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.4 ..........141
Judicial independence............................................ 2.4 ..........127
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.2 ..........140
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.4 ..........120
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.8 ..........129
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.7 ..........129
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.2 ..........144
Transparency of government policymaking............. 2.9 ..........144
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.7 ..........115
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.4 ..........125
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.9 ..........128
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.0 ..........127
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 2.8 ..........145
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 2.3 ..........147
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 2.6 ..........148
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 2.7 ..........145
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.7 ............57

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.0 ..........148
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.4 ..........139
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.7 ..........107
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.9 ..........125
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.4 ..........118
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 117.8 ............78
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 1.7 ..........143
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 48.6 ..........138
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 1.5 ..........124

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 8.5 ..............9
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 23.1 ............57
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 10.3 ..........134
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 29.3 ............39
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 36.2 ............89

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 1.8 ..........148
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 19,796.1 ..........129
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.2 ..........146
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 310.0 ..........134
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.0 ..........141
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 2.10 ..........128
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 96.4 ..........145
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 51.1 ..........141
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.1 ..........144
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 85.7 ..........120

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 31.3 ..........138
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 3.7 ..........140
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.2 ..........144
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.1 ..........147
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.2 ..........148
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.6 ..........127
Availability of research and training services ........... 2.5 ..........146
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.3 ..........124

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 68 ..........137
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.7 ............85
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.7 ..........130
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 8.9 ............97
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.6 ..........129
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 2.5 ..........145
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 2.2 ..........146
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 40.9 ............87
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 2.4 ..........148
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.7 ..........127

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.1 ..........145
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.3 ..........121
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.9 ..........133
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 31.0 ..........132
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.1 ............37
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.9 ..........136
Reliance on professional management ................... 2.2 ..........147
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.5 ............67
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.8 ............47
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.82 ............66

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 2.4 ..........148
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.1 ..........137
Financing through local equity market .................... 1.4 ..........148
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.7 ..........140
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.1 ..........119
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.9 ..........128
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 1.3 ..........148
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.5 ..........139
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.3 ..........145
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.3 ............95
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 16.9 ..........110
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.2 ..........126
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 0.6 ..........142
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 1.5 ..........115

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.5 ............67
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.9 ............55
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 128.3 ............63
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 65.1 ............30

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.0 ..........147
Local supplier quality.............................................. 2.8 ..........148
State of cluster development.................................. 3.1 ..........123
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.0 ..........111
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.7 ..........144
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.2 ..........138
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.7 ..........138
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.2 ..........127
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 2.7 ..........140

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.5 ..........146
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.1 ..........146
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.0 ..........145
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.2 ..........144
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.6 ..........133
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 2.5 ..........148
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........119

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 2.8 ..........148
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.0 ..........148
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 2.2 ..........148
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............55
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 53.2 ..........123

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 105

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Argentina
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 40.8
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 475.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 11,576
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.89

Argentina

20,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

15,000

10,000

5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 104 ..... 3.8

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 94 ......3.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 85 ......4.0

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (33.6%) .....................................102 ......4.1

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 143 ......2.8
Infrastructure ............................................................ 89 ......3.5
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 111 ......4.1
Health and primary education ................................... 61 ......5.8

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................97 ......3.7

2

Higher education and training ................................... 49 ......4.6
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 145 ......3.1
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 144 ......3.1
Financial market development ................................ 133 ......3.1
Technological readiness ............................................ 88 ......3.4
Market size ............................................................... 24 ......5.0

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (16.4%) ...........98 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 95 ......3.7
Innovation ............................................................... 104 ......3.0

Argentina

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inflation ..............................................................................19.2
Foreign currency regulations ..............................................17.2
Corruption .........................................................................11.2
Access to financing .............................................................8.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................8.7
Policy instability ...................................................................7.4
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................6.8
Tax regulations ....................................................................6.1
Tax rates..............................................................................5.3
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.0
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................1.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.9
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................0.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

106 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Argentina
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.5 ..........145
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.3 ..........139
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 1.8 ..........145
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.5 ..........147
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.8 ..........127
Judicial independence............................................ 2.4 ..........132
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 1.8 ..........146
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 1.7 ..........147
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.3 ..........141
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.6 ..........133
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 1.9 ..........147
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.0 ..........141
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.2 ............24
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.6 ..........118
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.4 ..........107
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.8 ..........139
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 2.9 ..........143
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.8 ..........126
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.1 ..........118
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.3 ..........129
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.7 ..........100

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.2 ..........120
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.1 ..........103
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.7 ..........106
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.7 ............99
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.6 ..........111
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 808.3 ............30
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.1 ..........116
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 142.5 ............26
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 24.3 ............48

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.3 ..........104
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 21.8 ............62
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 10.0 ..........133
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 44.9 ............82
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 29.8 ..........105

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 6.7 ............74
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.2 ............78
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.3 ............33
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 26.0 ............56
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.6 ............67
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.40 ............78
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 12.6 ............65
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 75.8 ............48
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.3 ..........102
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.1 ............19

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 90.2 ............69
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 74.8 ............15
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.2 ..........104
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.2 ..........116
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.9 ............33
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.0 ............79
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............60
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.7 ..........100

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 14 ..........140
No. days to start a business* .................................. 26 ............99
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.9 ..........140
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 2.5 ..........148
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.6 ..........117
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.6 ............77
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 2.0 ..........147
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 2.1 ..........147
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 18.1 ..........144
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.6 ..........138
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.3 ............77

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.3 ..........140
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 2.7 ..........145
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.7 ..........140
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 30.3 ..........129
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.1 ..........147
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.8 ..........144
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.4 ............63
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.2 ............84
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.4 ..........125
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.67 ..........103

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.1 ..........136
Affordability of financial services ............................. 2.9 ..........142
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.3 ..........130
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.7 ..........143
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.7 ..........142
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.4 ............99
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.5 ..........112
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.0 ..........123
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.1 ..........115
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.1 ..........147
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 55.8 ............54
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 10.9 ............57
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 22.0 ............68
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 12.4 ............80

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.9 ............21
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.2 ............39
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 743.1 ............22
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 20.1 ..........132

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.2 ..........112
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.9 ..........112
State of cluster development.................................. 3.2 ..........117
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.6 ..........134
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.5 ............93
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............86
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.8 ............69
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.4 ............53
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.5 ............91

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.3 ............91
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.0 ............49
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.8 ..........105
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.7 ............61
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.5 ..........140
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.9 ............83
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.2 ............66

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.0 ..........134
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.2 ..........123
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.0 ..........142
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.1 ..........147
Total tax rate, % profits* ..................................... 108.3 ..........145

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 107

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Armenia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 3.1
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 10.1
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 2,991
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

Armenia

15,000

Commonwealth of Independent States

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 79 ..... 4.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 82 ......4.0
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 92 ......3.9

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.2%) .......................................73 ......4.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 65 ......4.0
Infrastructure ............................................................ 80 ......3.8
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 64 ......4.9
Health and primary education ................................... 85 ......5.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (49.9%) .....................................85 ......3.9

2

Higher education and training ................................... 77 ......4.2
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 58 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 50 ......4.5
Financial market development .................................. 76 ......3.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 72 ......3.7
Market size ............................................................. 117 ......2.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........88 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 87 ......3.8
Innovation ............................................................... 103 ......3.0

Armenia

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................15.4
Access to financing ...........................................................13.8
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.2
Tax regulations ..................................................................11.3
Tax rates............................................................................11.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................6.1
Foreign currency regulations ................................................4.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.8
Policy instability ...................................................................3.8
Inflation ................................................................................3.4
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.3
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.8
Poor public health ...............................................................0.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

108 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Armenia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.6 ............54
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.6 ............75
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.1 ............84
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.0 ............71
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.8 ............75
Judicial independence............................................ 3.0 ..........110
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.1 ............68
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.4 ............60
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.9 ............34
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.7 ............74
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.4 ............76
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.0 ............24
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.1 ............38
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.7 ............20
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.4 ............57
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.0 ............76
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.8 ............81
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.4 ............87
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.3 ............96
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.8 ..........100
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.7 ............25

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.4 ............67
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.7 ............82
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.6 ............69
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.0 ..........122
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.5 ............66
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 43.4 ..........106
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.2 ............60
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 106.9 ............80
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 18.8 ............65

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.5 ............50
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 17.3 ............84
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.5 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 39.5 ............66
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 34.5 ............95

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.0 ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.4 ............76
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 55.0 ............76
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.8 ............50
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 15.6 ............78
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.9 ............71
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.8 ............77
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 87.1 ..........115

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 92.0 ............61
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 48.9 ............51
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.7 ............69
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.2 ............67
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.4 ..........120
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.0 ............78
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.5 ..........119
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.6 ..........114

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 3 ............10
No. days to start a business* .................................... 8 ............34
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............45
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.1 ............94
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 2.8 ............40
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.4 ............89
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.3 ............94
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.3 ..........123
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 53.3 ............59
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.6 ............63
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.5 ............69

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.8 ............35
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.4 ............38
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.8 ............12
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 11.0 ............47
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.6 ............78
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.3 ............36
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.9 ............96
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.6 ..........121
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.6 ..........116
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.74 ............91

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.6 ............63
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.4 ............50
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.5 ..........115
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.6 ............88
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.4 ............93
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.3 ............53
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.5 ..........110
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.5 ............97
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.4 ............98
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.9 ............50
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 39.2 ............84
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 6.6 ............74
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 38.6 ............47
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 27.6 ............57

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.6 ..........110
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.2 ..........127
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 19.6 ..........119
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 22.1 ..........130

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............74
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.2 ............85
State of cluster development.................................. 3.6 ............84
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.8 ............55
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.6 ............88
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............85
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.5 ............92
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.8 ..........100
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.3 ..........115

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............77
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.1 ..........106
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.8 ..........109
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.2 ..........107
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.0 ..........111
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.0 ............74
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.7 ............58

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.6 ..........102
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.7 ............75
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.8 ............97
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.5 ............96
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 38.8 ............76

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 109

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Australia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 22.3
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 1,541.8
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 67,723
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 1.17

Australia

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 21 ..... 5.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 20 ......5.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 20 ......5.1

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................17 ......5.7

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 23 ......5.0
Infrastructure ............................................................ 18 ......5.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 25 ......5.8
Health and primary education ................................... 22 ......6.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................13 ......5.2

2

Higher education and training ................................... 15 ......5.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 31 ......4.7
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 54 ......4.5
Financial market development .................................... 7 ......5.4
Technological readiness ............................................ 12 ......5.8
Market size ............................................................... 18 ......5.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........26 ......4.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 30 ......4.7
Innovation ................................................................. 22 ......4.5

Australia

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................17.3
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.4
Tax rates............................................................................13.3
Tax regulations ..................................................................11.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.9
Access to financing .............................................................6.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.3
Policy instability ...................................................................6.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................4.7
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................3.0
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.4
Inflation ................................................................................1.7
Poor public health ...............................................................0.7
Corruption ...........................................................................0.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.5
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

110 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Australia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.2 ............30
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.3 ............21
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.2 ............21
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.8 ............36
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.7 ............20
Judicial independence............................................ 5.7 ............16
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.0 ............27
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.4 ............56
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.8 ..........128
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.6 ............30
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.3 ............30
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.4 ............51
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.9 ............46
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.4 ............37
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.9 ............27
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.0 ............16
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.5 ............19
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.8 ............14
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.5 ..............7
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.9 ............24
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.7 ............57

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.2 ............34
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.9 ............40
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.1 ............33
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.0 ............42
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.6 ............30
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 4,334.3 ..............6
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.2 ............29
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 106.2 ............82
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 45.7 ............16

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.9 ............75
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 25.2 ............45
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.8 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 27.2 ............34
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 90.2 ............10

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.5 ............24
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 6.0 ............16
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.1 ............33
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 4.1 ............26
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 81.8 ..............9
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.0 ............22
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 97.1 ............44

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 131.3 ..............1
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 79.9 ............11
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.8 ............23
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.6 ............37
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.1 ............29
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.9 ............17
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.1 ............23
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.5 ............30

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 2 ..............3
No. days to start a business* .................................... 2 ..............2
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.5 ............20
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.8 ............25
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.1 ............53
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.8 ..............8
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.9 ............41
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.2 ............16
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 21.2 ..........140
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.1 ............36
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.8 ............40

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.0 ..........103
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 3.7 ..........135
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.8 ..........137
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 11.3 ............49
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.8 ............59
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.5 ..........113
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.7 ............11
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.1 ............37
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.7 ............17
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.84 ............60

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.6 ............21
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.9 ............36
Financing through local equity market .................... 5.0 ..............8
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.5 ............28
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.6 ............19
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.4 ..............9
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.5 ............11
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ............................... 10 ..............1

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.1 ............23
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.8 ............14
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.2 ............17
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 82.3 ............18
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 25.1 ............23
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 69.5 ............34
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 96.2 ..............6

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.1 ............17
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.4 ............32
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 970.8 ............18
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 20.1 ..........133

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............72
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.3 ............22
State of cluster development.................................. 4.3 ............37
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.2 ............34
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.4 ..........105
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.2 ............55
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.1 ............24
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.4 ............14
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.9 ............15

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.5 ............23
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.7 ..............8
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.8 ............30
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.1 ............15
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.6 ............57
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.6 ............34
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 81.7 ............19

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.8 ............13
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.3 ............36
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.6 ............33
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.7 ............80
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 47.5 ..........109

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 111

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Austria
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 8.4
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 398.6
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 47,083
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.43

Austria

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 16 ..... 5.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 16 ......5.2
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 19 ......5.1

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................19 ......5.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 21 ......5.1
Infrastructure ............................................................ 16 ......5.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 37 ......5.4
Health and primary education ................................... 19 ......6.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................21 ......5.0

2

Higher education and training ................................... 13 ......5.6
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 23 ......4.9
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 42 ......4.6
Financial market development .................................. 37 ......4.6
Technological readiness ............................................ 20 ......5.6
Market size ............................................................... 37 ......4.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........12 ......5.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ............................................. 8 ......5.5
Innovation ................................................................. 15 ......4.8

Austria

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................18.1
Tax rates............................................................................15.3
Tax regulations ..................................................................14.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.2
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................10.4
Access to financing .............................................................6.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.9
Policy instability ...................................................................5.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.1
Corruption ...........................................................................2.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................1.4
Inflation ................................................................................1.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

112 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Austria
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.9 ............13
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.5 ............17
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.5 ............37
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.3 ............49
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.4 ............31
Judicial independence............................................ 5.1 ............30
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.9 ............33
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.6 ............48
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............88
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.8 ............24
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.4 ............25
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.0 ............18
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.6 ..............6
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 6.0 ............10
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.5 ..............9
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.9 ............20
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.6 ............17
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.7 ............17
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............37
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.0 ............22
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.2 ..............8
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.2 ..............6
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 5.2 ............12
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.7 ............48
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.4 ............39
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 416.1 ............45
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.7 ..............4
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 161.2 ............13
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 39.6 ............27

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.5 ............67
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 24.8 ............48
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.6 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 73.7 ..........122
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 88.6 ............13

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.7 ..............7
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 3.7 ..............5
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.6 ..............6
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.40 ............78
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 3.5 ............20
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 81.0 ............15
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.9 ............28
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 98.4 ............30

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 98.3 ............42
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 70.5 ............23
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.8 ............24
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.6 ............39
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.7 ............40
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.7 ............25
Availability of research and training services ........... 6.1 ..............4
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.9 ............16

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 25 ............97
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.2 ............38
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.8 ............27
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.0 ............53
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.7 ............59
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.2 ............17
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 55.6 ............50
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.8 ..............5
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.0 ............31

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.5 ............10
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 2.4 ..........147
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.3 ..........115
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 2.0 ..............5
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.2 ..........112
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.9 ............69
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.4 ............22
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.5 ............23
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.2 ............30
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.86 ............51

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.7 ............16
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.3 ............21
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.9 ............45
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.0 ............53
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.8 ............55
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.2 ............60
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.5 ............47
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.1 ............24
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.8 ............17
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.7 ............63
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 81.0 ............21
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 25.2 ............22
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 108.5 ............17
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 55.5 ............23

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.4 ............37
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.4 ............31
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 359.0 ............37
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 57.0 ............36

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.5 ..............6
Local supplier quality.............................................. 6.1 ..............3
State of cluster development.................................. 4.8 ............17
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 6.0 ..............7
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.7 ..............3
Control of international distribution ......................... 5.0 ..............8
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.9 ..............6
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.5 ............12
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.6 ............25

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.0 ............14
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.0 ............23
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.7 ............14
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.8 ............23
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.7 ............47
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.4 ............47
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 157.7 ............10

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.8 ............11
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.5 ..............5
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.7 ............28
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............65
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 53.1 ..........122

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 113

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Azerbaijan
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 9.2
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 68.8
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 7,450
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.12

Azerbaijan

15,000

Commonwealth of Independent States

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 39 ..... 4.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 46 ......4.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 55 ......4.3

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (54.9%) .......................................44 ......4.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 59 ......4.1
Infrastructure ............................................................ 69 ......4.1
Macroeconomic environment ..................................... 8 ......6.4
Health and primary education ................................. 109 ......5.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (38.8%) .....................................66 ......4.1

2

Higher education and training ................................... 87 ......4.0
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 71 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 30 ......4.7
Financial market development .................................. 88 ......3.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 50 ......4.2
Market size ............................................................... 72 ......3.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (6.3%) .............60 ......3.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 70 ......4.0
Innovation ................................................................. 51 ......3.5

Azerbaijan

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................23.6
Tax rates............................................................................13.2
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................11.2
Access to financing ...........................................................10.6
Tax regulations ..................................................................10.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................7.0
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.9
Inflation ................................................................................3.6
Poor public health ...............................................................2.7
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.2
Policy instability ...................................................................0.8
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

114 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Azerbaijan
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.0 ............81
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.7 ............69
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.1 ............83
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.4 ............43
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.6 ............87
Judicial independence............................................ 3.3 ............93
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.6 ............41
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.7 ............41
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.2 ............21
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.8 ............64
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.7 ............53
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.5 ............43
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.8 ............53
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.7 ............21
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.6 ............47
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.3 ............65
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.0 ............66
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.2 ............99
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.6 ............66
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.9 ............84
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.7 ............25

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.7 ............55
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.0 ............74
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.9 ............36
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.5 ............60
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.1 ............48
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 88.4 ............84
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.8 ............75
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 107.5 ............78
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 18.4 ............67

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 3.1 ............15
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 43.2 ............10
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.1 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 11.6 ............13
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 51.3 ............65

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 6.1 ............83
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.6 ............81
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.2 ............85
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 113.0 ..........100
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.0 ............38
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 38.5 ..........111
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 70.7 ............94
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.0 ..........111
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 86.6 ..........117

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 99.5 ............39
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 19.6 ............93
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.1 ..........114
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.3 ..........110
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.1 ..........134
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.2 ............72
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.2 ............69
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.9 ............80

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................... 8 ............34
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............49
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............81
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 7.5 ............86
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.9 ..........116
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.6 ............68
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.3 ..........119
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 26.0 ..........133
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.7 ............59
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.1 ............26

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.6 ............48
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.4 ............36
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.9 ..............8
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 21.7 ..........101
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.7 ............70
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.6 ............23
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.9 ..........100
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.5 ............64
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.1 ............34
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.92 ............23

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.8 ..........108
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.1 ............73
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.4 ............78
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.0 ............54
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.9 ............52
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.2 ..........112
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.7 ............98
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.0 ............65
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.9 ............59
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.7 ............65
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 54.2 ............59
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 13.8 ............47
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 40.1 ............45
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 33.3 ............50

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.3 ............77
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.6 ............66
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 96.8 ............69
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 52.3 ............46

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.6 ............88
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.2 ............94
State of cluster development.................................. 3.8 ............75
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.4 ............75
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.7 ............69
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.2 ............56
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.1 ............50
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.1 ............68
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.7 ............77

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.1 ............35
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.6 ............78
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.3 ............56
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.4 ............84
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.4 ............14
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.4 ............49
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.4 ............79

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.2 ..........128
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.6 ............83
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.3 ..........127
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.7 ............76
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 40.0 ............78

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 115

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Bahrain
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 1.3
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 27.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 23,477
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.04

Bahrain

40,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

30,000
20,000
10,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 43 ..... 4.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 35 ......4.6
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 37 ......4.5

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................25 ......5.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 32 ......4.8
Infrastructure ............................................................ 30 ......5.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 21 ......5.9
Health and primary education ................................... 44 ......6.0

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................38 ......4.5

2

Higher education and training ................................... 53 ......4.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 19 ......5.0
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 19 ......4.9
Financial market development .................................. 25 ......4.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 32 ......4.9
Market size ............................................................. 106 ......2.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........59 ......3.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 53 ......4.2
Innovation ................................................................. 73 ......3.2

Bahrain

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................15.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................10.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ..............................10.6
Policy instability .................................................................10.4
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................10.0
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................8.9
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................8.9
Access to financing .............................................................8.7
Corruption ...........................................................................6.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................5.4
Inflation ................................................................................2.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.9
Poor public health ...............................................................0.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
Tax rates..............................................................................0.0
Tax regulations ....................................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

116 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Bahrain
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.5 ............23
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.8 ............32
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.5 ............32
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.8 ............31
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.5 ............29
Judicial independence............................................ 4.5 ............46
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.0 ............28
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.3 ............19
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.4 ..............9
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.2 ............41
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.9 ............43
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.0 ............22
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.4 ..........125
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.5 ............84
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.2 ............19
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.0 ............39
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.0 ............31
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.8 ............15
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.7 ............56
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.2 ............17
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.7 ............20
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.4 ............24
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.8 ............11
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.6 ............25
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 174.8 ............68
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.3 ............27
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 156.2 ............16
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 21.3 ............54

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.6 ............68
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 42.0 ............12
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.2 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 33.7 ............51
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 58.3 ............49

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.9 ............54
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 18.0 ............42
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.9 ............49
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. <0.1 ..............1
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 8.6 ............51
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 75.2 ............51
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.0 ............64
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 97.8 ............36

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 103.1 ............25
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 29.8 ............78
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.1 ............48
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.0 ............77
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.1 ............85
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.0 ............45
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............52
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.3 ............41

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................... 9 ............43
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.2 ............37
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.9 ............19
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.6 ............61
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.5 ............20
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.7 ..............6
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.9 ............29
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 56.1 ............49
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.6 ............69
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.2 ............24

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.9 ............30
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.9 ..............8
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.3 ............40
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 4.3 ..............9
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 6.2 ..............2
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.3 ............37
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.5 ............49
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.6 ............22
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 5.0 ............13
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.46 ..........133

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.7 ............19
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.6 ..............9
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.3 ............32
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.4 ..............7
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.8 ............15
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.6 ............44
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.3 ............21
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.0 ............26
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.5 ............30
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.3 ............10
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 88.0 ............10
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 12.7 ............50
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 17.6 ............73
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 67.1 ............16

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.5 ..........116
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.3 ............78
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 33.1 ............99
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 87.7 ............14

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............38
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.6 ............57
State of cluster development.................................. 4.3 ............32
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.5 ............69
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.9 ............53
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.5 ............33
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.2 ............44
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.3 ............61
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.8 ............67

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............82
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.0 ..........114
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.9 ............99
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.9 ..........121
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.1 ............24
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.1 ............69
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.9 ............56

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.3 ............40
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.8 ............65
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.6 ............35
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 6.4 ..............1
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 13.9 ..............4

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 117

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Bangladesh
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ...................................... 150.5
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 122.7
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 818
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.37

8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Bangladesh

1990

1992

1994

Developing Asia

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 110 ..... 3.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 118 ......3.6
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 108 ......3.7

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................113 ......3.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 131 ......3.1
Infrastructure .......................................................... 132 ......2.4
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 79 ......4.6
Health and primary education ................................. 104 ......5.3

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................108 ......3.6

2

Higher education and training ................................. 127 ......2.8
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 89 ......4.1
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 124 ......3.8
Financial market development ................................ 102 ......3.7
Technological readiness .......................................... 127 ......2.7
Market size ............................................................... 45 ......4.4

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........124 ......3.0

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 113 ......3.5
Innovation ............................................................... 131 ......2.5

Bangladesh

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................22.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................17.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................15.4
Access to financing .............................................................7.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................6.6
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................6.1
Foreign currency regulations ................................................3.9
Policy instability ...................................................................3.5
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.4
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.1
Inflation ................................................................................2.5
Tax rates..............................................................................2.4
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.9
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.8
Poor public health ...............................................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

118 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Bangladesh
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.4 ..........122
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.6 ..........130
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.7 ..........107
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.9 ..........132
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.2 ..........146
Judicial independence............................................ 2.4 ..........129
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.2 ..........134
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.9 ............92
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.2 ............97
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.1 ..........114
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.3 ............81
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.9 ............95
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.6 ..........118
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.9 ..........110
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.4 ..........103
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.6 ..........141
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 2.8 ..........146
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.6 ..........133
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.9 ..........134
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.1 ..........135
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.7 ............25

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.8 ..........134
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.8 ..........118
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.4 ............78
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.5 ..........104
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.2 ..........125
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 203.2 ............62
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.2 ..........133
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 63.8 ..........128
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.6 ..........135

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.4 ............88
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 29.9 ............27
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 8.7 ..........123
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 42.9 ............74
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 29.2 ..........107

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.6 ............92
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................. 392.0 ..........110
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.6 ............69
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 225.0 ..........125
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.0 ............41
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 36.7 ..........109
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 68.9 ..........102
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.9 ..........115
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 94.4 ............70

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 51.9 ..........118
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 13.6 ..........107
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.3 ............98
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.3 ..........112
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.7 ..........105
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.8 ..........122
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.2 ..........132
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.1 ..........137

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................. 19 ............82
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.5 ............18
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.4 ............62
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 13.5 ..........132
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.7 ..........123
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.9 ............44
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.4 ..........113
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 32.0 ..........117
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.2 ..........109
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.3 ............81

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............96
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.8 ............95
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.5 ............25
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 31.0 ..........131
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.6 ............74
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.6 ..........101
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.6 ..........118
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.6 ..........124
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.4 ..........123
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.69 ..........100

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.9 ..........101
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.7 ..........109
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.9 ............41
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.3 ..........114
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.0 ..........125
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.3 ..........103
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.0 ..........125
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.4 ..........101
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.2 ..........111
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.9 ..........119
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 6.3 ..........129
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.3 ..........117
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 2.9 ..........128
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.2 ..........128

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.3 ............38
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.7 ............61
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 306.0 ............43
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 21.7 ..........131

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............76
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.1 ............95
State of cluster development.................................. 3.9 ............66
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.3 ..........147
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.3 ..........106
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ............89
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.3 ..........110
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.4 ..........119
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 2.7 ..........142

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.0 ..........120
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.6 ..........130
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.4 ..........134
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.6 ..........134
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.4 ..........142
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.8 ............91
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........120

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.9 ............74
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.3 ..........116
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.8 ............99
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.6 ............92
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 35.0 ............61

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 119

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Barbados
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 0.3
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 4.5
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 16,152
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.01

Barbados

30,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 47 ..... 4.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 44 ......4.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 42 ......4.4

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (22.1%) .......................................35 ......5.1

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 30 ......4.8
Infrastructure ............................................................ 24 ......5.5
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 121 ......3.9
Health and primary education ................................... 20 ......6.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................43 ......4.4

2

Higher education and training ................................... 20 ......5.3
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 75 ......4.2
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 24 ......4.8
Financial market development .................................. 28 ......4.7
Technological readiness ............................................ 25 ......5.3
Market size ............................................................. 138 ......2.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (27.9%) ...........48 ......3.9

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 46 ......4.3
Innovation ................................................................. 48 ......3.5

Barbados

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................20.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................20.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ..............................15.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................9.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................7.7
Tax rates..............................................................................7.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................6.0
Inflation ................................................................................5.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.5
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.2
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................1.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.1
Policy instability ...................................................................0.5
Corruption ...........................................................................0.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.1
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

120 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Barbados
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.0 ............38
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.5 ............37
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.8 ............28
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.2 ............21
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.1 ............35
Judicial independence............................................ 5.5 ............21
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.6 ............42
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.9 ............28
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.2 ............19
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.5 ............34
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.2 ............32
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.7 ............28
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.0 ............42
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.4 ............85
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.2 ............17
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.7 ............25
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.1 ............25
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.6 ............18
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............32
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.6 ............39
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.0 ..........134

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.6 ............24
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.1 ............33
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.6 ............18
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.0 ............15
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 71.4 ............91
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.3 ............26
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 126.4 ............44
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 52.5 ............10

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-6.2 ..........129
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 10.6 ..........125
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 4.6 ............85
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 72.6 ..........121
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 57.3 ............52

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.8 ............58
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 1.2 ..............2
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.1 ..........122
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.90 ..........106
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 17.7 ............82
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 76.7 ............43
Quality of primary education ................................... 6.0 ..............4
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 95.0 ............63

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 103.7 ............23
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 61.8 ............33
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.3 ..............6
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.5 ..............9
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.1 ............26
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.1 ............38
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.7 ............41
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.5 ............32

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 18 ............78
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............51
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.8 ............31
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 26.4 ..........146
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.6 ............15
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.0 ............34
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.2 ............64
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 54.2 ............57
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............82
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.7 ............51

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.2 ............20
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.9 ............90
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............60
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 16.0 ............80
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.1 ............35
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.5 ..........104
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.0 ............29
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.3 ............30
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.7 ............21
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.90 ............30

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.9 ............50
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.4 ............54
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.1 ............92
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.6 ............89
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.4 ............98
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.3 ............11
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.2 ............25
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.9 ............28
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.2 ............44
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.0 ............35
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 73.3 ............32
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 23.8 ............27
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 69.5 ............33
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 36.4 ............44

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.7 ..........139
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.0 ..........135
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 7.1 ..........138
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 46.3 ............60

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.6 ............83
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.8 ............45
State of cluster development.................................. 3.8 ............76
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.9 ............23
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.9 ............56
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.1 ............68
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.0 ............61
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.3 ............58
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.0 ............43

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............81
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.2 ............45
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.0 ............78
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.3 ............39
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.6 ............54
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.3 ............63
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 11.3 ............32

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.2 ............50
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.5 ............91
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.2 ............62
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.8 ............68
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 45.4 ..........103

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 121

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Belgium
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 11.0
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 484.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 43,686
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.51

Belgium

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 17 ..... 5.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 17 ......5.2
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 15 ......5.2

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................22 ......5.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 24 ......5.0
Infrastructure ............................................................ 19 ......5.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 69 ......4.7
Health and primary education ..................................... 3 ......6.7

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................17 ......5.0

2

Higher education and training ..................................... 5 ......5.8
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 13 ......5.1
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 64 ......4.3
Financial market development .................................. 44 ......4.5
Technological readiness ............................................ 18 ......5.6
Market size ............................................................... 28 ......4.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........15 ......5.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 12 ......5.3
Innovation ................................................................. 14 ......4.9

Belgium

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................22.2
Tax rates............................................................................20.1
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................15.0
Tax regulations ..................................................................14.2
Access to financing .............................................................7.8
Policy instability ...................................................................6.1
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.1
Inflation ................................................................................2.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.4
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.3
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................1.2
Corruption ...........................................................................0.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

122 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Belgium
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.4 ............25
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.2 ............22
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.2 ............20
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.9 ............29
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.6 ............23
Judicial independence............................................ 5.4 ............24
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.0 ............26
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.5 ............51
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.6 ..........134
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.2 ............40
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.0 ............36
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.3 ............57
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.1 ............33
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.5 ............27
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.0 ............24
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.6 ............27
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.3 ............22
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.4 ............29
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.3 ............16
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.8 ............30
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 7.0 ............19

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.8 ............16
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.4 ............26
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 5.0 ............15
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 6.3 ..............7
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.0 ............16
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 557.0 ............37
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.4 ............21
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 119.4 ............53
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 42.9 ............21

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.0 ............99
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 20.8 ............69
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.6 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 99.6 ..........138
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 80.1 ............19

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.5 ............20
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 8.1 ............28
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.1 ............31
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 3.5 ............20
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 80.5 ............25
Quality of primary education ................................... 6.3 ..............2
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 98.9 ............24

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 110.5 ............11
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 70.6 ............22
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.3 ..............7
Quality of math and science education .................. 6.0 ..............3
Quality of management schools ............................. 6.0 ..............2
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.7 ............26
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.9 ..............5
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.9 ............19

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 3 ............10
No. days to start a business* .................................... 4 ..............8
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.2 ............35
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.0 ............12
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.5 ............18
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.1 ............27
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.1 ............21
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 108.3 ..............6
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.5 ............12
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.4 ............18

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............79
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 3.8 ..........134
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.8 ..........139
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 7.2 ............20
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.3 ..........142
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.7 ............92
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.5 ............20
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.4 ............26
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.9 ............46
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.84 ............62

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.8 ............15
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.3 ............19
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.9 ............47
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.5 ............29
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.3 ............26
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.3 ..........109
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.9 ............32
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.3 ............12
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.6 ............26
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.1 ............24
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 82.0 ............19
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 34.1 ..............8
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 184.9 ............11
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 33.7 ............48

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.5 ............31
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.9 ............18
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 420.3 ............32
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 111.4 ..............4

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.6 ..............4
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.8 ..............5
State of cluster development.................................. 4.8 ............20
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.9 ............10
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.0 ............13
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............49
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.8 ............12
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.3 ............20
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.8 ............17

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.1 ............10
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 6.0 ..............4
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.6 ............16
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.5 ..............6
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.7 ............45
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.6 ............30
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 109.6 ............14

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 6.0 ..............6
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.3 ..............8
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.1 ............13
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.3 ..........110
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 57.7 ..........127

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 123

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Benin
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 9.1
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 7.4
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 794
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

Benin

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 130 ..... 3.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 119 ......3.6
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 104 ......3.8

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................125 ......3.7

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 108 ......3.4
Infrastructure .......................................................... 129 ......2.4
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 99 ......4.3
Health and primary education ................................. 117 ......4.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................134 ......3.2

2

Higher education and training ................................. 123 ......3.0
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 139 ......3.5
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 94 ......4.1
Financial market development ................................ 125 ......3.3
Technological readiness .......................................... 134 ......2.5
Market size ............................................................. 125 ......2.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........123 ......3.0

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 132 ......3.2
Innovation ............................................................... 113 ......2.8

Benin

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................21.4
Access to financing ...........................................................20.1
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.2
Tax regulations ..................................................................11.7
Tax rates..............................................................................9.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................6.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................3.5
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.0
Inflation ................................................................................2.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.8
Policy instability ...................................................................2.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.7
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.3
Poor public health ...............................................................0.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

124 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Benin
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.4 ..........118
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.1 ..........101
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.4 ..........119
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.3 ..........107
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.5 ..........140
Judicial independence............................................ 2.7 ..........116
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.8 ............98
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.2 ............70
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.8 ..........124
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.3 ..........104
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.2 ............91
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.6 ..........122
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.0 ..........103
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.2 ............98
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.6 ............92
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.4 ............60
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............99
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.8 ..........124
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.5 ............77
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.4 ..........127
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.3 ..........129

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.8 ..........135
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.8 ..........121
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.4 ..........115
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.7 ............95
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.0 ..........133
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 20.2 ..........127
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.2 ..........132
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 89.9 ..........106
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 1.7 ..........123

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-0.8 ............39
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 8.2 ..........135
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 6.7 ..........110
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 32.5 ............43
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 24.2 ..........120

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.4 ..........132
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 28,228.7 ..........141
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.9 ..........130
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 70.0 ............84
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.9 ..........129
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.20 ..........116
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 67.9 ..........135
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 56.0 ..........128
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.3 ..........100
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 92.1 ............92

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 51.4 ..........119
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 10.6 ..........115
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.2 ..........101
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.2 ............66
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.3 ............73
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.0 ..........140
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.8 ............95
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.1 ..........136

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................. 26 ............99
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.8 ..........143
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.4 ..........144
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.5 ..........112
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.2 ..........138
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.2 ..........138
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.0 ..........138
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 38.1 ............96
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.2 ..........107
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.2 ..........144

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.7 ..........127
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............46
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.7 ............89
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 11.6 ............53
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.2 ..........110
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.0 ..........134
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.1 ..........139
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.5 ..........128
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.6 ..........114
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.87 ............42

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.3 ..........134
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.2 ..........132
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.6 ..........114
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.2 ..........117
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.2 ..........113
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.5 ............96
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.7 ..........132
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.8 ..........131
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.0 ..........122
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.6 ..........136
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 3.8 ..........136
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.1 ..........133
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 3.5 ..........123
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.3 ..........125

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.3 ..........124
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.1 ..........130
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 15.6 ..........123
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 23.8 ..........127

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.4 ..........142
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.5 ..........132
State of cluster development.................................. 2.9 ..........134
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.1 ..........101
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.6 ............80
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.0 ..........144
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.3 ..........108
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.2 ..........126
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.1 ..........132

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.0 ..........114
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.9 ..........118
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.7 ..........118
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.7 ..........131
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.2 ..........100
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.3 ............59
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........112

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.7 ............89
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.4 ..........104
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.2 ..........134
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.5 ..........141
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 65.9 ..........135

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 125

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Bhutan
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 0.7
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 2.2
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 2,954
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.01

8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Bhutan

1990

1992

1994

Developing Asia

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 109 ..... 3.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) .................................... n/a ......n/a
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) .................................... n/a ......n/a

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.9%) .......................................84 ......4.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 44 ......4.4
Infrastructure ............................................................ 87 ......3.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 109 ......4.1
Health and primary education ................................... 91 ......5.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (49.3%) ...................................125 ......3.3

2

Higher education and training ................................. 107 ......3.4
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 121 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 29 ......4.7
Financial market development ................................ 123 ......3.3
Technological readiness .......................................... 132 ......2.6
Market size ............................................................. 143 ......1.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (9.8%) ...........117 ......3.2

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 117 ......3.5
Innovation ............................................................... 114 ......2.8

Bhutan

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................17.6
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................13.6
Foreign currency regulations ..............................................12.0
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................8.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................8.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................8.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................7.6
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................4.8
Corruption ...........................................................................4.4
Policy instability ...................................................................3.8
Inflation ................................................................................3.3
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.7
Tax rates..............................................................................2.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.2
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

126 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Bhutan
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.3 ............63
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.1 ............44
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.5 ............36
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.2 ............24
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.6 ............48
Judicial independence............................................ 4.8 ............38
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.9 ............32
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.5 ............16
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.5 ............65
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.0 ............51
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.3 ............87
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........107
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.4 ............73
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.2 ............42
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.9 ............35
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.9 ............41
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.4 ............44
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.7 ............67
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.7 ............57
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.1 ............72
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.7 ..........123

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.9 ............47
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.3 ............57
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.2 ..........146
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.5 ..........115
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ................. 2.2 ..........146
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.9 ............35
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 74.7 ..........120
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 3.6 ..........113

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.0 ............98
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 29.1 ............29
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 9.7 ..........132
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 72.1 ..........119
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 28.2 ..........112

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.4 ..........116
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................. 102.5 ..........100
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.3 ..........118
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 192.0 ..........119
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.4 ..........114
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 42.0 ..........114
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 67.3 ..........108
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.5 ............48
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 89.0 ..........104

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 75.3 ............99
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 8.8 ..........120
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.3 ............41
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.1 ............71
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.6 ..........111
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.8 ............88
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.3 ..........126
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.4 ..........119

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 36 ..........118
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.3 ............28
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.0 ..........103
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 22.3 ..........145
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 2.7 ..........146
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.4 ............85
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.3 ............56
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 52.5 ............62
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.0 ..........119
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.7 ..........126

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............75
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.2 ............66
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.9 ............78
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 8.3 ............25
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.0 ............45
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.2 ............51
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.0 ............88
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.2 ............35
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.7 ............58
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.88 ............40

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.8 ..........115
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.9 ............92
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.3 ............80
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.5 ............95
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.2 ..........107
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.3 ..........107
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.6 ..........106
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.7 ..........135
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.7 ..........138
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.5 ..........139
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 25.4 ..........100
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 2.2 ............96
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 3.2 ..........126
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 2.5 ..........110

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.6 ..........143
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 2.6 ..........142
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 5.0 ..........143
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 31.3 ............95

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.6 ..........138
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.7 ..........126
State of cluster development.................................. 3.5 ............97
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.0 ............42
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.2 ..........108
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.4 ..........127
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.1 ..........121
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.2 ..........129
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.6 ............89

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............78
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.6 ..........131
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.8 ..........106
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.7 ..........130
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.7 ............48
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.0 ..........138
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.4 ............80

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.7 ............96
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.2 ..........121
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.2 ............60
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............59
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 40.8 ............83

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 127

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Bolivia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 10.1
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 27.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 2,532
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.07

Bolivia

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 98 ..... 3.8

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 104 ......3.8
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 103 ......3.8

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (49.6%) .......................................90 ......4.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 105 ......3.4
Infrastructure .......................................................... 111 ......3.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 28 ......5.7
Health and primary education ................................. 108 ......5.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (42.8%) ...................................120 ......3.4

2

Higher education and training ................................... 93 ......3.8
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 138 ......3.5
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 131 ......3.7
Financial market development ................................ 120 ......3.4
Technological readiness .......................................... 122 ......2.8
Market size ............................................................... 86 ......3.3

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (7.6%) .............93 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 103 ......3.6
Innovation ................................................................. 75 ......3.2

Bolivia

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................15.2
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................11.9
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................11.9
Corruption .........................................................................10.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................9.7
Policy instability ...................................................................8.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.5
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................5.6
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.2
Poor public health ...............................................................2.0
Inflation ................................................................................1.9
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.8
Tax rates..............................................................................1.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.8
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

128 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Bolivia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.2 ..........129
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.2 ............98
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.2 ............72
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.2 ............57
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.4 ..........142
Judicial independence............................................ 3.1 ..........102
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.4 ............45
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.2 ............69
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.6 ............57
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.6 ............82
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.3 ............88
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.5 ..........127
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.1 ..........130
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.8 ..........113
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.7 ..........132
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.2 ..........117
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.6 ..........104
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.7 ..........131
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.1 ..........111
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.9 ............94
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.0 ..........116

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.4 ..........107
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.4 ............92
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.8 ............61
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.5 ..........142
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.5 ..........117
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 70.4 ............92
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.8 ..........102
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 92.6 ..........104
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 8.6 ............99

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 1.8 ............20
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 30.0 ............26
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 4.5 ............83
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 33.1 ............46
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 37.7 ............86

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.9 ..........125
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................. 197.2 ..........104
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.2 ..........145
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 131.0 ..........106
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.1 ..........140
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 39.3 ..........113
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 66.6 ..........110
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.3 ..........101
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 88.0 ..........110

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 81.0 ............91
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 38.6 ............67
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.4 ............89
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.6 ............98
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.3 ..........126
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.5 ..........100
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.6 ..........110
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.6 ..........112

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 15 ..........142
No. days to start a business* .................................. 50 ..........129
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.6 ............94
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.6 ..........140
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 8.5 ............94
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.6 ..........126
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.5 ..........125
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.7 ............93
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 35.7 ..........100
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.5 ..........141
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.7 ............48

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.9 ..........115
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.0 ..........130
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.6 ..........100
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ........ not possible ..........145
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............86
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.8 ............83
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.8 ..........106
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.9 ............45
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.3 ............82
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.80 ............75

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.7 ..........117
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.8 ............93
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.5 ............66
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.8 ............19
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.2 ............32
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.0 ..........126
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.9 ............86
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 1 ..........145

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.8 ..........130
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.9 ..........125
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.6 ..........133
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 34.2 ............92
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 1.1 ..........108
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 5.3 ..........112
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 6.7 ............92

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.1 ............91
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.1 ............84
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 55.2 ............86
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 42.7 ............65

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.8 ..........133
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.8 ..........119
State of cluster development.................................. 3.5 ............89
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.3 ............86
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.6 ............90
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ............99
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.4 ............99
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.6 ..........114
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.7 ............80

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............70
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.3 ............97
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.5 ............44
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.5 ............71
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.5 ............74
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.8 ............93
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ..........100

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.8 ..........137
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.8 ............72
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.4 ..........121
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.7 ............79
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 83.4 ..........144

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 129

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 3.8
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 17.3
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 4,461
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.04

Bosnia and Herzegovina

20,000

Central and Eastern Europe

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 87 ..... 4.0

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 88 ......3.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 100 ......3.8

Factor driven Transition
2–3

2

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................81 ......4.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 71 ......3.9
Infrastructure ............................................................ 83 ......3.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 104 ......4.2
Health and primary education ................................... 46 ......6.0

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................89 ......3.8

2

Higher education and training ................................... 63 ......4.3
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 104 ......4.0
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 88 ......4.2
Financial market development ................................ 113 ......3.5
Technological readiness ............................................ 73 ......3.7
Market size ............................................................... 98 ......3.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........89 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 110 ......3.5
Innovation ................................................................. 63 ......3.3

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................17.2
Policy instability .................................................................11.9
Tax rates............................................................................11.7
Government instability/coups ............................................11.5
Inflation ..............................................................................11.1
Tax regulations ....................................................................7.2
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................6.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................4.9
Corruption ...........................................................................3.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................3.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.7
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.7
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................0.9
Poor public health ...............................................................0.5
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

130 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.7 ..........105
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.5 ..........135
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.9 ............47
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.6 ............85
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.5 ............52
Judicial independence............................................ 3.9 ............64
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.1 ............73
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 1.7 ..........146
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.6 ............61
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.5 ............85
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.7 ............54
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.2 ............64
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.5 ..............8
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 6.2 ..............7
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.0 ............22
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.4 ............30
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.2 ..........135
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.9 ..........115
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.7 ............59
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.3 ..........130
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.1 ..........127
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.1 ..........104
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.0 ............55
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 1.8 ..........147
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.0 ..........148
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ................. 7.6 ..........140
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.5 ............15
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 89.5 ..........109
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 23.5 ............50

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.8 ............73
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 6.5 ..........139
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.0 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 44.3 ............79
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 29.0 ..........110

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.8 ..............4
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 49.0 ............75
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.9 ..............1
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. <0.1 ..............1
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 6.7 ............45
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 75.6 ............50
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.4 ............16
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 88.4 ..........107

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 89.3 ............73
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 38.1 ............69
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.7 ..........132
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.4 ............13
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.7 ............41
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.5 ............61
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.7 ..........100
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.1 ............58

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 11 ..........126
No. days to start a business* .................................. 37 ..........120
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.8 ............76
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.0 ..........107
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.9 ............67
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.4 ............88
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.3 ............92
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.3 ............55
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 60.8 ............41
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.6 ............67
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.5 ..........139

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.6 ............46
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.4 ..........118
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.3 ............34
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 9.2 ............34
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.1 ..........116
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.9 ............70
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.4 ............61
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 1.9 ..........143
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 1.9 ..........140
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.63 ..........112

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.8 ..........110
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.7 ..........105
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.4 ............77
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.0 ..........125
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.9 ..........131
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.6 ............93
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.7 ............97
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 5 ............89

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.9 ............76
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.4 ............93
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.5 ............82
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 65.4 ............40
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 10.8 ............58
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 24.5 ............64
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 10.9 ............82

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.9 ............96
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.7 ..........102
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 31.9 ..........100
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 36.2 ............82

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............77
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.6 ............61
State of cluster development.................................. 2.0 ..........148
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.4 ..........146
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.9 ..........136
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.7 ..........112
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.8 ............68
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.9 ............91
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.6 ............88

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.1 ..........108
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.9 ............59
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.0 ............86
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.3 ............37
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.4 ............89
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.7 ............27
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 2.0 ............54

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.4 ..........143
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.3 ..........111
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.1 ............68
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.1 ..........119
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 24.1 ............19

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 131

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Botswana
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 2.0
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 17.6
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 9,398
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.04

Botswana

20,000

Sub-Saharan Africa

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 74 ..... 4.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 79 ......4.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 80 ......4.0

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (47.9%) .......................................66 ......4.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 34 ......4.7
Infrastructure ............................................................ 94 ......3.4
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 24 ......5.8
Health and primary education ................................. 115 ......4.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (44.1%) .....................................93 ......3.8

2

Higher education and training ................................... 99 ......3.6
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 92 ......4.1
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 47 ......4.5
Financial market development .................................. 53 ......4.3
Technological readiness .......................................... 104 ......3.1
Market size ............................................................. 101 ......3.0

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (8.0%) ...........106 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 102 ......3.6
Innovation ............................................................... 102 ......3.0

Botswana

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Poor work ethic in national labor force ..............................20.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.9
Access to financing ...........................................................12.4
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................12.4
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................9.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................8.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................7.9
Corruption ...........................................................................4.1
Inflation ................................................................................3.0
Poor public health ...............................................................2.6
Policy instability ...................................................................1.3
Tax rates..............................................................................1.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

132 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Botswana
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.9 ............41
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.1 ............47
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.5 ............30
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.9 ............30
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.0 ............37
Judicial independence............................................ 5.3 ............26
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.8 ............37
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.3 ............22
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.8 ............39
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.8 ............25
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.4 ............23
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.5 ............44
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.3 ............21
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.7 ............67
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.1 ............20
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.4 ............58
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.6 ............39
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.0 ............48
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............50
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.5 ............50
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.2 ............78
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.3 ............59
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.9 ............59
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.6 ..........102
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.0 ............94
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ................. 6.9 ..........141
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.1 ..........113
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 150.1 ............20
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 7.8 ..........101

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 0.3 ............25
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 30.7 ............23
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 7.5 ..........116
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 14.9 ............16
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 60.9 ............45

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.2 ..........101
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................. 192.7 ..........103
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.7 ..........134
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 455.0 ..........140
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.0 ..........142
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ........................... 23.40 ..........146
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 20.3 ............91
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 53.0 ..........135
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.0 ............67
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 87.1 ..........114

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 82.1 ............88
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 7.4 ..........125
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.7 ............65
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.8 ............92
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.8 ............97
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.4 ..........104
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.6 ..........108
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.8 ............87

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 10 ..........116
No. days to start a business* .................................. 61 ..........134
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.3 ............32
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.6 ............39
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 6.1 ............77
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.3 ............28
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.4 ............90
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.2 ............65
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 47.4 ............68
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.9 ..........121
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.8 ..........118

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.0 ..........108
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............55
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.5 ..........106
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 21.7 ..........103
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.6 ............17
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.9 ............73
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.0 ............30
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.6 ............55
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.3 ............77
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.90 ............29

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.4 ............78
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.1 ............70
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.8 ............49
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.2 ............43
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.8 ............57
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.5 ............46
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.3 ............62
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.6 ............91
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.3 ..........101
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.1 ..........102
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 11.5 ..........122
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.8 ..........110
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 6.4 ..........105
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 16.6 ............72

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.8 ..........100
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.7 ..........106
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 31.5 ..........101
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 35.8 ............83

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.9 ..........130
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.7 ..........124
State of cluster development.................................. 3.6 ............88
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.5 ............68
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.2 ..........110
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.5 ..........122
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.2 ..........117
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.4 ..........121
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.8 ............69

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.2 ..........102
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.3 ............98
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.9 ............92
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.2 ..........101
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.5 ............67
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.3 ..........120
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........108

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.7 ............93
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.4 ............97
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.0 ............79
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.7 ............14
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 25.3 ............22

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 133

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Brazil
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ...................................... 196.7
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 2,396.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 12,079
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 2.83

Brazil

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 56 ..... 4.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 48 ......4.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 53 ......4.3

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (32.3%) .......................................79 ......4.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 80 ......3.7
Infrastructure ............................................................ 71 ......4.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 75 ......4.6
Health and primary education ................................... 89 ......5.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................44 ......4.4

2

Higher education and training ................................... 72 ......4.2
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 123 ......3.8
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 92 ......4.1
Financial market development .................................. 50 ......4.4
Technological readiness ............................................ 55 ......4.1
Market size ................................................................. 9 ......5.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (17.7%) ...........46 ......3.9

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 39 ......4.4
Innovation ................................................................. 55 ......3.4

Brazil

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................19.7
Tax regulations ..................................................................16.8
Tax rates............................................................................15.1
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................14.9
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................11.7
Corruption ...........................................................................7.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................5.8
Policy instability ...................................................................2.7
Access to financing .............................................................2.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................0.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.3
Inflation ................................................................................0.3
Poor public health ...............................................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

134 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Brazil
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.6 ............51
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.5 ............80
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.3 ..........133
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.9 ..........136
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.9 ............72
Judicial independence............................................ 3.9 ............65
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.9 ............89
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.2 ..........132
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.0 ..........147
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.3 ..........101
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.5 ............68
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........112
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.3 ............22
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.4 ..........124
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.0 ..........126
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.3 ............64
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............87
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.3 ............31
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............44
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.9 ............26
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.4 ..........114
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.8 ..........120
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.8 ..........103
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.7 ..........131
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.3 ..........123
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 3,780.6 ..............9
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.8 ............76
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 125.2 ............45
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 22.3 ............52

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.8 ............72
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 15.4 ............93
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.4 ............98
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 68.5 ..........117
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 68.0 ............38

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 6.2 ............82
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................. 219.6 ..........107
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.0 ............50
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 42.0 ............68
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.5 ............75
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 13.9 ............74
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.4 ............78
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.5 ..........129
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 94.4 ............69

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 105.8 ............20
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 25.6 ............85
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.0 ..........121
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.6 ..........136
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.5 ............49
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.6 ............98
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.7 ............38
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.3 ............44

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 13 ..........135
No. days to start a business* ................................ 119 ..........144
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.4 ............23
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.9 ..........116
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 11.3 ..........126
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.5 ............84
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.3 ............97
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.0 ..........139
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 13.0 ..........148
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.8 ............55
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.6 ............58

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............87
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.1 ..........127
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.2 ..........127
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 15.4 ............75
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.5 ..........138
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.6 ............99
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.8 ............38
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.1 ............38
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.7 ............53
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.76 ............86

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.3 ............30
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.5 ............48
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.8 ............48
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.9 ............64
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.7 ............61
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.3 ............12
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.8 ..............7
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.1 ............63
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.0 ............51
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.1 ............25
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 49.8 ............65
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 9.2 ............64
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 25.1 ............61
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 36.6 ............43

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.7 ..............7
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.6 ............26
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 2,355.6 ..............7
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 11.7 ..........145

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.3 ............16
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.8 ............49
State of cluster development.................................. 4.5 ............26
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.0 ..........108
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.7 ............68
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............47
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.5 ............35
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.1 ............29
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.3 ............34

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.0 ............36
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.3 ............42
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.6 ............37
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.0 ............49
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.5 ............69
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.4 ..........112
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 2.9 ............51

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.0 ............70
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.4 ............28
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.5 ............40
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.5 ..........140
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 69.3 ..........140

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 135

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Brunei Darussalam
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 0.4
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 16.6
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 41,703
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Brunei Darussalam

60,000

Developing Asia

50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 26 ..... 4.9

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 28 ......4.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 28 ......4.8

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (56.2%) .......................................18 ......5.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 25 ......5.0
Infrastructure ............................................................ 58 ......4.3
Macroeconomic environment ..................................... 1 ......7.0
Health and primary education ................................... 23 ......6.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (37.8%) .....................................65 ......4.1

2

Higher education and training ................................... 55 ......4.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 42 ......4.5
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 10 ......5.1
Financial market development .................................. 56 ......4.3
Technological readiness ............................................ 71 ......3.8
Market size ............................................................. 131 ......2.4

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.9%) .............54 ......3.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 56 ......4.2
Innovation ................................................................. 59 ......3.4

Brunei Darussalam

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................17.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ..............................15.3
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................14.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................11.0
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................9.8
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................9.1
Foreign currency regulations ................................................4.1
Policy instability ...................................................................2.3
Corruption ...........................................................................1.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.9
Tax regulations ....................................................................0.5
Tax rates..............................................................................0.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
Inflation ................................................................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

136 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Brunei Darussalam
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.6 ............52
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.4 ............39
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.4 ............18
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.9 ............14
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.8 ............19
Judicial independence............................................ 5.0 ............34
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.4 ............15
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.6 ............14
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.3 ............16
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.0 ............19
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.3 ............80
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.4 ............50
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.5 ..............9
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 6.2 ..............8
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.5 ..............8
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.3 ............31
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.0 ............29
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.0 ............47
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.9 ............38
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.7 ............36
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.7 ..........100

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.1 ............39
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.0 ............35
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.7 ............49
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.8 ............55
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 47.2 ..........100
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.2 ............59
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 113.8 ............64
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 17.2 ............72

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................. 26.4 ..............3
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ n/a ...........n/a
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 0.5 ............47
General government debt, % GDP* ....................... 2.4 ..............3
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ........................ n/a ...........n/a

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.4 ............78
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 70.0 ............84
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.8 ............52
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.01 ..............1
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 5.6 ............37
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 78.1 ............36
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.3 ............17
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 96.9 ............47

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 111.8 ..............9
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 19.6 ............94
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.4 ............32
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.8 ............29
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.5 ............52
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.5 ............32
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.9 ............87
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.6 ............26

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 15 ..........142
No. days to start a business* ................................ 101 ..........142
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.7 ..............7
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............70
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 3.6 ............47
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.4 ............87
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.7 ............60
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.7 ............41
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 27.8 ..........129
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.4 ............19
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.4 ............73

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.1 ............24
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.8 ............14
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............56
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 3.0 ..............6
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 5.3 ..............7
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.6 ............18
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.4 ............64
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.7 ............17
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.4 ............27
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.73 ............93

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.8 ............57
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.7 ............40
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.4 ..........124
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.8 ............18
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.4 ............24
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.5 ............47
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.5 ..........108
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.2 ............50
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.8 ............63
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.9 ..........121
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 60.3 ............48
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 4.8 ............80
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 39.9 ............46
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 7.6 ............89

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.9 ..........134
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.0 ............92
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 21.7 ..........115
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 83.7 ............18

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.8 ............56
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.5 ............67
State of cluster development.................................. 4.2 ............39
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.0 ............39
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.0 ............46
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.6 ............25
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.7 ............72
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.2 ............67
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.0 ............42

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............67
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.5 ............81
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............67
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.6 ............65
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.5 ............10
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.8 ............86
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 3.1 ............50

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.1 ............62
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.4 ............32
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.6 ............36
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 5.7 ..............5
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 16.8 ............11

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 137

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Bulgaria
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 7.3
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 51.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 7,033
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.13

Bulgaria

20,000

Central and Eastern Europe

15,000

10,000

5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 57 ..... 4.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 62 ......4.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 74 ......4.2

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................58 ......4.7

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 107 ......3.4
Infrastructure ............................................................ 75 ......3.9
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 30 ......5.6
Health and primary education ................................... 45 ......6.0

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................60 ......4.2

2

Higher education and training ................................... 69 ......4.3
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 81 ......4.2
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 61 ......4.4
Financial market development .................................. 73 ......3.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 44 ......4.4
Market size ............................................................... 63 ......3.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........108 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 106 ......3.6
Innovation ............................................................... 105 ......3.0

Bulgaria

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................13.0
Access to financing ...........................................................12.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................11.5
Policy instability .................................................................11.3
Government instability/coups ............................................10.8
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.3
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................5.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................4.5
Inflation ................................................................................3.9
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.7
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.1
Poor public health ...............................................................2.7
Tax rates..............................................................................2.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.9
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

138 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Bulgaria
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.5 ..........111
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.0 ..........104
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.7 ..........106
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.4 ............97
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.1 ............63
Judicial independence............................................ 2.6 ..........123
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.5 ..........117
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.0 ............86
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.1 ..........105
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.9 ..........125
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.8 ..........122
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.6 ..........124
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.9 ..........107
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.9 ..........108
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.8 ..........130
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.4 ..........113
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.6 ..........110
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.5 ............77
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.0 ..........127
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.8 ............99
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.5 ..........102
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.9 ..........112
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.1 ............54
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.9 ............85
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.2 ............83
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 104.0 ............80
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.0 ............94
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 145.7 ............24
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 30.4 ............36

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-0.5 ............33
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 23.2 ............56
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.4 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 18.5 ............20
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 52.3 ............63

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.8 ............59
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 35.0 ............62
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.9 ............45
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 10.6 ............60
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.2 ............64
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.1 ............60
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 98.0 ............34

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 88.9 ............74
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 56.9 ............44
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.4 ............90
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.3 ............59
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.6 ..........112
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.7 ............51
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.6 ..........109
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.2 ..........127

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 4 ............20
No. days to start a business* .................................. 18 ............78
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.4 ..........116
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.8 ..........123
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.0 ..........111
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.7 ..........118
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.9 ............78
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 72.0 ............31
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.8 ............51
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.9 ..........112

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............99
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............49
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.0 ............70
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 7.5 ............22
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.3 ..........109
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.2 ............48
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.7 ..........112
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 1.9 ..........142
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 1.9 ..........144
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.88 ............39

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.8 ..........107
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.5 ..........124
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.0 ............94
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.3 ............39
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.7 ............65
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.8 ............86
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.4 ..........116
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.4 ............99
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.2 ..........113
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.1 ..........107
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 55.1 ............55
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 17.6 ............38
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 94.4 ............22
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 40.3 ............40

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.6 ............64
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.8 ............59
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 103.8 ............66
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 66.4 ............28

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.3 ..........108
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.4 ............72
State of cluster development.................................. 3.3 ..........108
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.0 ..........113
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.2 ..........116
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ............95
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.4 ..........101
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.7 ..........106
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.2 ..........123

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.2 ..........103
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.6 ............68
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.8 ..........107
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.0 ..........117
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.3 ............90
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.7 ............96
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 3.7 ............47

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.6 ..........101
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.2 ..........120
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.3 ..........126
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.4 ..........103
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 28.7 ............34

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 139

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Burkina Faso
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 17.0
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 10.5
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 603
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Burkina Faso

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 140 ..... 3.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 133 ......3.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 136 ......3.3

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................141 ......3.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 115 ......3.3
Infrastructure .......................................................... 140 ......2.1
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 88 ......4.4
Health and primary education ................................. 143 ......3.2

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................137 ......3.1

2

Higher education and training ................................. 141 ......2.4
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 129 ......3.7
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 83 ......4.2
Financial market development ................................ 131 ......3.2
Technological readiness .......................................... 143 ......2.4
Market size ............................................................. 113 ......2.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........130 ......2.9

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 142 ......3.0
Innovation ............................................................... 111 ......2.9

Burkina Faso

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................27.7
Corruption .........................................................................17.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................9.3
Tax rates..............................................................................8.2
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................5.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................5.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.6
Policy instability ...................................................................3.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................2.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................2.2
Inflation ................................................................................1.4
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.3
Poor public health ...............................................................1.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.9
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

140 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Burkina Faso
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.7 ..........106
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.4 ............88
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.1 ..........139
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.4 ............96
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.9 ..........125
Judicial independence............................................ 2.1 ..........142
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.8 ............95
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.8 ............98
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.7 ............47
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.3 ..........103
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.0 ..........106
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........114
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.4 ..........126
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.9 ..........107
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.6 ............93
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.1 ............75
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.6 ..........106
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.1 ..........100
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.6 ............64
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.6 ..........116
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.7 ..........123

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.5 ..........140
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.6 ..........131
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.8 ..........100
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.5 ..........106
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.1 ..........129
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 17.9 ..........129
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.0 ..........136
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 57.1 ..........132
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.8 ..........132

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.1 ............83
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 13.7 ..........107
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.6 ............65
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 27.7 ............35
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 21.7 ..........129

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.1 ..........137
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 31,924.2 ..........145
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.5 ..........109
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 57.0 ............77
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.5 ..........111
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.10 ..........112
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 81.6 ..........143
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 55.4 ..........131
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.9 ..........121
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 64.1 ..........140

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 24.7 ..........147
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 3.9 ..........139
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.7 ..........127
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.7 ............97
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.6 ..........110
Internet access in schools ...................................... 1.6 ..........147
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.6 ..........112
Extent of staff training ............................................ 2.9 ..........142

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 3 ............10
No. days to start a business* .................................. 13 ............63
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.6 ............96
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............78
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.5 ..........114
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.1 ..........103
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.6 ............63
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.6 ............96
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 33.9 ..........106
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.1 ..........112
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.0 ..........147

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.0 ..........110
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.2 ............62
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.9 ............83
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 10.5 ............44
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............89
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.1 ..........133
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.3 ..........130
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.6 ..........120
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.2 ..........128
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.88 ............38

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.2 ..........135
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.0 ..........141
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.7 ..........111
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.6 ..........144
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.7 ..........147
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.1 ..........123
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.0 ..........128
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.2 ..........145
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.7 ..........140
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.2 ............99
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 3.7 ..........138
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.1 ..........132
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 1.7 ..........138
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........136

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.6 ..........109
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.4 ..........120
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 24.3 ..........111
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 26.6 ..........113

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.1 ..........118
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.0 ..........105
State of cluster development.................................. 2.9 ..........137
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.5 ..........142
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.6 ..........146
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.0 ..........143
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.3 ..........145
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.1 ..........131
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 2.0 ..........148

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.0 ..........119
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.3 ............96
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.6 ..........120
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.2 ............99
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.2 ............94
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.4 ..........115
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........115

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.4 ..........116
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.7 ..........140
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.6 ..........110
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.0 ..........123
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 43.6 ............95

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 141

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Burundi
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 8.6
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 2.5
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 282
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.01

Burundi

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 146 ..... 2.9

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 144 ......2.8
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 140 ......2.9

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................144 ......3.1

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 144 ......2.8
Infrastructure .......................................................... 146 ......1.9
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 129 ......3.7
Health and primary education ................................. 130 ......4.2

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................148 ......2.6

2

Higher education and training ................................. 148 ......2.0
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 140 ......3.4
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 123 ......3.8
Financial market development ................................ 146 ......2.3
Technological readiness .......................................... 146 ......2.2
Market size ............................................................. 144 ......1.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........145 ......2.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 148 ......2.8
Innovation ............................................................... 142 ......2.3

Burundi

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................24.8
Corruption .........................................................................23.8
Tax rates..............................................................................9.2
Inflation ................................................................................7.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................5.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................5.4
Policy instability ...................................................................5.3
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.0
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................3.1
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.7
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.6
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.4
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.3
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.1
Poor public health ...............................................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

142 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Burundi
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.7 ..........141
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.3 ..........142
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.2 ..........135
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.3 ..........106
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.5 ..........137
Judicial independence............................................ 1.7 ..........147
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.4 ..........124
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.2 ..........131
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.9 ..........117
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.6 ..........136
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.5 ..........135
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.3 ..........138
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.4 ..........123
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.8 ..........114
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.0 ..........125
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.1 ..........147
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 2.8 ..........147
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 2.9 ..........142
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.9 ..........132
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.0 ..........141
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.5 ..........141
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.0 ..........108
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.8 ..........130
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.7 ..........142
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ................. 2.6 ..........145
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 1.8 ..........140
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 25.7 ..........146
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.2 ..........146

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.7 ............52
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 4.4 ..........142
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 11.8 ..........137
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 32.0 ............40
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 13.0 ..........143

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 2.8 ..........142
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 9,688.3 ..........125
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.3 ..........144
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 139.0 ..........108
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.3 ..........137
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.30 ..........118
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 86.3 ..........144
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 50.3 ..........142
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.2 ..........138
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 89.7 ..........100

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 28.0 ..........142
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 3.2 ..........142
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.3 ..........143
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.4 ..........103
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.6 ..........142
Internet access in schools ...................................... 1.8 ..........144
Availability of research and training services ........... 2.5 ..........147
Extent of staff training ............................................ 2.6 ..........147

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 4 ............20
No. days to start a business* .................................... 8 ............34
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.1 ..........133
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.4 ..........145
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 9.3 ..........100
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 2.8 ..........144
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.2 ..........137
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 2.7 ..........142
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 40.0 ............90
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.7 ..........134
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.1 ..........145

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.2 ..........143
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.1 ............67
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.4 ..........111
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 15.9 ............78
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.8 ..........129
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.5 ..........147
Reliance on professional management ................... 2.5 ..........144
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 1.9 ..........141
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 1.9 ..........142
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 1.03 ..............3

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 2.5 ..........146
Affordability of financial services ............................. 2.6 ..........147
Financing through local equity market .................... 1.8 ..........144
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.7 ..........141
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.9 ..........137
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.0 ..........144
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 1.9 ..........145
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.2 ..........143
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.5 ..........143
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.4 ..........142
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 1.2 ..........146
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........146
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 3.9 ..........120
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........136

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.7 ..........140
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 1.7 ..........147
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 5.5 ..........142
Exports as a percentage of GDP* .......................... 6.1 ..........147

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.2 ..........145
Local supplier quality.............................................. 2.9 ..........147
State of cluster development.................................. 2.8 ..........141
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.9 ..........121
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.0 ..........129
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.1 ..........140
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.3 ..........148
Extent of marketing ................................................ 2.3 ..........148
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 2.8 ..........139

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.2 ..........148
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.4 ..........138
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.2 ..........139
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.5 ..........136
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.6 ..........138
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.3 ..........119
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.3 ..........146
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.3 ..........113
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.1 ..........139
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.6 ..........138
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 53.0 ..........120

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 143

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Cambodia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 14.3
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 14.2
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 934
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.04

8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Cambodia

1990

1992

1994

Developing Asia

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 88 ..... 4.0

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 85 ......4.0
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 97 ......3.9

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .......................................99 ......4.2

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 91 ......3.6
Infrastructure .......................................................... 101 ......3.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 83 ......4.5
Health and primary education ................................... 99 ......5.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) .....................................91 ......3.8

2

Higher education and training ................................. 116 ......3.1
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 55 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 27 ......4.8
Financial market development .................................. 65 ......4.0
Technological readiness ............................................ 97 ......3.2
Market size ............................................................... 92 ......3.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) .............83 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 86 ......3.8
Innovation ................................................................. 91 ......3.0

Cambodia

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................19.0
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.3
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................12.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................11.3
Policy instability ...................................................................7.5
Access to financing .............................................................7.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.3
Poor public health ...............................................................4.1
Inflation ................................................................................3.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.9
Tax rates..............................................................................1.9
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

144 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Cambodia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.6 ..........108
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.2 ............99
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.1 ............81
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.1 ............61
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.9 ..........124
Judicial independence............................................ 2.8 ..........115
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.1 ............70
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.2 ............73
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.5 ............70
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.5 ............83
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.5 ............72
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.6 ..........119
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.3 ............87
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.5 ............78
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.1 ............69
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.3 ..........115
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.8 ............80
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.9 ..........116
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.5 ............73
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.9 ............86
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.9 ............86
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.7 ............80
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.0 ............91
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.0 ............81
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.1 ............90
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 75.4 ............88
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.2 ..........112
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 132.0 ............38
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 4.0 ..........110

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.2 ............85
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 13.5 ..........109
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.9 ............44
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 28.5 ............37
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 27.8 ..........115

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.6 ..........111
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 1,337.4 ..........114
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.4 ..........113
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 424.0 ..........137
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.6 ..........105
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.60 ............92
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 36.2 ..........108
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 63.0 ..........116
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.2 ..........106
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 98.2 ............31

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 44.4 ..........125
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 14.5 ..........104
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.6 ............76
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.5 ..........102
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.7 ..........108
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.8 ............89
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.9 ............90
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.0 ............66

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 9 ..........104
No. days to start a business* .................................. 85 ..........138
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.0 ............57
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............80
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 9.7 ..........105
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.6 ............75
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.0 ............30
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.5 ..........101
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 88.0 ............13
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.6 ............61
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.5 ............62

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.3 ............68
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.1 ............71
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.7 ............15
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 19.4 ............93
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.2 ............30
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.4 ............32
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.1 ............78
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.9 ............44
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.8 ............51
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.93 ............16

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.3 ............81
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.1 ............71
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.6 ..........113
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.0 ............56
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.0 ............43
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.8 ............84
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.5 ..........113
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.7 ............82
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.6 ............82
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.9 ............44
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 4.9 ..........132
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.2 ..........122
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 14.0 ............86
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 6.9 ............91

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.9 ............95
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.2 ............81
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 36.6 ............98
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 76.2 ............20

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.2 ..........111
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.9 ..........113
State of cluster development.................................. 4.1 ............44
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.2 ............97
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.7 ............71
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............80
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.5 ............95
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.0 ............79
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.7 ............73

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............71
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.2 ..........101
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.2 ............57
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.2 ..........105
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.7 ............46
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.4 ..........110
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.9 ............78
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.8 ............71
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.3 ............53
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.4 ............25
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 22.5 ............15

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 145

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Cameroon
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 20.0
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 25.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,165
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.06

Cameroon

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000

1,500

1,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 115 ..... 3.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 112 ......3.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 116 ......3.6

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................117 ......3.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 112 ......3.3
Infrastructure .......................................................... 128 ......2.5
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 60 ......4.9
Health and primary education ................................. 124 ......4.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................113 ......3.5

2

Higher education and training ................................. 112 ......3.3
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 100 ......4.0
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 82 ......4.2
Financial market development ................................ 107 ......3.6
Technological readiness .......................................... 121 ......2.8
Market size ............................................................... 91 ......3.3

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) .............96 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 105 ......3.6
Innovation ................................................................. 80 ......3.1

Cameroon

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................23.5
Access to financing ...........................................................22.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................13.4
Tax regulations ....................................................................9.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................9.2
Tax rates..............................................................................7.9
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................2.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.3
Inflation ................................................................................1.2
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................0.6
Poor public health ...............................................................0.5
Policy instability ...................................................................0.3
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

146 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Cameroon
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.8 ............91
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.2 ..........100
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.0 ..........140
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.1 ..........122
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.8 ..........131
Judicial independence............................................ 2.3 ..........136
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.4 ..........121
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.4 ..........121
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............77
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.3 ..........102
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.0 ..........103
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.3 ............55
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.0 ............99
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.3 ............91
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.6 ............97
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.3 ............69
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.5 ..........116
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.7 ..........132
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............55
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.0 ............81
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.3 ..........107

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.1 ..........128
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.8 ..........116
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.5 ............77
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.7 ..........100
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.5 ..........112
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 50.2 ............98
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.6 ..........124
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 64.0 ..........127
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 3.6 ..........112

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-0.9 ............40
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 15.3 ............95
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.0 ............49
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 14.9 ............15
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 23.9 ..........122

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.4 ..........128
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 24,202.5 ..........134
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.1 ..........123
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 243.0 ..........128
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.0 ..........124
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 4.60 ..........134
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 79.2 ..........141
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 51.6 ..........138
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.6 ............88
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 91.9 ............93

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 51.3 ..........120
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 12.4 ..........108
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.9 ............60
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.1 ............72
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.6 ............48
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.3 ..........135
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.1 ............75
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.9 ............78

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................. 15 ............70
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.7 ............88
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.2 ............86
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 14.9 ..........136
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.4 ............24
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.9 ............40
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.0 ............77
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 32.5 ..........114
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.1 ..........117
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.0 ..........108

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.7 ..........126
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.5 ..........107
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.7 ............18
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 15.3 ............74
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.3 ..........103
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.3 ..........124
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.9 ............93
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.9 ..........106
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.8 ..........104
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.85 ............56

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.9 ..........103
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.7 ..........107
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.0 ............96
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.4 ..........101
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.2 ..........112
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.8 ............81
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.0 ..........126
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.2 ..........111
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.4 ............94
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.6 ............69
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 5.7 ..........130
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........145
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 0.3 ..........146
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........136

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.1 ............86
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.7 ..........104
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 50.8 ............88
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 22.5 ..........128

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.4 ............97
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.9 ..........110
State of cluster development.................................. 3.5 ............93
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.8 ..........125
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.8 ............65
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.3 ..........131
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.3 ..........104
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.6 ..........111
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.4 ............97

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.1 ..........105
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.3 ............93
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.9 ............89
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.0 ..........115
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.9 ............38
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.4 ............51
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.2 ............89

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.7 ............92
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.2 ............42
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.3 ............54
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.1 ..........120
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 49.1 ..........111

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 147

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Canada
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 34.5
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 1,819.1
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 52,232
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 1.79

Canada

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 14 ..... 5.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 14 ......5.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 12 ......5.3

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................15 ......5.7

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 14 ......5.4
Infrastructure ............................................................ 12 ......5.8
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 50 ......5.1
Health and primary education ..................................... 7 ......6.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .......................................6 ......5.3

2

Higher education and training ................................... 16 ......5.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 17 ......5.0
Labor market efficiency .............................................. 7 ......5.3
Financial market development .................................. 12 ......5.2
Technological readiness ............................................ 21 ......5.6
Market size ............................................................... 13 ......5.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........25 ......4.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 25 ......4.8
Innovation ................................................................. 21 ......4.5

Canada

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................16.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................13.0
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.9
Tax regulations ..................................................................10.2
Tax rates..............................................................................9.9
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................9.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.8
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.7
Policy instability ...................................................................3.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.6
Corruption ...........................................................................1.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.6
Inflation ................................................................................0.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

148 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Canada
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 6.0 ..............6
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.6 ............13
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.3 ............19
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.5 ............15
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.8 ............18
Judicial independence............................................ 6.2 ............10
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.2 ............20
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.1 ............24
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.7 ............52
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.4 ............11
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.8 ............15
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.1 ............16
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.2 ............88
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.3 ............40
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.5 ............53
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.0 ............14
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.7 ............13
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 6.0 ..............9
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.3 ............14
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.2 ............16
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 8.7 ..............4

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.8 ............15
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.6 ............19
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 5.0 ............16
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.5 ............20
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.9 ............19
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 3,364.6 ............12
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.5 ............16
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 75.7 ..........119
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 51.9 ............11

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.2 ............86
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 20.8 ............67
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.5 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 85.6 ..........133
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 92.4 ..............5

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.5 ............17
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 4.5 ............11
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.1 ............29
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 4.9 ............33
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 80.9 ............17
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.5 ............13
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.8 ..............3

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 101.5 ............32
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 59.3 ............38
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.2 ............10
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.2 ............17
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.7 ..............7
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.1 ............11
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.4 ............18
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.5 ............34

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 1 ..............1
No. days to start a business* .................................... 5 ............10
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............43
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.4 ............65
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 2.6 ............38
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.6 ............12
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.7 ............58
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.8 ............36
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 31.9 ..........118
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.3 ............28
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.4 ............15

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.9 ............31
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.5 ............30
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.7 ............16
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 10.0 ............39
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.3 ............28
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.5 ............28
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.9 ............10
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.6 ............19
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 5.1 ..............9
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.91 ............27

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 6.1 ..............9
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.6 ............11
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.7 ............15
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.6 ............26
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.4 ............23
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.7 ..............1
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.4 ............16
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.1 ............19
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.4 ............34
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.8 ............52
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 86.8 ............12
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 32.9 ............11
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 101.0 ............18
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 50.0 ............31

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.4 ............13
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.8 ............21
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 1,488.3 ............13
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 29.3 ..........100

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.0 ............36
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.5 ............12
State of cluster development.................................. 4.8 ............18
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.8 ............52
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.9 ............57
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............44
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.1 ............23
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.2 ............23
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 5.0 ............11

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.3 ............27
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.5 ............16
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.8 ............29
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.9 ............18
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.6 ............55
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.2 ..............9
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 81.3 ............20

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.4 ............33
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.7 ............20
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.5 ............39
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.4 ............26
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 26.9 ............25

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 149

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Cape Verde
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 0.5
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 1.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,604
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.00

Cape Verde

5,000

Sub-Saharan Africa

4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 122 ..... 3.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 122 ......3.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 119 ......3.6

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .....................................103 ......4.0

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 69 ......3.9
Infrastructure .......................................................... 116 ......2.8
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 128 ......3.7
Health and primary education ................................... 75 ......5.7

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) ...................................130 ......3.2

2

Higher education and training ................................... 94 ......3.7
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 112 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 129 ......3.7
Financial market development ................................ 127 ......3.3
Technological readiness ............................................ 91 ......3.3
Market size ............................................................. 148 ......1.3

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........118 ......3.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 121 ......3.4
Innovation ............................................................... 116 ......2.8

Cape Verde

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................22.9
Tax rates............................................................................13.8
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................11.6
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................9.3
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................8.9
Tax regulations ....................................................................8.1
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................5.4
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.6
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.4
Corruption ...........................................................................3.2
Inflation ................................................................................2.1
Poor public health ...............................................................0.9
Policy instability ...................................................................0.6
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.5
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

150 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Cape Verde
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.9 ............90
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.0 ..........105
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.9 ............45
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.6 ............38
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.6 ............46
Judicial independence............................................ 4.1 ............53
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.3 ............57
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.4 ............61
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.7 ............46
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.7 ............72
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.5 ............64
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.2 ............68
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.5 ............72
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.9 ..........109
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.4 ..........104
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.4 ............63
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.2 ............52
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.8 ..........119
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.0 ..........121
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.8 ............98
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.0 ..........116

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.6 ..........100
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.1 ............68
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.8 ............91
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.0 ............95
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 40.4 ..........107
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 1.9 ..........139
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 84.2 ..........113
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 13.9 ............83

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-7.5 ..........136
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 21.8 ............61
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.5 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ................... 103.4 ..........139
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 31.8 ..........102

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.4 ............95
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................... 28.0 ............91
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.1 ............90
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 145.0 ..........109
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.1 ............87
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.00 ..........107
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 18.2 ............85
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.9 ............70
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.9 ............73
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 93.5 ............78

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 89.7 ............72
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 20.4 ............92
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.9 ............61
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.5 ..........100
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.5 ..........116
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.8 ............91
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.4 ..........124
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.4 ..........118

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 11 ............54
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.9 ............68
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.8 ..........127
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.1 ..........107
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.5 ............81
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.4 ............87
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.3 ..........120
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 55.4 ............52
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.6 ..........139
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.9 ..........111

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.8 ..........118
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.2 ............57
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.5 ..........104
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 29.5 ..........127
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.4 ............97
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.2 ..........128
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.5 ..........124
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.6 ............59
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.5 ............71
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.64 ..........110

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.7 ..........122
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.6 ..........117
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.0 ............97
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.3 ..........115
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.3 ..........100
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.6 ............92
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.6 ..........103
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.8 ............78
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.5 ............85
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.7 ............62
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 34.7 ............89
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 3.8 ............88
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 6.2 ..........106
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 22.5 ............64

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.0 ..........147
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 2.1 ..........146
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 2.2 ..........148
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 33.3 ............87

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.9 ..........131
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.8 ..........118
State of cluster development.................................. 3.3 ..........112
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.6 ............62
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.1 ..........123
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.3 ..........130
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.3 ..........109
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.5 ..........115
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.3 ..........116

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.9 ..........126
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.0 ..........115
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.6 ..........121
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.2 ..........103
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.8 ............41
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.3 ..........122
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.3 ..........122
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.9 ............63
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.7 ..........102
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.3 ..........109
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 37.2 ............72

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 151

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Chad
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 11.5
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 10.8
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,006
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Chad

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 148 ..... 2.9

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 139 ......3.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 142 ......2.9

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................147 ......2.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 147 ......2.5
Infrastructure .......................................................... 148 ......1.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 56 ......5.0
Health and primary education ................................. 148 ......2.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................146 ......2.7

2

Higher education and training ................................. 145 ......2.1
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 147 ......2.8
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 128 ......3.8
Financial market development ................................ 139 ......2.8
Technological readiness .......................................... 147 ......2.1
Market size ............................................................. 115 ......2.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........144 ......2.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 147 ......2.8
Innovation ............................................................... 139 ......2.4

Chad

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................20.5
Corruption .........................................................................20.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................10.5
Tax rates..............................................................................9.7
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.6
Tax regulations ....................................................................6.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................4.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.0
Policy instability ...................................................................3.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................2.5
Inflation ................................................................................2.1
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.1
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.9
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.1
Poor public health ...............................................................1.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

152 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Chad
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.4 ..........146
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.2 ..........144
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 1.8 ..........146
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.2 ..........116
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.2 ..........148
Judicial independence............................................ 2.0 ..........144
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.2 ..........139
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.1 ..........136
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.0 ..........108
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.4 ..........142
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.2 ..........145
Transparency of government policymaking............. 2.8 ..........146
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 3.6 ..........139
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.1 ..........133
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.3 ..........139
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.3 ..........144
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 2.9 ..........144
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.2 ..........137
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.2 ..........146
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 2.6 ..........148
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.3 ..........129

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.3 ..........143
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.5 ..........135
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.5 ..........143
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.1 ..........147
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ................. 7.7 ..........139
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 1.6 ..........145
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 35.5 ..........143
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.3 ..........144

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.4 ............48
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 33.0 ............17
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 7.7 ..........118
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 34.5 ............53
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 15.9 ..........142

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 2.5 ..........147
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 36,280.1 ..........147
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.0 ..........147
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 151.0 ..........110
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 2.8 ..........147
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 3.10 ..........132
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 97.1 ..........146
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 49.5 ..........144
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.1 ..........145
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 62.3 ..........142

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 25.4 ..........146
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 2.3 ..........145
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.7 ..........131
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.9 ..........127
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.7 ..........140
Internet access in schools ...................................... 1.3 ..........148
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.0 ..........139
Extent of staff training ............................................ 2.8 ..........145

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 9 ..........104
No. days to start a business* .................................. 62 ..........135
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.4 ..........118
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.1 ..........147
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 14.9 ..........137
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.4 ..........133
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.4 ..........130
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 2.2 ..........145
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 54.2 ............56
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 2.6 ..........147
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.0 ..........146

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.3 ..........141
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.1 ............70
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.8 ............87
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 13.0 ............59
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.2 ..........144
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.9 ..........137
Reliance on professional management ................... 2.1 ..........148
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.2 ..........135
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.7 ..........108
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.81 ............70

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 2.6 ..........145
Affordability of financial services ............................. 2.7 ..........145
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.1 ..........137
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.9 ..........131
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.7 ..........143
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.4 ..........139
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.1 ..........141
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 2.9 ..........147
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.4 ..........144
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.2 ..........146
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 2.1 ..........141
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.2 ..........125
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 0.5 ..........144
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........136

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.5 ..........113
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.6 ..........110
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 20.7 ..........117
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 42.7 ............64

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.5 ............93
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.0 ..........146
State of cluster development.................................. 2.9 ..........135
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.5 ..........139
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.0 ..........132
Control of international distribution ......................... 2.9 ..........147
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.3 ..........146
Extent of marketing ................................................ 2.4 ..........147
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 2.3 ..........147

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.6 ..........139
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.2 ..........142
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.6 ..........119
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.5 ..........138
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.8 ..........126
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.3 ..........118
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........109

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.3 ..........145
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.6 ..........145
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 2.7 ..........145
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 1.9 ..........148
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 65.4 ..........133

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 153

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Chile
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 17.3
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 268.2
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 15,410
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.39

Chile

20,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 34 ..... 4.6

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 33 ......4.6
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 31 ......4.7

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (24.0%) .......................................30 ......5.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 28 ......4.9
Infrastructure ............................................................ 46 ......4.5
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 17 ......6.0
Health and primary education ................................... 74 ......5.7

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................29 ......4.6

2

Higher education and training ................................... 38 ......4.9
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 36 ......4.6
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 45 ......4.5
Financial market development .................................. 20 ......4.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 42 ......4.5
Market size ............................................................... 42 ......4.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (26.0%) ...........45 ......3.9

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 54 ......4.2
Innovation ................................................................. 43 ......3.6

Chile

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................19.2
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................16.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................10.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................9.2
Access to financing .............................................................8.0
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.3
Tax rates..............................................................................4.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.4
Poor public health ...............................................................2.2
Corruption ...........................................................................1.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.2
Policy instability ...................................................................1.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.9
Inflation ................................................................................0.1
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

154 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Chile
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.1 ............35
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.8 ............60
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.1 ............23
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.8 ............34
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.7 ............22
Judicial independence............................................ 5.3 ............27
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.1 ............22
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.6 ............13
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.1 ............26
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.7 ............29
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.4 ............24
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.1 ............15
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.6 ............68
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.7 ............66
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.4 ............54
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.2 ..............7
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.1 ............27
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.0 ............46
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............27
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.5 ............49
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.3 ............31

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.0 ............45
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.4 ............27
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.7 ............65
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.2 ............32
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.2 ............46
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 570.8 ............35
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.2 ............65
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 138.5 ............30
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 18.8 ............64

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 0.6 ............22
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 21.4 ............65
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.0 ............51
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 11.2 ............11
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 80.0 ............21

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.2 ............36
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 18.0 ............42
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.8 ............56
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.50 ............88
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 7.7 ............48
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 79.0 ............33
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.2 ..........107
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 93.3 ............81

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 90.1 ............70
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 70.7 ............21
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.6 ............74
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.4 ..........107
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.3 ............16
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.9 ............48
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.6 ............42
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.3 ............46

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................... 8 ............34
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.5 ............15
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.8 ............28
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.7 ............64
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.6 ............13
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.5 ............10
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.9 ............27
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 34.7 ..........103
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.4 ............85
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.0 ............30

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.6 ............43
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.6 ............19
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.0 ............74
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 27.4 ..........120
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.6 ............16
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.4 ............33
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.8 ............36
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 5.0 ............12
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.5 ............24
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.66 ..........106

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.6 ............20
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.0 ............30
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.5 ............24
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.6 ............21
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.3 ............31
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.3 ............10
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.9 ............36
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.8 ............34
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.1 ............45
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.2 ............20
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 61.4 ............45
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 12.4 ............51
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 40.6 ............43
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 28.0 ............56

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.3 ............41
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.0 ............46
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 320.5 ............42
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 34.1 ............86

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.6 ............80
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.8 ............44
State of cluster development.................................. 4.1 ............50
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.3 ............90
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.8 ............59
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............42
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.4 ............39
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.8 ............35
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.8 ............66

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............63
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.1 ............47
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.2 ............58
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.3 ............40
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.0 ............27
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.7 ............25
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 5.7 ............44

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.4 ............37
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.9 ..........134
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.6 ............32
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.7 ............15
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 28.1 ............30

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 155

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

China
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ................................... 1,344.1
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 8,227.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 6,076
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total .......... 14.92

China

10,000

Developing Asia

8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 29 ..... 4.8

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 29 ......4.8
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 26 ......4.9

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................31 ......5.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 47 ......4.2
Infrastructure ............................................................ 48 ......4.5
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 10 ......6.3
Health and primary education ................................... 40 ......6.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................31 ......4.6

2

Higher education and training ................................... 70 ......4.2
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 61 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 34 ......4.6
Financial market development .................................. 54 ......4.3
Technological readiness ............................................ 85 ......3.4
Market size ................................................................. 2 ......6.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........34 ......4.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 45 ......4.3
Innovation ................................................................. 32 ......3.9

China

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................11.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.2
Corruption .........................................................................10.1
Tax rates..............................................................................7.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................7.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.1
Inflation ................................................................................7.0
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................6.3
Tax regulations ....................................................................6.3
Policy instability ...................................................................6.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................3.9
Government instability/coups ..............................................3.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................3.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................2.8
Poor public health ...............................................................1.9
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

156 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

China
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.6 ............50
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.9 ............53
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.9 ............44
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.1 ............26
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.0 ............68
Judicial independence............................................ 4.0 ............57
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.0 ............29
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.9 ............29
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.3 ............14
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.2 ............43
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.8 ............47
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.4 ............46
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.0 ............98
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.8 ............62
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.7 ............88
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.4 ............59
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.2 ............54
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.5 ............80
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............84
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.1 ............75
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.3 ............74
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.5 ............54
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.7 ............20
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.5 ............59
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.5 ............65
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ........ 12,672.0 ..............2
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.1 ............67
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 81.3 ..........116
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 20.6 ............58

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.2 ............61
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 49.5 ..............6
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.7 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 22.8 ............28
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 78.9 ............23

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.3 ............97
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.9 ............82
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.1 ............92
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 75.0 ............87
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.1 ............85
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 12.6 ............65
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.5 ............75
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.3 ............56
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.8 ..............4

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 81.4 ............90
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 26.8 ............83
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.0 ............54
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.4 ............48
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.1 ............83
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.3 ............35
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............62
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.3 ............48

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 13 ..........135
No. days to start a business* .................................. 33 ..........112
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.6 ............14
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............76
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 11.0 ..........123
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.4 ............91
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.8 ............45
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.2 ............60
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 25.5 ..........135
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............76
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.4 ............16

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.4 ............60
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.8 ............94
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.4 ............28
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 27.4 ..........120
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.0 ............42
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.7 ............17
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.6 ............44
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.3 ............31
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.4 ............26
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.88 ............36

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.5 ............70
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.4 ............51
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.0 ............38
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.4 ............32
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.8 ............16
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.0 ............72
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.3 ............63
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.4 ..........105
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.7 ............71
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.5 ............78
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 42.3 ............78
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 13.0 ............49
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 4.2 ..........118
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 17.2 ............71

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 6.8 ..............2
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 7.0 ..............1
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ..................................... 12,405.7 ..............2
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 27.2 ..........111

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.0 ............31
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.5 ............69
State of cluster development.................................. 4.6 ............24
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.8 ............53
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.1 ............43
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............48
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.0 ............58
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.4 ............50
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............60

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.2 ............30
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.3 ............41
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.2 ............22
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.4 ............33
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.4 ............13
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.5 ............44
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 9.2 ............36

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.3 ............46
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.6 ............23
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.3 ............55
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.1 ............41
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 63.7 ..........131

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 157

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Colombia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 46.9
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 366.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 7,855
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.61

Colombia

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 69 ..... 4.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 69 ......4.2
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 68 ......4.2

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................80 ......4.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 110 ......3.4
Infrastructure ............................................................ 92 ......3.5
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 33 ......5.6
Health and primary education ................................... 98 ......5.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................64 ......4.1

2

Higher education and training ................................... 60 ......4.3
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 102 ......4.0
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 87 ......4.2
Financial market development .................................. 63 ......4.1
Technological readiness ............................................ 87 ......3.4
Market size ............................................................... 31 ......4.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........69 ......3.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 63 ......4.1
Innovation ................................................................. 74 ......3.2

Colombia

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................20.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................14.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.2
Access to financing .............................................................8.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................8.1
Tax rates..............................................................................7.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................7.4
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................6.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.3
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.4
Poor public health ...............................................................2.3
Policy instability ...................................................................1.8
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.7
Inflation ................................................................................0.9
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

158 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Colombia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.8 ............92
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.2 ............95
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.3 ..........129
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.0 ..........125
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.4 ............97
Judicial independence............................................ 3.0 ..........106
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.6 ..........109
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.7 ..........106
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.9 ..........114
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.4 ............95
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.2 ............93
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.1 ............75
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 2.7 ..........147
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 2.7 ..........140
Organized crime ..................................................... 2.8 ..........144
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.2 ............73
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.6 ..........107
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.5 ............82
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............54
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.1 ............76
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 8.3 ..............6

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.3 ..........117
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.6 ..........130
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.5 ..........113
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.5 ..........110
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.0 ............96
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 527.6 ............39
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.2 ............63
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 103.2 ............87
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 13.2 ............84

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 0.2 ............27
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 20.2 ............72
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.2 ............57
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 32.8 ............45
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 62.8 ............42

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.2 ..........102
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................. 405.6 ..........111
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.0 ............94
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 34.0 ............61
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.8 ............98
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.50 ............88
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 15.4 ............77
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.6 ............72
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.3 ..........104
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 87.1 ..........113

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 97.5 ............44
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 42.9 ............61
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.5 ............86
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.4 ..........108
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.3 ............70
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.9 ............82
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.2 ............68
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.7 ............93

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 13 ............63
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.2 ..........122
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.7 ..........131
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 6.6 ............82
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.4 ............86
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.5 ............73
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.7 ............90
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 19.0 ..........143
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.1 ............33
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.5 ............65

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.5 ............56
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.1 ............77
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.8 ............88
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 16.7 ............82
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.9 ..........123
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.6 ..........102
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.3 ............69
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.5 ............63
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.1 ............91
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.72 ............98

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.9 ............52
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.8 ..........101
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.7 ............55
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.8 ............71
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.6 ............75
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.9 ............26
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.0 ............74
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 5 ............89

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.5 ............96
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.4 ............97
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.6 ............72
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 49.0 ............66
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 8.4 ............67
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 12.2 ............89
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 4.9 ............98

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.6 ............28
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.9 ............54
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 502.9 ............28
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 18.0 ..........137

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.0 ............33
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.9 ............38
State of cluster development.................................. 3.8 ............74
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.4 ............77
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.7 ............74
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.1 ............64
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.6 ............77
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.0 ............87
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............53

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............83
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.3 ............95
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............73
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.8 ............53
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.7 ............49
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.7 ............97
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.1 ............70

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.1 ............64
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.4 ............99
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.0 ............78
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.2 ..........113
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 74.4 ..........143

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 159

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Costa Rica
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 4.7
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 45.1
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 9,673
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.07

Costa Rica

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 54 ..... 4.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 57 ......4.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 61 ......4.3

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (38.3%) .......................................64 ......4.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 50 ......4.2
Infrastructure ............................................................ 76 ......3.9
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 80 ......4.6
Health and primary education ................................... 64 ......5.8

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................59 ......4.2

2

Higher education and training ................................... 33 ......5.0
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 65 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 53 ......4.5
Financial market development .................................. 96 ......3.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 53 ......4.2
Market size ............................................................... 84 ......3.4

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (11.7%) ...........31 ......4.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 31 ......4.5
Innovation ................................................................. 35 ......3.7

Costa Rica

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................24.3
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................20.4
Access to financing ...........................................................10.0
Tax regulations ....................................................................7.5
Corruption ...........................................................................7.4
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................6.2
Tax rates..............................................................................4.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.7
Inflation ................................................................................3.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.1
Foreign currency regulations ................................................3.1
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.5
Policy instability ...................................................................0.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

160 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Costa Rica
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.6 ............53
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.8 ............59
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.7 ............55
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.8 ............79
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.4 ............56
Judicial independence............................................ 4.8 ............37
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.4 ............51
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.5 ..........114
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.3 ............94
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.7 ............68
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.0 ............37
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.4 ............49
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.1 ............35
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.9 ..........106
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.3 ............61
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.9 ............43
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.5 ............40
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.0 ............44
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............47
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.6 ............38
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.0 ..........134

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.8 ............97
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.7 ..........125
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.7 ..........105
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.9 ..........128
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.8 ............57
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 136.3 ............75
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.6 ............44
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 128.3 ............42
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 21.2 ............55

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.6 ..........110
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 15.4 ............94
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 4.5 ............82
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 34.8 ............56
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 53.7 ............61

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 6.4 ............77
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 2.8 ............84
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.3 ............31
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 12.0 ............31
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.7 ............57
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 8.6 ............51
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 79.3 ............30
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.8 ............32
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................... n/a ...........n/a

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 101.5 ............33
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 43.0 ............60
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.9 ............20
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.5 ............45
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.3 ............17
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.6 ............58
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.0 ............25
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.7 ............23

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 12 ..........129
No. days to start a business* .................................. 60 ..........133
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.8 ............81
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.8 ..........119
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 3.6 ............48
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.5 ............19
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.1 ............25
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.0 ............72
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 43.1 ............79
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.0 ............39
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.8 ............38

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.3 ............14
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.0 ............78
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.2 ............44
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 18.7 ............90
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.8 ............62
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.1 ............53
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.7 ............41
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.8 ............15
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.0 ............38
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.60 ..........119

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.4 ............74
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.2 ............62
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.5 ..........118
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.4 ..........106
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.3 ..........103
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.9 ............24
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.3 ............59
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.3 ............49
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.2 ............43
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.7 ..............6
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 47.5 ............68
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 10.0 ............62
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 30.0 ............57
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 14.5 ............77

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.2 ............82
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.1 ............85
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 58.8 ............83
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 37.5 ............81

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............66
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.9 ............43
State of cluster development.................................. 4.1 ............47
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.5 ............28
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.6 ............25
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.1 ............58
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.7 ............31
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.6 ............42
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.5 ............27

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.0 ............37
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.8 ............33
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.5 ............41
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.4 ............34
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.5 ............66
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.8 ............21
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.7 ............59

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.2 ............52
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.3 ............33
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.3 ............52
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.7 ............74
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 55.0 ..........125

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 161

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Côte d’Ivoire
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 20.2
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 24.6
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,054
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.05

Côte d’Ivoire

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000

1,500

1,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 126 ..... 3.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 131 ......3.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 129 ......3.4

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................131 ......3.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 104 ......3.4
Infrastructure .......................................................... 107 ......3.1
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 106 ......4.2
Health and primary education ................................. 142 ......3.3

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................112 ......3.5

2

Higher education and training ................................. 121 ......3.0
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 113 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 68 ......4.3
Financial market development .................................. 94 ......3.8
Technological readiness .......................................... 110 ......3.0
Market size ............................................................... 96 ......3.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........116 ......3.2

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 123 ......3.4
Innovation ............................................................... 101 ......3.0

Côte d’Ivoire

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................27.6
Corruption .........................................................................19.2
Tax rates..............................................................................9.8
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................8.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................5.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................5.2
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................5.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.9
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.8
Policy instability ...................................................................3.7
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.0
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.7
Inflation ................................................................................1.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.7
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.7
Poor public health ...............................................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

162 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Côte d’Ivoire
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.4 ..........119
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.7 ..........123
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.6 ..........109
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.6 ............86
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.4 ............98
Judicial independence............................................ 2.4 ..........128
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.9 ............81
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.4 ............59
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.8 ............44
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.4 ............90
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.2 ............95
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.9 ............85
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.1 ............94
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.2 ..........130
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.0 ..........124
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.3 ..........114
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............95
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.3 ............94
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............46
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.2 ............69
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.3 ..........129

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.8 ............96
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.2 ..........101
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.1 ............85
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.5 ............54
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.1 ............91
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 44.2 ..........102
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.6 ..........104
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 96.3 ............99
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 1.3 ..........126

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.4 ............89
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 11.9 ..........118
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.3 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 49.1 ............89
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 23.2 ..........124

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.0 ..........122
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 34,429.1 ..........146
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.9 ..........100
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 191.0 ..........117
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.9 ............94
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 3.00 ..........130
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 81.2 ..........142
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 55.4 ..........129
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.4 ............98
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 61.5 ..........143

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 27.1 ..........143
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 8.3 ..........122
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.5 ............83
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.3 ............60
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.3 ............62
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.3 ..........134
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............57
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.3 ............40

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 10 ..........116
No. days to start a business* .................................. 32 ..........108
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.0 ............55
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.9 ..........112
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.5 ..........116
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.4 ............22
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.0 ............36
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.4 ..........110
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 50.5 ............63
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.3 ............96
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.5 ..........134

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.8 ............36
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.2 ............58
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.6 ............22
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 13.1 ............62
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............87
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.6 ..........100
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.2 ............72
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.1 ............88
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.5 ............70
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.64 ..........109

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.6 ..........125
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.3 ..........128
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.5 ............67
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.4 ..........102
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.1 ..........116
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.3 ............57
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.8 ............95
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.5 ............94
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.7 ............67
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.2 ............98
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 2.4 ..........139
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.2 ..........121
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 16.3 ............78
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........136

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.9 ............97
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.1 ............86
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 40.3 ............94
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 53.6 ............43

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.4 ..........100
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.1 ............97
State of cluster development.................................. 2.9 ..........132
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.6 ..........138
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.0 ..........128
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.2 ..........137
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.9 ..........127
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.7 ..........103
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.1 ..........125

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.9 ..........127
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.4 ............84
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.7 ..........116
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.8 ..........124
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.8 ............43
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.5 ............38
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........113

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.0 ............72
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.2 ..........122
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.0 ............80
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.8 ..........131
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 39.5 ............77

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 163

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Croatia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 4.4
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 57.1
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 12,972
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.09

Croatia

20,000

Central and Eastern Europe

15,000

10,000

5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 75 ..... 4.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 81 ......4.0
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 76 ......4.1

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (30.1%) .......................................61 ......4.7

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 93 ......3.6
Infrastructure ............................................................ 42 ......4.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 68 ......4.7
Health and primary education ................................... 66 ......5.8

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................68 ......4.0

2

Higher education and training ................................... 51 ......4.5
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 111 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 114 ......3.9
Financial market development .................................. 78 ......3.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 45 ......4.4
Market size ............................................................... 74 ......3.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (19.9%) ...........80 ......3.5

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 88 ......3.8
Innovation ................................................................. 79 ......3.1

Croatia

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................19.9
Policy instability .................................................................13.4
Corruption .........................................................................10.9
Tax rates............................................................................10.0
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................9.5
Access to financing .............................................................9.0
Tax regulations ....................................................................6.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................3.0
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................1.9
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.2
Inflation ................................................................................1.2
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

164 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Croatia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.8 ............96
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.5 ............81
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.0 ............87
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.2 ..........114
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.7 ............83
Judicial independence............................................ 3.0 ..........109
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.6 ..........112
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.4 ..........123
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.3 ..........143
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.5 ..........140
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.5 ..........132
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........106
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.4 ............15
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.3 ............39
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.5 ............49
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.6 ............53
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.9 ............76
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.3 ............92
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.2 ..........106
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.6 ..........114
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.0 ..........116

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.1 ............42
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.5 ............21
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.1 ............53
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.3 ............65
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.4 ............72
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 86.0 ............85
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.6 ............42
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 113.3 ............65
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 37.4 ............30

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.1 ..........100
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 20.2 ............71
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.4 ............63
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 56.3 ..........106
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 55.1 ............58

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.6 ............13
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 17.0 ............38
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.6 ..............5
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 4.4 ............29
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 76.9 ............40
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.7 ............38
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 86.8 ..........116

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 95.7 ............51
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 54.1 ............48
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.4 ............97
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.0 ............22
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.2 ............78
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.7 ............53
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.2 ............74
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.3 ..........121

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................... 9 ............43
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.5 ..........146
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.4 ............58
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 3.3 ............44
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.2 ..........102
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.0 ..........140
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.2 ............62
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 42.5 ............82
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............84
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.9 ..........116

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.5 ..........133
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............45
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.0 ..........131
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 15.1 ............73
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.3 ..........143
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.8 ............82
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.8 ..........101
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.3 ..........134
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 1.9 ..........143
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.84 ............61

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.2 ............85
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.9 ............90
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.8 ..........105
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.4 ..........105
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.2 ..........110
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.9 ............75
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.0 ............78
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.1 ............59
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.7 ............76
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.0 ..........112
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 63.0 ............44
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 20.3 ............35
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 28.2 ............58
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 52.3 ............26

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.3 ............75
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.3 ............75
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 78.4 ............75
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 42.2 ............67

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............68
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.5 ............62
State of cluster development.................................. 3.2 ..........114
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.8 ............49
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.5 ..........100
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ............97
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.4 ..........103
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.9 ............94
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.4 ..........101

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.1 ..........110
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.0 ............52
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............65
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.5 ............76
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.6 ..........136
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.0 ............76
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 10.2 ............33

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.5 ..........107
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.3 ..........110
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.8 ............96
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.3 ..........143
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 32.8 ............44

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 165

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Cyprus
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 1.1
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 23.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 26,389
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Cyprus

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 58 ..... 4.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 58 ......4.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 47 ......4.4

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................51 ......4.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 42 ......4.5
Infrastructure ............................................................ 44 ......4.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 126 ......3.7
Health and primary education ..................................... 8 ......6.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................49 ......4.3

2

Higher education and training ................................... 32 ......5.0
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 29 ......4.7
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 36 ......4.6
Financial market development .................................. 64 ......4.1
Technological readiness ............................................ 36 ......4.8
Market size ............................................................. 110 ......2.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........50 ......3.9

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 44 ......4.3
Innovation ................................................................. 56 ......3.4

Cyprus

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................19.8
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................17.3
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................9.9
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................7.6
Corruption ...........................................................................7.5
Policy instability ...................................................................5.8
Tax rates..............................................................................5.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................5.2
Inflation ................................................................................5.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................4.6
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.7
Foreign currency regulations ................................................2.5
Poor public health ...............................................................2.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.8
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................0.8
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.5
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

166 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Cyprus
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.7 ............46
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.4 ............40
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.5 ............35
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.3 ............54
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.0 ............36
Judicial independence............................................ 4.5 ............47
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.3 ............58
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.2 ............71
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.1 ............24
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.2 ............42
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.4 ............26
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.8 ............27
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.0 ............45
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.5 ............29
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.7 ............45
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.8 ............44
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.3 ............47
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.2 ............37
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.1 ..........110
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.5 ............48
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.3 ............31

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.1 ............40
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.4 ............25
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.8 ............46
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.3 ............43
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 173.4 ............69
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.2 ............57
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 98.4 ............94
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 33.1 ............35

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-5.6 ..........125
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 8.6 ..........134
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.1 ............53
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 86.2 ..........134
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 43.9 ............74

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.0 ............45
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 4.0 ..............9
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.9 ............46
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. <0.1 ..............1
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 2.6 ..............9
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 79.6 ............29
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.6 ............12
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.0 ............21

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 91.4 ............63
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 48.3 ............53
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.3 ..............9
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.6 ..............7
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.3 ............18
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.6 ............30
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.9 ............29
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.0 ............67

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................... 8 ............34
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.8 ............71
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.9 ............15
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.7 ............72
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.7 ............51
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.8 ............37
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 46.8 ............69
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.0 ............40
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.8 ............43

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.7 ............41
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.3 ..........120
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.0 ............65
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 5.7 ............16
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.2 ............32
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.9 ............75
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.6 ..........117
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.2 ............33
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.4 ............76
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.85 ............57

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.0 ............44
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.5 ............46
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.8 ..........107
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.7 ............80
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.8 ............54
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.3 ..........141
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.0 ............75
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.5 ............41
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.2 ............38
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.7 ............68
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 61.0 ............47
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 19.2 ............37
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 69.7 ............32
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 33.8 ............47

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.6 ..........111
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.6 ..........108
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 23.6 ..........113
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 41.2 ............70

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.6 ............87
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.8 ............46
State of cluster development.................................. 4.1 ............52
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.5 ............29
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.2 ............39
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.8 ............17
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.1 ............55
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.5 ............47
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............56

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.3 ............93
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.0 ............50
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............74
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.8 ............54
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.5 ............72
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.5 ............43
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 8.1 ............38

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.2 ............47
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.1 ............47
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.7 ............27
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.2 ............32
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 23.0 ............17

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 167

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Czech Republic
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 10.5
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 196.1
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 18,579
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.35

Czech Republic

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 46 ..... 4.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 39 ......4.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 38 ......4.5

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................55 ......4.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 86 ......3.6
Infrastructure ............................................................ 39 ......4.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 55 ......5.0
Health and primary education ................................... 60 ......5.8

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................37 ......4.5

2

Higher education and training ................................... 39 ......4.9
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 48 ......4.4
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 81 ......4.2
Financial market development .................................. 58 ......4.2
Technological readiness ............................................ 34 ......4.9
Market size ............................................................... 41 ......4.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........36 ......4.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 38 ......4.4
Innovation ................................................................. 37 ......3.7

Czech Republic

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................17.2
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.6
Tax rates............................................................................11.3
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................10.5
Tax regulations ..................................................................10.1
Access to financing .............................................................7.0
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................6.3
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.9
Crime and theft ...................................................................5.3
Policy instability ...................................................................4.3
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.9
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.8
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.8
Inflation ................................................................................0.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

168 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Czech Republic
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.9 ............88
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.8 ............61
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.4 ..........117
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.5 ..........146
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.7 ............81
Judicial independence............................................ 3.8 ............68
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.4 ..........123
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.4 ............53
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.6 ..........135
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.1 ..........115
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.7 ..........126
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.8 ............98
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.4 ............16
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.0 ............53
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.0 ............71
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.9 ............90
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.6 ..........109
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.8 ............64
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............88
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.9 ............83
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.1 ............37
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.7 ............81
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.6 ............22
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.4 ............61
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.8 ............21
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 194.6 ............64
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.4 ............20
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 122.8 ............47
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 19.9 ............62

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-5.0 ..........120
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 21.6 ............63
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.3 ............59
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 43.1 ............76
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 75.4 ............25

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.4 ............77
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 6.0 ............16
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.2 ............82
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 3.2 ............14
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 77.9 ............37
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.3 ............51
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 89.6 ..........102

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 90.8 ............66
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 64.9 ............29
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.7 ............67
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.0 ............83
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.0 ............90
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.8 ............24
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.0 ............26
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.0 ............68

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 9 ..........104
No. days to start a business* .................................. 20 ............88
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.6 ............99
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............68
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 6.0 ..............5
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.7 ............54
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.5 ............47
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 81.5 ............23
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.6 ............66
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.4 ............75

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............74
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.2 ............63
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.3 ..........121
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 20.2 ............95
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.7 ..........133
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.6 ............19
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.4 ............62
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.8 ..........109
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.2 ............87
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.78 ............79

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.7 ............59
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.0 ............86
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.0 ............93
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.0 ............58
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.6 ............74
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.8 ............33
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.4 ............50
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.2 ............53
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.9 ............54
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.1 ............27
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 75.0 ............28
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 16.6 ............41
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 101.0 ............19
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 44.0 ............35

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.2 ............46
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.5 ............28
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 287.0 ............44
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 90.9 ............12

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.2 ............25
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.3 ............21
State of cluster development.................................. 4.1 ............45
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.1 ............38
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.6 ............24
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.5 ..........120
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.6 ............32
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.5 ............43
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............57

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.3 ............26
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.9 ............26
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.8 ............32
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.4 ............35
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.8 ..........124
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.2 ............64
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 15.3 ............29

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.8 ............12
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.2 ............44
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.1 ............70
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.7 ..........132
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 49.2 ..........112

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 169

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Denmark
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 5.6
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 313.6
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 56,202
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.25

Denmark

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 15 ..... 5.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 12 ......5.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ....................................... 8 ......5.4

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................21 ......5.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 18 ......5.2
Infrastructure ............................................................ 23 ......5.5
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 42 ......5.3
Health and primary education ................................... 32 ......6.2

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................16 ......5.1

2

Higher education and training ................................... 14 ......5.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 24 ......4.9
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 13 ......5.0
Financial market development .................................. 36 ......4.6
Technological readiness .............................................. 5 ......6.0
Market size ............................................................... 53 ......4.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........11 ......5.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 11 ......5.3
Innovation ................................................................. 11 ......5.0

Denmark

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Tax rates............................................................................21.2
Access to financing ...........................................................20.5
Tax regulations ..................................................................11.8
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................11.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................7.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.5
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.7
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.7
Policy instability ...................................................................1.7
Inflation ................................................................................0.7
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.6
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.3
Corruption ...........................................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

170 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Denmark
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.4 ............24
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.0 ............26
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 6.3 ..............2
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.5 ............16
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.1 ............15
Judicial independence............................................ 6.2 ..............8
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.4 ............16
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.6 ............44
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.2 ..........101
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.9 ............21
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.0 ............38
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.3 ............54
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.9 ..........108
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.6 ............77
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.5 ............48
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.1 ............11
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 6.1 ..............7
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.2 ............41
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.2 ............20
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.6 ............40
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.3 ............31

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.7 ............18
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.5 ............22
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.5 ............24
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.7 ............14
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.6 ............26
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 463.8 ............43
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.7 ..............6
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 118.0 ............54
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 43.5 ............20

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.4 ..........106
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 22.6 ............58
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.4 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 50.1 ............91
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 90.3 ..............9

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.8 ..............3
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 6.5 ............20
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.7 ..............4
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 3.1 ............13
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 79.8 ............28
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.7 ............42
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 95.4 ............60

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 118.7 ..............6
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 73.7 ............17
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.9 ............21
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.5 ............42
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.2 ............25
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.8 ............22
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.2 ............22
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.0 ............14

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 4 ............20
No. days to start a business* .................................... 6 ............16
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.9 ............61
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.7 ............38
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.2 ............39
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.6 ............69
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.9 ............26
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 48.1 ............65
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.6 ..............9
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.7 ............53

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.8 ..............3
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.8 ............93
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 5.0 ..............6
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 0.0 ..............1
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.8 ..........128
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.1 ............52
Reliance on professional management ................... 6.0 ..............6
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.0 ............43
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.8 ............52
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.92 ............24

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.1 ............36
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.7 ............39
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.5 ............61
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.9 ............65
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.4 ............95
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.5 ............95
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.3 ............20
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.9 ............29
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.7 ............20
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.7 ............60
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 93.0 ..............4
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 38.2 ..............3
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 175.0 ............12
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 87.5 ..............7

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.0 ............54
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.1 ............45
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 210.1 ............53
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 54.3 ............41

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.1 ............26
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.5 ............14
State of cluster development.................................. 4.3 ............34
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 6.0 ..............5
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.0 ............15
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.7 ............24
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.5 ............16
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.2 ............25
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 6.0 ..............1

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.0 ............13
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.3 ............17
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.8 ............10
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.8 ............22
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.4 ............87
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.6 ............36
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 203.3 ..............7

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.5 ............27
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.2 ............11
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.9 ............20
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.2 ..........112
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 27.7 ............28

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 171

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Dominican Republic
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 10.1
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 59.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 5,763
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.12

Dominican Republic

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 105 ..... 3.8

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 105 ......3.8
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 110 ......3.7

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .....................................116 ......3.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 124 ......3.2
Infrastructure .......................................................... 110 ......3.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 119 ......3.9
Health and primary education ................................. 110 ......5.1

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................90 ......3.8

2

Higher education and training ................................... 96 ......3.7
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 99 ......4.0
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 118 ......3.9
Financial market development .................................. 86 ......3.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 76 ......3.6
Market size ............................................................... 68 ......3.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........91 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 71 ......4.0
Innovation ............................................................... 115 ......2.8

Dominican Republic

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................17.7
Access to financing ...........................................................13.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................11.9
Tax rates............................................................................11.2
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................10.0
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................7.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................6.4
Tax regulations ....................................................................6.0
Inflation ................................................................................4.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.2
Poor public health ...............................................................1.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.1
Policy instability ...................................................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

172 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Dominican Republic
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.8 ............94
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.0 ..........107
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 1.9 ..........142
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.7 ..........143
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.2 ..........111
Judicial independence............................................ 2.4 ..........131
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 1.9 ..........145
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.1 ..........138
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.5 ............69
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.4 ............99
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.0 ..........107
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.2 ............69
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.5 ............70
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.2 ..........131
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.2 ..........110
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.3 ..........143
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.5 ..........111
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.7 ............69
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.5 ............75
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.2 ............66
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.7 ............99
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.2 ............62
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.6 ............67
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.6 ............52
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.2 ............47
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 386.4 ............49
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.1 ..........134
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 88.8 ..........110
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 10.5 ............90

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-7.0 ..........134
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 9.2 ..........132
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.7 ............69
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 33.5 ............49
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 38.4 ............82

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.3 ............98
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................... 47.0 ............95
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.1 ............91
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 65.0 ............82
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.7 ..........103
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.70 ............97
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 20.9 ............92
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.4 ............77
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.0 ..........146
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 89.4 ..........103

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 76.1 ............98
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 34.0 ............74
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.5 ..........140
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.2 ..........146
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.7 ..........106
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.6 ............99
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.1 ............77
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.0 ............76

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................. 19 ............82
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.6 ............98
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.7 ..........132
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 7.3 ............85
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.0 ............50
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.5 ............80
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.4 ............51
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 33.3 ..........110
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............81
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.3 ............85

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.5 ............50
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............52
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.0 ............69
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 26.2 ..........116
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.7 ..........135
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.5 ..........107
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.6 ..........115
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.4 ............72
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.3 ............83
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.66 ..........105

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.2 ............35
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.1 ............76
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.8 ..........106
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.0 ............57
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............86
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.8 ............34
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.0 ............76
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.2 ............51
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.9 ............56
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.3 ............11
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 45.0 ............74
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 4.4 ............83
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 11.3 ............92
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 15.4 ............74

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.6 ............66
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.2 ............82
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 98.7 ............68
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 24.8 ..........121

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.8 ............53
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.4 ............75
State of cluster development.................................. 3.6 ............86
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.0 ..........107
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.8 ............64
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.2 ............54
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.7 ............74
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.5 ............48
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.7 ............72

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.2 ............98
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.7 ..........126
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.9 ............96
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.3 ............91
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.4 ............80
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.2 ..........125
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.3 ............83

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.9 ............75
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.1 ..........127
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.8 ..........101
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.8 ..........128
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 42.5 ............91

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 173

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Ecuador
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 14.7
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 80.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 5,311
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.18

Ecuador

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 71 ..... 4.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 86 ......3.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 101 ......3.8

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................62 ......4.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 92 ......3.6
Infrastructure ............................................................ 79 ......3.8
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 44 ......5.2
Health and primary education ................................... 54 ......5.9

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................81 ......3.9

2

Higher education and training ................................... 71 ......4.2
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 106 ......4.0
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 111 ......4.0
Financial market development .................................. 89 ......3.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 82 ......3.5
Market size ............................................................... 59 ......4.0

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........63 ......3.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 69 ......4.0
Innovation ................................................................. 58 ......3.4

Ecuador

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................16.8
Crime and theft .................................................................13.3
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................9.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................8.9
Tax rates..............................................................................8.3
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................6.8
Access to financing .............................................................6.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.2
Inflation ................................................................................5.0
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................4.4
Policy instability ...................................................................4.3
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.7
Foreign currency regulations ................................................3.0
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.5
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.1
Poor public health ...............................................................0.9
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

174 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Ecuador
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.8 ............98
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.6 ............79
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.2 ............68
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.1 ............59
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.6 ............92
Judicial independence............................................ 3.2 ..........100
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.4 ............47
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.6 ............42
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.5 ............68
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.4 ............97
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.1 ..........100
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.1 ............73
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.5 ..........122
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.5 ..........119
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.9 ..........129
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.6 ..........106
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.6 ..........108
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.3 ............90
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............80
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.9 ............89
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.0 ..........116

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.2 ............75
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.6 ............50
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.0 ............57
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.2 ............69
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.5 ............70
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 166.6 ............70
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.5 ............84
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 110.7 ............69
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 15.5 ............81

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-0.5 ............35
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 26.8 ............38
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.1 ............92
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 18.6 ............21
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 24.0 ..........121

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.2 ..........104
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................... 15.2 ............89
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.1 ............93
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 62.0 ............80
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.8 ..........100
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.40 ............78
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 19.6 ............89
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 75.6 ............49
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.8 ............74
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 98.6 ............26

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 87.6 ............78
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 39.8 ............65
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.8 ............62
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.0 ............84
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.2 ............77
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.0 ............80
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.9 ............86
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.1 ............61

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 13 ..........135
No. days to start a business* .................................. 56 ..........130
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.9 ............64
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.8 ..........120
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 7.5 ............87
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.1 ..........104
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.5 ..........127
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.9 ............82
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 35.2 ..........101
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.1 ..........115
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.7 ............55

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.3 ............70
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.4 ..........119
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.6 ............97
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 31.8 ..........133
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.8 ............58
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.8 ............81
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.0 ............83
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.0 ............41
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.1 ............35
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.67 ..........104

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.2 ............87
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.0 ............82
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.7 ............54
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.4 ............31
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.2 ............34
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.7 ............90
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.1 ............68
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.6 ............89
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.5 ............87
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.0 ..........113
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 35.1 ............88
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 5.4 ............77
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 33.1 ............50
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 22.2 ............66

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.8 ............57
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.6 ............69
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 153.2 ............59
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 31.7 ............93

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.4 ............98
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.3 ............79
State of cluster development.................................. 3.9 ............69
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.5 ............65
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.7 ............70
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.1 ............59
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.8 ............65
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.1 ............76
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.8 ............62

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.7 ............53
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.4 ............85
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.6 ............36
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.9 ............50
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.0 ............29
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.1 ............73
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ............97

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.5 ..........112
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.6 ............85
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.1 ............76
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.8 ............72
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 34.6 ............57

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 175

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Egypt
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 82.5
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 256.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,112
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.65

Egypt

8,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 118 ..... 3.6

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 107 ......3.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 94 ......3.9

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .....................................118 ......3.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 117 ......3.3
Infrastructure ............................................................ 98 ......3.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 140 ......3.2
Health and primary education ................................. 100 ......5.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) ...................................109 ......3.6

2

Higher education and training ................................. 118 ......3.1
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 119 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 146 ......3.0
Financial market development ................................ 119 ......3.4
Technological readiness .......................................... 100 ......3.2
Market size ............................................................... 29 ......4.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........104 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 84 ......3.8
Innovation ............................................................... 120 ......2.8

Egypt

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Policy instability .................................................................22.9
Government instability/coups ............................................14.7
Crime and theft ...................................................................9.3
Access to financing .............................................................7.8
Corruption ...........................................................................7.5
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................6.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................5.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.5
Tax rates..............................................................................4.2
Inflation ................................................................................3.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.1
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................1.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.2
Poor public health ...............................................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

176 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Egypt
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.7 ..........101
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.2 ............94
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.5 ..........116
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.8 ............82
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.4 ..........101
Judicial independence............................................ 3.5 ............82
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.0 ............80
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.1 ..........135
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.2 ............96
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.2 ..........106
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.2 ............94
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.9 ............90
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 2.6 ..........148
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 2.3 ..........143
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.4 ..........138
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.9 ..........132
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.1 ............57
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.8 ..........122
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.6 ..........141
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.8 ............97
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.3 ..........118
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.7 ..........122
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.7 ............63
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.1 ............80
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.8 ............59
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 710.5 ............33
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.4 ..........107
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 115.3 ............61
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 10.2 ............92

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................-10.7 ..........146
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 13.6 ..........108
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 8.6 ..........122
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 80.2 ..........129
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 35.1 ............94

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.0 ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.6 ............70
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 17.0 ............38
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.0 ............40
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 18.0 ............83
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.2 ............83
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.0 ..........148
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 95.6 ............58

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 72.5 ..........102
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 27.8 ............82
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.2 ..........145
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.2 ..........145
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.3 ..........145
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.7 ..........125
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.7 ..........103
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.1 ..........138

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................... 7 ............25
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.3 ..........119
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.6 ..........136
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 17.7 ..........143
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.6 ..........124
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.6 ..........122
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.8 ............89
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 33.3 ..........109
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.9 ............44
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.7 ..........124

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.8 ..........117
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............44
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.3 ..........120
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 36.8 ..........136
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.8 ..........125
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.1 ..........131
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.1 ..........137
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.3 ..........133
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.2 ..........131
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.32 ..........143

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.8 ..........112
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.7 ..........106
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.9 ............46
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.4 ..........100
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.9 ............51
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.0 ..........125
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.6 ..........105
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.1 ..........117
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.2 ..........110
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.2 ..........100
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 44.1 ............75
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 2.7 ............93
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 4.1 ..........119
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 26.9 ............59

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.8 ............26
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.0 ............48
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 540.0 ............26
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 19.7 ..........134

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.6 ............85
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.1 ..........100
State of cluster development.................................. 4.1 ............49
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.5 ............66
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.6 ............79
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............77
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.3 ..........107
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.6 ..........109
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.1 ............40

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.1 ..........111
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.7 ..........127
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.5 ..........123
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.6 ..........133
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.0 ..........116
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.4 ............54
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.6 ............74

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.1 ..........131
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.3 ..........109
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.2 ..........132
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.6 ............85
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 42.6 ............92

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 177

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

El Salvador
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 6.2
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 23.8
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,823
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.06

El Salvador

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 97 ..... 3.8

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 101 ......3.8
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 91 ......3.9

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................98 ......4.2

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 130 ......3.1
Infrastructure ............................................................ 72 ......4.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 102 ......4.3
Health and primary education ................................... 86 ......5.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) ...................................106 ......3.6

2

Higher education and training ................................. 100 ......3.6
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 77 ......4.2
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 121 ......3.9
Financial market development ................................ 101 ......3.7
Technological readiness .......................................... 109 ......3.1
Market size ............................................................... 90 ......3.3

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........73 ......3.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 60 ......4.1
Innovation ................................................................. 96 ......3.0

El Salvador

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................22.8
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................12.3
Corruption .........................................................................11.9
Policy instability .................................................................11.9
Crime and theft ...................................................................6.8
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................6.2
Tax rates..............................................................................5.8
Inflation ................................................................................5.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................4.9
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.7
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.2
Poor public health ...............................................................1.1
Tax regulations ....................................................................0.9
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................0.8
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

178 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

El Salvador
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.5 ..........112
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.9 ..........112
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.9 ............92
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.3 ..........104
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.1 ..........117
Judicial independence............................................ 3.0 ..........105
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.4 ..........128
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.5 ..........115
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............78
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.8 ..........126
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.0 ..........110
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.4 ..........136
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.1 ..........131
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 2.4 ..........142
Organized crime ..................................................... 2.5 ..........147
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.1 ..........120
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.4 ..........123
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.7 ..........128
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.3 ..........100
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.0 ..........139
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.0 ..........134

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.3 ............72
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.3 ............58
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.5 ............73
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.2 ............72
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.8 ............56
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 95.4 ............82
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.7 ............80
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 138.1 ............31
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 16.9 ............73

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.8 ............94
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 9.4 ..........130
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.7 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 52.2 ............97
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 40.6 ............77

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 6.2 ............80
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.4 ............79
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.6 ..........107
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 27.0 ............57
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.0 ............90
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.60 ............92
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 13.1 ............71
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 71.9 ............91
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.8 ..........125
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 94.3 ............71

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 67.6 ..........107
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 24.6 ............88
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.1 ..........109
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.8 ..........129
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.8 ............93
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.7 ............97
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.3 ............66
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.9 ............81

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 17 ............76
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.2 ..........126
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.5 ..........141
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.4 ............55
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.0 ..........112
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.5 ..........126
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.4 ..........111
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 47.7 ............66
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.9 ............43
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.7 ............46

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............76
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.4 ..........115
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.6 ............96
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 22.9 ..........107
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.2 ..........114
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.4 ..........114
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.0 ............89
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.5 ............69
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.8 ............49
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.62 ..........114

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.0 ............95
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.7 ..........103
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.4 ............72
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.8 ............76
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.8 ............59
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.4 ..........102
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.9 ............83
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 5 ............89

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.1 ..........113
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.3 ..........102
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.9 ..........120
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 25.5 ............99
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 3.9 ............86
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 6.9 ..........102
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 5.5 ............93

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.1 ............88
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.8 ..........100
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 46.3 ............90
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 27.6 ..........108

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.5 ............90
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.5 ............64
State of cluster development.................................. 4.1 ............51
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.8 ............54
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.9 ............50
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............53
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.8 ............67
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.3 ............59
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.8 ............65

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.7 ............56
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.0 ..........116
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.5 ............42
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.2 ............97
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.5 ............71
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.3 ..........124
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ..........102

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.6 ..........105
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.2 ............43
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.2 ............59
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.8 ..........129
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 35.0 ............61

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 179

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Estonia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 1.3
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 21.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 16,320
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.04

Estonia

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 32 ..... 4.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 34 ......4.6
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 33 ......4.6

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (21.7%) .......................................26 ......5.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 27 ......4.9
Infrastructure ............................................................ 40 ......4.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 22 ......5.9
Health and primary education ................................... 29 ......6.2

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................30 ......4.6

2

Higher education and training ................................... 23 ......5.2
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 30 ......4.7
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 12 ......5.0
Financial market development .................................. 35 ......4.6
Technological readiness ............................................ 29 ......5.2
Market size ............................................................... 99 ......3.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (28.3%) ...........35 ......4.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 51 ......4.3
Innovation ................................................................. 31 ......3.9

Estonia

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................21.9
Access to financing ...........................................................12.0
Tax rates............................................................................10.8
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................10.0
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................9.2
Inflation ................................................................................7.4
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................6.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.0
Corruption ...........................................................................2.4
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.9
Policy instability ...................................................................1.3
Poor public health ...............................................................0.9
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

180 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Estonia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.1 ............34
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.8 ............31
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.5 ............31
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.5 ............42
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.6 ............25
Judicial independence............................................ 5.5 ............20
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.1 ............23
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.0 ............27
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.3 ............11
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.3 ............39
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.2 ............33
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.0 ............19
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.4 ............13
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.6 ............25
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.4 ............12
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.3 ............32
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.8 ............35
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.5 ............26
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............36
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.2 ............64
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.7 ............57

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.2 ............33
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.2 ............64
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.6 ............42
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.6 ............17
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.1 ............87
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 21.6 ..........124
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.1 ............68
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 154.5 ............17
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 33.5 ............33

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-0.2 ............31
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 26.4 ............40
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 4.2 ............78
General government debt, % GDP* ....................... 8.5 ..............7
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 71.0 ............31

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.2 ............38
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 25.0 ............55
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.9 ............42
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.30 ..........118
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 2.8 ............12
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 76.1 ............46
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.2 ............18
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 95.0 ............64

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 106.6 ............19
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 64.3 ............30
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.1 ............47
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.9 ............26
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.5 ............54
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.5 ..............3
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.7 ............36
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.4 ............37

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................... 7 ............25
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.5 ............16
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.0 ............13
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.8 ............10
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.3 ............19
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.3 ............14
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 98.4 ..............9
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.1 ............34
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.0 ..........106

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.9 ............29
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 6.0 ..............2
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.6 ............19
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 12.9 ............57
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.3 ............25
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.9 ..............8
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.2 ............26
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.0 ............97
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.0 ............96
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.92 ............22

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.1 ............38
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.7 ............41
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.6 ............59
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.1 ............48
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.3 ............30
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.7 ............35
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.7 ............40
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.8 ............35
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.4 ............36
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.1 ............31
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 79.0 ............25
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 25.7 ............21
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 23.6 ............66
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 72.5 ............12

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.7 ..........106
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.3 ............79
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 29.1 ..........102
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 98.1 ..............9

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.8 ............63
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.1 ............25
State of cluster development.................................. 3.7 ............80
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.6 ............60
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.6 ............86
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.1 ............69
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.1 ............53
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.4 ............54
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.5 ............29

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.3 ............28
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.9 ............25
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.5 ............45
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.4 ............36
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.9 ............34
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.7 ............95
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 35.2 ............26

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.6 ............22
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.9 ............57
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.6 ............31
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 5.0 ............13
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 67.3 ..........136

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 181

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Ethiopia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 84.7
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 41.9
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 483
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.12

Ethiopia

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 127 ..... 3.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 121 ......3.6
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 106 ......3.8

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................123 ......3.7

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 95 ......3.6
Infrastructure .......................................................... 124 ......2.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 123 ......3.8
Health and primary education ................................. 113 ......4.7

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................126 ......3.3

2

Higher education and training ................................. 137 ......2.5
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 136 ......3.6
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 108 ......4.0
Financial market development ................................ 126 ......3.3
Technological readiness .......................................... 139 ......2.5
Market size ............................................................... 67 ......3.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........127 ......3.0

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 133 ......3.2
Innovation ............................................................... 121 ......2.8

Ethiopia

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Foreign currency regulations ..............................................16.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.8
Corruption .........................................................................12.3
Access to financing ...........................................................11.4
Tax rates............................................................................10.4
Inflation ..............................................................................10.3
Tax regulations ....................................................................8.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.0
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................3.7
Policy instability ...................................................................3.5
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.1
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.6
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

182 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Ethiopia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.7 ..........104
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.5 ............85
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.2 ............70
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.1 ............65
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.1 ..........115
Judicial independence............................................ 2.9 ..........112
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.8 ............97
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.6 ............45
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............83
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.6 ............81
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.9 ..........116
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.5 ..........126
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.4 ............79
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.4 ............36
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.8 ............38
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.9 ............84
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.2 ..........137
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.0 ..........113
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.7 ..........139
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.9 ............87
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.3 ..........107

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.4 ..........112
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.1 ............69
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.5 ..........111
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.1 ..........121
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.3 ............42
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 253.6 ............57
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.1 ..........115
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 23.7 ..........147
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.9 ..........130

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.2 ............46
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 21.1 ............66
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 22.8 ..........147
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 21.6 ............26
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 18.0 ..........140

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.4 ..........115
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 6,219.3 ..........123
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.8 ..........132
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 258.0 ..........129
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.9 ..........127
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.40 ..........120
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 51.5 ..........124
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 59.2 ..........122
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.1 ..........108
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 86.5 ..........119

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 37.6 ..........132
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 7.6 ..........124
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.1 ..........108
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.4 ..........109
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.5 ..........118
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.8 ..........124
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.2 ..........131
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.3 ..........123

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 9 ..........104
No. days to start a business* .................................. 15 ............70
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.8 ............77
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.6 ..........134
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 12.7 ..........131
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.3 ..........134
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.1 ..........105
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.1 ..........134
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 38.5 ............94
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.4 ..........142
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.5 ..........135

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.8 ..........121
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.7 ..........102
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.6 ............99
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 19.1 ............92
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.2 ..........113
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.3 ..........125
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.1 ..........138
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.8 ..........113
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.5 ..........118
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.89 ............34

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.4 ..........133
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.4 ..........125
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.0 ............95
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.0 ..........124
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.1 ..........114
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.5 ............98
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.7 ............99
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.9 ..........126
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.8 ..........131
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.9 ..........118
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 1.5 ..........144
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........135
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 5.1 ..........114
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.4 ..........123

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.7 ............62
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.0 ............93
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 103.3 ............67
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 17.3 ..........139

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.0 ..........124
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.6 ..........131
State of cluster development.................................. 3.1 ..........125
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.6 ..........136
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.0 ..........127
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.1 ............65
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.7 ..........136
Extent of marketing ................................................ 2.9 ..........138
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.1 ..........130

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.6 ..........141
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.1 ..........108
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.2 ..........141
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.5 ............75
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.6 ............61
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.0 ..........136
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........125

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.0 ..........133
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.6 ..........144
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.2 ..........131
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.2 ..........111
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 33.3 ............47

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 183

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Finland
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 5.4
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 250.1
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 46,098
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.24

Finland

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ........................................................ 3 ..... 5.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ....................................... 3 ......5.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ....................................... 4 ......5.5

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .........................................7 ......6.0

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .................................................................. 1 ......6.1
Infrastructure ............................................................ 21 ......5.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 36 ......5.4
Health and primary education ..................................... 1 ......6.8

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .......................................9 ......5.3

2

Higher education and training ..................................... 1 ......6.3
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 15 ......5.0
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 20 ......4.8
Financial market development .................................... 5 ......5.6
Technological readiness ............................................ 11 ......5.9
Market size ............................................................... 55 ......4.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) .............2 ......5.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ............................................. 5 ......5.5
Innovation ................................................................... 1 ......5.8

Finland

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................23.8
Tax rates............................................................................22.0
Access to financing ...........................................................16.8
Tax regulations ..................................................................10.1
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................7.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................6.4
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.3
Policy instability ...................................................................2.6
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................1.6
Inflation ................................................................................1.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.2
Corruption ...........................................................................0.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

184 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Finland
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 6.4 ..............1
Intellectual property protection ............................... 6.2 ..............1
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 6.1 ..............4
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 5.5 ..............7
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.6 ..............2
Judicial independence............................................ 6.6 ..............2
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 5.3 ..............4
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 5.1 ..............6
Burden of government regulation ........................... 5.0 ..............4
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 6.1 ..............2
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 5.9 ..............1
Transparency of government policymaking............. 6.1 ..............2
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.7 ..............3
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 6.3 ..............3
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.6 ..............5
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.7 ..............1
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 6.4 ..............2
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 6.4 ..............2
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.8 ..............4
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 6.2 ..............2
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.7 ............57

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.5 ..............3
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.1 ..............9
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 5.9 ..............6
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 6.4 ..............5
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.2 ..............6
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 392.6 ............48
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.7 ..............5
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 172.5 ............11
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 16.5 ............76

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.7 ............55
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 17.7 ............80
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.2 ............55
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 53.3 ..........101
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 92.0 ..............7

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.9 ..............2
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 7.5 ............25
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.8 ..............2
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 2.3 ..............6
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 80.5 ............26
Quality of primary education ................................... 6.8 ..............1
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 97.9 ............35

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 108.0 ............15
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 95.2 ..............2
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.9 ..............2
Quality of math and science education .................. 6.3 ..............2
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.6 ............10
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.6 ..............2
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.9 ..............6
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.5 ..............2

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 3 ............10
No. days to start a business* .................................. 14 ............68
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............44
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.4 ..............6
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.3 ............29
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.0 ............32
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 6.1 ..............2
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 41.8 ............83
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.2 ............29
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.8 ..............4

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.2 ............21
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 2.8 ..........143
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.7 ............92
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 10.1 ............40
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.8 ............57
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.1 ............57
Reliance on professional management ................... 6.3 ..............2
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 5.8 ..............2
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.5 ............68
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.95 ............12

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 6.1 ..............8
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.8 ..............6
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.7 ............17
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.2 ............12
Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.0 ............11
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.5 ..............6
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 6.2 ..............2
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.5 ..............1
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 6.0 ..............7
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.4 ............86
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 91.0 ..............7
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 30.4 ............16
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 159.5 ............14
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*........ 106.5 ..............3

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.0 ............53
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.8 ............57
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 197.5 ............54
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 40.2 ............72

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.5 ............95
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.7 ..............7
State of cluster development.................................. 5.1 ............12
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 6.2 ..............3
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.4 ..............7
Control of international distribution ......................... 5.0 ............12
Production process sophistication.......................... 6.2 ..............4
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.4 ............16
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 5.7 ..............4

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.7 ..............2
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.7 ............10
Company spending on R&D................................... 5.6 ..............3
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.8 ..............2
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.2 ............21
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 6.3 ..............1
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 283.8 ..............3

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.8 ............86
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.6 ............22
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.6 ..............1
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.0 ............48
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 40.6 ............82

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 185

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

France
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 65.4
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 2,608.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 41,141
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 2.71

France

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 23 ..... 5.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 21 ......5.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 18 ......5.1

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................23 ......5.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 31 ......4.8
Infrastructure .............................................................. 4 ......6.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 73 ......4.6
Health and primary education ................................... 24 ......6.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................19 ......5.0

2

Higher education and training ................................... 24 ......5.2
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 45 ......4.4
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 71 ......4.3
Financial market development .................................. 33 ......4.6
Technological readiness ............................................ 17 ......5.7
Market size ................................................................. 8 ......5.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........18 ......4.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 21 ......5.0
Innovation ................................................................. 19 ......4.7

France

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................20.5
Tax rates............................................................................20.2
Tax regulations ..................................................................14.0
Access to financing ...........................................................13.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................9.8
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................8.8
Policy instability ...................................................................7.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................1.5
Inflation ................................................................................1.3
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.1
Corruption ...........................................................................0.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................0.6
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.2
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

186 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

France
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.7 ............19
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.7 ............12
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.8 ............27
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.6 ............40
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.4 ............30
Judicial independence............................................ 5.1 ............31
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.9 ............34
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.0 ............83
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.7 ..........130
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.1 ............48
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.3 ............31
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.3 ............59
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.1 ............96
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.9 ............58
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.5 ............51
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.3 ............34
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.2 ............23
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.3 ............33
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.3 ............18
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.5 ............46
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.3 ..............6
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.4 ..............2
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 6.3 ..............4
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.4 ............25
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.1 ............10
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 3,820.6 ..............8
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.6 ............10
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 98.1 ............96
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 61.9 ..............3

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.6 ..........111
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 17.6 ............81
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.0 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 90.3 ..........135
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 84.8 ............17

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.3 ............30
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 4.3 ............10
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.8 ............51
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.40 ............78
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 3.4 ............18
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 81.7 ............12
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.7 ............35
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 98.5 ............29

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 113.6 ..............8
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 57.7 ............40
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.2 ............43
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.2 ............15
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.8 ..............5
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.4 ............64
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.4 ............15
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.3 ............42

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................... 7 ............25
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.8 ............79
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.7 ............35
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.4 ............21
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.5 ............74
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.7 ............42
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 32.4 ..........115
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.8 ............53
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.0 ............33

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.4 ..........135
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.1 ............75
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.5 ..........144
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 11.8 ............54
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.8 ..........127
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.8 ............78
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.8 ............37
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.6 ............57
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.9 ............44
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.88 ............35

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.2 ............34
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.9 ............35
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.4 ............28
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.2 ............41
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.9 ............49
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.2 ............62
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.9 ............33
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.1 ............18
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.5 ............32
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.6 ............73
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 83.0 ............17
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 37.8 ..............4
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 84.6 ............25
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 52.2 ............27

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.7 ..............9
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.1 ............11
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 2,254.1 ..............9
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 29.8 ............99

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.2 ............20
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.4 ............17
State of cluster development.................................. 4.4 ............31
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.5 ............15
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.5 ..............5
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.4 ............35
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.5 ............17
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.5 ............13
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.7 ............76

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.8 ............16
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.6 ............13
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.7 ............15
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.5 ............32
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.6 ............60
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.8 ............24
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 109.2 ............15

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.5 ............26
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.4 ............30
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.7 ............26
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.6 ..........137
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 65.7 ..........134

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 187

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Gabon
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 1.5
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 18.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 11,929
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Gabon

20,000

Sub-Saharan Africa

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 112 ..... 3.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 99 ......3.8
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) .................................... n/a ......n/a

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (49.6%) .....................................100 ......4.2

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 81 ......3.7
Infrastructure .......................................................... 114 ......2.8
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 13 ......6.1
Health and primary education ................................. 132 ......4.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (42.8%) ...................................124 ......3.3

2

Higher education and training ................................. 135 ......2.6
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 131 ......3.6
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 73 ......4.3
Financial market development ................................ 108 ......3.6
Technological readiness .......................................... 114 ......3.0
Market size ............................................................. 118 ......2.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (7.6%) ...........137 ......2.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 139 ......3.0
Innovation ............................................................... 132 ......2.5

Gabon

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................16.5
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................16.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................14.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.4
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................9.7
Corruption ...........................................................................9.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.5
Tax rates..............................................................................3.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.6
Inflation ................................................................................1.6
Policy instability ...................................................................1.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.9
Poor public health ...............................................................0.1
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

188 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Gabon
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.1 ............77
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.6 ..........131
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.8 ............97
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.9 ............73
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.9 ............70
Judicial independence............................................ 2.6 ..........120
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.1 ............69
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.2 ............68
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.7 ............48
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.5 ............86
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.3 ............86
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.2 ............70
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.6 ............65
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.6 ............74
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.9 ............75
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.5 ..........111
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.3 ............48
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.5 ............79
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............49
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.7 ..........102
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.3 ..........129

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.9 ..........130
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.3 ..........140
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.4 ............80
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.7 ..........133
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.6 ..........110
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 28.6 ..........113
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.3 ..........130
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 187.4 ..............3
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 1.1 ..........129

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-0.2 ............30
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 43.9 ..............9
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.0 ............49
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 22.0 ............27
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 40.5 ............78

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 2.9 ..........140
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 22,715.1 ..........131
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.1 ..........124
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 450.0 ..........139
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.7 ..........133
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 5.00 ..........135
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 49.3 ..........123
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 62.7 ..........117
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.0 ..........112
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 80.0 ..........130

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 53.1 ..........117
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 7.0 ..........127
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.7 ..........126
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.0 ..........121
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.3 ..........127
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.0 ..........142
Availability of research and training services ........... 2.8 ..........142
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.6 ..........113

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 9 ..........104
No. days to start a business* .................................. 58 ..........132
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.6 ..........103
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.8 ..........122
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 15.2 ..........138
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.4 ............23
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.5 ............82
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.6 ............98
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 32.9 ..........112
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.1 ..........114
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.7 ..........128

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.9 ..........114
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.4 ..........113
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.3 ..........122
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 14.8 ............70
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.3 ............24
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.6 ............97
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.0 ............91
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.1 ............91
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.6 ............61
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.86 ............48

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.5 ..........130
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.3 ..........131
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.1 ............91
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.7 ............79
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.0 ..........124
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.9 ............76
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.2 ..........120
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.9 ..........129
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.4 ............96
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.4 ............88
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 8.6 ..........127
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.3 ..........118
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 5.8 ..........109
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........136

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.3 ..........125
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.9 ............95
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 25.5 ..........109
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 64.6 ............32

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.3 ..........144
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.7 ..........121
State of cluster development.................................. 2.9 ..........131
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.9 ..........123
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.6 ..........148
Control of international distribution ......................... 2.7 ..........148
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.9 ..........126
Extent of marketing ................................................ 2.9 ..........137
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.0 ..........134

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.5 ..........144
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.0 ..........113
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.3 ..........138
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.3 ..........139
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.3 ............91
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.0 ..........132
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.2 ............90

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.2 ..........129
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.9 ..........137
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.2 ..........130
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.8 ............69
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 43.5 ............94

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 189

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Gambia, The
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 1.8
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 0.9
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 503
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.00

Gambia, The

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000

1,500

1,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 116 ..... 3.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 98 ......3.8
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 99 ......3.8

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................115 ......3.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 43 ......4.4
Infrastructure ............................................................ 95 ......3.4
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 135 ......3.5
Health and primary education ................................. 134 ......3.9

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................117 ......3.4

2

Higher education and training ................................. 106 ......3.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 95 ......4.1
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 46 ......4.5
Financial market development .................................. 84 ......3.9
Technological readiness .......................................... 106 ......3.1
Market size ............................................................. 145 ......1.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) .............67 ......3.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 68 ......4.0
Innovation ................................................................. 67 ......3.2

Gambia, The

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................26.0
Tax rates............................................................................22.5
Inflation ................................................................................8.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................7.6
Tax regulations ....................................................................6.0
Corruption ...........................................................................5.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................3.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.1
Policy instability ...................................................................1.6
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.7
Poor public health ...............................................................0.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

190 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Gambia, The
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.4 ............60
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.2 ............43
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.3 ............40
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.1 ............27
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.1 ............61
Judicial independence............................................ 4.0 ............61
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.9 ............31
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.3 ............20
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.2 ............20
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.5 ............33
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.9 ............45
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.5 ............42
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.9 ............47
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.4 ............35
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.9 ............31
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.6 ............52
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.6 ............38
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.6 ............73
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............43
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.4 ............53
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 2.7 ..........142

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.3 ............73
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.2 ............61
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.6 ............53
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.7 ............63
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 14.5 ..........132
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.8 ............98
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 83.6 ..........114
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 3.5 ..........114

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.4 ..........107
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 6.3 ..........141
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 4.6 ............86
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 77.2 ..........124
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 19.3 ..........135

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.4 ..........130
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 27,806.0 ..........139
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.9 ..........101
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 279.0 ..........131
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.9 ............93
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.50 ..........122
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 57.6 ..........130
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 58.5 ..........124
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.4 ............50
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 67.5 ..........138

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 54.1 ..........116
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 4.1 ..........135
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.5 ............29
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.8 ............94
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.6 ............46
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.9 ............85
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.2 ............71
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.5 ............29

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 27 ..........103
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.7 ............11
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.6 ............42
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 14.6 ..........135
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.2 ............36
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.0 ............37
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.7 ............40
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 45.6 ............74
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.0 ............38
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.1 ..........100

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.0 ............28
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.6 ............21
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.3 ............37
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 26.0 ..........114
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.4 ............95
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.3 ............41
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.9 ............35
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.2 ............83
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.6 ............64
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.88 ............37

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.2 ............83
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.3 ............57
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.4 ............76
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.5 ............99
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............85
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.1 ............65
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.9 ............80
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 5 ............89

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.9 ............74
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.9 ............60
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.6 ............71
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 12.4 ..........121
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........137
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 2.1 ..........133
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 1.2 ..........118

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.3 ..........145
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 2.3 ..........145
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 3.4 ..........145
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 27.4 ..........110

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............70
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.6 ............60
State of cluster development.................................. 3.8 ............72
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.4 ............74
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.6 ............89
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.0 ............70
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.5 ............91
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.9 ............95
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.0 ............41

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............65
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.5 ............80
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.9 ............88
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.7 ............63
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.2 ............18
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.2 ..........127
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.8 ............84
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.2 ............38
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.4 ............46
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.3 ..........107
Total tax rate, % profits* ..................................... 283.5 ..........146

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 191

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Georgia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 4.5
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 15.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,543
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Georgia

15,000

Commonwealth of Independent States

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 72 ..... 4.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 77 ......4.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 88 ......4.0

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................57 ......4.7

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 64 ......4.0
Infrastructure ............................................................ 56 ......4.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 61 ......4.9
Health and primary education ................................... 70 ......5.7

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................86 ......3.9

2

Higher education and training ................................... 92 ......3.8
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 67 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 40 ......4.6
Financial market development .................................. 75 ......3.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 68 ......3.8
Market size ............................................................. 103 ......3.0

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........122 ......3.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 120 ......3.5
Innovation ............................................................... 126 ......2.7

Georgia

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................19.0
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................14.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ..............................12.2
Policy instability .................................................................10.0
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................7.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................6.8
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................5.3
Tax rates..............................................................................5.3
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.7
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................3.5
Poor public health ...............................................................1.4
Corruption ...........................................................................1.3
Inflation ................................................................................0.8
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

192 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Georgia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.4 ..........120
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.7 ..........124
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.5 ............34
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.9 ............75
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.5 ............28
Judicial independence............................................ 3.3 ............91
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.4 ............50
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.4 ............58
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.4 ............10
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.4 ............92
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.0 ..........105
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.7 ............33
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.4 ............76
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.0 ............52
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.2 ............64
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.2 ............37
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.0 ............67
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.4 ............89
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.1 ..........109
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.4 ..........125
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 7.0 ............19

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.6 ............58
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.2 ............60
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.9 ............35
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.2 ............68
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.2 ............84
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 39.3 ..........109
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.3 ............52
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 109.2 ............74
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 29.6 ............41

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-0.8 ............38
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 14.9 ............98
Inflation, annual % change* ...................................-0.9 ............81
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 32.7 ............44
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 39.2 ............80

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.0 ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.4 ............79
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 125.0 ..........103
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.5 ............70
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 18.3 ............87
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.3 ............81
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.4 ............94
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 98.1 ............32

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 86.2 ............80
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 30.0 ............77
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.2 ..........105
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.4 ..........106
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.7 ..........107
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.5 ............62
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.3 ..........130
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.6 ..........107

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 2 ..............3
No. days to start a business* .................................... 2 ..............2
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.2 ..........125
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.1 ............10
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 1.1 ............32
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.1 ..........106
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.8 ............49
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.3 ............12
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 58.2 ............46
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.8 ..........127
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.2 ............94

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............80
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............47
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.8 ............13
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 4.3 ............14
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.2 ............29
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.1 ............60
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.1 ............82
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.1 ............93
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.8 ..........105
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.77 ............82

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.0 ............96
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.0 ............83
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.4 ..........126
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.5 ............98
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.3 ..........106
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.8 ............82
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.2 ..........119
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.4 ..........100
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.1 ..........117
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.1 ..........101
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 45.5 ............71
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 9.1 ............65
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 54.2 ............40
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 22.4 ............65

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.8 ..........102
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.5 ..........114
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 26.7 ..........104
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 30.2 ............97

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.7 ..........136
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.6 ..........129
State of cluster development.................................. 3.2 ..........116
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.3 ............91
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.5 ............96
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.7 ..........103
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.2 ..........119
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.6 ..........107
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.1 ..........127

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.0 ..........118
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.8 ..........124
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.5 ..........128
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.7 ..........132
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.6 ............62
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.2 ..........126
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.4 ............62

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.3 ..........123
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.2 ..........119
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.1 ..........138
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.4 ............24
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 16.5 ............10

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 193

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Germany
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 81.8
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 3,400.6
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 41,513
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 3.85

Germany

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ........................................................ 4 ..... 5.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ....................................... 6 ......5.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ....................................... 6 ......5.4

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .........................................9 ......5.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 15 ......5.3
Infrastructure .............................................................. 3 ......6.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 27 ......5.7
Health and primary education ................................... 21 ......6.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .......................................8 ......5.3

2

Higher education and training ..................................... 3 ......5.9
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 21 ......4.9
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 41 ......4.6
Financial market development .................................. 29 ......4.7
Technological readiness ............................................ 14 ......5.7
Market size ................................................................. 5 ......6.0

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) .............4 ......5.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ............................................. 3 ......5.7
Innovation ................................................................... 4 ......5.5

Germany

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Tax regulations ..................................................................19.0
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................15.6
Tax rates............................................................................12.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.4
Access to financing .............................................................9.9
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................8.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.2
Policy instability ...................................................................5.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.7
Corruption ...........................................................................1.7
Inflation ................................................................................1.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.7
Poor public health ...............................................................0.5
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

194 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Germany
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.8 ............15
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.6 ............14
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.4 ............16
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.4 ............19
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.7 ............21
Judicial independence............................................ 6.0 ............13
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.6 ............13
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.2 ............23
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.6 ............56
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.2 ............13
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.9 ............11
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.0 ............23
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.7 ............59
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.6 ............26
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.8 ............36
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.0 ............17
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.7 ............15
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.5 ............23
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.2 ............22
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.8 ............29
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.2 ............10
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.0 ............11
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 5.7 ..............7
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.8 ..............9
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.1 ..............8
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 4,663.0 ..............5
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.1 ............32
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 131.3 ............39
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 61.8 ..............4

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 0.2 ............28
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 24.2 ............49
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.1 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 82.0 ..........130
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 92.3 ..............6

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.6 ............15
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 4.5 ............11
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.2 ............26
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 3.3 ............17
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 80.7 ............22
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.0 ............25
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 97.7 ............39

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 103.3 ............24
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. n/a ...........n/a
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.1 ............14
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.1 ............21
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.1 ............27
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.0 ............42
Availability of research and training services ........... 6.1 ..............2
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.1 ............10

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 9 ..........104
No. days to start a business* .................................. 15 ............70
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.0 ............58
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.4 ............57
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.1 ............46
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.7 ............52
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.9 ............30
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 42.7 ............80
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.3 ............21
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.4 ............17

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.2 ............18
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 3.3 ..........141
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.3 ..........118
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 21.6 ..........100
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.7 ............64
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.3 ............42
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.5 ............19
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 5.1 ..............9
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.7 ............20
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.86 ............52

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.7 ............17
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.3 ............20
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.2 ............34
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.2 ............46
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.2 ............33
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.1 ............64
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.8 ............37
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.3 ............13
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.8 ............16
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.8 ............58
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 84.0 ............16
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 34.0 ..............9
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 75.5 ............28
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 41.0 ............39

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.8 ..............5
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.6 ..............3
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 3,197.1 ..............5
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 48.9 ............53

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.6 ..............5
Local supplier quality.............................................. 6.0 ..............4
State of cluster development.................................. 5.4 ..............4
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 6.0 ..............4
Value chain breadth................................................ 6.1 ..............1
Control of international distribution ......................... 5.2 ..............4
Production process sophistication.......................... 6.3 ..............3
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.7 ..............6
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.9 ............16

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.6 ..............3
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.8 ..............6
Company spending on R&D................................... 5.5 ..............4
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.4 ..............9
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.3 ............17
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.9 ............17
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 214.6 ..............6

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.9 ............10
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.8 ..............2
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.1 ............12
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.1 ............43
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 46.8 ..........108

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 195

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Ghana
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 25.0
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 38.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,562
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.10

Ghana

3,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 114 ..... 3.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 103 ......3.8
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 114 ......3.6

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................128 ......3.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 70 ......3.9
Infrastructure .......................................................... 109 ......3.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 144 ......3.1
Health and primary education ................................. 122 ......4.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) .....................................87 ......3.8

2

Higher education and training ................................. 108 ......3.4
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 70 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 91 ......4.1
Financial market development .................................. 52 ......4.4
Technological readiness ............................................ 99 ......3.2
Market size ............................................................... 70 ......3.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) .............72 ......3.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 81 ......3.9
Innovation ................................................................. 64 ......3.3

Ghana

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................21.4
Tax rates............................................................................12.4
Poor work ethic in national labor force ..............................11.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................11.8
Corruption .........................................................................11.3
Inflation ................................................................................8.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................4.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.1
Policy instability ...................................................................3.8
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.7
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................1.4
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.2
Poor public health ...............................................................1.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

196 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Ghana
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.2 ............72
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.9 ............56
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.1 ............78
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.9 ............74
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.3 ..........107
Judicial independence............................................ 4.4 ............50
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.9 ............84
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.4 ............57
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.5 ............73
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.1 ............50
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.5 ............65
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.1 ............74
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.6 ..........116
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.2 ............93
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.6 ............95
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.5 ............56
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............90
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.5 ............78
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............91
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.4 ............54
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.8 ............90
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.1 ............70
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.1 ............86
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.2 ............71
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.3 ............79
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 106.5 ............79
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.7 ..........120
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 100.3 ............92
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 1.1 ..........128

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................-11.5 ..........147
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 6.4 ..........140
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 9.2 ..........128
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 56.5 ..........107
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 36.0 ............90

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.3 ..........134
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 26,147.4 ..........137
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.5 ..........110
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 79.0 ............89
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.4 ..........113
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.50 ..........122
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 51.8 ..........125
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 64.2 ..........115
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.6 ............87
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 82.1 ..........127

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 59.2 ..........113
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 12.3 ..........109
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.2 ............46
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.2 ............62
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.5 ............51
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.1 ..........114
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.8 ............97
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.9 ............79

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................. 12 ............57
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............48
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.1 ..........101
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.4 ..........110
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.3 ............30
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.6 ............71
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.4 ..........109
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 49.7 ............64
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.4 ............88
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.0 ..........104

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.3 ............69
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.3 ..........122
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.5 ............23
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 49.8 ..........139
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.7 ............72
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.9 ............72
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.4 ............58
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.7 ............52
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.9 ............40
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.95 ............11

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.4 ............76
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.1 ............72
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.2 ............33
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.4 ..........103
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.7 ............67
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.0 ............73
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.6 ............44
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.7 ............81
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.4 ............91
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.4 ............87
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 17.1 ..........108
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.3 ..........120
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 0.2 ..........147
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 33.3 ............49

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.5 ............69
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.3 ............77
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 82.4 ............72
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 37.8 ............80

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.6 ............86
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.2 ............93
State of cluster development.................................. 3.6 ............83
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.8 ............50
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.8 ............66
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ..........102
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.4 ............96
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.6 ..........108
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.6 ............82

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.7 ............55
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.8 ............61
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............66
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.4 ............78
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.6 ............64
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.0 ............75
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........117

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.0 ............68
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.0 ............50
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.2 ............63
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............53
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 33.5 ............50

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 197

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Greece
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 11.3
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 249.2
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 22,055
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.33

Greece

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 91 ..... 3.9

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 96 ......3.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 90 ......3.9

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................88 ......4.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 103 ......3.5
Infrastructure ............................................................ 38 ......4.8
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 147 ......2.8
Health and primary education ................................... 35 ......6.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................67 ......4.1

2

Higher education and training ................................... 41 ......4.8
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 108 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 127 ......3.8
Financial market development ................................ 138 ......2.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 39 ......4.6
Market size ............................................................... 47 ......4.4

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........81 ......3.5

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 83 ......3.8
Innovation ................................................................. 87 ......3.1

Greece

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................22.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................21.2
Tax regulations ..................................................................14.5
Policy instability .................................................................12.0
Tax rates..............................................................................9.8
Corruption ...........................................................................6.9
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................5.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................2.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.9
Poor public health ...............................................................0.4
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................0.3
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................0.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.1
Inflation ................................................................................0.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

198 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Greece
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.9 ............87
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.7 ............70
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.7 ..........104
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.9 ..........138
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.6 ............91
Judicial independence............................................ 3.4 ............84
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.6 ..........113
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.0 ..........140
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.2 ..........144
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.5 ..........138
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.6 ..........130
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.6 ..........123
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.3 ............86
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.7 ............68
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.4 ............56
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.0 ............77
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.5 ..........113
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.3 ............93
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.0 ..........122
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.2 ............67
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.7 ..........100

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.5 ............60
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.2 ............63
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.7 ............64
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.5 ............57
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.3 ............44
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 542.0 ............38
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.3 ............55
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 116.9 ............57
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 47.8 ............14

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-6.4 ..........130
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 10.7 ..........124
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.0 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ................... 158.5 ..........147
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 21.7 ..........129

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.5 ............26
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 3.8 ..............7
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.1 ............32
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 3.7 ............24
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 80.7 ............21
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.8 ............78
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.0 ............20

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 109.5 ............13
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 89.4 ..............4
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.1 ..........112
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.3 ............58
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.8 ............94
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.9 ............86
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.8 ............94
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.5 ..........116

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 11 ..........126
No. days to start a business* .................................. 11 ............54
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.8 ..........144
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.9 ............18
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.4 ............90
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.0 ..........141
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.9 ............81
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 30.4 ..........122
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............72
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.3 ............84

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.7 ..........124
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 3.9 ..........132
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.5 ..........102
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 15.9 ............78
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.5 ..........137
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.2 ..........129
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.8 ..........104
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.1 ............86
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.3 ..........127
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.73 ............92

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.8 ..........106
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.6 ..........118
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.2 ..........135
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.6 ..........146
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.7 ..........146
Soundness of banks .............................................. 2.3 ..........148
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.8 ............92
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.0 ............67
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.5 ............88
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.0 ..........111
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 56.0 ............53
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 23.5 ............28
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 54.7 ............38
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 44.5 ............34

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.2 ............44
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.8 ............58
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 276.9 ............46
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 27.5 ..........109

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.5 ............89
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.5 ............63
State of cluster development.................................. 3.0 ..........128
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.8 ............48
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.6 ............84
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............78
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.6 ............79
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.1 ............70
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.4 ..........103

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.0 ..........117
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.6 ............72
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.6 ..........122
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.0 ..........119
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.4 ..........141
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.4 ..............5
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 8.8 ............37

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.8 ............87
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.8 ............73
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.8 ............92
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.4 ..........142
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 44.6 ..........101

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 199

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Guatemala
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 14.8
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 49.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,302
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.10

Guatemala

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 86 ..... 4.0

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 83 ......4.0
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 84 ......4.0

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................89 ......4.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 111 ......3.4
Infrastructure ............................................................ 78 ......3.8
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 71 ......4.7
Health and primary education ................................. 101 ......5.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................80 ......3.9

2

Higher education and training ................................. 105 ......3.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 66 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 90 ......4.2
Financial market development .................................. 43 ......4.5
Technological readiness ............................................ 84 ......3.5
Market size ............................................................... 76 ......3.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........64 ......3.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 50 ......4.3
Innovation ................................................................. 90 ......3.1

Guatemala

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Crime and theft .................................................................22.0
Corruption .........................................................................18.1
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................11.0
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................10.5
Tax regulations ..................................................................10.0
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................8.1
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................5.5
Access to financing .............................................................3.7
Tax rates..............................................................................3.0
Policy instability ...................................................................2.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.7
Poor public health ...............................................................1.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.5
Inflation ................................................................................0.7
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

200 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Guatemala
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.8 ............93
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.9 ..........111
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.3 ..........127
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.0 ..........130
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.9 ............71
Judicial independence............................................ 3.0 ..........107
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.8 ............96
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.4 ..........125
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.5 ............66
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.3 ..........100
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.5 ............73
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.5 ............39
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.0 ..........104
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 2.0 ..........147
Organized crime ..................................................... 2.4 ..........148
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.8 ..........136
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.9 ............75
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.7 ............66
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............25
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.0 ............77
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.3 ..........129

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.4 ............69
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.4 ............90
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.2 ..........119
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.1 ............77
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.5 ............71
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 43.4 ..........105
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.3 ............53
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 137.3 ............32
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 11.5 ............86

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.4 ............63
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 11.0 ..........121
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.8 ............72
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 25.1 ............31
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 41.0 ............76

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.9 ............85
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................... 80.3 ............99
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.0 ............43
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 61.0 ............79
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.8 ............55
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.80 ..........102
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 24.2 ............95
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 71.1 ............92
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.2 ..........136
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 95.8 ............57

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 64.5 ..........108
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 17.8 ............99
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.6 ..........135
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.4 ..........139
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.8 ............38
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.3 ..........110
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............59
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.5 ............28

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 12 ..........129
No. days to start a business* .................................. 40 ..........124
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............50
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.5 ............47
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.8 ............66
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.9 ............57
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.2 ..........103
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.9 ............84
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 39.0 ............92
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.3 ............23
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.5 ............67

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.1 ............23
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.5 ............27
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.2 ............42
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 27.0 ..........117
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.6 ............75
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.2 ............50
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.2 ............74
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.9 ............46
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.1 ............94
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.56 ..........122

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.3 ............32
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.0 ............29
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.4 ..........122
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.1 ............51
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.8 ............60
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.1 ............17
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.9 ............85
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.3 ............48
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.2 ............41
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.8 ............51
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 16.0 ..........112
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 1.8 ..........101
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 6.6 ..........104
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 4.5 ..........101

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.4 ............71
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.0 ............89
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 78.7 ............74
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 24.8 ..........120

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.0 ............34
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.9 ............35
State of cluster development.................................. 4.1 ............46
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.4 ............78
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.0 ............45
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.5 ............32
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.0 ............60
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.5 ............49
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.0 ............44

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.7 ............51
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.1 ..........107
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............76
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.8 ............57
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.0 ..........113
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.7 ............94
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ............93

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.2 ............53
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.9 ............61
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.7 ..........105
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.7 ............78
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 40.9 ............85

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 201

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Guinea
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 10.2
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 5.6
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 519
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

Guinea

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 147 ..... 2.9

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 141 ......2.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) .................................... n/a ......n/a

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................148 ......2.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 132 ......3.1
Infrastructure .......................................................... 147 ......1.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 142 ......3.1
Health and primary education ................................. 139 ......3.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................141 ......3.0

2

Higher education and training ................................. 140 ......2.4
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 137 ......3.5
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 74 ......4.3
Financial market development ................................ 136 ......3.0
Technological readiness .......................................... 142 ......2.4
Market size ............................................................. 129 ......2.4

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........142 ......2.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 141 ......3.0
Innovation ............................................................... 140 ......2.4

Guinea

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................15.9
Access to financing ...........................................................15.3
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................13.4
Policy instability .................................................................13.2
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................8.9
Government instability/coups ..............................................4.6
Inflation ................................................................................4.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.8
Foreign currency regulations ................................................3.0
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.1
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.9
Tax regulations ....................................................................0.6
Poor public health ...............................................................0.5
Tax rates..............................................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

202 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Guinea
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.0 ..........134
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.2 ..........143
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.5 ..........115
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.5 ............91
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.2 ..........147
Judicial independence............................................ 2.2 ..........137
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.7 ..........105
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.4 ............62
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.7 ............50
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.5 ..........139
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.9 ..........118
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.5 ..........129
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.3 ............84
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.4 ..........123
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.1 ..........118
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.2 ..........116
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.3 ..........128
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.1 ..........140
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.5 ............72
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.7 ..........105
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 2.7 ..........142

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.1 ..........147
Quality of roads ...................................................... 1.9 ..........147
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.4 ..........114
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.2 ..........119
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.0 ..........130
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ................. 9.4 ..........137
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 1.3 ..........147
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 45.6 ..........140
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.2 ..........147

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.3 ............87
Gross national savings, % GDP* ...........................-8.4 ..........146
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 15.2 ..........143
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 43.0 ............75
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 12.6 ..........144

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 2.9 ..........139
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 37,575.1 ..........148
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.9 ..........128
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 183.0 ..........115
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.9 ..........126
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.40 ..........120
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 78.9 ..........140
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 54.1 ..........133
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.3 ..........134
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 81.7 ..........129

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 42.7 ..........128
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 11.3 ..........114
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.6 ..........139
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.3 ..........111
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.5 ..........144
Internet access in schools ...................................... 1.8 ..........143
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.1 ..........135
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.2 ..........129

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 35 ..........116
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.0 ............56
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.0 ..........106
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 11.6 ..........127
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.8 ..........122
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.7 ..........117
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.4 ..........114
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 56.8 ............47
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.0 ..........118
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 1.9 ..........148

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.0 ..........102
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.4 ............40
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.2 ............48
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 7.9 ............24
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.9 ............54
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.8 ..........139
Reliance on professional management ................... 2.8 ..........142
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.8 ..........110
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.7 ..........106
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.84 ............63

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.1 ..........138
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.0 ..........139
Financing through local equity market .................... 1.8 ..........143
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.2 ..........119
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.8 ..........141
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.9 ..........130
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.2 ..........139
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.5 ..........140
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.9 ..........129
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.9 ..........114
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 1.5 ..........143
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........144
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 2.2 ..........132
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........136

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.2 ..........129
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.0 ..........134
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 12.2 ..........130
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 27.6 ..........107

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.8 ..........132
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.5 ..........133
State of cluster development.................................. 3.2 ..........120
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.7 ..........131
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.8 ..........138
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.3 ..........134
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.4 ..........143
Extent of marketing ................................................ 2.6 ..........144
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 2.6 ..........145

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.5 ..........145
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.3 ..........140
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.4 ..........132
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.2 ..........143
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.0 ..........112
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.4 ..........111
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.1 ..........132
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.3 ..........108
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.0 ..........143
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.0 ............47
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 73.2 ..........142

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 203

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Guyana
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 0.8
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 2.8
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,596
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.01

Guyana

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 102 ..... 3.8

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 109 ......3.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 109 ......3.7

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .....................................107 ......3.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 87 ......3.6
Infrastructure .......................................................... 112 ......2.9
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 122 ......3.8
Health and primary education ................................. 103 ......5.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) ...................................103 ......3.7

2

Higher education and training ................................... 81 ......4.1
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 73 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 63 ......4.3
Financial market development .................................. 82 ......3.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 96 ......3.2
Market size ............................................................. 137 ......2.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........56 ......3.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 59 ......4.1
Innovation ................................................................. 57 ......3.4

Guyana

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................19.7
Tax rates............................................................................11.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................11.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................10.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................9.7
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.2
Inflation ................................................................................5.5
Access to financing .............................................................5.4
Policy instability ...................................................................3.3
Poor public health ...............................................................2.8
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................0.9
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

204 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Guyana
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.9 ............89
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.5 ............84
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.7 ..........100
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.1 ............63
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.0 ..........120
Judicial independence............................................ 3.5 ............79
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.4 ..........122
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.9 ............89
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.8 ............43
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.7 ............73
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.6 ............60
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.2 ............62
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.2 ............90
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.0 ..........103
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.6 ............91
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.8 ..........134
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.0 ............70
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.1 ..........103
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.6 ............71
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.9 ............91
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.0 ............83
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.4 ............93
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.4 ............79
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.4 ..........113
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.9 ..........100
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 11.0 ..........135
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.7 ..........121
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 72.2 ..........121
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 20.4 ............60

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.6 ..........109
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 7.1 ..........138
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.0 ............48
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 60.3 ..........110
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 27.2 ..........116

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.8 ..........107
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 6,036.3 ..........122
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.9 ............99
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 110.0 ............99
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.7 ..........101
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.10 ..........112
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 29.4 ..........104
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 69.9 ............97
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.7 ............36
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 82.7 ..........126

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 93.3 ............56
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 12.0 ..........111
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.1 ............49
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.3 ............53
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.5 ............50
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.1 ............76
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.1 ............79
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.1 ............64

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 20 ............88
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............53
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............72
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.7 ..........120
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.3 ............98
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.3 ............96
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.9 ............83
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 85.6 ............16
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.4 ............91
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.1 ............96

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.5 ............55
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.6 ............25
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.8 ............10
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 16.7 ............82
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.9 ............51
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.9 ............71
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.0 ............92
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.2 ............36
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.9 ............39
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.53 ..........128

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.5 ............73
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.2 ............64
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.4 ............71
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.2 ............45
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.2 ............38
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.2 ............61
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.6 ..........101
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.9 ............73
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.7 ............69
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.3 ............96
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 34.3 ............91
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 3.9 ............87
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 8.5 ............99
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........136

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.8 ..........138
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.0 ..........132
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 6.2 ..........141
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 54.9 ............39

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.8 ............55
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.8 ............52
State of cluster development.................................. 4.0 ............59
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.7 ............56
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.9 ............54
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.1 ............61
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.9 ............62
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.1 ............72
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............50

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.0 ............38
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.5 ............83
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.8 ............31
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.7 ............62
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.8 ............39
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.1 ............71
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.0 ............69
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.9 ............64
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.0 ............84
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.2 ............36
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 36.1 ............68

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 205

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Haiti
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 10.1
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 7.9
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 759
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

Haiti

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 143 ..... 3.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 142 ......2.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 141 ......2.9

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................143 ......3.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 146 ......2.7
Infrastructure .......................................................... 142 ......2.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 105 ......4.2
Health and primary education ................................. 133 ......4.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................142 ......2.9

2

Higher education and training ................................. 128 ......2.8
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 144 ......3.1
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 77 ......4.2
Financial market development ................................ 142 ......2.7
Technological readiness .......................................... 135 ......2.5
Market size ............................................................. 132 ......2.4

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........147 ......2.5

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 145 ......2.9
Innovation ............................................................... 144 ......2.2

Haiti

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................22.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................15.4
Corruption ...........................................................................8.6
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................8.4
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.7
Policy instability ...................................................................7.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................7.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................5.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................4.4
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................2.4
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.7
Inflation ................................................................................1.5
Tax rates..............................................................................1.1
Poor public health ...............................................................0.8
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

206 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Haiti
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.1 ..........147
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.0 ..........147
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.3 ..........126
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.9 ..........134
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.0 ..........122
Judicial independence............................................ 2.0 ..........143
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.5 ..........118
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.4 ..........119
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............84
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.2 ..........146
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.3 ..........140
Transparency of government policymaking............. 2.6 ..........148
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.3 ............83
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 2.9 ..........137
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.1 ..........114
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.0 ..........129
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.0 ..........141
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.2 ..........138
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.9 ..........131
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 2.8 ..........143
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.0 ..........134

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.2 ..........145
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.2 ..........143
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.4 ..........144
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.7 ..........139
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 23.4 ..........120
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.0 ..........137
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 59.4 ..........129
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.5 ..........138

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-5.9 ..........128
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 25.1 ............46
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 6.8 ..........111
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 15.4 ............17
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 12.6 ..........144

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.9 ..........124
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 1,871.5 ..........115
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.0 ..........127
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 222.0 ..........123
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.3 ..........119
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.80 ..........126
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 52.9 ..........127
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 62.1 ..........120
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.6 ..........127
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................... n/a ...........n/a

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ............ n/a ...........n/a
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. n/a ...........n/a
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.3 ..........142
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.0 ..........120
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.2 ..........130
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.3 ..........136
Availability of research and training services ........... 2.8 ..........144
Extent of staff training ............................................ 2.8 ..........144

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 12 ..........129
No. days to start a business* ................................ 105 ..........143
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.8 ..........142
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.8 ..........125
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 5.9 ............73
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.0 ..........143
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.4 ..........131
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 2.3 ..........144
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 44.8 ............75
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 2.9 ..........146
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.4 ..........141

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.7 ..........129
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............48
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............62
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 10.1 ............40
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.4 ............96
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.4 ..........116
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.2 ..........134
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.3 ..........132
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.7 ..........110
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.87 ............43

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.1 ..........140
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.0 ..........140
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.0 ..........140
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.0 ..........126
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.9 ..........135
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.2 ..........116
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.0 ..........143
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.9 ..........128
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.8 ..........132
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.6 ..........134
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 10.9 ..........124
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.2 ..........124
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 0.2 ..........148
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.2 ..........130

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.3 ..........128
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 2.6 ..........141
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 12.9 ..........128
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 12.9 ..........142

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.5 ..........139
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.3 ..........138
State of cluster development.................................. 2.6 ..........144
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.6 ..........133
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.8 ..........140
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.4 ..........128
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.3 ..........147
Extent of marketing ................................................ 2.7 ..........143
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 2.4 ..........146

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.6 ..........140
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.1 ..........145
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.1 ..........143
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.2 ..........141
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.6 ..........135
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.0 ..........133
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.7 ..........140
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.6 ..........143
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 2.6 ..........146
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.5 ............98
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 40.8 ............83

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 207

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Honduras
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 7.8
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 18.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 2,242
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.05

Honduras

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 111 ..... 3.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 90 ......3.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 86 ......4.0

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (55.2%) .....................................109 ......3.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 134 ......3.1
Infrastructure .......................................................... 115 ......2.8
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 103 ......4.3
Health and primary education ................................... 90 ......5.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (38.6%) ...................................114 ......3.5

2

Higher education and training ................................. 110 ......3.3
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 114 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 142 ......3.3
Financial market development .................................. 61 ......4.2
Technological readiness .......................................... 103 ......3.1
Market size ............................................................... 94 ......3.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (6.2%) ...........112 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 90 ......3.8
Innovation ............................................................... 123 ......2.8

Honduras

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................20.1
Corruption .........................................................................18.0
Crime and theft .................................................................15.8
Access to financing .............................................................8.4
Policy instability ...................................................................7.2
Tax rates..............................................................................5.7
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................4.6
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.1
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.4
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.6
Poor public health ...............................................................1.2
Inflation ................................................................................0.9
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

208 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Honduras
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.4 ..........121
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.1 ..........103
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.2 ..........136
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.9 ..........135
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.3 ..........104
Judicial independence............................................ 3.0 ..........108
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.2 ..........135
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 1.8 ..........145
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.0 ..........110
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.2 ..........109
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.1 ............96
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........117
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.3 ..........127
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 1.9 ..........148
Organized crime ..................................................... 2.5 ..........146
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.4 ..........142
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.6 ..........105
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.6 ............75
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.6 ............69
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.9 ............90
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.0 ..........134

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.3 ..........116
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.9 ..........114
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.1 ..........120
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.9 ............87
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.0 ............97
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 26.5 ..........116
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.2 ..........110
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 93.1 ..........102
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 7.7 ..........102

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.3 ..........105
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 15.3 ............95
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.2 ............95
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 34.7 ............55
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 29.1 ..........109

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.2 ..........103
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................. 272.9 ..........109
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.1 ............89
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 43.0 ............70
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.5 ..........109
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.80 ..........102
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 18.2 ............85
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.1 ............84
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.2 ..........137
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 97.3 ............43

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 74.0 ..........100
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 20.6 ............91
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.4 ..........141
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.2 ..........144
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.4 ..........123
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.1 ..........115
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.7 ..........101
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.9 ............77

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 13 ..........135
No. days to start a business* .................................. 14 ............68
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.6 ............93
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.9 ..........117
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.4 ............56
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.7 ............71
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.6 ..........119
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.5 ..........102
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 68.8 ............32
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.2 ..........102
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.1 ..........102

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.4 ............65
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.3 ..........124
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.5 ..........107
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 30.3 ..........129
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.1 ..........145
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.3 ..........122
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.7 ..........108
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.6 ..........122
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.7 ..........109
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.52 ..........130

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.0 ............46
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.2 ............66
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.0 ..........141
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.7 ............85
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............82
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.8 ............31
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.6 ..........104
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.5 ............93
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.7 ............74
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.9 ............49
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 18.1 ..........106
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.8 ..........111
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 4.2 ..........117
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 4.2 ..........103

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.0 ............94
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.0 ............91
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 37.8 ............96
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 49.7 ............49

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.3 ..........107
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.3 ............82
State of cluster development.................................. 3.9 ............63
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.0 ..........110
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.6 ............81
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............88
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.5 ............89
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.8 ............98
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.6 ............86

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.1 ..........112
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.8 ..........120
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.9 ............98
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.3 ............86
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.8 ..........125
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.2 ..........128
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.6 ..........104
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.4 ............98
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.6 ..........112
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.3 ..........144
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 40.3 ............80

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 209

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Hong Kong SAR
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 7.1
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 263.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 36,667
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.44

Hong Kong SAR

60,000

Advanced economies

50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ........................................................ 7 ..... 5.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ....................................... 9 ......5.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 11 ......5.4

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .........................................2 ......6.2

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .................................................................. 9 ......5.6
Infrastructure .............................................................. 1 ......6.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 12 ......6.1
Health and primary education ................................... 31 ......6.2

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .......................................3 ......5.6

2

Higher education and training ................................... 22 ......5.2
Goods market efficiency ............................................ 2 ......5.6
Labor market efficiency .............................................. 3 ......5.7
Financial market development .................................... 1 ......6.0
Technological readiness .............................................. 6 ......6.0
Market size ............................................................... 27 ......4.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........19 ......4.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 14 ......5.2
Innovation ................................................................. 23 ......4.4

Hong Kong SAR

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................18.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.9
Inflation ..............................................................................13.8
Policy instability .................................................................11.0
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................10.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................9.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.1
Access to financing .............................................................2.8
Poor public health ...............................................................2.7
Tax rates..............................................................................2.5
Corruption ...........................................................................2.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.7
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

210 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Hong Kong SAR
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 6.1 ..............5
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.7 ............10
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.8 ............11
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.4 ............17
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.1 ............13
Judicial independence............................................ 6.3 ..............4
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.1 ............24
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.6 ............12
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.9 ..............5
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.8 ..............3
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 5.6 ..............2
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.9 ..............3
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.7 ............63
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.7 ............22
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.8 ............37
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.3 ..............4
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.6 ............16
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 6.1 ..............6
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.3 ............17
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.7 ..............7
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 9.0 ..............3

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.5 ..............2
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.2 ..............5
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 6.5 ..............3
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 6.6 ..............3
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.7 ..............2
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 2,371.9 ............17
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.8 ..............1
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 227.9 ..............1
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 60.6 ..............5

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 0.2 ............26
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 27.5 ............35
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 4.1 ............75
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 32.4 ............42
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 87.2 ............14

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.9 ............55
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 78.0 ............88
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.6 ............66
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.00 ..............1
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 1.4 ..............1
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 83.4 ..............1
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.9 ............30
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 92.3 ............89

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 80.1 ............93
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 60.4 ............34
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.8 ............22
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.5 ............10
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.4 ............14
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.1 ............14
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.8 ..............7
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.7 ............21

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 3 ............10
No. days to start a business* .................................... 3 ..............5
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.5 ............19
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.8 ..............1
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.0 ..............1
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 6.1 ..............2
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 6.1 ..............3
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 6.1 ..............3
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 232.5 ..............1
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.6 ............10
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.8 ..............5

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.6 ..............8
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 6.0 ..............4
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 5.8 ..............1
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 5.9 ............17
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 6.0 ..............5
Pay and productivity............................................... 5.5 ..............1
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.2 ............28
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 5.4 ..............7
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 5.7 ..............5
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.76 ............85

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 6.3 ..............3
Affordability of financial services ............................. 6.1 ..............1
Financing through local equity market .................... 5.8 ..............1
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.7 ..............2
Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.6 ..............1
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.6 ..............4
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 6.0 ..............4
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ............................... 10 ..............1

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.3 ............11
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.9 ............12
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.3 ............12
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 72.8 ............33
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 31.6 ............15
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ........... 1,239.8 ..............2
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 73.5 ............10

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.4 ............35
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.2 ..............6
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 369.4 ............35
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 235.5 ..............1

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.5 ..............7
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.5 ............13
State of cluster development.................................. 5.1 ............11
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.4 ............18
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.2 ............11
Control of international distribution ......................... 5.0 ............13
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.1 ............25
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.6 ............10
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.6 ............22

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.2 ............29
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.9 ............31
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.0 ............25
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.9 ............21
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.2 ............19
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.6 ............32
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. n/a ...........n/a

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.9 ..............7
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.3 ............34
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.5 ............42
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 5.6 ..............6
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 23.0 ............17

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 211

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Hungary
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 10.0
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 126.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 12,736
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.24

Hungary

20,000

Central and Eastern Europe

15,000

10,000

5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 63 ..... 4.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 60 ......4.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 48 ......4.4

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (30.7%) .......................................65 ......4.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 84 ......3.7
Infrastructure ............................................................ 51 ......4.4
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 84 ......4.5
Health and primary education ................................... 57 ......5.9

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................54 ......4.3

2

Higher education and training ................................... 44 ......4.7
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 78 ......4.2
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 85 ......4.2
Financial market development .................................. 74 ......3.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 46 ......4.4
Market size ............................................................... 52 ......4.3

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (19.3%) ...........71 ......3.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 96 ......3.7
Innovation ................................................................. 47 ......3.5

Hungary

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................16.3
Policy instability .................................................................15.9
Tax rates............................................................................12.1
Tax regulations ..................................................................10.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................9.9
Corruption ...........................................................................9.4
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.4
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.9
Government instability/coups ..............................................3.7
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.7
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.9
Inflation ................................................................................1.8
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.3
Poor public health ...............................................................1.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.7
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

212 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Hungary
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.7 ..........103
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.9 ............58
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.6 ..........110
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.0 ..........129
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.3 ............58
Judicial independence............................................ 3.9 ............66
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.5 ..........116
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.6 ..........110
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.4 ..........140
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.1 ..........113
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.4 ..........138
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.4 ..........132
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.4 ............11
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.9 ............61
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.1 ............68
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.2 ............72
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............92
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.2 ............40
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.0 ..........120
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.0 ............80
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.3 ..........107

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.9 ............49
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.0 ............73
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.6 ............41
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.9 ............84
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.9 ..........101
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 122.5 ............77
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.6 ............41
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 116.4 ............58
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 29.8 ............40

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.5 ............65
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 20.4 ............69
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.7 ..........102
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 79.0 ..........125
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 49.6 ............70

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.2 ............35
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 18.0 ............42
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.3 ............18
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 5.4 ............36
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.9 ............55
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.3 ............52
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 92.5 ............87

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 100.7 ............37
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 59.9 ............35
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.4 ............93
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.6 ............38
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.3 ............68
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.4 ............33
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.9 ............84
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.6 ..........108

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 4 ............20
No. days to start a business* .................................... 5 ............10
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.7 ............90
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.6 ............43
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.5 ............16
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.2 ..........102
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.8 ............32
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 87.2 ............14
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.3 ............93
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.7 ..........125

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............83
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.9 ............88
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............53
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 13.4 ............63
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.7 ..........132
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.8 ............85
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.6 ..........114
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.6 ..........126
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.6 ..........115
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.83 ............64

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.6 ............65
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.7 ..........110
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.7 ..........110
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.1 ..........123
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.1 ..........122
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.7 ............89
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.7 ............42
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.2 ............57
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.7 ............73
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.3 ............15
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 72.0 ............34
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 22.9 ............29
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 15.4 ............81
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 23.1 ............63

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.9 ............56
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.3 ............34
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 195.6 ............55
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 97.3 ............10

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.4 ..........101
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.5 ............70
State of cluster development.................................. 3.3 ..........111
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.3 ............88
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.4 ..........101
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.5 ..........121
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.8 ............70
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.2 ............65
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 2.9 ..........137

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.2 ............97
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.2 ............21
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.8 ..........108
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.3 ............41
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.0 ..........114
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.3 ............60
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 23.3 ............28

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.3 ............43
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.3 ..........112
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.9 ............90
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.7 ..........135
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 50.3 ..........116

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 213

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Iceland
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 0.3
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 13.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 41,739
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

Iceland

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 31 ..... 4.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 30 ......4.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 30 ......4.7

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................29 ......5.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 22 ......5.1
Infrastructure ............................................................ 17 ......5.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 118 ......3.9
Health and primary education ..................................... 9 ......6.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................35 ......4.5

2

Higher education and training ................................... 12 ......5.6
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 46 ......4.4
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 17 ......4.9
Financial market development .................................. 80 ......3.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 10 ......5.9
Market size ............................................................. 130 ......2.4

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........28 ......4.5

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 29 ......4.7
Innovation ................................................................. 27 ......4.3

Iceland

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Foreign currency regulations ..............................................23.9
Inflation ..............................................................................16.4
Access to financing ...........................................................14.7
Tax rates............................................................................10.5
Government instability/coups ..............................................7.3
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................7.3
Tax regulations ....................................................................6.7
Policy instability ...................................................................6.4
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.2
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................1.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................1.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................0.7
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.6
Corruption ...........................................................................0.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

214 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Iceland
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.2 ............32
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.8 ............29
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.1 ............22
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.3 ............48
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.3 ..............7
Judicial independence............................................ 5.6 ............19
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.6 ............40
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.8 ............34
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.9 ............30
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.7 ............27
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.5 ............21
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.9 ............26
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.6 ..............5
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 6.1 ..............9
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.4 ............10
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.1 ..............9
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.5 ............18
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.8 ............59
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............29
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.3 ............59
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.3 ..............7
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.0 ............36
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 6.0 ..............8
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.0 ............13
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 123.3 ............76
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.7 ..............7
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 105.4 ............84
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 57.6 ..............6

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.0 ............76
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 9.7 ..........128
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.2 ............94
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 99.1 ..........137
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 50.8 ............66

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.8 ..............5
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 4.8 ............13
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.5 ............11
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 1.7 ..............2
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 82.4 ..............4
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.4 ............15
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.0 ............22

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 108.0 ............16
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 78.6 ............12
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.1 ............16
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.9 ............24
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.2 ............22
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.6 ..............1
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.7 ............37
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.7 ............24

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................... 5 ............10
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.2 ..........128
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.0 ..........102
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 3.2 ............43
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.1 ..........141
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 2.7 ..........144
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.3 ............15
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 55.2 ............53
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.4 ............17
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.8 ............42

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.5 ............12
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.1 ..........128
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 5.3 ..............5
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 10.1 ............40
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.0 ..........117
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.1 ............59
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.3 ............24
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.4 ............24
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.4 ............73
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.94 ............13

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.0 ............97
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.7 ..........102
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.4 ............70
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.8 ............73
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.7 ............68
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.9 ..........132
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.3 ............60
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.4 ..............7
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 6.2 ..............2
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.8 ..........124
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 96.0 ..............1
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 34.5 ..............7
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 371.2 ..............5
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 71.7 ............15

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.1 ..........132
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.5 ..........116
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 12.8 ..........129
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 59.0 ............33

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.1 ..........116
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.1 ............29
State of cluster development.................................. 4.0 ............56
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.9 ............45
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.2 ............38
Control of international distribution ......................... 5.1 ..............7
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.2 ............22
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.1 ............27
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 5.1 ............10

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.1 ............32
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.9 ............28
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.7 ............35
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.8 ............25
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.7 ............53
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.7 ............28
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 95.9 ............17

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.8 ............83
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.5 ............92
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.4 ............48
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.0 ..........124
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 33.0 ............46

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 215

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

India
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ................................... 1,241.5
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 1,824.8
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,492
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 5.63

8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

India

1990

1992

Developing Asia

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 60 ..... 4.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 59 ......4.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 56 ......4.3

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .......................................96 ......4.2

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 72 ......3.9
Infrastructure ............................................................ 85 ......3.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 110 ......4.1
Health and primary education ................................. 102 ......5.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) .....................................42 ......4.4

2

Higher education and training ................................... 91 ......3.9
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 85 ......4.2
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 99 ......4.1
Financial market development .................................. 19 ......4.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 98 ......3.2
Market size ................................................................. 3 ......6.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) .............41 ......4.0

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 42 ......4.4
Innovation ................................................................. 41 ......3.6

India

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................18.1
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................17.5
Corruption .........................................................................17.3
Tax regulations ....................................................................7.6
Policy instability ...................................................................6.6
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................5.8
Inflation ................................................................................4.3
Access to financing .............................................................3.9
Tax rates..............................................................................3.4
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................2.9
Government instability/coups ..............................................2.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.8
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.2
Poor public health ...............................................................0.7
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

216 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

India
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.4 ............58
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.7 ............71
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.8 ............98
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.2 ..........115
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.2 ..........110
Judicial independence............................................ 4.7 ............40
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.8 ............94
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.0 ............87
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.1 ..........104
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.8 ............62
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.8 ............48
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.2 ............61
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.7 ..........113
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.7 ............71
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.8 ............85
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.0 ............82
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............86
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.9 ............52
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.6 ............65
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.4 ............52
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.9 ............85
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.6 ............84
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.8 ............19
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.2 ............70
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.8 ............61
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 3,288.0 ............13
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.2 ..........111
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 68.7 ..........123
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 2.5 ..........118

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-8.3 ..........141
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 29.8 ............28
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 9.3 ..........130
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 66.8 ..........116
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 60.0 ............47

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.6 ..........112
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 1,946.2 ..........116
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.7 ..........103
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 181.0 ..........114
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.8 ............96
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 47.2 ..........120
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 65.5 ..........111
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.6 ............84
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 93.3 ............80

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 63.2 ..........110
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 17.9 ............98
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.4 ............33
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.7 ............32
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.0 ............30
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.1 ............77
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.5 ............47
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.2 ............53

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 12 ..........129
No. days to start a business* .................................. 27 ..........103
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.7 ............87
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.4 ............61
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 11.7 ..........128
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.3 ............94
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.6 ............67
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.8 ............88
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 33.7 ..........107
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............78
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.6 ............59

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.4 ............61
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............50
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............52
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 15.8 ............76
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.7 ............67
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.1 ............58
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.6 ............46
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.8 ............50
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.7 ............54
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.36 ..........137

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.0 ............45
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.8 ............38
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.6 ............18
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.3 ............38
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.3 ............27
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.5 ............49
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.1 ............27
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.2 ............58
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.0 ............48
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.0 ............32
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 12.6 ..........120
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 1.1 ..........106
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 5.2 ..........113
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 4.9 ............99

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 6.2 ..............3
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.4 ..............4
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 4,684.4 ..............3
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 24.2 ..........125

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.7 ..............2
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.4 ............76
State of cluster development.................................. 4.9 ............16
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.4 ............80
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.2 ............40
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.4 ............38
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.1 ............52
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.4 ............52
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............58

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.0 ............41
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.5 ............37
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.6 ............39
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.0 ............47
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.3 ............92
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.0 ............15
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.4 ............64

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.6 ............24
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.4 ............26
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.7 ............29
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.1 ............44
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 61.8 ..........128

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 217

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Indonesia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ...................................... 242.3
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 878.2
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,592
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 1.46

8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Indonesia

1990

1992

1994

Developing Asia

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 38 ..... 4.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 50 ......4.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 46 ......4.4

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................45 ......4.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 67 ......4.0
Infrastructure ............................................................ 61 ......4.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 26 ......5.8
Health and primary education ................................... 72 ......5.7

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................52 ......4.3

2

Higher education and training ................................... 64 ......4.3
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 50 ......4.4
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 103 ......4.0
Financial market development .................................. 60 ......4.2
Technological readiness ............................................ 75 ......3.7
Market size ............................................................... 15 ......5.3

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........33 ......4.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 37 ......4.4
Innovation ................................................................. 33 ......3.8

Indonesia

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................19.3
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................15.0
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................9.1
Access to financing .............................................................6.9
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................6.3
Policy instability ...................................................................5.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.7
Inflation ................................................................................5.2
Tax rates..............................................................................5.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................4.9
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................4.2
Poor public health ...............................................................3.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................2.8
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.1
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.6
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

218 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Indonesia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.1 ............79
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.9 ............55
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.4 ............60
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.2 ............55
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.3 ..........106
Judicial independence............................................ 3.7 ............74
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.7 ............39
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.8 ............33
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.9 ............31
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.1 ............49
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.7 ............50
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.2 ............65
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.6 ..........119
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.4 ............86
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.1 ..........119
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.0 ............79
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.0 ............64
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.6 ............74
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............51
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.5 ............45
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.0 ............82
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.7 ............78
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.5 ............44
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.9 ............89
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.5 ............68
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 2,435.0 ............15
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.3 ............89
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 115.2 ............62
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 15.5 ............82

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.3 ............47
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 32.6 ............19
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 4.3 ............80
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 24.0 ............30
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 55.9 ............56

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.2 ..........119
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 2,250.6 ..........117
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.8 ..........131
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 187.0 ..........116
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.8 ..........130
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 24.8 ............97
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 69.3 ............99
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.3 ............55
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 95.8 ............56

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 80.7 ............92
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 24.9 ............87
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.3 ............36
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.7 ............35
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.4 ............58
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.8 ............50
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.5 ............48
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.6 ............25

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 9 ..........104
No. days to start a business* .................................. 47 ..........128
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.3 ............31
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............71
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.7 ............65
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.6 ............76
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.6 ............61
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.0 ............74
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 25.6 ..........134
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.8 ............50
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.7 ............50

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.6 ............49
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.6 ..........106
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.3 ............39
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 57.8 ..........141
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.3 ............27
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.4 ............29
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.9 ............34
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.1 ............39
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.3 ............28
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.62 ..........115

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.9 ............51
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.6 ............43
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.3 ............29
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.9 ............16
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.7 ............17
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.0 ............70
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.4 ............57
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.1 ............60
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.1 ............46
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.0 ............39
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 15.4 ..........113
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 1.2 ..........105
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 17.2 ............74
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 31.9 ............53

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.2 ............15
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.6 ............23
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 1,216.7 ............15
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 24.0 ..........126

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............51
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.5 ............66
State of cluster development.................................. 4.4 ............29
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.6 ............61
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.4 ............32
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.4 ............36
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.3 ............41
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.8 ............34
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.4 ............32

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.4 ............24
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.1 ............46
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.1 ............23
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.5 ............30
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.1 ............25
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.5 ............40
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ..........103

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.0 ............66
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.0 ............54
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.5 ............43
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.4 ............28
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 34.5 ............55

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 219

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Iran, Islamic Rep.
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 74.8
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 548.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 7,211
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 1.20

Iran, Islamic Rep.

15,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 82 ..... 4.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 66 ......4.2
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 62 ......4.3

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (48.4%) .......................................75 ......4.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 83 ......3.7
Infrastructure ............................................................ 65 ......4.1
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 100 ......4.3
Health and primary education ................................... 51 ......6.0

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (43.7%) .....................................98 ......3.7

2

Higher education and training ................................... 88 ......4.0
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 110 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 145 ......3.0
Financial market development ................................ 130 ......3.2
Technological readiness .......................................... 116 ......3.0
Market size ............................................................... 19 ......5.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (7.9%) .............86 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 104 ......3.6
Innovation ................................................................. 71 ......3.2

Iran, Islamic Rep.

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Policy instability .................................................................20.1
Foreign currency regulations ..............................................14.4
Access to financing ...........................................................13.9
Inflation ..............................................................................12.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.3
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................9.0
Corruption ...........................................................................5.0
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.6
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.1
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.9
Tax rates..............................................................................1.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.5
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.8
Poor public health ...............................................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

220 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Iran, Islamic Rep.
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.3 ............65
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.8 ..........122
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.2 ............75
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.3 ............47
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.8 ............73
Judicial independence............................................ 3.7 ............73
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.4 ............52
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.2 ............74
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.8 ..........123
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.4 ............91
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.7 ..........124
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.5 ..........131
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.6 ..........117
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.2 ............94
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.4 ..........105
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.3 ............66
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.8 ............82
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.0 ..........105
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.0 ..........119
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.7 ..........104
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.7 ..........123

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.2 ............76
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.1 ............66
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.5 ............46
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.1 ............79
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.3 ..........122
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 261.1 ............56
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.3 ............51
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 76.9 ..........117
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 38.0 ............28

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.3 ............62
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 35.0 ............15
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 30.6 ..........148
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 10.7 ..............9
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 24.5 ..........118

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 6.2 ............81
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 2.9 ............85
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.7 ............63
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 21.0 ............47
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.5 ............72
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 21.1 ............93
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.0 ............87
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.0 ............65
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.8 ..............6

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 85.7 ............81
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 48.6 ............52
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.2 ..........103
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.6 ............40
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.8 ............95
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.7 ..........126
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.0 ............82
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.0 ..........141

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................. 13 ............63
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.4 ..........114
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.9 ..........113
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 26.6 ..........147
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 2.2 ..........148
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.2 ..........136
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.5 ..........103
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 16.2 ..........147
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.9 ..........122
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.6 ............56

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.7 ..........128
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 3.6 ..........138
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.4 ..........109
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 23.1 ..........108
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............82
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.1 ..........130
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.4 ..........127
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.3 ..........131
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 1.8 ..........145
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.23 ..........147

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.1 ..........137
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.1 ..........135
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.2 ............86
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.5 ..........148
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.8 ..........139
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.1 ..........121
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.9 ............82
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.0 ..........121
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.0 ..........120
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.8 ..........123
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 26.0 ............98
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 4.1 ............85
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 3.8 ..........122
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........136

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.0 ............18
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.6 ............25
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 999.2 ............17
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 28.1 ..........103

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.8 ............57
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.6 ..........128
State of cluster development.................................. 3.4 ............99
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.0 ..........116
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.2 ..........112
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.4 ............34
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.6 ............80
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.4 ..........120
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.1 ..........131

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............85
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.2 ............43
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.7 ..........110
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.3 ............90
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.5 ............73
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.6 ............37
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ..........107

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.3 ..........121
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.8 ............67
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.1 ............73
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.5 ............95
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 44.1 ............98

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 221

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Ireland
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 4.6
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 210.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 45,888
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.23

Ireland

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 28 ..... 4.9

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 27 ......4.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 29 ......4.8

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................33 ......5.2

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 16 ......5.3
Infrastructure ............................................................ 26 ......5.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 134 ......3.6
Health and primary education ..................................... 6 ......6.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................24 ......4.9

2

Higher education and training ................................... 18 ......5.4
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 11 ......5.2
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 16 ......4.9
Financial market development .................................. 85 ......3.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 13 ......5.7
Market size ............................................................... 57 ......4.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........21 ......4.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 18 ......5.0
Innovation ................................................................. 20 ......4.6

Ireland

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................32.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................15.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................12.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................9.9
Tax rates..............................................................................7.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................6.5
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.8
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.7
Inflation ................................................................................3.0
Policy instability ...................................................................2.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................0.9
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.7
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.5
Corruption ...........................................................................0.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15

20

Percent of responses
Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

222 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

25

30

35

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Ireland
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.7 ............18
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.4 ............19
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.6 ............14
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.9 ............28
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.1 ............11
Judicial independence............................................ 6.4 ..............3
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.1 ............21
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.4 ............55
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.9 ............29
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.8 ............22
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.6 ............19
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.0 ............25
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.1 ............34
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.5 ............31
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.9 ............32
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.1 ..............8
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.4 ............21
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.8 ............58
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............30
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.7 ............32
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 8.3 ..............6

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.2 ............35
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.3 ............29
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.1 ............34
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.2 ............33
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.6 ............31
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 438.9 ............44
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.5 ............17
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 107.1 ............79
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 43.8 ............19

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-7.7 ..........137
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 15.0 ............97
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.9 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ................... 117.1 ..........142
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 56.0 ............55

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.5 ............22
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 7.5 ............25
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.4 ............16
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 3.2 ............14
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 80.5 ............24
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.7 ..............8
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.7 ..............7

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 118.6 ..............7
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 68.1 ............25
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.5 ..............5
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.9 ............25
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.3 ............19
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.0 ............43
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.0 ............24
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.8 ............20

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 4 ............20
No. days to start a business* .................................. 10 ............49
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.7 ..............9
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.9 ............14
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.9 ..............6
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 6.7 ..............1
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.4 ..............9
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 82.2 ............21
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.4 ............16
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.2 ............22

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.4 ............13
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.6 ..........103
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.2 ............43
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 6.8 ............18
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............90
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.3 ............38
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.7 ............13
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.1 ............40
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 5.0 ............12
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.80 ............74

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.6 ............67
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.2 ............63
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.1 ............87
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.9 ..........127
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.7 ............69
Soundness of banks .............................................. 2.5 ..........146
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.4 ............56
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.9 ............30
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.6 ............25
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 6.3 ..............1
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 79.0 ............25
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 22.7 ............30
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 97.0 ............20
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 64.2 ............19

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.7 ............59
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.4 ............30
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 192.2 ............56
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 110.0 ..............5

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............47
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.2 ............24
State of cluster development.................................. 4.8 ............21
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.4 ............19
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.9 ............19
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ............94
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.8 ............10
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.3 ............21
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 5.0 ............12

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.6 ............20
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.6 ............14
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.5 ............21
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.2 ............13
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.5 ............70
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.9 ............20
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 79.4 ............21

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.3 ............42
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.7 ............19
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.8 ............24
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.6 ............18
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 26.4 ............24

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 223

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Israel
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 7.8
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 240.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 31,296
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.30

Israel

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 27 ..... 4.9

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 26 ......5.0
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 22 ......5.1

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................39 ......5.1

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 40 ......4.6
Infrastructure ............................................................ 35 ......4.9
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 72 ......4.7
Health and primary education ................................... 38 ......6.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................26 ......4.7

2

Higher education and training ................................... 34 ......5.0
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 68 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 57 ......4.4
Financial market development .................................. 22 ......4.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 23 ......5.6
Market size ............................................................... 49 ......4.3

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) .............8 ......5.2

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 23 ......4.9
Innovation ................................................................... 3 ......5.6

Israel

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................24.5
Access to financing ...........................................................12.5
Tax regulations ....................................................................9.3
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................9.2
Policy instability ...................................................................7.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................6.7
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................6.1
Corruption ...........................................................................5.8
Tax rates..............................................................................5.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................2.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.7
Inflation ................................................................................1.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.7
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.6
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

224 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Israel
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.0 ............40
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.6 ............34
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.5 ............33
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.0 ............68
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.4 ............32
Judicial independence............................................ 5.8 ............15
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.3 ............55
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.1 ............75
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.0 ..........109
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.2 ............44
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.1 ............34
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.1 ............76
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 3.9 ..........136
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.1 ............50
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.2 ............65
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.5 ............57
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.9 ............33
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.3 ............35
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.6 ............68
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.5 ............43
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 8.3 ..............6

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.8 ............51
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.0 ............39
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.2 ............51
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.8 ............90
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.0 ............52
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 502.4 ............41
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.6 ............40
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 119.9 ............51
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 46.7 ............15

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.7 ..........114
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 19.1 ............75
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.7 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 74.6 ..........123
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 69.7 ............35

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.3 ............32
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 5.8 ............15
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.5 ............10
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 3.5 ............20
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 81.8 ............11
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.9 ............71
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 97.1 ............45

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 102.1 ............28
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 62.5 ............32
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.0 ............56
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.0 ............78
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.7 ............42
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.1 ............39
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.8 ............34
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.2 ............49

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................. 21 ............91
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.0 ............59
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.2 ............90
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.0 ............52
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.0 ............52
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.1 ............26
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.4 ............50
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 40.1 ............88
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.2 ..........104
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.8 ............37

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.4 ............58
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.8 ............91
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............54
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 27.4 ..........124
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.7 ............66
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.0 ............64
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.5 ............50
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.8 ............49
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.5 ............67
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.89 ............33

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.0 ............42
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.1 ............74
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.7 ............50
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.9 ............66
Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.2 ..............8
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.9 ............22
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.6 ............45
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.2 ............17
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 6.1 ..............5
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.3 ............14
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 73.4 ............31
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 22.2 ............32
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 55.8 ............37
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 65.5 ............17

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.1 ............47
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.0 ............52
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 248.7 ............50
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 38.5 ............78

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............49
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.8 ............47
State of cluster development.................................. 4.2 ............40
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 6.0 ..............6
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.5 ............26
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.6 ............29
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.5 ............15
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.2 ............26
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.4 ............33

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.6 ..............4
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 6.4 ..............1
Company spending on R&D................................... 5.4 ..............6
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.4 ..............8
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.5 ..............9
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.3 ..............8
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 218.8 ..............5

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.7 ............95
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.6 ..........141
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.6 ..........109
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.0 ............50
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 30.5 ............39

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 225

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Italy
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 60.7
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 2,014.1
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 33,115
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 2.21

Italy

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 49 ..... 4.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 42 ......4.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 43 ......4.4

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................50 ......4.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 102 ......3.5
Infrastructure ............................................................ 25 ......5.4
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 101 ......4.3
Health and primary education ................................... 26 ......6.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................48 ......4.3

2

Higher education and training ................................... 42 ......4.8
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 87 ......4.2
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 137 ......3.5
Financial market development ................................ 124 ......3.3
Technological readiness ............................................ 37 ......4.7
Market size ............................................................... 10 ......5.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........30 ......4.2

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 27 ......4.7
Innovation ................................................................. 38 ......3.7

Italy

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Tax rates............................................................................22.5
Access to financing ...........................................................18.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................17.1
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................9.3
Tax regulations ....................................................................7.9
Policy instability ...................................................................6.6
Corruption ...........................................................................6.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................5.3
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.6
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................0.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.5
Inflation ................................................................................0.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

226 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Italy
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.3 ............67
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.7 ............67
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.8 ............93
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.8 ..........140
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.8 ............74
Judicial independence............................................ 3.7 ............70
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.4 ..........126
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.0 ..........139
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.2 ..........146
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.3 ..........145
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.5 ..........134
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.0 ..........140
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.7 ............64
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.5 ............81
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.6 ..........134
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.0 ............38
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.6 ..........103
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.0 ..........110
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.8 ..........137
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.3 ..........133
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.8 ............53
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.4 ............55
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.2 ............29
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.3 ............67
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.4 ............73
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 2,261.7 ............18
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.8 ............36
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 159.5 ............14
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 35.5 ............31

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.0 ............80
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 17.1 ............85
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.3 ............60
General government debt, % GDP* ................... 127.0 ..........144
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 64.5 ............40

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.5 ............25
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 2.8 ..............4
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.0 ............39
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.40 ............78
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 3.2 ............14
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 82.1 ..............6
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.7 ............40
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 97.4 ............40

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 100.4 ............38
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 65.0 ............28
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.6 ............72
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.3 ............61
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.0 ............31
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.7 ............96
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.8 ............32
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.2 ..........130

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................... 6 ............16
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.5 ..........112
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............67
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.5 ..........130
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.2 ..........139
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.1 ............67
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 29.3 ..........125
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.9 ............48
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.9 ............35

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.4 ..........136
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 3.1 ..........142
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.6 ..........143
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 7.2 ............19
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.0 ..........148
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.8 ..........143
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.5 ..........121
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.7 ..........117
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.4 ..........126
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.69 ............99

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.5 ............71
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.6 ..........113
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.1 ............88
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.6 ..........145
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.8 ..........138
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.7 ............88
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.7 ............96
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.0 ............69
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.2 ..........112
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.7 ..........127
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 58.0 ............51
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 22.1 ............33
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 76.2 ............27
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 51.8 ............28

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.5 ............10
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.0 ............15
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 1,832.9 ............10
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 30.0 ............98

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.4 ............14
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.1 ............27
State of cluster development.................................. 5.5 ..............2
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.8 ............11
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.9 ............20
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.4 ............39
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.9 ............27
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.3 ............60
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.1 ..........129

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.2 ............31
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.4 ............40
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.6 ............38
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.7 ............59
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.7 ..........129
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.7 ............29
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 51.6 ............24

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.0 ............73
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.0 ............15
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.7 ..........103
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.1 ..........146
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 68.3 ..........138

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 227

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Jamaica
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 2.7
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 15.2
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 5,541
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Jamaica

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 94 ..... 3.9

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 97 ......3.8
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 107 ......3.8

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .....................................111 ......3.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 85 ......3.7
Infrastructure ............................................................ 93 ......3.5
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 141 ......3.1
Health and primary education ................................. 106 ......5.2

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................79 ......3.9

2

Higher education and training ................................... 80 ......4.1
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 84 ......4.2
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 66 ......4.3
Financial market development .................................. 47 ......4.4
Technological readiness ............................................ 79 ......3.5
Market size ............................................................. 108 ......2.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........75 ......3.5

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 72 ......4.0
Innovation ................................................................. 83 ......3.1

Jamaica

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................18.6
Crime and theft .................................................................15.7
Corruption .........................................................................11.8
Tax rates..............................................................................9.2
Access to financing .............................................................7.5
Tax regulations ....................................................................7.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.0
Inflation ................................................................................5.8
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................4.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................3.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.9
Policy instability ...................................................................2.9
Foreign currency regulations ................................................2.1
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.7
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

228 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Jamaica
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.3 ............64
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.5 ............83
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.0 ............88
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.2 ..........113
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.7 ............79
Judicial independence............................................ 4.4 ............49
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.6 ..........107
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.5 ..........117
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.8 ..........126
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.4 ............94
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.4 ............77
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.8 ............99
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.0 ............44
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 2.3 ..........144
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.1 ..........140
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.7 ..........105
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............97
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.3 ............34
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.6 ............61
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.4 ............51
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.2 ............77
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.6 ............86
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.3 ..........116
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.1 ............39
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.2 ............45
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 139.1 ............74
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.4 ............86
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 96.5 ............98
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 9.6 ............95

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.0 ............96
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 14.3 ..........102
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 7.3 ..........114
General government debt, % GDP* ................... 146.6 ..........146
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 27.9 ..........113

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.9 ............56
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 6.6 ............21
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.7 ..........102
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.80 ..........126
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 15.7 ............79
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.1 ............86
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.4 ............95
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 82.0 ..........128

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 92.7 ............57
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 26.0 ............84
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.7 ............66
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.2 ..........115
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.3 ............69
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.1 ............75
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.1 ............80
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.1 ............62

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................... 7 ............25
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.8 ............72
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.8 ............22
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 7.8 ............90
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.1 ............47
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.4 ............84
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.4 ..........105
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 56.5 ............48
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.9 ..........126
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.3 ............78

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............92
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.2 ............59
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.4 ............30
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 14.0 ............67
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.0 ..........118
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.6 ............95
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.5 ............52
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.0 ..........100
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.0 ............99
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.82 ............68

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.8 ............54
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.1 ............75
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.3 ............31
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.9 ..........128
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.9 ..........130
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.5 ............50
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.1 ............28
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.5 ............42
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.8 ............65
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.5 ............83
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 46.5 ............70
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 4.3 ............84
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 20.2 ............69
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 1.6 ..........114

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.7 ..........104
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.4 ..........117
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 25.2 ..........110
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 27.8 ..........106

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.4 ............99
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.4 ............78
State of cluster development.................................. 4.0 ............57
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.9 ............46
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.5 ............92
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ............90
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.6 ............83
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.2 ............66
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.5 ............93

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.6 ............60
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.1 ............48
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.9 ............87
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.6 ............68
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.7 ..........128
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.6 ..........103
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.6 ............76

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.2 ............55
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.9 ............56
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.2 ............57
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.1 ..........121
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 45.6 ..........104

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 229

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Japan
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ...................................... 127.8
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 5,964.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 46,736
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 5.57

Japan

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ........................................................ 9 ..... 5.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 10 ......5.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ....................................... 9 ......5.4

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................28 ......5.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 17 ......5.3
Infrastructure .............................................................. 9 ......6.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 127 ......3.7
Health and primary education ................................... 10 ......6.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................10 ......5.3

2

Higher education and training ................................... 21 ......5.3
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 16 ......5.0
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 23 ......4.8
Financial market development .................................. 23 ......4.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 19 ......5.6
Market size ................................................................. 4 ......6.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) .............3 ......5.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ............................................. 1 ......5.8
Innovation ................................................................... 5 ......5.5

Japan

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Tax rates............................................................................20.5
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................15.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................14.5
Policy instability .................................................................12.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................11.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................9.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................7.4
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.3
Access to financing .............................................................2.0
Inflation ................................................................................1.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................1.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................0.6
Corruption ...........................................................................0.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

230 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Japan
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.8 ............16
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.7 ............11
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.4 ............17
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.8 ............33
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.1 ............12
Judicial independence............................................ 6.0 ............14
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.8 ............10
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.5 ............52
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............81
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.7 ............28
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.1 ............35
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.2 ............14
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.2 ............91
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.2 ............43
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.2 ............62
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.8 ............23
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.8 ............11
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.5 ............25
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.3 ............19
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.1 ............20
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 7.0 ............19

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.0 ............14
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.0 ............12
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 6.7 ..............1
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.2 ............30
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.4 ............37
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 5,425.2 ..............4
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.0 ............34
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 109.4 ............73
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 50.8 ............13

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................-10.2 ..........144
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 21.6 ............64
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 0.0 ............64
General government debt, % GDP* ................... 237.9 ..........148
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 82.2 ............18

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.9 ............52
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 20.0 ............45
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.8 ............53
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 2.4 ..............8
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 82.6 ..............3
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.1 ............21
Primary education enrollment, net %* ................ 100.0 ..............2

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 102.2 ............27
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 59.7 ............37
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.1 ............50
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.7 ............34
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.0 ............86
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.2 ............37
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.5 ............12
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.3 ..............4

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 23 ............95
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.7 ..........145
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.0 ..........111
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 3.0 ............42
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.0 ............51
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.8 ............48
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.0 ............25
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 17.8 ..........145
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 6.3 ..............1
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 5.3 ..............1

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.6 ..............9
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.8 ............11
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.9 ..........134
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 4.3 ..............9
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.6 ............76
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.7 ............13
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.5 ............17
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.3 ............29
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.3 ............80
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.74 ............90

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.3 ............31
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.2 ............25
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.7 ............16
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.4 ............33
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.1 ............39
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.6 ............43
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.0 ............29
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.3 ............14
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 6.1 ..............6
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.8 ............55
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 79.1 ............24
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 27.9 ............18
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 33.0 ............51
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*........ 113.1 ..............2

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 6.2 ..............4
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.1 ..............8
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 4,627.9 ..............4
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 15.7 ..........140

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 6.2 ..............1
Local supplier quality.............................................. 6.1 ..............2
State of cluster development.................................. 5.2 ..............7
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 6.3 ..............2
Value chain breadth................................................ 6.0 ..............2
Control of international distribution ......................... 5.6 ..............2
Production process sophistication.......................... 6.5 ..............1
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.6 ..............9
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.5 ............30

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.6 ..............6
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.7 ..............9
Company spending on R&D................................... 5.7 ..............2
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.0 ............17
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.9 ............37
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.5 ..............4
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 258.4 ..............4

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 6.2 ..............1
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.6 ..............3
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.2 ............11
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.6 ............86
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 50.0 ..........114

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 231

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Jordan
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 6.2
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 31.2
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 4,879
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.05

Jordan

8,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 68 ..... 4.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 64 ......4.2
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 71 ......4.2

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................76 ......4.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 38 ......4.6
Infrastructure ............................................................ 54 ......4.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 138 ......3.3
Health and primary education ................................... 65 ......5.8

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................70 ......4.0

2

Higher education and training ................................... 56 ......4.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 39 ......4.5
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 101 ......4.1
Financial market development .................................. 79 ......3.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 70 ......3.8
Market size ............................................................... 87 ......3.3

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........51 ......3.9

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 47 ......4.3
Innovation ................................................................. 53 ......3.4

Jordan

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................11.5
Tax rates............................................................................11.4
Access to financing ...........................................................10.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................8.8
Policy instability ...................................................................8.8
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................8.5
Inflation ................................................................................7.5
Tax regulations ....................................................................7.0
Corruption ...........................................................................6.0
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................3.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.1
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

232 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Jordan
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.3 ............28
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.6 ............36
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.9 ............49
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.5 ............41
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.9 ............39
Judicial independence............................................ 4.4 ............48
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.8 ............36
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.8 ............35
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.8 ............36
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.3 ............38
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.4 ............27
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.5 ............40
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.8 ............56
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.9 ............16
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.3 ............13
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.5 ............28
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.4 ............43
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.9 ............55
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.2 ..........104
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.8 ............28
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.3 ..........107

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.1 ............38
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.8 ............46
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.0 ............90
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.5 ............58
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.5 ............36
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 181.6 ............66
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.8 ............38
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 139.1 ............29
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 6.7 ..........104

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-8.2 ..........139
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 7.4 ..........137
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 4.8 ............88
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 79.6 ..........127
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 44.0 ............73

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.5 ............19
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 6.0 ............16
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.5 ..............9
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.02 ..............1
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 18.0 ............83
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.4 ............79
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.6 ............44
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 90.7 ............96

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 86.9 ............79
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 37.8 ............70
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.6 ............27
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.8 ............30
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.6 ............47
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.0 ............44
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.6 ............43
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.9 ............83

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................. 12 ............57
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.8 ............74
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.4 ............55
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.1 ..........108
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.6 ............80
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.6 ............72
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.6 ............46
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 80.9 ............24
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.9 ............42
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.3 ............79

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.6 ............47
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.2 ............64
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.0 ............72
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 4.3 ............14
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.4 ............98
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.1 ............55
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.0 ............86
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.7 ............53
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.7 ............57
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.24 ..........146

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.6 ............68
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.4 ............49
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.9 ............43
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.3 ............34
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.0 ............45
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.2 ............59
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.4 ............58
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 2 ..........141

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.7 ............36
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.6 ............27
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.1 ............28
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 41.0 ............81
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 3.0 ............91
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 5.7 ..........110
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 10.7 ............83

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.1 ............90
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.9 ............96
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 38.7 ............95
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 42.6 ............66

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............52
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.4 ............74
State of cluster development.................................. 4.5 ............27
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.3 ............32
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.9 ............51
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............46
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.1 ............56
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.3 ............62
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.2 ............35

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............69
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.8 ............62
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.9 ............90
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.4 ............85
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.7 ............51
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.3 ..............7
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.2 ............87

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.3 ............44
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.2 ............40
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.5 ............45
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.4 ..........102
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 28.1 ............30

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 233

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Kazakhstan
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 16.6
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 196.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 11,773
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.28

Kazakhstan

15,000

Commonwealth of Independent States

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 50 ..... 4.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 51 ......4.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 72 ......4.2

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (37.8%) .......................................48 ......4.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 55 ......4.1
Infrastructure ............................................................ 62 ......4.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 23 ......5.9
Health and primary education ................................... 97 ......5.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................53 ......4.3

2

Higher education and training ................................... 54 ......4.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 56 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 15 ......5.0
Financial market development ................................ 103 ......3.7
Technological readiness ............................................ 57 ......4.1
Market size ............................................................... 54 ......4.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (12.2%) ...........87 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 94 ......3.7
Innovation ................................................................. 84 ......3.1

Kazakhstan

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................18.9
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................13.3
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................8.8
Access to financing .............................................................8.5
Tax regulations ....................................................................7.4
Tax rates..............................................................................7.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................5.3
Inflation ................................................................................5.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.0
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................3.7
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.1
Poor public health ...............................................................2.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................2.1
Policy instability ...................................................................1.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.5
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

234 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Kazakhstan
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.3 ............68
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.6 ............73
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.3 ............65
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.8 ............35
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.1 ............65
Judicial independence............................................ 3.4 ............88
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.0 ............77
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.8 ............31
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.7 ............54
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.9 ............53
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.6 ............61
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.7 ............29
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.5 ............69
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.2 ............44
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.2 ............67
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.9 ............88
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.1 ............56
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.6 ............76
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............53
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.1 ............74
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 8.0 ............10

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.5 ............64
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.8 ..........117
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.4 ............27
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.7 ..........135
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.1 ............89
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 234.1 ............59
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.8 ............78
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 175.4 ............10
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 26.5 ............45

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 4.7 ............13
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 27.3 ............36
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.1 ............93
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 12.3 ............14
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 57.0 ............53

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.4 ..........111
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 129.0 ..........105
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.4 ............76
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 25.0 ............98
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 68.9 ..........103
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.9 ............69
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 86.5 ..........118

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 101.9 ............29
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 43.2 ............58
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.4 ............88
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.1 ............75
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.8 ............96
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.7 ............52
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.3 ............65
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.1 ............56

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 19 ............82
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............40
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.5 ............48
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 9.5 ..........104
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.0 ..........114
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.4 ............91
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.0 ............75
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 29.6 ..........124
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............80
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.1 ............29

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.7 ............40
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.6 ............24
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.6 ............21
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 8.7 ............27
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.8 ............56
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.9 ..............9
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.3 ............70
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.3 ............80
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.9 ............41
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.91 ............26

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.6 ............60
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.3 ............58
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.9 ..........100
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.9 ............61
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.6 ............72
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.4 ..........100
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.8 ............90
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.6 ............88
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.6 ............78
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.4 ............93
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 53.3 ............61
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 9.7 ............63
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 31.8 ............54
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 42.0 ............37

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.9 ............55
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.1 ............44
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 231.8 ............52
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 49.4 ............52

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.3 ..........105
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.0 ..........102
State of cluster development.................................. 3.1 ..........126
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.9 ..........118
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.2 ..........109
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ..........101
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.8 ............63
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.1 ............71
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............55

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............74
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.2 ..........102
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.0 ............77
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.4 ............79
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.6 ............58
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.6 ............98
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.2 ............67

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.3 ..........120
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.7 ............78
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.8 ............91
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............54
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 28.6 ............33

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 235

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Kenya
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 41.6
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 41.1
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 977
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.09

Kenya

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000

1,500

1,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 96 ..... 3.8

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 106 ......3.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 102 ......3.8

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................121 ......3.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 88 ......3.6
Infrastructure .......................................................... 102 ......3.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 132 ......3.6
Health and primary education ................................. 119 ......4.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) .....................................73 ......4.0

2

Higher education and training ................................. 103 ......3.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 80 ......4.2
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 35 ......4.6
Financial market development .................................. 31 ......4.7
Technological readiness ............................................ 89 ......3.4
Market size ............................................................... 77 ......3.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) .............53 ......3.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 61 ......4.1
Innovation ................................................................. 46 ......3.6

Kenya

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................21.1
Access to financing ...........................................................15.7
Tax rates............................................................................13.8
Inflation ................................................................................9.2
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................8.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................8.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................6.9
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.2
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.8
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.3
Policy instability ...................................................................2.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.4
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

236 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Kenya
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.9 ............86
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.4 ............86
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.0 ............86
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.7 ............83
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.2 ..........112
Judicial independence............................................ 4.0 ............60
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.8 ............99
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.3 ............64
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.6 ............60
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.9 ............57
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.7 ............56
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.9 ............86
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 3.6 ..........140
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.4 ..........127
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.1 ..........115
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.7 ..........102
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.8 ............78
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.4 ............86
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.5 ............74
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.0 ............82
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.4 ............68
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.1 ............67
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.5 ............74
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.1 ............78
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.7 ............62
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 264.2 ............54
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.8 ..........100
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 71.9 ..........122
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.6 ..........137

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-5.3 ..........122
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 12.5 ..........115
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 9.4 ..........131
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 48.2 ............87
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 31.2 ..........103

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.1 ..........120
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 8,301.1 ..........124
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.1 ..........122
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 288.0 ..........132
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.6 ..........135
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 6.20 ..........137
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 48.3 ..........122
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 57.1 ..........126
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.6 ............89
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 82.8 ..........125

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 60.2 ..........111
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 4.0 ..........137
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.2 ............44
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.8 ............95
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.4 ............57
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.0 ............81
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.6 ............44
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.2 ............54

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 10 ..........116
No. days to start a business* .................................. 32 ..........108
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.9 ............65
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.8 ..........126
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 9.2 ............98
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.3 ............95
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.2 ..........100
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.6 ............97
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 42.6 ............81
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.9 ............41
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.2 ............90

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............73
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.1 ............68
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.7 ............14
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 15.8 ............76
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............92
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.1 ............63
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.5 ............54
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.9 ............47
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.8 ............50
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.86 ............50

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.8 ............56
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.1 ............68
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.2 ............35
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.2 ............44
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.0 ............47
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.1 ............67
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.4 ............55
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ............................... 10 ..............1

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.0 ............71
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.8 ............66
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.7 ............66
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 32.1 ............95
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.1 ..........130
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 24.0 ............65
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 2.2 ..........111

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.4 ............72
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.0 ............90
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 75.9 ............77
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 24.8 ..........122

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............39
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.5 ............65
State of cluster development.................................. 4.1 ............53
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.4 ............76
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.9 ............55
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.1 ............66
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.8 ............64
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.0 ............83
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.8 ............61

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.1 ............34
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.0 ............51
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.8 ............28
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.3 ............38
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.4 ............79
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.3 ............57
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ............96

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.4 ............35
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.9 ............60
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.4 ............50
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.5 ............93
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 44.4 ..........100

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 237

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Korea, Rep.
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 49.8
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 1,155.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 23,113
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 1.94

Korea, Rep.

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 25 ..... 5.0

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 19 ......5.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 24 ......5.0

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................20 ......5.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 74 ......3.8
Infrastructure ............................................................ 11 ......5.8
Macroeconomic environment ..................................... 9 ......6.3
Health and primary education ................................... 18 ......6.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................23 ......4.9

2

Higher education and training ................................... 19 ......5.4
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 33 ......4.7
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 78 ......4.2
Financial market development .................................. 81 ......3.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 22 ......5.6
Market size ............................................................... 12 ......5.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........20 ......4.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 24 ......4.9
Innovation ................................................................. 17 ......4.8

Korea, Rep.

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................16.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................16.1
Policy instability .................................................................15.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................8.6
Tax regulations ....................................................................8.2
Corruption ...........................................................................7.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.3
Tax rates..............................................................................4.8
Inflation ................................................................................3.4
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.6
Foreign currency regulations ................................................2.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

238 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Korea, Rep.
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.5 ............55
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.0 ............48
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.3 ............62
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.2 ..........112
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.4 ............57
Judicial independence............................................ 3.5 ............78
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.0 ............79
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.0 ............80
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.2 ............95
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.5 ............84
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.0 ..........101
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.4 ..........137
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.9 ..........106
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.9 ............60
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.0 ............73
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.8 ............47
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.8 ............79
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.3 ............91
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.9 ..........130
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.5 ..........124
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.6 ............23
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.8 ............15
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 5.7 ..............8
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.5 ............21
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.8 ............22
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 2,167.4 ............19
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.7 ............39
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 110.4 ............70
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 61.9 ..............2

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 1.9 ............18
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 31.4 ............21
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.2 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 33.7 ............50
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 79.4 ............22

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.7 ............90
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 9.0 ............86
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.5 ............73
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 100.0 ............95
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.4 ............77
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 4.1 ............26
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 80.9 ............19
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.0 ............23
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 98.6 ............28

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 97.1 ............47
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.............. 103.1 ..............1
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.8 ............64
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.1 ............20
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.5 ............56
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.1 ............13
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.8 ............31
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.2 ............51

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................... 7 ............25
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.7 ............86
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.1 ............98
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 8.6 ............96
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.2 ............99
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.4 ............89
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.4 ............49
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 54.0 ............58
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.5 ............11
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.2 ............21

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.5 ..........132
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.2 ............61
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.5 ..........108
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 27.4 ..........120
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.2 ..........111
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.6 ............21
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.7 ............43
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.4 ............25
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.1 ............31
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.72 ............97

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.0 ............92
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.1 ............69
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.4 ............75
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.2 ..........118
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.1 ..........115
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.2 ..........113
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.8 ............94
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.9 ............27
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.7 ............21
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.5 ............84
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 84.1 ............15
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 37.6 ..............5
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 26.0 ............60
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*........ 106.0 ..............4

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.4 ............12
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.3 ..............5
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 1,613.9 ............12
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 56.8 ............37

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.2 ............24
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.0 ............30
State of cluster development.................................. 4.5 ............28
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.5 ............16
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.7 ............22
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.8 ............20
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.3 ............21
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.0 ............31
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............54

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.5 ............22
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.9 ............24
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.6 ............20
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.7 ............26
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.0 ............31
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.6 ............33
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 183.4 ..............9

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.9 ..............8
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.2 ..........118
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.4 ............49
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.4 ..........104
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 29.8 ............36

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 239

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Kuwait
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 2.8
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 173.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 45,824
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.18

Kuwait

50,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 36 ..... 4.6

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 37 ......4.6
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 34 ......4.6

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (51.2%) .......................................32 ......5.2

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 49 ......4.2
Infrastructure ............................................................ 53 ......4.4
Macroeconomic environment ..................................... 3 ......6.7
Health and primary education ................................... 77 ......5.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (41.6%) .....................................77 ......4.0

2

Higher education and training ................................... 84 ......4.0
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 90 ......4.1
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 105 ......4.0
Financial market development .................................. 70 ......4.0
Technological readiness ............................................ 69 ......3.8
Market size ............................................................... 66 ......3.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (7.2%) ...........101 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 77 ......3.9
Innovation ............................................................... 118 ......2.8

Kuwait

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................20.9
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................18.0
Access to financing ...........................................................11.5
Corruption ...........................................................................9.0
Policy instability ...................................................................7.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................7.1
Government instability/coups ..............................................5.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................5.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.9
Inflation ................................................................................0.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
Tax rates..............................................................................0.0
Tax regulations ....................................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

240 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Kuwait
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.0 ............39
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.8 ............62
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.5 ............59
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.2 ............56
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.4 ............54
Judicial independence............................................ 5.0 ............36
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.8 ..........100
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.8 ..........102
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.2 ..........145
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.8 ............66
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.8 ............49
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........113
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.7 ............60
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.9 ............14
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.9 ............29
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.8 ............46
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.9 ............72
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.9 ............56
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.1 ..........117
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.3 ............60
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.3 ............31

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.6 ............59
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.8 ............45
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.1 ............74
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.0 ............93
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 230.9 ............60
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.2 ............62
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 191.1 ..............2
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 17.6 ............70

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................. 30.6 ..............2
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 62.2 ..............2
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.9 ............44
General government debt, % GDP* ....................... 7.3 ..............6
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 74.9 ............26

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.9 ............53
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 36.0 ............63
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.1 ............30
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. <0.2 ............41
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 9.3 ............57
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.7 ............58
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.4 ............93
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 92.1 ............91

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 101.0 ............35
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 21.9 ............90
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.1 ..........106
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.6 ............99
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.9 ............92
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.4 ............66
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.8 ............98
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.7 ............94

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 12 ..........129
No. days to start a business* .................................. 32 ..........108
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.1 ..........131
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.9 ..........115
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.5 ............57
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.1 ..........140
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 2.9 ..........143
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.7 ............94
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 26.3 ..........132
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............83
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.4 ............72

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.4 ............62
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.4 ............39
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.6 ..........101
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 28.1 ..........126
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 5.2 ..............9
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.6 ............98
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.6 ..........113
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.5 ............66
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.9 ............45
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.53 ..........127

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.4 ............75
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.3 ............55
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.9 ............44
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.8 ............75
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.6 ............71
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.6 ............45
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.0 ............77
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.0 ............64
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.9 ............57
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.2 ..........144
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 79.2 ............23
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 1.6 ..........103
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 6.0 ..........107
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ n/a ...........n/a

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.4 ............74
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.0 ............50
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 151.0 ............60
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 70.1 ............25

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.1 ............28
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.2 ............87
State of cluster development.................................. 3.5 ............90
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.1 ............98
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.1 ..........121
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.6 ............27
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.3 ..........106
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.0 ............86
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.1 ............38

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.6 ..........136
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.1 ..........110
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.5 ..........126
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.0 ..........120
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.9 ..........120
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.0 ............79
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.2 ............86

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.5 ..........110
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.5 ............94
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.5 ..........119
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.6 ............22
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 10.7 ..............2

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 241

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Kyrgyz Republic
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 5.5
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 6.5
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,158
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

Kyrgyz Republic

15,000

Commonwealth of Independent States

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 121 ..... 3.6

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 127 ......3.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 126 ......3.4

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................122 ......3.7

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 133 ......3.1
Infrastructure .......................................................... 122 ......2.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 113 ......4.0
Health and primary education ................................. 107 ......5.2

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................118 ......3.4

2

Higher education and training ................................... 97 ......3.6
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 116 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 96 ......4.1
Financial market development ................................ 112 ......3.5
Technological readiness .......................................... 129 ......2.7
Market size ............................................................. 120 ......2.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........140 ......2.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 130 ......3.2
Innovation ............................................................... 145 ......2.2

Kyrgyz Republic

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................21.5
Government instability/coups ............................................18.7
Policy instability .................................................................18.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................7.0
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................6.6
Tax rates..............................................................................4.8
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.3
Access to financing .............................................................3.7
Inflation ................................................................................2.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.4
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................1.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................1.6
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.1
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

242 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Kyrgyz Republic
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.9 ..........136
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.3 ..........140
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.4 ..........124
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.0 ..........128
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.6 ..........134
Judicial independence............................................ 2.2 ..........140
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.4 ..........129
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.4 ..........126
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.2 ..........100
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.6 ..........132
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.5 ..........133
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.8 ............97
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.7 ..........114
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.2 ............97
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.1 ..........123
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.0 ..........130
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.2 ..........136
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.8 ..........125
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.9 ..........128
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.5 ..........121
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 7.7 ............13

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.4 ..........108
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.5 ..........133
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.5 ............76
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 1.3 ..........148
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.1 ..........128
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 58.4 ............96
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.7 ..........122
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 124.8 ............46
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 9.0 ............97

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-5.8 ..........127
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 14.0 ..........104
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.8 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 48.9 ............88
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 27.9 ..........113

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.4 ............94
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.1 ............76
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.5 ..........108
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 128.0 ..........104
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.2 ............84
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.40 ............78
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 27.0 ..........102
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 69.6 ............98
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.0 ..........113
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 88.4 ..........105

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 88.2 ............76
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 41.3 ............63
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.7 ..........123
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.0 ..........122
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.7 ..........139
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.3 ..........109
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.3 ..........129
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.2 ..........131

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 2 ..............3
No. days to start a business* .................................. 10 ............49
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.0 ..........135
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.2 ............87
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.9 ..........122
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.9 ..........117
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.6 ..........123
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.2 ..........131
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 107.4 ..............7
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.2 ............99
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.2 ............92

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............89
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.5 ............26
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.3 ............33
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 17.3 ............85
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.3 ..........106
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.3 ............35
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.2 ..........133
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 1.9 ..........144
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 1.9 ..........141
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.72 ............96

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.5 ..........131
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.3 ..........130
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.2 ..........133
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.9 ..........129
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.9 ..........133
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.6 ..........135
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.9 ..........130
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ............................... 10 ..............1

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.6 ..........138
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.7 ..........139
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.6 ..........137
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 21.7 ..........101
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 2.6 ............94
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 3.9 ..........121
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........136

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.4 ..........117
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.4 ..........121
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 13.3 ..........127
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 48.0 ............56

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.0 ..........121
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.7 ..........123
State of cluster development.................................. 2.7 ..........142
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.8 ..........128
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.9 ..........134
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.5 ..........118
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.7 ..........135
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.7 ..........102
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.0 ..........135

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.6 ..........138
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.3 ..........139
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.1 ..........144
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.2 ..........142
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.3 ..........144
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 2.8 ..........146
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ............94

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.3 ..........124
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.1 ..........124
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.1 ..........140
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.4 ..........101
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 68.9 ..........139

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 243

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Lao PDR
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 6.3
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 9.2
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,446
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Lao PDR

1990

1992

1994

Developing Asia

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 81 ..... 4.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) .................................... n/a ......n/a
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) .................................... n/a ......n/a

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .......................................83 ......4.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 63 ......4.0
Infrastructure ............................................................ 84 ......3.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 93 ......4.4
Health and primary education ................................... 80 ......5.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................107 ......3.6

2

Higher education and training ................................. 111 ......3.3
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 54 ......4.4
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 44 ......4.6
Financial market development .................................. 91 ......3.8
Technological readiness .......................................... 113 ......3.0
Market size ............................................................. 122 ......2.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) .............74 ......3.5

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 78 ......3.9
Innovation ................................................................. 68 ......3.2

Lao PDR

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................18.9
Access to financing ...........................................................14.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................11.0
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................8.4
Corruption ...........................................................................6.9
Tax regulations ....................................................................6.7
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.3
Tax rates..............................................................................4.8
Policy instability ...................................................................4.6
Inflation ................................................................................4.2
Poor public health ...............................................................3.6
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................3.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................3.0
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................2.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.8
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

244 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Lao PDR
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.9 ............85
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.8 ............64
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.7 ............54
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.2 ............23
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.7 ............85
Judicial independence............................................ 4.1 ............56
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.5 ............43
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.7 ............11
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.7 ............55
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.5 ............35
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.9 ..........114
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.8 ..........104
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.5 ............71
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.0 ............55
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.7 ............89
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.3 ............68
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.1 ............62
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.7 ..........129
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.7 ............58
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.1 ............71
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 1.7 ..........146

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.4 ............65
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.2 ............65
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.6 ..........137
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.3 ............76
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 22.1 ..........121
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.2 ............61
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 101.9 ............90
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 1.8 ..........122

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.5 ............64
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 17.3 ............83
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 4.3 ............79
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 53.1 ..........100
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 23.1 ..........125

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.7 ..........126
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 1,097.4 ..........113
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.7 ..........136
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 213.0 ..........122
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.9 ..........128
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 33.8 ..........106
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 67.4 ..........107
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.8 ............79
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 97.4 ............42

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 45.8 ..........122
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 17.7 ..........100
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.0 ............57
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.8 ............90
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.1 ............82
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.9 ............87
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.9 ............88
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.2 ............55

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 92 ..........140
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.2 ............36
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............79
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 8.5 ............95
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.0 ..........110
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.0 ............31
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.2 ............63
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 32.8 ..........113
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............73
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.0 ............32

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.3 ............15
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.6 ............18
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............57
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 47.2 ..........138
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.2 ............31
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.8 ............10
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.3 ............65
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.2 ............34
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.4 ............74
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.99 ..............6

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.4 ............79
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.5 ............45
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.9 ..........103
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.3 ............40
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.7 ............66
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.8 ............85
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.9 ............87
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.2 ..........112
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.5 ............90
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.9 ............43
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 10.7 ..........125
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 1.5 ..........104
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 1.8 ..........137
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.8 ..........120

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.4 ..........122
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.4 ..........122
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 19.2 ..........120
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 33.0 ............88

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.3 ..........106
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.0 ..........101
State of cluster development.................................. 4.3 ............38
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.2 ............92
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.8 ............63
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.5 ..........125
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.5 ............93
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.0 ............80
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............49

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.8 ............46
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.6 ............74
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.7 ............33
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.4 ............83
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.7 ............44
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.0 ..........135
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.2 ............56
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.4 ............31
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.6 ............34
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.1 ............45
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 33.3 ............47

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 245

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Latvia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 2.1
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 28.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 13,900
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.05

Latvia

20,000

Central and Eastern Europe

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 52 ..... 4.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 55 ......4.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 64 ......4.2

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (27.8%) .......................................40 ......5.0

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 57 ......4.1
Infrastructure ............................................................ 59 ......4.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 29 ......5.6
Health and primary education ................................... 41 ......6.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................41 ......4.4

2

Higher education and training ................................... 40 ......4.8
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 40 ......4.5
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 26 ......4.8
Financial market development .................................. 45 ......4.5
Technological readiness ............................................ 38 ......4.7
Market size ............................................................... 95 ......3.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (22.2%) ...........68 ......3.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 67 ......4.0
Innovation ................................................................. 70 ......3.2

Latvia

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................15.7
Tax rates............................................................................14.3
Access to financing ...........................................................13.9
Tax regulations ..................................................................10.5
Corruption .........................................................................10.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.7
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................7.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................6.4
Policy instability ...................................................................3.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.1
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.0
Inflation ................................................................................1.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.3
Poor public health ...............................................................1.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.8
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

246 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Latvia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.3 ............62
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.0 ............51
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.3 ............61
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.5 ............89
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.4 ............55
Judicial independence............................................ 3.9 ............63
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.1 ............63
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.0 ............85
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............79
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.0 ..........117
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.1 ............97
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.5 ............45
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.2 ............25
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.4 ............33
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.7 ............40
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.4 ............62
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.1 ............60
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.0 ............51
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............52
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.9 ............88
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.7 ............57

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.9 ............50
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.0 ..........110
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.2 ............32
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.1 ............37
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.4 ............40
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 72.5 ............89
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.3 ............54
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 103.4 ............85
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 22.4 ............51

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 0.1 ............29
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 24.2 ............50
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.3 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 36.4 ............58
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 55.7 ............57

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.7 ............66
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 42.0 ............68
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.6 ............62
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.70 ............97
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 7.1 ............46
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.6 ............73
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.8 ............34
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 95.1 ............62

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 95.8 ............50
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 57.4 ............42
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.7 ............68
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.7 ............33
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.4 ............59
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.7 ............27
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.3 ............67
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.3 ............47

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 4 ............20
No. days to start a business* .................................. 16 ............73
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.8 ............73
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.7 ............33
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.2 ............37
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.6 ............70
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.3 ............54
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 68.8 ............33
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.1 ............37
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.1 ............99

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.5 ............51
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.8 ............13
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.2 ............45
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 9.7 ............37
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.1 ..........115
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.6 ............20
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.7 ............42
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.0 ............98
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.7 ..........112
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.93 ............17

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.0 ............47
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.7 ............42
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.9 ............99
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.5 ............96
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.8 ............58
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.8 ............80
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.2 ............64
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ............................... 10 ..............1

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.3 ............45
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.7 ............68
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.5 ............85
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 74.0 ............30
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 21.5 ............34
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 54.4 ............39
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 51.2 ............29

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.9 ............98
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.2 ............83
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 37.3 ............97
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 65.2 ............29

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.2 ..........114
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.7 ............53
State of cluster development.................................. 3.4 ..........103
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.6 ............63
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.7 ............72
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.1 ............62
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.8 ............66
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.3 ............63
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.0 ............46

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............66
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.9 ............58
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............70
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.6 ............67
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.2 ..........101
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.5 ..........105
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 10.0 ............34

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.4 ............34
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.9 ............62
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.1 ............75
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.7 ............83
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 36.6 ............69

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 247

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Lebanon
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 4.3
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 41.3
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 10,311
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.08

Lebanon

20,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 103 ..... 3.8

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 91 ......3.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 89 ......3.9

Factor driven Transition
2–3

2

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (36.7%) .....................................126 ......3.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 138 ......3.0
Infrastructure .......................................................... 119 ......2.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 148 ......2.5
Health and primary education ................................... 28 ......6.3

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................75 ......4.0

2

Higher education and training ................................... 45 ......4.7
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 51 ......4.4
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 120 ......3.9
Financial market development ................................ 100 ......3.7
Technological readiness ............................................ 81 ......3.5
Market size ............................................................... 71 ......3.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (13.3%) ...........90 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 62 ......4.1
Innovation ............................................................... 124 ......2.7

Lebanon

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................18.7
Corruption .........................................................................16.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................16.7
Government instability/coups ............................................13.9
Policy instability ...................................................................9.8
Access to financing .............................................................7.2
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................4.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.4
Inflation ................................................................................2.7
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.4
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.0
Tax rates..............................................................................1.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................0.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
0

5

10

15

Percent of responses
Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

248 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Lebanon
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.9 ............84
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.4 ..........136
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.2 ..........134
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.4 ..........148
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.5 ..........138
Judicial independence............................................ 2.3 ..........135
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 1.7 ..........147
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 1.8 ..........144
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.9 ..........115
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.7 ..........130
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.3 ..........141
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.3 ..........139
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 3.2 ..........141
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.2 ............96
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.8 ............81
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.2 ..........119
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.2 ..........134
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.2 ............98
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.9 ..........133
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.7 ..........106
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.3 ..........142
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.7 ..........123
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.3 ............64
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.9 ............53
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 148.8 ............73
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 1.3 ..........148
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 93.2 ..........101
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 20.5 ............59

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-9.0 ..........143
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 8.6 ..........133
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 6.6 ..........108
General government debt, % GDP* ................... 139.5 ..........145
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 30.2 ..........104

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.4 ............28
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 15.0 ............35
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.1 ............34
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 8.0 ............50
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 72.6 ............88
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.7 ..............7
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 94.9 ............65

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 83.3 ............87
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 57.7 ............41
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.2 ............13
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.8 ..............4
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.4 ............13
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.4 ..........107
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............58
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.7 ............99

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................... 9 ............43
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.2 ..........129
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.2 ............83
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 6.3 ............81
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.8 ..........120
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.9 ..........114
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.4 ..........115
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 86.3 ............15
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.6 ............65
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.5 ............64

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............84
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.1 ............72
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.2 ............49
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 8.7 ............27
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.9 ............53
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.1 ............56
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.5 ..........123
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.7 ..........115
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.4 ..........124
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.33 ..........142

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.6 ............62
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.3 ............56
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.3 ..........129
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.9 ............62
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.7 ............62
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.8 ............29
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.6 ..........107
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.6 ............86
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.5 ............86
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.6 ..........129
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 61.2 ............46
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 11.7 ............55
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 22.8 ............67
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.3 ..........127

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.3 ............76
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.5 ............70
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 63.2 ............81
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 65.0 ............31

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............50
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.4 ............77
State of cluster development.................................. 3.2 ..........118
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.9 ............47
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.1 ............41
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.9 ............15
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.6 ............76
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.6 ............40
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.3 ..........118

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............89
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.6 ..........129
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.4 ..........136
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.1 ..........110
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.2 ..........146
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.6 ............35
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.4 ............61

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.5 ............25
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.8 ............69
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.5 ..........115
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.2 ............33
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 30.2 ............37

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 249

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Lesotho
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 2.2
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 2.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,283
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.01

Lesotho

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 123 ..... 3.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 137 ......3.2
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 135 ......3.3

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................119 ......3.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 90 ......3.6
Infrastructure .......................................................... 127 ......2.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 39 ......5.3
Health and primary education ................................. 141 ......3.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................132 ......3.2

2

Higher education and training ................................. 125 ......2.9
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 79 ......4.2
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 86 ......4.2
Financial market development ................................ 118 ......3.4
Technological readiness .......................................... 140 ......2.5
Market size ............................................................. 141 ......1.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........135 ......2.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 136 ......3.2
Innovation ............................................................... 135 ......2.5

Lesotho

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................26.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................15.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.8
Corruption .........................................................................13.7
Crime and theft ...................................................................8.0
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.3
Poor public health ...............................................................3.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.1
Tax rates..............................................................................3.1
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.4
Policy instability ...................................................................1.4
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.1
Inflation ................................................................................1.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

250 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Lesotho
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.3 ..........125
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.3 ............92
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.3 ............66
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.1 ............60
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.0 ............66
Judicial independence............................................ 3.5 ............80
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.2 ............59
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.3 ............66
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.8 ............42
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.6 ............80
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.4 ............75
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........109
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.4 ............80
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.5 ..........121
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.5 ............99
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.9 ............92
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ..........100
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.3 ..........136
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.1 ..........114
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.5 ..........120
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.4 ..........109
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.9 ..........115
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.9 ..........127
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.3 ..........145
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ................. 0.3 ..........148
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.5 ..........105
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 59.2 ..........130
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 1.9 ..........120

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 5.9 ............11
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 26.4 ............39
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.3 ............97
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 41.9 ............71
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 32.9 ............98

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.8 ..........133
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 632.0 ..........144
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.0 ..........144
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ........................... 23.30 ..........145
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 62.6 ..........134
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 48.0 ..........147
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.3 ............99
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 74.5 ..........136

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 49.1 ..........121
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 3.5 ..........141
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.6 ............73
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.4 ..........105
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.4 ..........122
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.0 ..........120
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.7 ..........102
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.6 ..........110

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................. 24 ............96
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.6 ..........100
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.2 ............85
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 6.1 ............79
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.0 ............55
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.1 ............23
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.7 ............95
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 119.8 ..............4
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.6 ..........136
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.2 ............91

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.8 ..........122
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.4 ..........117
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.9 ............85
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 15.0 ............72
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.9 ............52
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.4 ..........120
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.8 ..........107
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.1 ............94
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.3 ............84
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.81 ............73

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.4 ..........132
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.5 ..........122
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.5 ..........120
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.1 ............50
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............81
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.2 ..........115
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.8 ..........131
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.7 ..........132
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.7 ..........141
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.4 ..........141
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 4.6 ..........134
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.1 ..........127
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 9.8 ............96
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 1.7 ..........113

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.7 ..........142
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 2.7 ..........139
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 4.1 ..........144
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 48.3 ............55

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.3 ..........143
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.3 ..........139
State of cluster development.................................. 3.6 ............87
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.2 ............93
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.0 ..........125
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.2 ..........139
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.7 ..........137
Extent of marketing ................................................ 2.9 ..........136
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.3 ..........117

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.8 ..........130
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.4 ..........136
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.4 ..........131
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.7 ..........128
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.7 ..........131
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 2.9 ..........141
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.7 ............94
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.4 ..........101
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.6 ..........111
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............60
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 16.0 ..............9

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 251

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Liberia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 4.1
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 1.7
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 436
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.00

Liberia

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 128 ..... 3.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 111 ......3.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) .................................... n/a ......n/a

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................127 ......3.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 77 ......3.8
Infrastructure .......................................................... 131 ......2.4
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 51 ......5.1
Health and primary education ................................. 144 ......3.2

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................131 ......3.2

2

Higher education and training ................................. 126 ......2.9
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 47 ......4.4
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 60 ......4.4
Financial market development ................................ 106 ......3.6
Technological readiness .......................................... 141 ......2.4
Market size ............................................................. 146 ......1.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........114 ......3.2

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 108 ......3.6
Innovation ............................................................... 110 ......2.9

Liberia

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................17.6
Corruption .........................................................................16.4
Crime and theft .................................................................11.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.7
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................8.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.8
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................5.5
Tax regulations ....................................................................5.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................4.4
Tax rates..............................................................................3.6
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.9
Poor public health ...............................................................2.1
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.9
Inflation ................................................................................1.7
Policy instability ...................................................................1.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

252 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Liberia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.8 ............99
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.7 ............68
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.6 ............57
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.3 ............52
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.4 ..........100
Judicial independence............................................ 3.4 ............83
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.4 ............49
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.9 ............30
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.1 ............23
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.8 ............67
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.7 ............57
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.3 ............58
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.0 ............97
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.2 ............99
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.7 ............87
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.7 ..........104
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.8 ............77
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.0 ..........104
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.3 ............99
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.9 ............85
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.7 ..........123

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.5 ..........103
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.9 ..........113
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.0 ............96
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.4 ..........117
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.1 ..........127
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ................. 5.0 ..........143
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.6 ..........125
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 56.4 ..........133
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.0 ..........148

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-0.5 ............34
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ n/a ...........n/a
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 6.8 ..........112
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 29.1 ............38
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 18.6 ..........136

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.4 ..........129
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 27,023.2 ..........138
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.6 ..........140
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 299.0 ..........133
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.5 ..........107
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.00 ..........107
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 58.2 ..........132
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 56.7 ..........127
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.8 ..........123
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 40.8 ..........145

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 44.8 ..........124
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 19.1 ............95
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.4 ............96
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.9 ..........125
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.5 ..........117
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.6 ..........129
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.4 ..........123
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.7 ..........101

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 4 ............20
No. days to start a business* .................................... 6 ............16
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.5 ..........109
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.4 ............63
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.7 ..........119
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.3 ............31
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.4 ............88
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.9 ............79
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 85.1 ............19
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.4 ............90
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.4 ............74

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............78
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.8 ............92
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.2 ............47
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 25.7 ..........113
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.3 ............23
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.8 ............87
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.5 ..........122
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.1 ............89
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.1 ............36
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.92 ............25

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.8 ..........114
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.7 ..........108
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.5 ..........117
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.5 ............92
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.7 ............63
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.6 ............91
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.6 ..........134
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.6 ..........136
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.8 ..........136
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.8 ..........122
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 3.8 ..........137
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........147
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 2.0 ..........135
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........135

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.2 ..........146
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 2.5 ..........144
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 2.7 ..........146
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 47.6 ............58

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.1 ..........119
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.9 ..........109
State of cluster development.................................. 3.7 ............77
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.3 ............83
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.5 ............99
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.5 ..........124
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.2 ..........118
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.3 ..........123
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.5 ............95

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............68
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.8 ..........122
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.9 ............95
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.9 ..........122
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.8 ............40
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 2.8 ..........142
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.6 ..........103
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.8 ............68
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.3 ............56
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.2 ............35
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 27.4 ............26

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 253

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Libya
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 6.4
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 81.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 12,778
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.09

Libya

20,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 108 ..... 3.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 113 ......3.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) .................................... n/a ......n/a

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (57.0%) .......................................93 ......4.2

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 125 ......3.2
Infrastructure .......................................................... 103 ......3.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 16 ......6.0
Health and primary education ................................. 120 ......4.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (37.3%) ...................................139 ......3.1

2

Higher education and training ................................. 104 ......3.5
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 143 ......3.1
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 136 ......3.5
Financial market development ................................ 147 ......2.3
Technological readiness .......................................... 128 ......2.7
Market size ............................................................... 80 ......3.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.8%) ...........141 ......2.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 131 ......3.2
Innovation ............................................................... 146 ......2.2

Libya

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................12.2
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................11.0
Corruption .........................................................................10.1
Policy instability ...................................................................9.5
Access to financing .............................................................8.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................8.0
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................7.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................7.3
Government instability/coups ..............................................5.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.0
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.4
Poor public health ...............................................................1.1
Tax rates..............................................................................0.3
Inflation ................................................................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

254 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Libya
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.4 ..........116
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.2 ..........146
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.4 ..........118
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.1 ............67
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.3 ..........102
Judicial independence............................................ 3.2 ............97
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.9 ............90
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.8 ..........100
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.9 ..........121
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.9 ..........124
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.9 ..........115
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.5 ..........125
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.1 ..........132
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.3 ............88
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.5 ............52
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.7 ..........140
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.6 ..........102
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 2.6 ..........146
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.1 ..........147
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 2.6 ..........147
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... n/a ...........n/a

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.3 ..........144
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.5 ..........134
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.0 ..........124
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.9 ..........136
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 82.1 ............87
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.9 ............96
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 148.2 ............22
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 12.6 ............85

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................. 20.9 ..............4
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 52.4 ..............4
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 6.1 ..........103
General government debt, % GDP* ....................... 0.0 ..............1
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 37.4 ............87

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.2 ............84
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 40.0 ............66
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.3 ............78
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. <0.2 ............41
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 12.8 ............67
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 75.0 ............53
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.5 ..........132
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................... n/a ...........n/a

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 110.3 ............12
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 54.4 ............47
Quality of the educational system ........................... 1.9 ..........148
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.7 ..........130
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.2 ..........146
Internet access in schools ...................................... 1.8 ..........145
Availability of research and training services ........... 2.5 ..........148
Extent of staff training ............................................ 2.9 ..........143

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ....................... n/a ...........n/a
No. days to start a business* ................................. n/a ...........n/a
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.5 ..........147
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.8 ..........121
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.0 ..............1
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 2.5 ..........147
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.3 ..........135
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 2.9 ..........141
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 33.4 ..........108
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.7 ..........132
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.6 ..........129

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............85
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.7 ..........101
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.8 ............86
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... n/a ...........n/a
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.0 ............43
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.3 ..........126
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.3 ..........129
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.1 ............87
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.2 ..........129
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.40 ..........135

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 2.5 ..........147
Affordability of financial services ............................. 2.3 ..........148
Financing through local equity market .................... 1.9 ..........142
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.9 ..........130
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.0 ..........128
Soundness of banks .............................................. 2.8 ..........145
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.1 ..........140
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* .............................. n/a ...........n/a

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.4 ..........141
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.6 ..........142
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.0 ..........148
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 19.9 ..........103
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 1.0 ..........109
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 9.3 ............97
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 13.8 ............78

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.2 ............80
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.5 ............72
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 77.4 ............76
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 52.0 ............47

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.1 ............29
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.2 ..........142
State of cluster development.................................. 2.8 ..........139
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.6 ..........135
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.7 ..........143
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ............93
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.8 ..........134
Extent of marketing ................................................ 2.7 ..........141
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.4 ..........102

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.5 ..........143
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.1 ..........144
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.0 ..........146
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.0 ..........148
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.3 ..........143
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.3 ..........117
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.4 ............82

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.7 ..........139
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.9 ..........135
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 2.7 ..........144
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.3 ..........106
Total tax rate, % profits* ......................................... n/a ...........n/a

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 255

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Lithuania
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 3.0
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 42.2
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 14,018
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.08

Lithuania

25,000

Central and Eastern Europe

20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 48 ..... 4.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 45 ......4.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 44 ......4.4

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (27.5%) .......................................43 ......4.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 61 ......4.0
Infrastructure ............................................................ 41 ......4.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 58 ......4.9
Health and primary education ................................... 50 ......6.0

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................47 ......4.3

2

Higher education and training ................................... 27 ......5.2
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 49 ......4.4
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 69 ......4.3
Financial market development .................................. 87 ......3.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 35 ......4.8
Market size ............................................................... 78 ......3.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (22.5%) ...........44 ......3.9

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 48 ......4.3
Innovation ................................................................. 44 ......3.6

Lithuania

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................17.2
Tax rates............................................................................13.1
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................13.0
Tax regulations ..................................................................11.1
Access to financing .............................................................9.1
Corruption ...........................................................................8.5
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................6.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................4.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.0
Policy instability ...................................................................3.7
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................3.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.9
Inflation ................................................................................1.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.6
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

256 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Lithuania
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.2 ............71
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.7 ............66
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.2 ............73
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.4 ............95
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.6 ............50
Judicial independence............................................ 3.7 ............71
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.1 ............62
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.9 ............95
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.0 ..........107
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.4 ............96
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.2 ............90
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.7 ............34
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.3 ............23
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.1 ............49
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.5 ............50
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.2 ............70
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.3 ............49
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.9 ............54
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............31
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.9 ............92
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.7 ............57

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.1 ............44
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.0 ............34
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.7 ............21
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.1 ............35
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.3 ............75
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 51.3 ............97
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.5 ............46
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 151.8 ............19
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 20.3 ............61

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.0 ............78
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 16.2 ............91
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.2 ............56
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 39.6 ............67
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 60.6 ............46

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.6 ............71
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 59.0 ............78
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.2 ............27
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 4.7 ............31
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.6 ............74
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.0 ............26
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 91.1 ............95

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 98.8 ............41
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 69.5 ............24
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.0 ............59
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.2 ............16
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.4 ............60
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.8 ............23
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.7 ............40
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.1 ............59

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................. 20 ............88
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.9 ............63
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.4 ............54
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.3 ............92
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.0 ..........111
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.6 ............43
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 85.5 ............17
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.3 ............27
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.1 ..........101

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.3 ............72
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.9 ..............7
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.1 ..........130
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 24.6 ..........111
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.0 ..........120
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.7 ............14
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.6 ............48
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.5 ..........127
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.1 ..........135
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.95 ............10

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.8 ............58
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.5 ............47
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.4 ............73
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.4 ..........109
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............84
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.2 ..........111
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.2 ............65
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 5 ............89

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.7 ............38
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.2 ............42
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.3 ..............9
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 68.0 ............38
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 19.5 ............36
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 70.1 ............31
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 8.6 ............88

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.2 ............79
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.6 ............65
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 65.0 ............80
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 83.6 ............19

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.0 ............35
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.0 ............34
State of cluster development.................................. 3.3 ..........109
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.7 ............59
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.2 ............37
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.5 ............31
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.2 ............45
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.7 ............38
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............52

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.0 ............40
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.8 ............32
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............63
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.6 ............28
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.0 ..........109
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.3 ............61
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 4.7 ............45

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.4 ............36
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.4 ............96
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.8 ............98
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.2 ..........114
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 43.7 ............96

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 257

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Luxembourg
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 0.5
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 56.7
GDP per capita (US$) ............................... 107,206
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.05

Luxembourg

100,000

Advanced economies

80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 22 ..... 5.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 22 ......5.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 23 ......5.0

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................11 ......5.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 10 ......5.6
Infrastructure ............................................................ 13 ......5.8
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 15 ......6.0
Health and primary education ................................... 36 ......6.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................22 ......4.9

2

Higher education and training ................................... 36 ......4.9
Goods market efficiency ............................................ 5 ......5.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 22 ......4.8
Financial market development .................................. 14 ......5.1
Technological readiness .............................................. 2 ......6.2
Market size ............................................................... 97 ......3.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........17 ......4.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 22 ......5.0
Innovation ................................................................. 18 ......4.7

Luxembourg

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................25.0
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................17.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................15.4
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................11.5
Access to financing .............................................................8.5
Inflation ................................................................................6.1
Tax rates..............................................................................5.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.3
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.6
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.7
Corruption ...........................................................................0.3
Policy instability ...................................................................0.3
Poor public health ...............................................................0.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

258 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Luxembourg
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 6.0 ..............7
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.9 ..............6
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 6.0 ..............7
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 5.3 ............11
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.2 ..............8
Judicial independence............................................ 5.7 ............18
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.4 ............14
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.4 ............18
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.2 ............18
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.2 ............15
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 5.2 ..............9
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.5 ..............7
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.3 ............19
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 6.3 ..............5
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.5 ..............7
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.0 ............15
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.9 ............10
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 6.1 ..............7
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.5 ..............8
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.5 ..............9
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.3 ..........107

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.0 ............13
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.8 ............16
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 5.0 ............13
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.4 ............26
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.6 ............29
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 25.3 ..........118
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.6 ............12
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 145.5 ............25
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 51.0 ............12

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.9 ............57
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 27.5 ............34
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.9 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 21.1 ............25
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 91.8 ..............8

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.5 ............18
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 0.5 ..............1
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.3 ............20
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 2.3 ..............6
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 81.0 ............16
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.7 ............39
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 92.1 ............90

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 101.2 ............34
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 18.2 ............96
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.4 ............34
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.5 ............44
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.5 ............55
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.2 ..............9
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.3 ............21
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.4 ..............3

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 19 ............82
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.9 ..............4
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.2 ..............7
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 6.3 ..............1
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.8 ..............4
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.4 ............10
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 121.4 ..............3
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.2 ............31
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.7 ..............7

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.1 ............22
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.7 ............98
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.3 ..........116
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 21.7 ..........101
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 5.2 ..............8
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.2 ............47
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.6 ............16
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 5.1 ............11
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 5.4 ..............8
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.79 ............76

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 6.1 ..............4
Affordability of financial services ............................. 6.0 ..............2
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.4 ............26
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.2 ............13
Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.0 ............13
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.0 ............21
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 6.0 ..............3
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 5 ............89

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.3 ............10
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.9 ............11
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.5 ..............7
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 92.0 ..............6
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 32.6 ............12
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ........... 4,091.4 ..............1
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 72.6 ............11

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.6 ..........108
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.7 ............60
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 42.2 ............91
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 158.3 ..............3

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.2 ..........110
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.3 ............23
State of cluster development.................................. 4.7 ............22
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.6 ............14
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.0 ............16
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.2 ............57
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.5 ............18
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.3 ............17
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.7 ............20

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.1 ............11
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.9 ............30
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.7 ............13
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.9 ............19
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.4 ............11
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.3 ............62
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 101.4 ............16

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.1 ............59
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.5 ............25
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.0 ............15
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 5.3 ..............8
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 21.0 ............12

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 259

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Macedonia, FYR
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 2.1
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 9.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 4,683
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Macedonia, FYR

20,000

Central and Eastern Europe

15,000

10,000

5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 73 ..... 4.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 80 ......4.0
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 79 ......4.1

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................70 ......4.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 60 ......4.0
Infrastructure ............................................................ 86 ......3.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 59 ......4.9
Health and primary education ................................... 79 ......5.6

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................76 ......4.0

2

Higher education and training ................................... 76 ......4.2
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 44 ......4.5
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 79 ......4.2
Financial market development .................................. 62 ......4.1
Technological readiness ............................................ 67 ......3.8
Market size ............................................................. 109 ......2.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........94 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 100 ......3.6
Innovation ................................................................. 86 ......3.1

Macedonia, FYR

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................17.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................15.2
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................11.9
Poor work ethic in national labor force ..............................11.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.6
Corruption ...........................................................................8.7
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.7
Tax rates..............................................................................3.6
Policy instability ...................................................................3.3
Poor public health ...............................................................3.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.1
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.8
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.4
Inflation ................................................................................0.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

260 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Macedonia, FYR
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.5 ............56
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.9 ............54
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.8 ............50
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.0 ............69
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.6 ............47
Judicial independence............................................ 3.2 ............98
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.4 ............48
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.6 ............43
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.8 ............38
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.5 ............87
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.9 ..........112
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.4 ............47
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.7 ............61
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.9 ............59
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.6 ............98
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.4 ............61
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.9 ............74
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.7 ............71
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.3 ............97
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.0 ............78
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 7.0 ............19

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.9 ............87
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.0 ..........111
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.9 ............99
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.8 ............92
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.3 ............78
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 13.1 ..........133
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.9 ............74
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 108.2 ............77
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 19.7 ............63

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.8 ............95
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 24.9 ............47
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.3 ............61
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 33.3 ............48
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 39.8 ............79

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.7 ............67
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 20.0 ............45
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.7 ............58
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ........................... <0.01 ..............1
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 8.7 ............53
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.8 ............56
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.9 ............70
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 88.0 ..........109

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 83.7 ............85
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 38.6 ............68
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.7 ............70
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.4 ............51
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.8 ............99
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.1 ............40
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.1 ............78
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.7 ..........104

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 2 ..............3
No. days to start a business* .................................... 2 ..............2
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.4 ............26
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............69
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 5.3 ............71
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.0 ..........109
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.9 ............43
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.6 ............45
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 77.8 ............27
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............74
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.5 ..........136

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............98
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.5 ............28
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.2 ............51
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 13.0 ............59
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.1 ............39
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.2 ............49
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.7 ..........110
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.6 ..........123
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.1 ..........134
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.65 ..........108

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.3 ............82
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.0 ............84
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.3 ............81
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.9 ............63
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............90
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.3 ............55
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.2 ............66
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.7 ............80
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.0 ..........121
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.4 ............92
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 63.1 ............43
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 14.6 ............44
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 31.4 ............55
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 21.6 ............67

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.6 ..........107
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.7 ..........103
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 21.9 ..........114
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 52.6 ............45

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.6 ............79
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.3 ............81
State of cluster development.................................. 3.5 ............95
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.5 ..........143
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.4 ..........103
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ............96
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.5 ............88
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.0 ............84
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.2 ..........121

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.2 ............94
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.4 ............86
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.9 ............91
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.4 ............81
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.4 ............81
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.8 ............92
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.7 ............72

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.8 ............85
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.5 ............89
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.0 ............81
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.2 ............37
Total tax rate, % profits* ......................................... 9.4 ..............1

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 261

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Madagascar
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 21.3
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 10.1
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 451
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Madagascar

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 132 ..... 3.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 130 ......3.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 130 ......3.4

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................130 ......3.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 128 ......3.1
Infrastructure .......................................................... 136 ......2.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 108 ......4.2
Health and primary education ................................. 118 ......4.5

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................127 ......3.3

2

Higher education and training ................................. 132 ......2.7
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 94 ......4.1
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 37 ......4.6
Financial market development ................................ 137 ......2.9
Technological readiness .......................................... 131 ......2.6
Market size ............................................................. 116 ......2.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........105 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 111 ......3.5
Innovation ................................................................. 85 ......3.1

Madagascar

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Policy instability .................................................................17.3
Corruption .........................................................................16.6
Access to financing ...........................................................15.3
Government instability/coups ............................................14.7
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................4.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................4.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.0
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.8
Tax rates..............................................................................3.7
Inflation ................................................................................3.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.3
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.3
Poor public health ...............................................................0.7
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.7
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

262 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Madagascar
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.9 ..........135
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.9 ..........108
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.3 ..........132
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.0 ..........126
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.0 ..........119
Judicial independence............................................ 2.1 ..........141
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.9 ............91
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.4 ..........122
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.3 ............93
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.9 ..........121
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.8 ..........121
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.0 ..........142
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.8 ..........111
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.5 ..........120
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.2 ..........112
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.8 ..........138
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.2 ..........133
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.9 ..........114
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............87
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.5 ..........122
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.7 ............57

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.2 ..........123
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.6 ..........129
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.0 ............94
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.5 ..........105
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.6 ..........106
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 45.2 ..........101
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.5 ..........127
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 39.1 ..........141
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.7 ..........134

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.1 ............82
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 15.7 ............92
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 6.5 ..........106
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 38.3 ............64
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 18.1 ..........139

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.4 ..........131
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 3,556.9 ..........120
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.4 ..........112
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 238.0 ..........127
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.0 ............91
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 42.8 ..........115
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 66.7 ..........109
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.7 ..........126
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 79.2 ..........131

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 31.1 ..........139
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 4.1 ..........136
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.0 ..........117
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.0 ............82
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.0 ............87
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.4 ..........132
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.6 ..........111
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.7 ..........102

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 2 ..............3
No. days to start a business* .................................... 8 ............34
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.5 ..........105
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.7 ..........129
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 7.8 ............89
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.5 ............82
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.0 ..........109
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.5 ..........100
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 39.6 ............91
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.6 ............68
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.7 ..........123

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.4 ............66
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.1 ............74
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.3 ............38
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 12.3 ............56
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.4 ..........100
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.1 ............54
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.0 ............84
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.0 ............96
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.0 ............95
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.95 ..............9

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.6 ..........126
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.2 ..........133
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.3 ..........128
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.7 ............81
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............89
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.3 ..........108
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.6 ..........135
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 2 ..........141

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.3 ..........109
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.3 ..........106
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.1 ..........104
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 2.1 ..........142
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........136
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 0.5 ..........143
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.1 ..........133

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.5 ..........112
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.3 ..........123
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 21.4 ..........116
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 26.1 ..........115

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............65
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.0 ..........103
State of cluster development.................................. 3.0 ..........127
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.9 ..........117
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.3 ..........107
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.4 ..........129
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.2 ..........112
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.3 ..........124
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.6 ............87

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............73
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.2 ..........105
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............71
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.3 ............96
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.4 ............86
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.4 ............55
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........114

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.8 ............82
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.4 ..........103
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.5 ..........117
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.2 ..........115
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 36.0 ............67

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 263

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Malawi
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 15.4
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 4.2
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 253
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

Malawi

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 136 ..... 3.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 129 ......3.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 117 ......3.6

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................140 ......3.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 76 ......3.8
Infrastructure .......................................................... 137 ......2.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 146 ......2.8
Health and primary education ................................. 123 ......4.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................122 ......3.3

2

Higher education and training ................................. 133 ......2.6
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 115 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 39 ......4.6
Financial market development .................................. 71 ......4.0
Technological readiness .......................................... 144 ......2.4
Market size ............................................................. 126 ......2.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........115 ......3.2

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 114 ......3.5
Innovation ............................................................... 108 ......2.9

Malawi

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Foreign currency regulations ..............................................18.3
Access to financing ...........................................................14.5
Tax rates............................................................................11.8
Corruption .........................................................................11.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................8.7
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.1
Inflation ................................................................................7.1
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................6.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.4
Policy instability ...................................................................2.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.1
Poor public health ...............................................................1.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................0.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

264 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Malawi
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.8 ............95
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.4 ............89
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.1 ............77
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.8 ............78
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.3 ..........103
Judicial independence............................................ 4.0 ............59
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.8 ............92
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.0 ............88
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.7 ............49
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.9 ............56
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.9 ............44
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.9 ............96
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.7 ............62
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.9 ..........111
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.4 ............58
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.9 ............85
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.8 ............84
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.7 ............70
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.5 ............79
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.4 ............55
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.2 ..........121
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.3 ............96
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.9 ............97
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.3 ..........118
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.9 ..........137
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ................. 5.9 ..........142
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.6 ..........123
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 27.8 ..........145
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 1.4 ..........125

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.6 ..........113
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 13.5 ..........110
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 21.3 ..........146
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 54.9 ..........103
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 22.0 ..........128

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 2.9 ..........141
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 26,033.1 ..........136
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.7 ..........137
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 191.0 ..........117
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 2.8 ..........146
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ........................... 10.00 ..........139
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 52.9 ..........127
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 54.1 ..........132
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.9 ..........122
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 96.9 ............48

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 34.2 ..........137
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 0.8 ..........146
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.4 ............92
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.2 ..........113
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.3 ..........124
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.8 ..........123
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.7 ..........104
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.9 ............84

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 10 ..........116
No. days to start a business* .................................. 39 ..........121
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.6 ..........102
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.1 ..........100
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.2 ..........109
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.6 ............78
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.1 ..........106
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.4 ..........116
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 46.8 ............70
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.2 ..........110
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.0 ..........109

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............95
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.2 ............60
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.0 ............66
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 16.7 ............82
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.3 ..........104
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.0 ............66
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.2 ............71
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.3 ............75
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.6 ............60
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 1.06 ..............1

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.7 ..........116
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.5 ..........121
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.7 ............52
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.6 ............91
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.4 ............96
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.1 ............68
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.9 ............81
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.9 ..........127
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.8 ..........133
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.6 ..........130
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 4.4 ..........135
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........143
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 2.8 ..........129
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 3.5 ..........106

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.3 ..........127
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.1 ..........129
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 14.3 ..........126
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 26.7 ..........112

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.5 ............94
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.9 ..........114
State of cluster development.................................. 3.7 ............81
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.0 ..........115
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.0 ..........126
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.7 ..........107
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.9 ..........129
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.2 ..........128
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.4 ............98

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.0 ..........116
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.2 ..........104
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.7 ..........113
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.1 ..........111
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.4 ............83
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.6 ..........101
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........122

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.3 ..........125
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.2 ..........117
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.9 ............86
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.8 ............71
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 34.7 ............58

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 265

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Malaysia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 28.9
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 303.5
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 10,304
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.60

Malaysia

20,000

Developing Asia

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 24 ..... 5.0

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 25 ......5.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 21 ......5.1

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (36.7%) .......................................27 ......5.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 29 ......4.8
Infrastructure ............................................................ 29 ......5.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 38 ......5.4
Health and primary education ................................... 33 ......6.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................25 ......4.9

2

Higher education and training ................................... 46 ......4.7
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 10 ......5.2
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 25 ......4.8
Financial market development .................................... 6 ......5.4
Technological readiness ............................................ 51 ......4.2
Market size ............................................................... 26 ......4.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (13.3%) ...........23 ......4.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 20 ......5.0
Innovation ................................................................. 25 ......4.4

Malaysia

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................14.7
Corruption .........................................................................14.4
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................9.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................8.0
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.0
Access to financing .............................................................6.2
Tax rates..............................................................................6.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................6.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................6.1
Inflation ................................................................................5.3
Government instability/coups ..............................................3.3
Policy instability ...................................................................3.3
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................3.1
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................2.8
Poor public health ...............................................................1.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

266 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Malaysia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.2 ............31
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.8 ............30
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.2 ............42
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.3 ............20
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.7 ............44
Judicial independence............................................ 4.5 ............44
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.0 ............25
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.3 ............21
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.6 ..............8
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.1 ............18
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.7 ............17
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.0 ............20
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.3 ............85
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.6 ............75
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.2 ............63
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.9 ............42
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.0 ............28
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.4 ............27
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.3 ............13
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.1 ............21
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 8.7 ..............4

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.5 ............25
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.4 ............23
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.8 ............18
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.4 ............24
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.8 ............20
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 1,683.0 ............23
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.8 ............37
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 140.9 ............27
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 15.7 ............79

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.3 ..........103
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 31.9 ............20
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.7 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 55.5 ..........105
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 71.7 ............30

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.4 ............96
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................... 56.2 ............96
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.1 ............87
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 81.0 ............90
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.0 ............88
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.40 ............78
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 5.6 ............37
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.3 ............63
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.8 ............33
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 95.9 ............55

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 69.1 ..........105
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 42.3 ............62
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.0 ............19
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.9 ............27
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.9 ............35
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.2 ............36
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.3 ............20
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.1 ............11

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 3 ............10
No. days to start a business* .................................... 6 ............16
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 5.0 ..............2
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.8 ............30
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 5.0 ............68
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.1 ............48
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.4 ............14
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.0 ............23
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 78.6 ............26
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.4 ............18
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.6 ............11

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.2 ............19
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.5 ............33
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.5 ............26
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 23.9 ..........110
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 5.0 ............10
Pay and productivity............................................... 5.2 ..............2
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.4 ............21
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.6 ............20
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.6 ............22
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.59 ..........121

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.5 ............22
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.4 ............15
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.9 ..............9
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.4 ..............5
Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.2 ..............7
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.7 ............40
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.3 ............18
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ............................... 10 ..............1

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.7 ............37
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.5 ............33
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.3 ............13
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 65.8 ............39
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 8.4 ............66
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 16.4 ............77
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 13.5 ............79

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.5 ............29
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.8 ............20
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 498.5 ............29
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 87.4 ............15

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.3 ............17
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.0 ............31
State of cluster development.................................. 5.0 ............14
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.6 ............27
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.0 ............17
Control of international distribution ......................... 5.0 ............11
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.0 ............26
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.1 ............30
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 5.0 ............13

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.9 ............15
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.9 ............27
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.6 ............17
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.0 ............16
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.8 ..............4
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.9 ............19
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 12.1 ............31

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.4 ............32
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.8 ............18
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.8 ............23
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 5.0 ............12
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 24.5 ............20

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 267

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Mali
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 15.8
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 10.3
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 631
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

Mali

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 135 ..... 3.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 128 ......3.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 128 ......3.4

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................137 ......3.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 136 ......3.0
Infrastructure .......................................................... 108 ......3.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 86 ......4.4
Health and primary education ................................. 145 ......3.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................129 ......3.2

2

Higher education and training ................................. 136 ......2.6
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 109 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 112 ......4.0
Financial market development ................................ 122 ......3.4
Technological readiness .......................................... 117 ......2.9
Market size ............................................................. 123 ......2.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........111 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 112 ......3.5
Innovation ................................................................. 98 ......3.0

Mali

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................25.9
Corruption .........................................................................13.1
Government instability/coups ............................................10.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................9.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................7.6
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.4
Policy instability ...................................................................7.0
Tax rates..............................................................................3.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.0
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.9
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.4
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.1
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.5
Inflation ................................................................................0.9
Poor public health ...............................................................0.6
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

268 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Mali
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.3 ..........126
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.7 ..........127
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.3 ..........130
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.3 ..........109
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.3 ..........144
Judicial independence............................................ 2.6 ..........122
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.5 ..........119
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.8 ............97
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............89
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.1 ..........111
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.3 ............83
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.4 ..........134
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 2.9 ..........143
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.3 ..........128
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.6 ..........133
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.5 ..........112
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.5 ..........115
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.1 ..........139
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.6 ..........142
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.7 ..........108
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.7 ..........123

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.8 ............95
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.5 ............89
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.4 ............81
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.0 ............83
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.1 ............86
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 20.7 ..........126
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.4 ..........106
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 89.5 ..........108
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.7 ..........133

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.1 ............45
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 11.3 ..........120
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.3 ............96
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 32.0 ............41
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 20.4 ..........134

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 2.7 ..........144
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 23,225.5 ..........132
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.9 ..........129
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 62.0 ............80
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.7 ..........131
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.10 ..........112
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 98.2 ..........147
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 51.4 ..........139
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.5 ..........128
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 62.9 ..........141

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 39.5 ..........130
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 6.1 ..........129
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.9 ..........122
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.9 ..........126
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.4 ..........119
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.1 ..........117
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.5 ..........114
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.1 ..........135

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 4 ............20
No. days to start a business* .................................... 8 ............34
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.9 ............62
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.6 ..........137
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.5 ..........113
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.6 ..........125
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.9 ..........112
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.8 ............86
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 41.6 ............84
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.3 ............97
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.6 ..........130

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.5 ............54
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.0 ............80
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............58
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 13.7 ............65
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.9 ..........124
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.4 ..........115
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.1 ..........140
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.5 ............61
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.4 ............75
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.53 ..........126

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.6 ..........127
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.7 ..........104
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.7 ..........109
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.8 ............74
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.3 ............99
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.1 ..........119
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.5 ..........138
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.6 ............84
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.5 ............84
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.3 ............97
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 2.2 ..........140
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........139
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 4.8 ..........115
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.7 ..........121

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.4 ..........118
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.2 ..........126
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 18.0 ..........121
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 26.0 ..........116

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............45
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.2 ............90
State of cluster development.................................. 3.7 ............79
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.9 ..........119
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.2 ..........117
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.7 ..........111
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.1 ..........120
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.1 ..........132
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.1 ..........126

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.2 ..........104
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.4 ............87
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.9 ............97
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.9 ..........123
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.6 ............59
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.2 ............65
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.5 ..........111
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.0 ............51
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.1 ............67
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.7 ..........134
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 51.7 ..........118

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 269

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Malta
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 0.4
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 8.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 20,852
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.01

Malta

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 41 ..... 4.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 47 ......4.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 51 ......4.3

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................34 ......5.2

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 37 ......4.6
Infrastructure ............................................................ 34 ......5.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 74 ......4.6
Health and primary education ................................... 15 ......6.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................36 ......4.5

2

Higher education and training ................................... 31 ......5.0
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 32 ......4.7
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 43 ......4.6
Financial market development .................................. 34 ......4.6
Technological readiness ............................................ 16 ......5.7
Market size ............................................................. 127 ......2.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........40 ......4.0

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 36 ......4.4
Innovation ................................................................. 42 ......3.6

Malta

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................25.4
Access to financing ...........................................................14.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................9.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................7.6
Tax rates..............................................................................7.1
Tax regulations ....................................................................6.4
Corruption ...........................................................................6.2
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................5.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................5.2
Inflation ................................................................................4.7
Policy instability ...................................................................0.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.7
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

270 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Malta
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.5 ............22
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.9 ............28
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.3 ............39
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.4 ............44
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.2 ............60
Judicial independence............................................ 4.8 ............39
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.2 ............60
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.8 ............32
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............86
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.2 ............46
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.7 ............55
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.2 ............60
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.8 ............50
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.8 ............19
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.0 ............25
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.3 ............33
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.4 ............42
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.9 ............13
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.6 ............63
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.2 ............18
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.7 ............57

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.2 ............36
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.4 ............91
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.8 ............13
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.7 ............23
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 70.3 ............93
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.1 ............69
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 128.7 ............41
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 54.8 ..............8

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.0 ............79
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 12.7 ..........114
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.2 ............58
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 72.5 ..........120
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 70.3 ............33

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.0 ............46
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 9.1 ............29
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.9 ............48
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 5.1 ............35
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 82.0 ..............7
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.7 ..............9
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 93.8 ............75

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 100.9 ............36
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 35.3 ............72
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.3 ..............8
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.5 ..............8
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.2 ............21
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.9 ............20
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.7 ............39
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.4 ............35

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 11 ..........126
No. days to start a business* .................................. 40 ..........124
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.4 ............24
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.8 ............29
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.7 ............70
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.4 ............13
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.8 ............34
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 104.3 ..............8
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.7 ............60
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.9 ............34

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.0 ............27
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............42
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.9 ............82
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 7.3 ............21
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.0 ............46
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.3 ............43
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.9 ............99
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.2 ............32
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.7 ............19
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.55 ..........125

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.4 ............27
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.1 ............27
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.4 ............25
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.9 ............15
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.2 ............37
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.3 ............14
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.4 ............17
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.1 ............22
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.5 ............31
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.2 ............18
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 70.0 ............36
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 31.7 ............14
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 638.5 ..............3
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 57.6 ............21

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.0 ..........133
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.7 ..........105
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 11.3 ..........132
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 100.4 ..............8

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.4 ............12
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.7 ............54
State of cluster development.................................. 3.9 ............64
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.3 ............31
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.3 ............33
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.8 ............19
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.5 ............34
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.6 ............39
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.7 ............75

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.8 ............47
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.0 ............57
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.4 ............49
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.8 ............55
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.9 ............35
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.5 ............42
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 9.9 ............35

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 6.0 ..............4
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.1 ............46
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.8 ............22
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.2 ............34
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 41.6 ............87

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 271

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Mauritania
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 3.5
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 4.2
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,157
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.01

Mauritania

8,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 141 ..... 3.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 134 ......3.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 137 ......3.2

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................132 ......3.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 139 ......2.9
Infrastructure .......................................................... 120 ......2.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 78 ......4.6
Health and primary education ................................. 136 ......3.7

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................147 ......2.7

2

Higher education and training ................................. 146 ......2.1
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 141 ......3.4
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 143 ......3.2
Financial market development ................................ 140 ......2.7
Technological readiness .......................................... 125 ......2.7
Market size ............................................................. 134 ......2.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........134 ......2.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 138 ......3.2
Innovation ............................................................... 133 ......2.5

Mauritania

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................23.3
Corruption .........................................................................11.9
Policy instability .................................................................11.4
Government instability/coups ............................................10.5
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................7.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................6.2
Inflation ................................................................................5.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.9
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.4
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.4
Poor public health ...............................................................1.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
Tax rates..............................................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

272 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Mauritania
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.8 ..........139
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.5 ..........132
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.4 ..........121
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.3 ..........103
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.6 ..........136
Judicial independence............................................ 2.4 ..........130
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.1 ..........142
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.3 ..........128
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.3 ............91
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.8 ..........127
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.8 ..........119
Transparency of government policymaking............. 2.8 ..........145
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.8 ..........109
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.3 ............38
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.4 ............55
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.0 ..........128
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 2.8 ..........148
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 2.7 ..........145
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.2 ..........145
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 2.9 ..........142
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.7 ..........123

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.6 ..........138
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.7 ..........124
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.0 ............92
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.9 ..........126
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.3 ..........144
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 11.0 ..........136
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.3 ..........108
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 111.1 ............68
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 1.8 ..........121

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 2.6 ............16
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 16.9 ............86
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 4.9 ............89
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 79.7 ..........128
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 23.1 ..........125

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.4 ..........114
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 17,311.2 ..........128
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.2 ..........121
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 344.0 ..........135
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.6 ..........106
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.10 ..........112
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 75.6 ..........138
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 58.5 ..........123
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.2 ..........140
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 74.5 ..........135

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 27.0 ..........144
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 4.7 ..........134
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.6 ..........136
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.7 ..........133
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.5 ..........143
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.0 ..........141
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.0 ..........138
Extent of staff training ............................................ 2.5 ..........148

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 9 ..........104
No. days to start a business* .................................. 19 ............82
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.0 ..........136
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.6 ..........138
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 9.3 ..........101
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.1 ..........142
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.5 ..........124
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.3 ..........122
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 72.7 ............30
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.1 ..........145
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.5 ..........137

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.3 ..........142
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.0 ............81
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.7 ............94
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 10.5 ............44
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.3 ..........141
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.6 ..........145
Reliance on professional management ................... 2.3 ..........146
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.1 ..........136
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.1 ..........137
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.36 ..........138

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.1 ..........139
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.1 ..........136
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.4 ..........125
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.9 ..........132
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.9 ..........132
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.5 ..........136
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.6 ..........136
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.5 ............98
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.2 ..........109
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.2 ..........145
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 5.4 ..........131
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.2 ..........123
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 3.2 ..........127
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 3.2 ..........108

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.8 ..........137
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.3 ..........124
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 7.7 ..........135
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 68.1 ............26

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.5 ............91
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.2 ..........141
State of cluster development.................................. 3.3 ..........110
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.0 ..........105
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.2 ..........111
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.5 ..........123
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.8 ..........131
Extent of marketing ................................................ 2.7 ..........142
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 2.7 ..........143

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.6 ..........137
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.5 ..........134
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.0 ............79
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.3 ..........140
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.1 ..........104
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 2.9 ..........139
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.5 ..........108
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.1 ..........126
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.3 ..........129
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.7 ..........133
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 68.2 ..........137

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 273

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Mauritius
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 1.3
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 11.5
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 8,850
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

Mauritius

20,000

Sub-Saharan Africa

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 45 ..... 4.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 54 ......4.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 54 ......4.3

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................42 ......5.0

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 39 ......4.6
Infrastructure ............................................................ 50 ......4.4
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 67 ......4.8
Health and primary education ................................... 43 ......6.0

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................61 ......4.2

2

Higher education and training ................................... 61 ......4.3
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 25 ......4.9
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 55 ......4.5
Financial market development .................................. 26 ......4.7
Technological readiness ............................................ 63 ......3.9
Market size ............................................................. 112 ......2.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........57 ......3.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 41 ......4.4
Innovation ................................................................. 81 ......3.1

Mauritius

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................18.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................12.1
Corruption .........................................................................11.3
Access to financing ...........................................................10.7
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................10.6
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................9.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................7.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................7.2
Policy instability ...................................................................3.7
Inflation ................................................................................2.3
Tax rates..............................................................................1.9
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.3
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.1
Poor public health ...............................................................1.0
Tax regulations ....................................................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

274 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Mauritius
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.1 ............37
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.0 ............49
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.8 ............51
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.1 ............66
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.6 ............45
Judicial independence............................................ 5.0 ............35
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.1 ............66
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.6 ............47
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.8 ............35
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.8 ............23
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.4 ............22
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.5 ............38
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.3 ............20
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.2 ............46
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.1 ............21
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.6 ............54
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.5 ............41
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.5 ............24
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............26
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.2 ............19
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 7.7 ............13

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.8 ............52
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.5 ............52
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.9 ............44
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.0 ............50
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 162.7 ............72
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.1 ............66
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 113.1 ............66
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 26.6 ............44

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.8 ............56
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 14.7 ..........100
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.9 ............74
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 50.3 ............92
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 54.5 ............59

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.7 ............64
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 21.0 ............47
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.3 ............80
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.00 ..........107
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 12.8 ............67
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.3 ............82
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.5 ............47
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 97.0 ............46

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 83.8 ............84
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 32.4 ............75
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.3 ............37
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.5 ............43
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.4 ............61
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.3 ............67
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.3 ............63
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.4 ............38

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................... 6 ............16
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.4 ............25
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.8 ............26
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.9 ............31
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.7 ............67
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.6 ..............9
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.6 ............44
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 66.4 ............36
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.9 ............46
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.9 ............36

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.8 ............38
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.6 ..........104
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.0 ............67
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 10.6 ............46
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.9 ............12
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.0 ............65
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.5 ............53
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.1 ............92
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.9 ............42
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.60 ..........118

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.2 ............33
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.9 ............34
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.1 ............37
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.5 ............27
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.0 ............46
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.1 ............16
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.3 ............22
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.3 ............46
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.0 ............52
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.9 ............41
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 41.4 ............80
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 10.6 ............59
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 14.6 ............83
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 21.5 ............68

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.5 ..........114
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.7 ..........107
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 20.2 ..........118
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 53.5 ............44

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............41
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.7 ............55
State of cluster development.................................. 4.0 ............54
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.1 ............37
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.5 ............27
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.7 ............22
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.4 ............40
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.4 ............55
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............59

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............72
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.4 ............92
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............64
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.3 ............94
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.5 ............75
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.6 ..........102
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ..........105

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.5 ............30
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.6 ............81
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.5 ............44
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 5.2 ..............9
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 28.5 ............32

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 275

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Mexico
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ...................................... 114.8
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 1,177.1
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 10,247
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 2.12

Mexico

20,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

15,000

10,000

5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 55 ..... 4.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 53 ......4.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 58 ......4.3

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (36.9%) .......................................63 ......4.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 96 ......3.6
Infrastructure ............................................................ 64 ......4.1
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 49 ......5.1
Health and primary education ................................... 73 ......5.7

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................55 ......4.3

2

Higher education and training ................................... 85 ......4.0
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 83 ......4.2
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 113 ......3.9
Financial market development .................................. 59 ......4.2
Technological readiness ............................................ 74 ......3.7
Market size ............................................................... 11 ......5.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (13.1%) ...........55 ......3.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 55 ......4.2
Innovation ................................................................. 61 ......3.3

Mexico

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................18.0
Crime and theft .................................................................14.0
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.9
Tax regulations ..................................................................10.0
Access to financing .............................................................9.9
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................7.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................6.7
Tax rates..............................................................................4.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.5
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................4.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.8
Policy instability ...................................................................1.5
Inflation ................................................................................0.8
Poor public health ...............................................................0.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

276 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Mexico
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.2 ............75
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.6 ............77
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.7 ..........105
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.3 ..........105
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.6 ............88
Judicial independence............................................ 3.3 ............90
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.9 ............86
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.0 ............81
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.0 ..........111
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.4 ............98
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.3 ............78
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.2 ............67
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.8 ..........110
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 2.8 ..........139
Organized crime ..................................................... 2.9 ..........143
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.0 ..........126
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............88
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.0 ............45
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.5 ............78
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.4 ............56
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.4 ............66
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.6 ............51
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.8 ............60
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.4 ............62
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.7 ............64
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 1,849.4 ............21
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.7 ............81
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 86.8 ..........112
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 17.4 ............71

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.7 ............93
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 23.8 ............51
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 4.1 ............77
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 43.5 ............77
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 68.5 ............36

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 6.5 ............76
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 1.3 ............83
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.2 ............37
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 23.0 ............51
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.6 ............68
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 13.4 ............72
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 76.9 ............39
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.8 ..........124
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 97.8 ............37

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 90.7 ............67
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 28.8 ............79
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.0 ..........119
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.7 ..........131
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.3 ............65
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.8 ............90
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............50
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.0 ............72

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................... 9 ............43
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.1 ..........132
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.4 ............56
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 8.3 ............93
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.3 ............34
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.8 ............46
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.0 ............76
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 34.5 ..........104
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.8 ............54
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.7 ............54

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.6 ............44
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.9 ............87
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.4 ..........113
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 22.0 ..........104
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.3 ..........102
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.8 ............88
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.2 ............76
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.6 ............56
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.3 ............79
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.56 ..........123

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.6 ............61
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.0 ............85
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.5 ............65
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.5 ............94
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.6 ............76
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.8 ............30
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.4 ............51
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.1 ............61
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.8 ............64
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.3 ............16
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 38.4 ............85
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 10.9 ............56
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 16.3 ............80
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 9.7 ............86

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.5 ............11
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.0 ............14
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 1,758.9 ............11
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 32.9 ............89

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............48
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.9 ............39
State of cluster development.................................. 4.3 ............35
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.5 ............72
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.2 ............36
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.0 ............71
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.2 ............46
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.4 ............56
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.8 ............64

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............75
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.0 ............54
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.2 ............61
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.1 ............44
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.6 ............63
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.0 ............77
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.7 ............57

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.0 ............65
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.3 ..........107
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.5 ..........114
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.6 ............87
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 52.5 ..........119

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 277

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Moldova
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 3.6
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 7.3
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 2,037
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

Moldova

15,000

Commonwealth of Independent States

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 89 ..... 3.9

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 87 ......3.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 93 ......3.9

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (59.3%) .......................................97 ......4.2

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 122 ......3.2
Infrastructure ............................................................ 88 ......3.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 77 ......4.6
Health and primary education ................................... 93 ......5.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.6%) ...................................102 ......3.7

2

Higher education and training ................................... 90 ......3.9
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 107 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 95 ......4.1
Financial market development ................................ 105 ......3.6
Technological readiness ............................................ 64 ......3.9
Market size ............................................................. 124 ......2.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.2%) ...........133 ......2.9

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 125 ......3.3
Innovation ............................................................... 138 ......2.4

Moldova

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................19.8
Policy instability .................................................................18.5
Government instability/coups ............................................11.2
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................7.6
Tax regulations ....................................................................7.6
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.0
Access to financing .............................................................6.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................5.7
Tax rates..............................................................................5.7
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................2.0
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.5
Inflation ................................................................................1.1
Poor public health ...............................................................0.9
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.8
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

278 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Moldova
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.2 ..........131
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.7 ..........125
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.4 ..........123
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.1 ..........118
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.2 ..........114
Judicial independence............................................ 1.9 ..........145
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.3 ..........131
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.6 ..........111
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.8 ..........122
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.6 ..........131
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.5 ..........137
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.0 ............81
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.4 ............10
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.0 ............54
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.8 ............83
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.0 ..........124
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.4 ..........119
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.1 ..........102
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.2 ..........101
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.5 ..........118
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.5 ..........105
Quality of roads ...................................................... 1.7 ..........148
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.6 ............68
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.6 ..........138
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.5 ..........116
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 18.9 ..........128
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.3 ............87
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 115.9 ............59
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 34.3 ............32

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.1 ............59
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 14.0 ..........103
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 4.7 ............87
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 23.8 ............29
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 28.3 ..........111

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.0 ............97
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 161.0 ..........111
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.7 ............59
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.50 ............88
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 13.8 ............73
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 69.2 ..........100
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.7 ............80
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 87.8 ..........111

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 87.7 ............77
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 39.4 ............66
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.0 ..........115
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.1 ............74
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.2 ..........133
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.6 ............56
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.3 ..........128
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.2 ..........126

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................... 9 ............43
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.9 ..........138
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.4 ............64
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.2 ............54
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.9 ..........119
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.9 ..........115
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.4 ..........108
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 84.9 ............20
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.9 ..........125
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.1 ..........103

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............77
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.4 ............34
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.6 ............95
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 22.6 ..........106
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.6 ..........136
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.4 ............34
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.7 ..........111
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 1.9 ..........145
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 1.7 ..........146
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.91 ............28

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.7 ..........118
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.6 ..........114
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.5 ..........119
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.4 ..........104
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.1 ..........118
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.1 ..........118
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.1 ..........124
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.1 ..........116
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.0 ..........124
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.1 ..........109
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 43.4 ............77
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 11.9 ............52
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 94.0 ............23
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 5.1 ............97

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.3 ..........126
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.3 ..........125
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 12.2 ..........131
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 42.1 ............68

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.9 ..........127
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.8 ..........115
State of cluster development.................................. 2.3 ..........147
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.8 ..........127
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.2 ..........118
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.7 ..........110
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.9 ..........125
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.7 ..........105
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.4 ..........108

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.7 ..........134
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.6 ..........132
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.1 ..........142
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.7 ..........129
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.5 ..........139
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.1 ..........131
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.4 ............81

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.4 ..........119
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.0 ..........133
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.2 ..........133
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.0 ..........126
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 31.2 ............40

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 279

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Mongolia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 2.8
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 10.3
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,627
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Mongolia

1990

1992

1994

Developing Asia

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 107 ..... 3.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 93 ......3.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 96 ......3.9

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (46.5%) .....................................108 ......3.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 113 ......3.3
Infrastructure .......................................................... 113 ......2.9
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 130 ......3.7
Health and primary education ................................... 76 ......5.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (45.1%) .....................................94 ......3.7

2

Higher education and training ................................... 82 ......4.1
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 96 ......4.1
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 51 ......4.5
Financial market development ................................ 129 ......3.2
Technological readiness ............................................ 66 ......3.8
Market size ............................................................. 119 ......2.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (8.4%) ...........121 ......3.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 128 ......3.3
Innovation ............................................................... 109 ......2.9

Mongolia

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................15.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................14.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................10.7
Access to financing ...........................................................10.3
Policy instability .................................................................10.2
Corruption ...........................................................................8.2
Inflation ................................................................................5.3
Government instability/coups ..............................................4.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................4.0
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.5
Tax rates..............................................................................3.1
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.4
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.9
Poor public health ...............................................................1.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

280 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Mongolia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.6 ..........110
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.5 ..........134
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.4 ..........120
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.1 ..........124
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.5 ............94
Judicial independence............................................ 2.9 ..........111
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.3 ..........132
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.2 ..........133
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.9 ..........119
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.2 ..........110
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.6 ..........129
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........105
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.8 ............49
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.7 ............65
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.8 ............79
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.7 ............99
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.5 ..........117
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.4 ..........135
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.8 ..........136
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.6 ..........112
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.7 ............25

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.8 ..........133
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.3 ..........141
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.6 ............66
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.6 ..........140
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.2 ..........126
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 29.9 ..........112
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.6 ..........103
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 117.6 ............55
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 6.2 ..........105

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-7.0 ..........133
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 28.4 ............33
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 15.0 ..........142
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 51.7 ............94
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 38.0 ............84

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.3 ............83
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 223.0 ..........124
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.7 ............60
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 25.5 ............99
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 68.5 ..........106
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.5 ............91
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 98.6 ............27

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 92.6 ............58
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 57.2 ............43
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.6 ..........137
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.1 ............68
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.9 ..........136
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.9 ............83
Availability of research and training services ........... 2.7 ..........145
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.0 ............73

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................. 12 ............57
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.7 ............82
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.2 ............88
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.6 ............63
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.9 ............61
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.1 ..........107
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.1 ..........135
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 85.1 ............18
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.9 ..........124
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.9 ..........110

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.0 ..........109
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.8 ............16
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............63
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 8.7 ............27
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............79
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.4 ............30
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.6 ..........120
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.7 ..........118
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.2 ..........130
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.85 ............58

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.6 ..........124
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.6 ..........115
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.4 ..........123
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.7 ..........142
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.7 ..........144
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.3 ..........110
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.7 ..........133
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.6 ............90
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.6 ............79
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.7 ............67
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 16.4 ..........111
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 3.6 ............89
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 91.9 ............24
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 26.7 ............60

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.4 ..........119
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.5 ..........115
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 15.2 ..........125
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 50.1 ............48

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.6 ..........137
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.4 ..........136
State of cluster development.................................. 2.8 ..........140
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.5 ............73
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.9 ..........135
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.0 ..........145
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.2 ..........114
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.7 ..........101
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.1 ..........128

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.1 ..........107
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.3 ............99
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.8 ..........100
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.0 ..........114
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.1 ..........106
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.1 ............70
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ..........106

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.6 ............98
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.6 ..........146
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.4 ..........123
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.7 ............81
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 24.6 ............21

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 281

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Montenegro
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 0.6
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 4.3
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 6,882
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.01

Montenegro

20,000

Central and Eastern Europe

15,000

10,000

5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 67 ..... 4.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 72 ......4.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 60 ......4.3

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................68 ......4.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 52 ......4.2
Infrastructure ............................................................ 70 ......4.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 112 ......4.1
Health and primary education ................................... 37 ......6.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................72 ......4.0

2

Higher education and training ................................... 50 ......4.6
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 64 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 58 ......4.4
Financial market development .................................. 49 ......4.4
Technological readiness ............................................ 49 ......4.2
Market size ............................................................. 135 ......2.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........70 ......3.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 89 ......3.8
Innovation ................................................................. 54 ......3.4

Montenegro

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................19.2
Corruption .........................................................................10.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.9
Tax rates............................................................................10.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................9.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.1
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................5.3
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................5.1
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.7
Inflation ................................................................................4.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.8
Policy instability ...................................................................2.1
Poor public health ...............................................................1.5
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.1
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.8
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

282 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Montenegro
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.2 ............73
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.6 ............76
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.1 ............43
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.6 ............39
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.1 ............62
Judicial independence............................................ 3.6 ............75
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.8 ............35
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.6 ............46
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.6 ............59
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.9 ............58
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.5 ............63
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.5 ............41
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.1 ............39
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.2 ............47
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.9 ............76
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.7 ............51
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.1 ............58
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.2 ............96
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.3 ............94
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.1 ............70
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.3 ............31

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.8 ............91
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.3 ............95
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.0 ............56
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.9 ............86
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.2 ............82
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 21.6 ..........123
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.5 ............82
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 177.9 ..............9
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 25.8 ............46

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.0 ............97
Gross national savings, % GDP* ...........................-1.2 ..........144
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.6 ............66
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 51.1 ............93
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 38.3 ............83

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.8 ............61
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 17.0 ............38
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.6 ............64
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.00 ..............1
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 6.5 ............43
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.5 ............61
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.0 ............27
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 93.7 ............77

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 95.4 ............53
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 47.6 ............54
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.4 ............35
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.9 ............23
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.8 ............36
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.3 ............71
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.8 ............99
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.1 ............63

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 10 ............49
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.3 ............30
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............82
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 3.5 ............45
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.7 ............66
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.5 ............78
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.1 ............68
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 65.3 ............38
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............75
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.9 ..........117

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............94
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.9 ............86
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............64
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 11.2 ............48
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.8 ............63
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.8 ............80
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.1 ............81
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.5 ............65
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.1 ............92
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.77 ............80

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.2 ............86
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.1 ............78
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.4 ............74
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.3 ............35
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.2 ............36
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.3 ..........104
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.2 ............67
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ............................... 10 ..............1

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.7 ............83
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.5 ............89
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.6 ............74
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 56.8 ............52
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 8.3 ............68
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 59.5 ............36
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 27.0 ............58

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.9 ..........135
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 2.9 ..........137
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 7.3 ..........136
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 38.3 ............79

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.9 ..........128
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.1 ............96
State of cluster development.................................. 3.2 ..........121
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.5 ............71
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.6 ............85
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............76
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.5 ............94
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.1 ............75
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.1 ............37

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.6 ............59
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.0 ............56
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.3 ............54
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.0 ............46
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.9 ............32
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.0 ............78
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 3.2 ............49

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.9 ..........135
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.6 ............80
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.8 ............94
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.0 ............46
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 22.3 ............14

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 283

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Morocco
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 32.3
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 97.5
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 2,999
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.21

Morocco

8,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 77 ..... 4.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 70 ......4.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 73 ......4.2

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................69 ......4.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 53 ......4.1
Infrastructure ............................................................ 57 ......4.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 90 ......4.4
Health and primary education ................................... 82 ......5.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................84 ......3.9

2

Higher education and training ................................. 102 ......3.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 69 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 122 ......3.9
Financial market development .................................. 69 ......4.0
Technological readiness ............................................ 80 ......3.5
Market size ............................................................... 56 ......4.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........100 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 92 ......3.7
Innovation ............................................................... 106 ......2.9

Morocco

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................19.1
Corruption .........................................................................15.8
Access to financing ...........................................................13.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................8.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................8.2
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.9
Tax rates..............................................................................7.3
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.8
Foreign currency regulations ................................................5.3
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.7
Policy instability ...................................................................0.5
Inflation ................................................................................0.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

284 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Morocco
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.8 ............45
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.3 ............90
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.8 ............52
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.1 ............64
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.3 ............59
Judicial independence............................................ 3.4 ............87
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.4 ............46
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.5 ............50
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.5 ............64
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.7 ............71
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.4 ............74
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.2 ............66
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.3 ............81
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.3 ............41
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.7 ............41
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.7 ............50
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.0 ............63
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.7 ............68
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.9 ............40
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.2 ............63
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.9 ............48
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.5 ............53
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.9 ............37
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.0 ............41
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.0 ............49
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 408.2 ............47
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.5 ............47
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 119.7 ............52
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 10.1 ............93

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-7.5 ..........135
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 26.3 ............41
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.3 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 59.6 ..........109
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 49.7 ............69

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.1 ............39
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 103.0 ............98
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.1 ............35
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 28.2 ..........103
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 72.1 ............90
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.9 ..........118
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 96.0 ............54

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 69.8 ..........103
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 14.1 ..........106
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.1 ..........110
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.3 ............52
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.6 ............45
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.1 ..........113
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.1 ............81
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.7 ............96

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 12 ............57
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.4 ............27
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.9 ............20
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 12.3 ..........129
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.2 ............41
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.4 ............12
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.3 ............58
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 52.5 ............61
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.2 ..........101
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.1 ............95

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............91
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............43
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.7 ............93
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 20.7 ............97
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.0 ............48
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.0 ............67
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.0 ............90
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.6 ............54
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.9 ............43
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.34 ..........141

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.6 ............64
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.2 ............67
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.0 ............39
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.8 ............69
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.8 ............56
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.7 ............41
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.6 ............46
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.0 ............66
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.4 ............95
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.7 ............61
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 55.0 ............57
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 2.1 ............99
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 14.8 ............82
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 10.0 ............85

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.0 ............52
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.7 ............64
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 171.2 ............58
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 35.1 ............85

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.6 ............84
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.4 ............71
State of cluster development.................................. 4.0 ............60
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.2 ............94
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.7 ............76
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.7 ..........113
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.1 ..........122
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.6 ..........110
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.4 ..........107

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.8 ..........129
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.2 ..........103
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.5 ..........125
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.0 ..........116
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.2 ............96
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.5 ............39
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.6 ............77

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.1 ............60
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.0 ............53
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.1 ............65
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............62
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 49.6 ..........113

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 285

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Mozambique
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 23.9
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 14.6
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 650
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Mozambique

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 137 ..... 3.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 138 ......3.2
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 133 ......3.3

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................133 ......3.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 120 ......3.3
Infrastructure .......................................................... 130 ......2.4
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 98 ......4.3
Health and primary education ................................. 138 ......3.7

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................135 ......3.1

2

Higher education and training ................................. 143 ......2.3
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 125 ......3.8
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 125 ......3.8
Financial market development ................................ 132 ......3.1
Technological readiness .......................................... 123 ......2.8
Market size ............................................................. 104 ......3.0

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........131 ......2.9

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 135 ......3.2
Innovation ............................................................... 128 ......2.6

Mozambique

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................18.4
Corruption .........................................................................18.3
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.9
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................10.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................10.0
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................5.8
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.8
Tax rates..............................................................................3.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.6
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.5
Policy instability ...................................................................3.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.5
Inflation ................................................................................1.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

286 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Mozambique
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.5 ..........115
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.7 ..........129
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.4 ..........125
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.3 ..........102
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.2 ..........113
Judicial independence............................................ 2.6 ..........125
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.7 ..........101
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.6 ..........109
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............76
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.3 ..........105
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.9 ..........117
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.0 ............83
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.1 ............95
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.9 ..........104
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.1 ..........122
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.2 ..........118
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.3 ..........124
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.0 ..........111
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.1 ..........113
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.7 ..........107
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.1 ..........126
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.3 ..........142
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.1 ............88
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.5 ..........107
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.6 ..........109
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 34.5 ..........110
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.2 ..........109
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 33.1 ..........144
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.4 ..........141

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.0 ............77
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 10.9 ..........122
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.1 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 46.6 ............84
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 29.8 ..........105

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.2 ..........135
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 31,221.2 ..........144
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.6 ..........139
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 548.0 ..........142
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.3 ..........136
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ........................... 11.30 ..........140
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 71.6 ..........137
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 50.2 ..........143
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.2 ..........139
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 90.4 ............98

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 26.0 ..........145
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 4.9 ..........133
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.7 ..........129
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.6 ..........137
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.8 ..........137
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.6 ..........128
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.3 ..........127
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.3 ..........120

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 9 ..........104
No. days to start a business* .................................. 13 ............63
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.9 ..........141
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.2 ............91
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 7.7 ............88
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.9 ............60
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.6 ............62
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.4 ..........107
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 60.0 ............44
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.7 ..........131
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.8 ..........122

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.6 ..........130
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 3.9 ..........133
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.6 ............98
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 37.5 ..........137
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.4 ............93
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.8 ..........138
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.4 ..........125
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.2 ............82
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.7 ............56
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 1.05 ..............2

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.7 ..........121
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.3 ..........129
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.5 ..........116
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.8 ..........139
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.1 ..........121
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.9 ............77
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.1 ..........123
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.4 ..........104
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.3 ..........107
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.9 ............45
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 4.8 ..........133
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.1 ..........131
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 1.7 ..........139
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 1.8 ..........112

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.8 ..........103
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.6 ..........111
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 26.3 ..........107
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 32.8 ............90

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.9 ..........126
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.4 ..........134
State of cluster development.................................. 3.4 ..........101
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.5 ..........140
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.8 ..........139
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.3 ..........132
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.8 ..........132
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.5 ..........117
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.0 ..........136

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.8 ..........132
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.8 ..........123
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.4 ..........130
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.3 ............95
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.2 ............95
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 2.8 ..........143
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.2 ..........126
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.1 ..........129
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.3 ..........128
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.4 ............99
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 34.3 ............54

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 287

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Myanmar
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 48.3
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 53.1
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 835
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.11

8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Myanmar

1990

1992

1994

Developing Asia

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 139 ..... 3.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) .................................... n/a ......n/a
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) .................................... n/a ......n/a

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Innovation driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................135 ......3.4
Institutions .............................................................. 141 ......2.8
Infrastructure .......................................................... 141 ......2.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 125 ......3.7
Health and primary education ................................. 111 ......5.1

Institutions
7

Innovation

6
5

Business sophistication Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................140 ......3.0
Higher education and training ................................. 139 ......2.5
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 135 ......3.6
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 98 ......4.1
Financial market development ................................ 144 ......2.4
Technological readiness .......................................... 148 ......2.0
Market size ............................................................... 79 ......3.6

Infrastructure
Macroeconomic
environment

4
3
2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........146 ......2.6
Business sophistication ......................................... 146 ......2.9
Innovation ............................................................... 143 ......2.2

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Myanmar

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................13.7
Policy instability .................................................................13.7
Corruption .........................................................................13.5
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................12.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................7.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................6.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.2
Tax rates..............................................................................4.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.7
Inflation ................................................................................3.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................3.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................2.4
Poor public health ...............................................................1.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

288 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Myanmar
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.5 ..........144
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.7 ..........126
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.3 ..........128
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.1 ............62
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.3 ..........145
Judicial independence............................................ 2.8 ..........113
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.2 ..........136
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.9 ............90
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.7 ..........131
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.6 ..........134
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.2 ..........143
Transparency of government policymaking............. 2.9 ..........143
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 2.7 ..........146
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.0 ..........135
Organized crime ..................................................... 2.9 ..........142
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.0 ..........125
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.3 ..........126
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 2.3 ..........148
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............86
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.0 ..........140
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... n/a ...........n/a

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.1 ..........146
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.4 ..........138
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.8 ..........104
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.6 ..........136
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.2 ..........146
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 69.8 ............94
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.9 ..........118
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 11.2 ..........148
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 1.1 ..........127

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-5.3 ..........123
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 12.8 ..........113
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 6.1 ..........104
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 47.5 ............86
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 18.4 ..........138

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.4 ..........117
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 3,155.0 ..........119
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.7 ..........135
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 381.0 ..........136
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.2 ..........121
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.60 ............92
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 47.9 ..........121
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 65.2 ..........114
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.1 ..........143
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.6 ..............9

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 54.3 ..........115
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 14.8 ..........103
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.7 ..........125
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.7 ..........134
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.7 ..........141
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.2 ..........139
Availability of research and training services ........... 2.9 ..........140
Extent of staff training ............................................ 2.6 ..........146

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ....................... n/a ...........n/a
No. days to start a business* ................................. n/a ...........n/a
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.9 ............69
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.0 ..........108
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 3.9 ............50
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.2 ..........136
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.3 ..........132
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.3 ..........127
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 19.6 ..........142
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.4 ............86
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.6 ..........132

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.6 ..........131
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.6 ............23
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.2 ............41
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... n/a ...........n/a
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.6 ............73
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.7 ............89
Reliance on professional management ................... 2.9 ..........141
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 1.7 ..........148
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.4 ..........122
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.93 ............20

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 2.9 ..........142
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.0 ..........138
Financing through local equity market .................... 1.7 ..........147
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.5 ..........147
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.5 ..........148
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.4 ..........138
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.0 ..........144
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* .............................. n/a ...........n/a

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 2.5 ..........148
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 2.7 ..........148
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.5 ..........138
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 1.1 ..........147
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........140
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 10.2 ............94
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........134

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.4 ............70
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.0 ............94
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 89.5 ............71
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 19.1 ..........135

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.2 ..........146
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.0 ..........144
State of cluster development.................................. 2.5 ..........146
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.1 ..........148
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.0 ..........131
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.3 ..........133
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.3 ..........144
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.1 ..........133
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.3 ..........113

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.7 ..........135
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.2 ..........143
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.2 ..........140
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.1 ..........147
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.2 ..........145
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.1 ..........129
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.6 ............97
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.4 ..........147
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.4 ..........124
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.6 ............91
Total tax rate, % profits* ......................................... n/a ...........n/a

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 289

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Namibia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 2.3
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 12.3
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 5,705
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

Namibia

8,000

Sub-Saharan Africa

7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 90 ..... 3.9

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 92 ......3.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 83 ......4.0

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Innovation driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................85 ......4.4
Institutions ................................................................ 48 ......4.2
Infrastructure ............................................................ 60 ......4.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 70 ......4.7
Health and primary education ................................. 125 ......4.4

Institutions
7

Innovation

6
5

Business sophistication Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................99 ......3.7
Higher education and training ................................. 115 ......3.1
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 91 ......4.1
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 59 ......4.4
Financial market development .................................. 39 ......4.5
Technological readiness ............................................ 90 ......3.3
Market size ............................................................. 121 ......2.7

Infrastructure
Macroeconomic
environment

4
3
2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........102 ......3.3
Business sophistication ........................................... 99 ......3.7
Innovation ................................................................. 94 ......3.0

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Namibia

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................15.0
Corruption .........................................................................12.5
Access to financing ...........................................................11.6
Poor work ethic in national labor force ..............................11.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................8.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................8.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................6.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................6.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.6
Tax rates..............................................................................3.6
Poor public health ...............................................................3.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................2.9
Inflation ................................................................................1.8
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.8
Policy instability ...................................................................1.1
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

290 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Namibia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.1 ............36
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.3 ............41
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.2 ............71
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.3 ............51
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.1 ............64
Judicial independence............................................ 4.7 ............41
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.9 ............87
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.3 ............65
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.5 ............67
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.5 ............32
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.9 ............42
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.0 ............79
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.0 ............40
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.9 ..........112
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.9 ............74
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.0 ............78
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.2 ............53
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.4 ............30
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............83
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.7 ............35
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.2 ............32
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.3 ............30
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.5 ............45
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.3 ............27
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.8 ............58
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 31.0 ..........111
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.5 ............45
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 103.0 ............88
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 7.2 ..........103

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.1 ..........101
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 19.5 ............73
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 6.7 ..........109
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 26.6 ............32
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 52.3 ............63

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.3 ..........118
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................. 128.9 ..........101
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.4 ..........141
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 723.0 ..........145
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 2.9 ..........145
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ........................... 13.40 ..........142
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 29.6 ..........105
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 62.3 ..........119
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.0 ..........110
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 85.1 ..........121

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 64.0 ..........109
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 9.0 ..........119
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.0 ..........118
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.9 ..........128
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.4 ..........121
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.2 ..........111
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.5 ..........116
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.0 ............69

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 10 ..........116
No. days to start a business* .................................. 66 ..........136
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.2 ............39
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............74
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 6.1 ............80
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.1 ............45
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.2 ..........101
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.0 ............73
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 59.8 ............45
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.6 ..........140
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.5 ............66

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.0 ..........104
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.9 ............89
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.9 ..........135
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 9.7 ............37
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.0 ............49
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.6 ..........103
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.2 ............75
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.5 ............70
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.5 ............72
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.84 ............59

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.8 ............55
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.2 ............61
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.4 ............68
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.9 ............60
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............88
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.9 ............23
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.6 ............43
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.2 ............52
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.9 ............58
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.5 ............80
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 12.9 ..........119
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 2.8 ............92
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 3.4 ..........124
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 28.8 ............55

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.4 ..........121
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.4 ..........118
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 16.8 ..........122
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 40.2 ............73

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.7 ..........134
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.2 ............83
State of cluster development.................................. 3.6 ............82
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.3 ............85
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.0 ..........130
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.5 ..........119
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.6 ............81
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.8 ............96
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.7 ............79

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............84
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.5 ............82
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.0 ............80
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.5 ............73
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.2 ............97
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 2.9 ..........140
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ..........104

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.6 ............99
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.5 ............90
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.1 ............66
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.0 ............52
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 22.7 ............16

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 291

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Nepal
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 30.5
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 19.4
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 626
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.05

8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Nepal

1990

1992

Developing Asia

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 117 ..... 3.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 125 ......3.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 125 ......3.5

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................105 ......4.0

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 127 ......3.2
Infrastructure .......................................................... 144 ......1.9
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 41 ......5.3
Health and primary education ................................... 88 ......5.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................128 ......3.2

2

Higher education and training ................................. 130 ......2.7
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 127 ......3.7
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 133 ......3.7
Financial market development .................................. 95 ......3.8
Technological readiness .......................................... 133 ......2.6
Market size ............................................................. 100 ......3.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........132 ......2.9

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 129 ......3.3
Innovation ............................................................... 129 ......2.6

Nepal

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Government instability/coups ............................................21.9
Corruption .........................................................................14.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................11.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................10.8
Policy instability .................................................................10.3
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................8.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.4
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.5
Access to financing .............................................................3.3
Inflation ................................................................................2.3
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.2
Tax rates..............................................................................1.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.9
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.9
Poor public health ...............................................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

292 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Nepal
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.5 ..........114
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.9 ..........117
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.8 ............96
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.8 ..........142
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.8 ..........126
Judicial independence............................................ 3.3 ............92
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.7 ..........103
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.7 ..........105
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.1 ..........103
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.9 ..........123
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.0 ..........104
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........110
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.0 ..........134
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.3 ..........129
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.5 ..........135
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.7 ..........103
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.2 ..........132
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.8 ..........121
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.9 ..........129
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.5 ..........123
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.9 ..........132
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.7 ..........126
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.1 ..........121
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.7 ..........134
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.0 ..........131
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 90.1 ............83
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 1.6 ..........144
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 52.8 ..........135
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 2.7 ..........116

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-0.6 ............37
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 39.1 ............14
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 8.3 ..........121
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 33.1 ............47
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 20.7 ..........133

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.3 ............99
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................... 63.1 ............98
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.6 ..........105
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 163.0 ..........112
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.6 ..........104
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 39.0 ..........112
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 68.7 ..........105
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.5 ............90
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 94.5 ............68

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 43.5 ..........127
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 7.3 ..........126
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.4 ............94
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.8 ............89
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.8 ..........100
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.4 ..........105
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.1 ..........137
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.2 ..........133

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................. 29 ..........106
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.5 ..........108
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.0 ..........110
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 16.3 ..........141
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.1 ..........139
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.6 ..........120
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.3 ..........125
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 34.4 ..........105
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.0 ..........120
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.9 ..........113

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.0 ..........146
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.1 ..........126
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.2 ..........125
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 27.2 ..........118
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.3 ..........101
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.9 ..........135
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.4 ..........126
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.5 ..........129
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.0 ..........138
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.94 ............14

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.1 ............90
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.9 ............88
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.7 ............53
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.4 ..........107
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.3 ..........102
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.1 ..........122
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.4 ..........114
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.0 ..........120
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.9 ..........128
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.7 ..........126
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 11.1 ..........123
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.4 ..........116
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 1.4 ..........140
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.1 ..........132

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.0 ............92
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.1 ..........131
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 40.6 ............93
Exports as a percentage of GDP* .......................... 8.9 ..........146

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.1 ..........115
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.4 ..........137
State of cluster development.................................. 3.4 ..........107
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.0 ..........109
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.1 ..........120
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.2 ..........135
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.9 ..........128
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.1 ..........134
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.0 ..........133

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.9 ..........125
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.4 ..........137
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.7 ..........115
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.8 ..........127
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.7 ..........132
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.4 ..........114
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........123

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.5 ..........109
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.7 ..........139
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.6 ..........107
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.3 ..........105
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 31.5 ............42

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 293

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Netherlands
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 16.7
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 773.1
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 46,142
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.85

Netherlands

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ........................................................ 8 ..... 5.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ....................................... 5 ......5.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ....................................... 7 ......5.4

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................10 ......5.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .................................................................. 8 ......5.6
Infrastructure .............................................................. 7 ......6.1
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 45 ......5.2
Health and primary education ..................................... 4 ......6.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................11 ......5.3

2

Higher education and training ..................................... 6 ......5.8
Goods market efficiency ............................................ 8 ......5.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 21 ......4.8
Financial market development .................................. 30 ......4.7
Technological readiness .............................................. 8 ......6.0
Market size ............................................................... 21 ......5.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) .............7 ......5.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ............................................. 4 ......5.6
Innovation ................................................................. 10 ......5.2

Netherlands

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................19.3
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................16.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................14.4
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................11.0
Tax rates............................................................................10.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................7.1
Policy instability ...................................................................6.9
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................5.1
Inflation ................................................................................2.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.2
Corruption ...........................................................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

294 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Netherlands
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 6.0 ..............9
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.7 ..............9
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.8 ............10
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 5.3 ..............9
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.1 ............14
Judicial independence............................................ 6.2 ..............7
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 5.1 ..............6
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.5 ............17
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.0 ............28
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.6 ..............9
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 5.4 ..............5
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.2 ............13
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.1 ............36
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.5 ............32
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.2 ............14
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.1 ............10
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 6.0 ..............9
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.9 ............12
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.5 ............10
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.4 ............11
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.7 ..........100

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.2 ..............9
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.0 ............10
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 5.5 ............11
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 6.8 ..............1
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.5 ..............4
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 1,759.5 ............22
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.7 ..............3
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 117.5 ............56
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 42.4 ............23

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.1 ..........102
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 25.5 ............44
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.8 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 71.7 ..........118
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 89.6 ............11

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.7 ..............9
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 6.8 ............22
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.4 ............14
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 3.4 ............18
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 81.2 ............14
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.7 ............10
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.8 ..............5

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 121.5 ..............4
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 65.4 ............27
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.2 ............12
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.3 ............14
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.7 ..............9
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.3 ..............6
Availability of research and training services ........... 6.1 ..............3
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.1 ..............9

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................... 5 ............10
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.7 ..............8
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.1 ..............9
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.4 ............26
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.3 ............18
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.5 ..............6
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 91.3 ............12
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.2 ............30
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.5 ............14

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.7 ..............5
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 3.7 ..........137
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.2 ..........128
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 8.7 ............27
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.8 ............60
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.8 ............79
Reliance on professional management ................... 6.1 ..............5
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.8 ............14
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.7 ............18
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.87 ............44

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 6.0 ............12
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.3 ............23
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.3 ............30
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.2 ............47
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.5 ............21
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.9 ............74
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.2 ............23
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.4 ..............9
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.7 ............22
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.0 ............38
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 93.0 ..............4
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 39.4 ..............2
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 172.9 ............13
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 61.0 ............20

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.8 ............25
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.1 ..............9
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 707.0 ............23
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 101.2 ..............7

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.4 ............11
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.8 ..............6
State of cluster development.................................. 5.2 ..............9
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.9 ..............9
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.3 ..............9
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.8 ............18
Production process sophistication.......................... 6.0 ..............5
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.8 ..............4
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 5.6 ..............5

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.1 ..............9
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.8 ..............7
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.6 ............18
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.3 ............12
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.1 ............26
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.5 ............41
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 184.7 ..............8

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 6.0 ..............5
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.4 ..............6
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.4 ..............5
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.6 ............20
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 40.1 ............79

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 295

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

New Zealand
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 4.4
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 169.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 38,222
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.16

New Zealand

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 18 ..... 5.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 23 ......5.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 25 ......4.9

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................12 ......5.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .................................................................. 2 ......6.1
Infrastructure ............................................................ 27 ......5.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 43 ......5.2
Health and primary education ..................................... 5 ......6.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................14 ......5.2

2

Higher education and training ..................................... 9 ......5.7
Goods market efficiency ............................................ 9 ......5.2
Labor market efficiency .............................................. 8 ......5.2
Financial market development .................................... 4 ......5.6
Technological readiness ............................................ 24 ......5.4
Market size ............................................................... 62 ......3.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........27 ......4.5

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 26 ......4.8
Innovation ................................................................. 26 ......4.3

New Zealand

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................16.0
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................14.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................12.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.1
Access to financing .............................................................9.6
Tax rates..............................................................................8.0
Policy instability ...................................................................7.6
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................6.4
Tax regulations ....................................................................5.1
Foreign currency regulations ................................................3.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.1
Inflation ................................................................................1.8
Corruption ...........................................................................0.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

296 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

New Zealand
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.9 ............12
Intellectual property protection ............................... 6.0 ..............3
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 6.5 ..............1
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 5.6 ..............5
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.7 ..............1
Judicial independence............................................ 6.7 ..............1
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 5.3 ..............3
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.8 ............10
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.3 ............13
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.8 ..............4
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 5.6 ..............3
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.9 ..............4
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.4 ............14
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.8 ............17
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.6 ..............6
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.4 ..............2
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 6.6 ..............1
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 6.2 ..............3
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.9 ..............2
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.9 ..............5
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 9.7 ..............1

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.1 ............43
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.0 ............37
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.7 ............39
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.5 ............19
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.0 ............17
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 693.6 ............34
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.1 ............33
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 110.3 ............71
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 42.1 ............24

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.6 ............70
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 14.5 ..........101
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.1 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 38.2 ............63
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 85.0 ............16

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.8 ..............6
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 7.6 ............27
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.6 ..............7
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 4.7 ............31
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 80.9 ............18
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.8 ..............6
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.3 ............16

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 119.1 ..............5
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 82.6 ..............9
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.2 ............11
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.4 ............12
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.2 ............24
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.7 ............28
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.9 ............28
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.0 ............15

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 1 ..............1
No. days to start a business* .................................... 1 ..............1
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 6.1 ..............1
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.7 ..............2
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 2.0 ............35
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.8 ..............9
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.6 ............64
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.9 ..............4
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 29.0 ..........126
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.6 ..............6
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.1 ............28

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.5 ............11
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.8 ............10
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............61
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 0.0 ..............1
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.8 ............13
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.7 ............16
Reliance on professional management ................... 6.3 ..............1
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.3 ............79
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.3 ............29
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.86 ............49

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.7 ............18
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.4 ............14
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.9 ............10
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.2 ..............9
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.6 ............18
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.7 ..............2
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.7 ..............9
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ............................... 10 ..............1

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.1 ............21
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.7 ............19
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.2 ............21
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 89.5 ..............8
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 27.8 ............19
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 31.1 ............56
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 65.2 ............18

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.7 ............60
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.4 ............74
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 132.0 ............61
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 27.9 ..........104

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............75
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.5 ............11
State of cluster development.................................. 3.8 ............73
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.1 ............36
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.8 ............58
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.4 ............37
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.9 ............28
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.2 ............24
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 5.5 ..............6

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.6 ............21
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.3 ............18
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.7 ............34
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.9 ............20
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.6 ............65
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.3 ............58
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 74.2 ............22

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.4 ............31
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.4 ............29
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.4 ..............6
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.6 ............19
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 33.5 ............50

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 297

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Nicaragua
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 5.9
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 10.5
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,757
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Nicaragua

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 99 ..... 3.8

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 108 ......3.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 115 ......3.6

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................101 ......4.1

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 100 ......3.5
Infrastructure .......................................................... 105 ......3.1
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 97 ......4.4
Health and primary education ................................... 87 ......5.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................116 ......3.4

2

Higher education and training ................................. 109 ......3.4
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 122 ......3.8
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 107 ......4.0
Financial market development ................................ 104 ......3.6
Technological readiness .......................................... 119 ......2.8
Market size ............................................................. 102 ......3.0

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........113 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 115 ......3.5
Innovation ................................................................. 99 ......3.0

Nicaragua

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................14.7
Policy instability .................................................................10.5
Corruption .........................................................................10.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................8.5
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................8.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................8.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.7
Foreign currency regulations ................................................7.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................6.0
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................4.2
Access to financing .............................................................4.1
Tax rates..............................................................................3.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.8
Inflation ................................................................................0.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

298 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Nicaragua
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.3 ..........124
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.5 ............82
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.9 ............90
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.8 ............76
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.6 ............86
Judicial independence............................................ 2.6 ..........121
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.2 ............61
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.4 ............54
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.6 ............58
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.4 ............89
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.1 ............98
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.9 ............91
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.5 ..........121
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.1 ..........100
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.3 ..........109
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.9 ............91
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............96
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.1 ..........101
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.0 ..........125
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.6 ..........113
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.5 ..........104
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.7 ............79
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.8 ............62
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.5 ..........111
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.9 ............99
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 21.0 ..........125
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.9 ............97
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 89.8 ..........107
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 5.4 ..........107

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-0.5 ............36
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 16.6 ............89
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 7.9 ..........119
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 52.1 ............95
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 21.1 ..........131

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.8 ............86
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................... 22.1 ............90
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.0 ............48
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 40.0 ............66
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.5 ............73
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 21.6 ............94
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.0 ............67
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.0 ..........109
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 92.5 ............88

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 69.4 ..........104
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 18.0 ............97
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.1 ..........107
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.1 ..........118
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.7 ..........103
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.5 ..........102
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.5 ..........115
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.8 ............85

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 39 ..........121
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.9 ............60
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.6 ..........135
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.0 ............51
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.1 ..........107
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.2 ..........104
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.5 ..........104
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 64.1 ............39
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.7 ..........129
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.5 ............70

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............90
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.4 ..........114
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.9 ............79
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 14.9 ............71
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............85
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.7 ............90
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.6 ..........116
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.3 ............81
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.3 ............78
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.59 ..........120

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.6 ..........128
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.8 ............99
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.3 ............79
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.2 ............42
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.3 ............29
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.5 ............97
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.0 ............73
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.7 ..........133
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.9 ..........130
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.1 ..........105
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 13.5 ..........116
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 1.7 ..........102
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 24.9 ............63
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 1.0 ..........119

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.8 ............99
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.6 ..........112
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 26.7 ..........105
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 31.5 ............94

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.5 ..........140
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.7 ..........122
State of cluster development.................................. 3.4 ..........100
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.2 ............96
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.4 ..........104
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.6 ..........114
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.4 ............98
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.6 ..........113
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.6 ............90

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............79
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.1 ..........112
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.0 ............83
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.3 ............89
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.4 ............78
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.6 ..........104
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.8 ..........136
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.4 ..........100
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.8 ..........100
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.6 ............90
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 65.0 ..........132

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 299

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Nigeria
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ...................................... 162.5
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 268.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,631
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.54

Nigeria

4,000

Sub-Saharan Africa

3,000
2,000
1,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 120 ..... 3.6

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 115 ......3.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 127 ......3.4

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................136 ......3.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 129 ......3.1
Infrastructure .......................................................... 135 ......2.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 46 ......5.2
Health and primary education ................................. 146 ......3.0

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) .....................................83 ......3.9

2

Higher education and training ................................. 120 ......3.0
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 93 ......4.1
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 52 ......4.5
Financial market development .................................. 66 ......4.0
Technological readiness .......................................... 108 ......3.1
Market size ............................................................... 32 ......4.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) .............82 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 75 ......3.9
Innovation ............................................................... 100 ......3.0

Nigeria

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................23.5
Corruption .........................................................................21.3
Access to financing ...........................................................18.1
Policy instability ...................................................................9.1
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................8.1
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................4.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.4
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.8
Inflation ................................................................................1.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.3
Tax rates..............................................................................1.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

300 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Nigeria
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.4 ..........117
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.8 ..........121
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 1.9 ..........143
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.1 ..........121
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.6 ..........135
Judicial independence............................................ 3.2 ............96
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.2 ..........141
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.4 ..........124
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.5 ............63
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.6 ............77
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.2 ............92
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........111
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 2.9 ..........142
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 2.9 ..........136
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.4 ..........136
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.9 ..........131
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.2 ..........131
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.0 ..........106
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.1 ..........108
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.8 ..........101
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.7 ............57

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.0 ..........129
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.7 ..........127
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.8 ..........101
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.4 ..........112
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.6 ..........108
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 285.3 ............52
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 1.8 ..........141
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 67.7 ..........124
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.3 ..........145

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 0.9 ............21
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 28.7 ............31
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 12.2 ..........139
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 17.8 ............19
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 37.8 ............85

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.6 ..........127
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 31,118.0 ..........143
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.8 ..........102
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 118.0 ..........101
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.3 ..........117
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 3.70 ..........133
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 78.0 ..........139
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 51.9 ..........137
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.9 ..........119
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 57.6 ..........144

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 44.0 ..........126
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 10.3 ..........116
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.1 ..........113
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.1 ..........117
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.7 ..........102
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.5 ..........101
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.0 ............83
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.3 ............45

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 34 ..........114
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.7 ............89
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.1 ............95
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 11.0 ..........124
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.9 ............59
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.6 ............65
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.2 ..........129
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 28.9 ..........127
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.2 ..........108
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.2 ............87

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ..........100
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............54
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.8 ............11
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 16.2 ............81
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.1 ............36
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.8 ............77
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.4 ............55
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.9 ..........102
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.8 ............48
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.76 ............83

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.0 ............98
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.8 ............94
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.7 ............51
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.9 ..........134
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.3 ..........101
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.3 ..........106
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.0 ............72
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.6 ............87
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.6 ............80
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.5 ............79
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 32.9 ............94
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........141
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 0.3 ..........145
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 10.2 ............84

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.4 ............32
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.4 ............33
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 448.1 ............30
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 43.2 ............63

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............73
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.2 ............91
State of cluster development.................................. 3.9 ............65
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.3 ............89
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.7 ............75
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ............91
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.6 ............84
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.0 ............88
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.6 ............85

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............80
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.1 ..........111
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.9 ............93
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.3 ............92
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.4 ............77
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.0 ............80
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........121

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.9 ............76
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.0 ............52
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.9 ............87
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............61
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 33.8 ............52

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 301

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Norway
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 5.0
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 501.1
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 99,462
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.33

Norway

60,000

Advanced economies

50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 11 ..... 5.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 15 ......5.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 16 ......5.2

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .........................................6 ......6.0

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .................................................................. 6 ......5.7
Infrastructure ............................................................ 33 ......5.0
Macroeconomic environment ..................................... 2 ......6.8
Health and primary education ................................... 14 ......6.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................12 ......5.2

2

Higher education and training ................................... 10 ......5.7
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 22 ......4.9
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 14 ......5.0
Financial market development .................................... 9 ......5.3
Technological readiness .............................................. 3 ......6.1
Market size ............................................................... 51 ......4.3

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........16 ......5.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 13 ......5.2
Innovation ................................................................. 13 ......4.9

Norway

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................18.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................14.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.3
Tax rates............................................................................11.5
Tax regulations ..................................................................11.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................10.3
Access to financing .............................................................7.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.7
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................4.2
Inflation ................................................................................1.5
Policy instability ...................................................................1.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.1
Corruption ...........................................................................0.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

302 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Norway
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 6.0 ............10
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.5 ............15
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.8 ..............9
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 5.7 ..............4
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.3 ..............6
Judicial independence............................................ 6.3 ..............5
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 5.0 ..............8
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.6 ............15
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.6 ............62
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.6 ..............7
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 5.1 ............10
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.1 ............17
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.7 ............58
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.7 ............24
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.2 ............15
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.0 ............13
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 6.2 ..............5
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 6.1 ..............5
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.9 ..............3
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.9 ..............6
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.7 ............25

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.3 ............29
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.7 ............83
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.6 ............43
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.5 ............22
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.1 ..............9
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 565.2 ............36
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.6 ............11
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 115.5 ............60
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 29.5 ............42

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................. 13.8 ..............7
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 39.2 ............13
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 0.7 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 34.1 ............52
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 95.7 ..............1

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.9 ..............1
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 6.1 ............19
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.8 ..............3
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 2.6 ..............9
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 81.3 ............13
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.9 ............29
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.1 ............18

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 111.0 ............10
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 74.4 ............16
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.0 ............18
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.4 ............47
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.2 ............20
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.3 ..............5
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.5 ............13
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.2 ..............8

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................... 7 ............25
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.7 ............91
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.5 ............46
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 3.6 ............49
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.2 ............43
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.7 ............56
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.1 ............20
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 27.2 ..........130
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.3 ............22
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.5 ............13

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.8 ..............4
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 3.7 ..........136
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.7 ..........141
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 8.7 ............27
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.3 ............26
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.8 ............84
Reliance on professional management ................... 6.2 ..............3
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 5.6 ..............5
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 5.1 ............11
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.94 ............15

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 6.0 ............11
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.7 ..............8
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.8 ............13
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.2 ............11
Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.3 ..............4
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.4 ..............8
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.7 ..............8
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.5 ..............3
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 6.0 ..............8
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.8 ............54
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 95.0 ..............2
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 36.9 ..............6
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 189.1 ..............9
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 84.6 ..............8

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.1 ............51
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.1 ............43
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 277.1 ............45
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 42.0 ............69

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.8 ............61
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.5 ............15
State of cluster development.................................. 5.0 ............15
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.1 ............22
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.4 ............29
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.6 ............30
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.9 ..............8
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.6 ............11
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 5.9 ..............3

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.0 ............12
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.1 ............22
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.6 ............19
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.1 ............14
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.2 ............20
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.5 ............45
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 149.7 ............11

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.3 ............39
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.1 ............13
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.2 ............10
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.2 ............38
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 41.6 ............87

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 303

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Oman
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 2.8
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 76.5
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 24,765
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.11

Oman

35,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 33 ..... 4.6

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 32 ......4.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 32 ......4.6

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (22.8%) .......................................13 ......5.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 13 ......5.4
Infrastructure ............................................................ 32 ......5.1
Macroeconomic environment ..................................... 5 ......6.6
Health and primary education ................................... 48 ......6.0

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................39 ......4.5

2

Higher education and training ................................... 57 ......4.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 18 ......5.0
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 28 ......4.7
Financial market development .................................. 21 ......4.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 56 ......4.1
Market size ............................................................... 73 ......3.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (27.2%) ...........39 ......4.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 32 ......4.5
Innovation ................................................................. 45 ......3.6

Oman

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................28.0
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................21.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ..............................17.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................7.4
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.9
Inflation ................................................................................5.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................3.7
Access to financing .............................................................3.6
Policy instability ...................................................................2.8
Corruption ...........................................................................1.2
Tax rates..............................................................................1.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.4
Tax regulations ....................................................................0.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.2
Poor public health ...............................................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

304 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Oman
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.6 ............21
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.2 ............24
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.4 ............15
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 5.1 ............13
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.8 ............17
Judicial independence............................................ 5.3 ............29
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.6 ............12
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 5.4 ..............5
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.7 ..............7
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.2 ............14
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.7 ............18
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.0 ............21
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.6 ..............4
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 6.3 ..............4
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.8 ..............3
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.8 ............22
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.5 ............20
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.6 ............19
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............28
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.3 ............12
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.8 ............17
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.4 ..............3
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.5 ............23
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.5 ............35
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 201.6 ............63
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.4 ............19
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 181.7 ..............8
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 10.5 ............89

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................. 11.8 ..............8
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 44.6 ..............8
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.9 ............46
General government debt, % GDP* ....................... 6.1 ..............5
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 69.8 ............34

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.0 ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.5 ............72
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 14.0 ............33
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.2 ............83
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 7.3 ............47
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.3 ............80
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.2 ............57
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 96.6 ............51

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 104.1 ............22
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 28.7 ............80
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.0 ............53
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.9 ............87
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.0 ............88
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.9 ............47
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.2 ............73
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.5 ............33

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................... 8 ............34
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 5.0 ..............3
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.0 ............11
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.6 ............60
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.8 ............63
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.2 ............22
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.1 ............19
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 44.2 ............76
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.3 ............26
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.8 ............41

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.3 ............16
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.6 ............22
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.2 ............50
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 4.3 ..............9
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 5.6 ..............6
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.3 ............40
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.2 ............27
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.8 ............16
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.8 ............15
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.36 ..........139

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.1 ............39
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.4 ............16
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.5 ............23
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.4 ..............6
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.9 ............14
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.0 ............18
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.6 ............10
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.2 ............56
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.0 ............53
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.9 ............48
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 60.0 ............49
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 2.5 ............95
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 10.2 ............95
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 56.7 ............22

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.2 ............78
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.7 ............62
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 90.1 ............70
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 70.4 ............24

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............40
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.9 ............36
State of cluster development.................................. 4.3 ............36
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.9 ............44
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.9 ............49
Control of international distribution ......................... 5.0 ............10
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.5 ............37
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.4 ............57
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.6 ............24

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.6 ............61
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.6 ............71
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.5 ............47
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.0 ............45
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.4 ............12
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.1 ............72
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.3 ............65

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.2 ............54
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.1 ............45
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.9 ............19
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 5.6 ..............7
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 22.0 ............13

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 305

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Pakistan
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ...................................... 176.7
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 231.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,296
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.62

Pakistan

8,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 133 ..... 3.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 124 ......3.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 118 ......3.6

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................142 ......3.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 123 ......3.2
Infrastructure .......................................................... 121 ......2.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 145 ......2.9
Health and primary education ................................. 128 ......4.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................104 ......3.6

2

Higher education and training ................................. 129 ......2.8
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 103 ......4.0
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 138 ......3.5
Financial market development .................................. 67 ......4.0
Technological readiness .......................................... 118 ......2.9
Market size ............................................................... 30 ......4.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) .............78 ......3.5

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 85 ......3.8
Innovation ................................................................. 77 ......3.1

Pakistan

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................16.7
Policy instability .................................................................11.8
Access to financing ...........................................................11.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................11.2
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.4
Inflation ................................................................................6.5
Government instability/coups ..............................................6.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................5.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................3.5
Tax rates..............................................................................3.4
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.3
Poor public health ...............................................................1.1
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.8
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

306 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Pakistan
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.3 ..........123
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.9 ..........109
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.7 ..........103
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.2 ..........110
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.9 ..........123
Judicial independence............................................ 4.1 ............55
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.3 ..........130
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.5 ..........116
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............82
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.1 ..........112
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.0 ..........108
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........116
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 2.7 ..........144
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 2.8 ..........138
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.1 ..........141
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.8 ..........135
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.5 ..........112
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.4 ............88
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.0 ..........123
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.1 ............73
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.3 ............31

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.3 ..........119
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.0 ............72
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.5 ............75
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.5 ............55
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.1 ............88
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 409.4 ............46
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.0 ..........135
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 66.8 ..........125
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 3.2 ..........115

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-8.2 ..........138
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 10.5 ..........126
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 11.0 ..........136
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 62.1 ..........113
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 23.6 ..........123

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.0 ..........123
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 1,007.7 ..........112
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.3 ..........114
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 231.0 ..........126
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.8 ............97
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 59.2 ..........133
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 65.4 ..........113
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.9 ..........116
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 72.1 ..........137

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 35.0 ..........136
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 8.3 ..........121
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.5 ............84
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.4 ..........104
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.3 ............72
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.7 ............92
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.6 ..........107
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.2 ..........128

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 10 ..........116
No. days to start a business* .................................. 21 ............91
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.5 ..........106
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.2 ............92
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 16.7 ..........142
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.8 ..........121
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.5 ............75
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.7 ............91
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 22.1 ..........138
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.2 ..........106
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.2 ............88

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.0 ..........105
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.8 ............97
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.3 ............35
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 27.2 ..........118
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............83
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.8 ............86
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.8 ..........102
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.9 ..........105
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.7 ..........111
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.27 ..........144

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.1 ............88
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.8 ..........100
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.6 ............58
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.8 ............72
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.6 ............77
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.0 ............71
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.5 ............48
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.8 ............79
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.6 ............81
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.0 ..........110
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 10.0 ..........126
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.5 ..........115
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 7.3 ..........101
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.3 ..........126

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.7 ............27
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.7 ............63
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 515.4 ............27
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 11.9 ..........144

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............78
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.2 ............92
State of cluster development.................................. 3.9 ............62
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.3 ............84
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.8 ............67
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ............92
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.6 ............86
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.0 ............82
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.2 ..........122

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.7 ............49
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.6 ............75
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............75
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.2 ............98
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.0 ..........110
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.4 ............52
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........116

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.9 ............79
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.7 ............77
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.9 ............85
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.7 ............82
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 35.3 ............64

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 307

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Panama
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 3.6
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 36.3
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 9,919
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.07

Panama

20,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 40 ..... 4.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 40 ......4.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 49 ......4.4

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (37.7%) .......................................46 ......4.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 66 ......4.0
Infrastructure ............................................................ 37 ......4.9
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 57 ......4.9
Health and primary education ................................... 68 ......5.8

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................50 ......4.3

2

Higher education and training ................................... 68 ......4.3
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 35 ......4.6
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 75 ......4.3
Financial market development .................................. 16 ......5.0
Technological readiness ............................................ 47 ......4.4
Market size ............................................................... 81 ......3.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (12.3%) ...........43 ......4.0

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 52 ......4.3
Innovation ................................................................. 36 ......3.7

Panama

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................16.8
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................16.1
Corruption .........................................................................15.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................9.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................6.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.9
Tax regulations ....................................................................5.1
Access to financing .............................................................4.6
Inflation ................................................................................4.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................3.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.1
Tax rates..............................................................................3.0
Poor public health ...............................................................2.3
Policy instability ...................................................................1.8
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.3
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

308 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Panama
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.8 ............44
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.6 ............35
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.0 ............85
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.4 ............94
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.0 ............67
Judicial independence............................................ 2.7 ..........118
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.9 ............88
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.7 ............40
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.1 ............27
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.9 ............61
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.6 ............58
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.7 ............32
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.3 ............82
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.7 ..........115
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.6 ............96
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.7 ............49
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.0 ............71
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.3 ............32
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.6 ............70
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.7 ............33
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.2 ............30
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.8 ............48
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.2 ............30
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 6.4 ..............6
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.3 ..............5
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 340.2 ............51
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.4 ............49
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 186.7 ..............4
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 17.7 ............69

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.1 ............60
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 19.1 ............76
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.7 ..........101
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 38.8 ............65
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 57.5 ............51

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 6.3 ............78
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................... 13.8 ............88
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.0 ............49
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 48.0 ............74
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.3 ..........116
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.80 ..........102
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 16.7 ............80
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 76.1 ............45
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.4 ............96
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 96.9 ............49

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 73.6 ..........101
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 45.7 ............56
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.6 ............75
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.2 ..........114
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.3 ............63
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.4 ............34
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.6 ............45
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.3 ............43

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................... 7 ............25
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.9 ............66
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.5 ............49
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 6.0 ............75
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.7 ............11
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.8 ..............5
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.7 ............39
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 76.6 ............28
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.6 ............70
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.7 ............45

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.4 ............59
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.7 ............99
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.7 ............91
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 18.1 ............89
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.0 ............47
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.5 ..........111
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.7 ..........109
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.6 ............21
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 5.1 ............10
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.62 ..........116

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 6.0 ............10
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.8 ..............7
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.5 ............22
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.4 ..............8
Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.0 ............12
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.5 ..............7
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.7 ............41
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 5 ............89

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.9 ............31
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.6 ............28
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.8 ..............3
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 45.2 ............72
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 8.2 ............69
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 32.3 ............53
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 15.0 ............75

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.2 ............81
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.4 ............73
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 57.1 ............85
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 67.3 ............27

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.4 ............96
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.6 ............59
State of cluster development.................................. 4.0 ............58
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.4 ............30
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.3 ............34
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.4 ............40
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.2 ............48
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.8 ............33
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.6 ............83

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.7 ............50
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.2 ............44
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.9 ............26
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.2 ............42
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.5 ..............7
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.9 ............84
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.5 ............78

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.0 ............71
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.0 ............49
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.8 ............25
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.4 ............27
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 42.0 ............89

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 309

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Paraguay
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 6.6
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 26.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,903
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.05

Paraguay

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 119 ..... 3.6

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 116 ......3.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 122 ......3.5

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .....................................112 ......3.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 140 ......2.9
Infrastructure .......................................................... 123 ......2.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 63 ......4.9
Health and primary education ................................. 112 ......4.9

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) ...................................110 ......3.5

2

Higher education and training ................................. 113 ......3.2
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 86 ......4.2
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 117 ......3.9
Financial market development .................................. 92 ......3.8
Technological readiness .......................................... 111 ......3.0
Market size ............................................................... 93 ......3.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........128 ......3.0

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 119 ......3.5
Innovation ............................................................... 136 ......2.5

Paraguay

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................19.1
Corruption .........................................................................16.6
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................15.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................13.6
Access to financing .............................................................8.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................8.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.2
Poor public health ...............................................................3.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.9
Policy instability ...................................................................1.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.7
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.6
Tax rates..............................................................................0.3
Inflation ................................................................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

310 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Paraguay
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.1 ..........132
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.3 ..........141
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.0 ..........141
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.5 ..........145
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.8 ..........128
Judicial independence............................................ 1.7 ..........146
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.1 ..........143
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.0 ..........142
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.8 ............40
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.5 ..........141
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.1 ............99
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.0 ............84
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.0 ..........101
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.4 ..........122
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.1 ..........121
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.2 ..........146
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.0 ..........142
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.0 ..........109
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.2 ..........105
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.5 ..........119
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.7 ............57

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.6 ..........139
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.5 ..........132
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.4 ..........116
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.7 ..........141
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 21.7 ..........122
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.0 ..........117
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 101.7 ............91
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 5.6 ..........106

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.0 ............44
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 12.3 ..........116
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.8 ............73
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 11.4 ............12
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 35.7 ............91

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.9 ............84
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.5 ............80
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.9 ............57
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 45.0 ............73
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.5 ............71
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 19.1 ............88
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 72.5 ............89
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.2 ..........142
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 83.6 ..........124

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 67.9 ..........106
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 34.6 ............73
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.6 ..........138
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.3 ..........142
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.2 ..........132
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.6 ..........130
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.1 ..........134
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.6 ..........109

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................. 35 ..........116
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.3 ............29
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............73
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 6.8 ............84
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.5 ............85
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.3 ............95
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.0 ............71
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 54.7 ............54
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.3 ............92
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.8 ..........121

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.3 ............71
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............51
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.3 ..........119
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 26.1 ..........115
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.4 ............19
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.5 ..........110
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.3 ..........132
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.1 ............90
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.7 ..........107
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.68 ..........102

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.3 ............80
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.0 ............81
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.4 ............69
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.9 ............59
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.4 ............97
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.6 ............42
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.9 ............89
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.1 ..........114
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.3 ..........103
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.1 ..........106
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 27.1 ............96
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 1.1 ..........107
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 11.6 ............90
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 5.5 ............95

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.0 ............93
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.9 ............97
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 40.9 ............92
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 39.6 ............75

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............71
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.0 ..........106
State of cluster development.................................. 3.2 ..........122
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.5 ..........141
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.0 ..........124
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............82
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.2 ..........113
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.0 ............78
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 2.9 ..........138

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.0 ..........115
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.0 ..........147
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.7 ..........111
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.8 ..........126
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.9 ..........122
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 2.8 ..........145
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ............95

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.2 ............57
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.6 ............87
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.4 ..........120
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.7 ............17
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 35.0 ............61

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 311

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Peru
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 29.4
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 199.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 6,530
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.39

Peru

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 61 ..... 4.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 61 ......4.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 67 ......4.2

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................72 ......4.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 109 ......3.4
Infrastructure ............................................................ 91 ......3.5
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 20 ......5.9
Health and primary education ................................... 95 ......5.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................57 ......4.2

2

Higher education and training ................................... 86 ......4.0
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 52 ......4.4
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 48 ......4.5
Financial market development .................................. 40 ......4.5
Technological readiness ............................................ 86 ......3.4
Market size ............................................................... 43 ......4.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........97 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 74 ......3.9
Innovation ............................................................... 122 ......2.8

Peru

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................19.6
Corruption .........................................................................15.7
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................14.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................9.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................8.9
Crime and theft ...................................................................7.2
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.2
Tax rates..............................................................................5.3
Access to financing .............................................................3.1
Policy instability ...................................................................3.0
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.9
Poor public health ...............................................................1.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.6
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
Inflation ................................................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

312 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Peru
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.7 ..........102
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.8 ..........120
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.6 ..........111
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.0 ..........131
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.7 ............84
Judicial independence............................................ 2.5 ..........126
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.9 ............85
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.9 ............91
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.9 ..........113
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.2 ..........107
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.0 ..........109
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.9 ............89
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.0 ..........133
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.2 ..........132
Organized crime ..................................................... 3.4 ..........137
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.8 ..........137
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.5 ..........114
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.9 ............53
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............33
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.2 ............68
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 7.7 ............13

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.6 ..........101
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.3 ............98
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.8 ..........102
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.7 ............93
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.2 ............85
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 513.2 ............40
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.9 ............73
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 98.8 ............93
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 11.5 ............87

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 2.0 ............17
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 23.3 ............54
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.7 ............67
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 19.8 ............23
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 63.6 ............41

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.8 ............87
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................. 264.4 ..........108
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.0 ............96
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 101.0 ............96
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.3 ............81
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.40 ............78
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 14.1 ............76
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.0 ............68
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.3 ..........135
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 94.5 ............67

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 91.2 ............65
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 43.0 ............59
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.7 ..........134
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.4 ..........140
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.3 ............67
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.7 ............94
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.9 ............89
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.8 ............90

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................. 26 ............99
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.9 ............70
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............75
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 1.9 ............34
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.2 ............38
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.1 ............24
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.1 ............69
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 25.0 ..........137
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.8 ............56
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.7 ............47

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............81
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............53
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.1 ..........129
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 11.4 ............51
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............81
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.9 ............76
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.6 ............45
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.0 ............42
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.1 ............37
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.81 ............71

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.9 ............49
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.3 ............59
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.6 ............56
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.5 ............30
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.9 ............50
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.8 ............27
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.4 ............54
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.6 ............85
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.6 ............83
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.2 ............23
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 38.2 ............86
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 4.8 ............82
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 13.2 ............88
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 2.8 ..........109

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.3 ............40
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.9 ............56
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 326.7 ............39
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 25.4 ..........118

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.8 ............60
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.6 ............58
State of cluster development.................................. 3.4 ..........102
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.1 ..........100
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.7 ............77
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.1 ............67
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.6 ............82
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.3 ............64
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.7 ............78

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.1 ..........106
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.9 ..........119
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.5 ..........124
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.1 ..........109
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.2 ............98
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.4 ..........113
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.2 ............85

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.1 ............61
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.4 ..........102
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.2 ............58
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............56
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 40.5 ............81

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 313

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Philippines
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 94.9
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 250.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 2,614
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.51

8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Philippines

1990

1992

1994

Developing Asia

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 59 ..... 4.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 65 ......4.2
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 75 ......4.1

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (47.7%) .......................................78 ......4.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 79 ......3.8
Infrastructure ............................................................ 96 ......3.4
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 40 ......5.3
Health and primary education ................................... 96 ......5.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (44.2%) .....................................58 ......4.2

2

Higher education and training ................................... 67 ......4.3
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 82 ......4.2
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 100 ......4.1
Financial market development .................................. 48 ......4.4
Technological readiness ............................................ 77 ......3.6
Market size ............................................................... 33 ......4.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (8.1%) .............58 ......3.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 49 ......4.3
Innovation ................................................................. 69 ......3.2

Philippines

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................21.1
Corruption .........................................................................17.8
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................16.9
Tax regulations ....................................................................8.6
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................8.4
Policy instability ...................................................................7.2
Tax rates..............................................................................6.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.4
Access to financing .............................................................2.0
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.6
Poor public health ...............................................................1.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.2
Inflation ................................................................................1.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.9
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................0.9
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................0.9
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

314 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Philippines
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.3 ............61
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.6 ............78
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.1 ............79
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.5 ............90
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.3 ..........105
Judicial independence............................................ 3.2 ............99
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.0 ............75
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.3 ............63
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.2 ............98
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.6 ............76
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.5 ............71
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.9 ............92
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.4 ..........124
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.1 ..........101
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.8 ............86
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.8 ............94
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.0 ............69
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.2 ............38
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............48
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.5 ............47
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.3 ..........107

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.7 ............98
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.6 ............87
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.1 ............89
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.4 ..........116
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.5 ..........113
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 1,036.1 ............26
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.0 ............93
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 106.8 ............81
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 4.1 ..........109

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-0.9 ............42
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 22.3 ............59
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.1 ............54
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 41.9 ............72
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 54.2 ............60

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.0 ..........106
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................... 62.2 ............97
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.3 ..........116
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 270.0 ..........130
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.0 ............89
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 20.2 ............90
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 68.8 ..........104
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.8 ............76
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 88.3 ..........108

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 84.8 ............83
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 28.2 ............81
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.3 ............40
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.7 ............96
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.7 ............39
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.2 ............74
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............51
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.6 ............27

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 16 ..........145
No. days to start a business* .................................. 36 ..........118
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.8 ............80
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.4 ............60
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 3.6 ............46
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.8 ............64
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.4 ............86
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.2 ..........130
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 31.5 ..........120
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.4 ............20
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.7 ............49

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.8 ............34
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.5 ..........109
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.3 ..........117
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 27.4 ..........124
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.1 ............40
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.2 ............44
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.0 ............32
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.4 ............71
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.2 ............86
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.63 ..........111

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.1 ............40
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.0 ............31
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.4 ............27
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.3 ............37
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.1 ............40
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.7 ............36
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.8 ............38
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.3 ............47
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.2 ............40
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.9 ............42
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 36.2 ............87
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 2.2 ............97
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 14.3 ............85
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 3.8 ..........104

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.5 ............30
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.1 ............42
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 424.4 ............31
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 27.8 ..........105

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.8 ............54
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.5 ............68
State of cluster development.................................. 4.0 ............55
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.5 ............67
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.8 ............60
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............41
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.0 ............57
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.6 ............41
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.6 ............26

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.8 ............48
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.4 ............91
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.4 ............51
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.6 ............69
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.4 ............85
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.8 ............87
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.3 ............84

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.1 ............63
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.4 ..........105
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.9 ............88
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............58
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 46.6 ..........106

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 315

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Poland
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 38.5
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 487.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 12,538
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.96

Poland

25,000

Central and Eastern Europe

20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 42 ..... 4.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 41 ......4.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 41 ......4.5

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (31.2%) .......................................59 ......4.7

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 62 ......4.0
Infrastructure ............................................................ 74 ......4.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 65 ......4.9
Health and primary education ................................... 42 ......6.0

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................32 ......4.6

2

Higher education and training ................................... 37 ......4.9
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 57 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 80 ......4.2
Financial market development .................................. 38 ......4.5
Technological readiness ............................................ 43 ......4.5
Market size ............................................................... 20 ......5.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (18.8%) ...........65 ......3.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 65 ......4.1
Innovation ................................................................. 65 ......3.2

Poland

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Tax regulations ..................................................................22.3
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................16.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.2
Tax rates............................................................................11.3
Access to financing ...........................................................10.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.2
Policy instability ...................................................................4.0
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.4
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.9
Corruption ...........................................................................2.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.2
Poor public health ...............................................................1.4
Inflation ................................................................................1.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.8
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

316 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Poland
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.3 ............66
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.7 ............72
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.7 ............53
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.4 ..........100
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.8 ............42
Judicial independence............................................ 4.1 ............54
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.1 ............65
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.9 ............93
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.7 ..........133
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.0 ..........119
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.9 ..........111
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.6 ..........120
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.2 ............27
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.4 ............34
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.7 ............43
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.1 ............74
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.1 ............59
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.0 ............49
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.3 ............95
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.9 ............93
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.0 ............84
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.0 ..........105
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.6 ............70
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.7 ............97
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.9 ..........103
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 342.1 ............50
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.5 ............48
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 132.7 ............36
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 16.0 ............78

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.5 ............90
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 17.5 ............82
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.7 ............68
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 55.2 ..........104
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 70.5 ............32

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.0 ............47
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 23.0 ............51
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.0 ............36
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 4.9 ............33
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 76.7 ............41
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.2 ............58
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 96.6 ............50

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 97.0 ............48
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 72.4 ............19
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.4 ............87
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.1 ............69
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.0 ............89
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.6 ............55
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.8 ............33
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.0 ............75

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 32 ..........108
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.6 ............97
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.2 ............89
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.8 ............65
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.2 ............99
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.2 ............66
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 46.7 ............71
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.9 ............45
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.2 ............93

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............88
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.4 ............37
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.4 ..........112
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 18.8 ............91
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.3 ..........105
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.2 ............45
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.1 ............79
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.7 ..........119
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.4 ..........121
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.81 ............69

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.9 ............53
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.6 ............44
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.6 ............60
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.5 ............97
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.3 ..........104
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.3 ............54
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.9 ............35
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.4 ..........102
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.1 ..........114
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.6 ............75
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 65.0 ............41
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 16.6 ............39
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 70.4 ............30
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 49.3 ............32

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.9 ............20
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.7 ............22
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 800.9 ............21
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 45.4 ............61

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.0 ............32
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.8 ............51
State of cluster development.................................. 3.4 ..........104
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.2 ............95
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.9 ............52
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ..........100
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.1 ............51
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.5 ............46
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.8 ............68

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.6 ............62
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.0 ............55
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.8 ..........103
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.5 ............72
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.1 ..........103
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.2 ............66
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 6.9 ............40

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.3 ............38
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.8 ............17
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.1 ............72
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.1 ..........116
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 43.8 ............97

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 317

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Portugal
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 10.6
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 212.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 20,179
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.30

Portugal

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 51 ..... 4.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 49 ......4.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 45 ......4.4

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................41 ......5.0

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 46 ......4.3
Infrastructure ............................................................ 22 ......5.5
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 124 ......3.8
Health and primary education ................................... 27 ......6.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................46 ......4.4

2

Higher education and training ................................... 28 ......5.1
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 72 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 126 ......3.8
Financial market development ................................ 114 ......3.5
Technological readiness ............................................ 27 ......5.2
Market size ............................................................... 50 ......4.3

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........38 ......4.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 57 ......4.2
Innovation ................................................................. 29 ......3.9

Portugal

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................22.3
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................15.8
Tax rates............................................................................15.6
Policy instability .................................................................12.9
Tax regulations ..................................................................11.2
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................11.0
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.2
Corruption ...........................................................................2.9
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.5
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.9
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................0.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................0.3
Inflation ................................................................................0.3
Poor public health ...............................................................0.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

318 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Portugal
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.8 ............43
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.5 ............38
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.9 ............46
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.8 ............77
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.2 ............33
Judicial independence............................................ 4.2 ............51
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.1 ............72
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.4 ..........118
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.7 ..........132
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.9 ..........122
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.3 ............85
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.1 ............78
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.5 ..............7
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.9 ............11
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.2 ............16
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.2 ............35
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.4 ............45
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.8 ............61
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............85
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.2 ............65
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.1 ............11
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.3 ..............4
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.4 ............26
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.2 ............34
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.6 ............27
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 746.9 ............31
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.4 ............22
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 115.1 ............63
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 42.6 ............22

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.9 ..........116
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 13.8 ..........106
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.8 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ................... 123.0 ..........143
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 47.5 ............71

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.1 ............41
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 24.0 ............53
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.9 ............44
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.70 ............97
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 2.7 ............11
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 80.7 ............23
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.5 ............46
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.2 ............17

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 109.1 ............14
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 65.5 ............26
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.0 ............58
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.1 ............73
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.5 ............11
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.7 ............29
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.0 ............27
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.0 ............70

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................... 5 ............10
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.4 ..........117
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.2 ..............8
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.3 ............93
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.2 ............98
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.9 ............28
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 40.0 ............89
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.9 ............49
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.3 ............83

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............97
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.6 ..........105
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.2 ..........124
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 33.9 ..........134
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.4 ..........139
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.4 ..........121
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.2 ............73
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.8 ..........111
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.2 ............88
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.89 ............32

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.0 ............48
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.1 ............77
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.7 ..........108
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.1 ..........121
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.2 ..........109
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.1 ..........120
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.4 ............52
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.2 ............15
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.5 ............29
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.1 ............30
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 64.0 ............42
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 22.3 ............31
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 193.8 ..............8
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 32.5 ............51

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.1 ............48
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.9 ............53
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 246.5 ............51
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 38.7 ............77

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.0 ............37
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.9 ............40
State of cluster development.................................. 4.2 ............41
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.7 ............57
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.0 ............48
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............84
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.3 ............43
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.4 ............51
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.4 ............99

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.9 ............42
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.2 ............20
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.5 ............48
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.6 ............27
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.7 ............50
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.0 ............16
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 12.7 ............30

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.9 ............77
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.5 ............95
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.1 ............64
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.6 ..........139
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 42.6 ............92

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 319

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Puerto Rico
Key indicators, 2012
Population (millions) .......................................... 3.7
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 101.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 27,451
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.00

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 30 ..... 4.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 31 ......4.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 35 ......4.6

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................54 ......4.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 33 ......4.7
Infrastructure ............................................................ 63 ......4.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 48 ......5.1
Health and primary education ................................. 105 ......5.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................33 ......4.6

2

Higher education and training ................................... 30 ......5.1
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 26 ......4.8
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 38 ......4.6
Financial market development .................................. 18 ......4.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 40 ......4.6
Market size ............................................................... 82 ......3.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........22 ......4.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 19 ......5.0
Innovation ................................................................. 24 ......4.4

Puerto Rico

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................24.0
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................16.5
Access to financing ...........................................................11.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................8.8
Corruption ...........................................................................5.6
Tax rates..............................................................................5.6
Policy instability ...................................................................5.3
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.7
Crime and theft ...................................................................4.1
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................3.4
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.1
Inflation ................................................................................2.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.6
Poor public health ...............................................................0.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

320 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Puerto Rico
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 6.0 ............11
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.9 ..............7
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.9 ............48
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.0 ............72
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.8 ............41
Judicial independence............................................ 4.7 ............42
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.0 ............78
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.0 ............82
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.9 ..........118
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.2 ............16
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.8 ............14
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.3 ............56
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.0 ............43
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.7 ..........116
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.4 ............59
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.8 ............45
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.8 ............36
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 6.0 ............10
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.4 ............12
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 6.0 ..............4
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 7.0 ............19

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.0 ............46
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.1 ............31
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.6 ............71
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.3 ............28
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.5 ............32
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 223.0 ............61
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.2 ............64
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 81.7 ..........115
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 20.8 ............57

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.0 ............43
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 16.3 ............90
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.6 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 64.1 ..........115
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ........................ n/a ...........n/a

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.7 ............11
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 1.8 ..............3
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.6 ............63
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.34 ............77
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 8.8 ............56
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 79.0 ............32
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.7 ............83
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 79.1 ..........132

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 77.2 ............97
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 86.2 ..............6
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.8 ............63
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.8 ............93
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.6 ............44
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.5 ............59
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.6 ............10
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.9 ............18

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................... 6 ............16
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.7 ............92
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.8 ............23
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. n/a ...........n/a
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.4 ............25
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.0 ............33
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.0 ............24
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 46.1 ............73
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.3 ............25
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.1 ............27

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.8 ............33
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.6 ............20
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.7 ............90
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 0.0 ..............1
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............91
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.5 ............27
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.5 ............18
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.9 ..........104
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.3 ............85
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.68 ..........101

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.5 ............23
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.3 ............17
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.5 ............64
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.0 ............55
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.9 ............48
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.1 ............69
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.5 ............12
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.0 ............25
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.7 ............23
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.0 ............37
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 51.4 ............63
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 14.9 ............43
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 135.4 ............15
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 14.7 ............76

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.2 ............83
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.5 ............71
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 69.5 ............79
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 58.3 ............34

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.8 ............62
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.4 ............19
State of cluster development.................................. 4.5 ............25
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.2 ............21
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.4 ............31
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............50
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.8 ............11
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.9 ..............3
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.8 ............18

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.4 ............25
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.5 ............38
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.5 ............40
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.2 ............43
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.4 ............82
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.6 ..............3
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. n/a ...........n/a

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.9 ..............9
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.0 ............14
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.3 ..............9
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.0 ............51
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 50.7 ..........117

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 321

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Qatar
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 1.9
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 183.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 99,731
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.23

Qatar

120,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 13 ..... 5.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 11 ......5.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 14 ......5.2

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .........................................5 ......6.0

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .................................................................. 4 ......5.9
Infrastructure ............................................................ 28 ......5.2
Macroeconomic environment ..................................... 6 ......6.6
Health and primary education ................................... 25 ......6.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................18 ......5.0

2

Higher education and training ................................... 29 ......5.1
Goods market efficiency ............................................ 3 ......5.5
Labor market efficiency .............................................. 6 ......5.3
Financial market development .................................. 13 ......5.2
Technological readiness ............................................ 31 ......5.1
Market size ............................................................... 60 ......4.0

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........14 ......5.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 10 ......5.4
Innovation ................................................................. 16 ......4.8

Qatar

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................20.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................16.5
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................12.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.1
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................11.8
Inflation ................................................................................9.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.8
Poor public health ...............................................................3.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.5
Policy instability ...................................................................1.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.8
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.8
Tax regulations ....................................................................0.8
Tax rates..............................................................................0.5
Corruption ...........................................................................0.5
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

322 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Qatar
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 6.0 ..............8
Intellectual property protection ............................... 6.0 ..............4
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 6.3 ..............3
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 6.1 ..............2
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.5 ..............4
Judicial independence............................................ 6.1 ............12
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 5.2 ..............5
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 6.0 ..............1
Burden of government regulation ........................... 5.2 ..............2
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.4 ............10
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 5.2 ..............7
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.8 ..............5
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.7 ..............2
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 6.8 ..............1
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.9 ..............2
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.3 ..............3
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 6.0 ..............8
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 6.1 ..............8
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.5 ..............9
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 6.0 ..............3
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.4 ............27
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.0 ............38
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.2 ............31
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.0 ............14
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 1,007.3 ............28
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.6 ............13
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 134.1 ............35
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 16.9 ............74

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 8.0 ............10
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 55.4 ..............3
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.9 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 37.8 ............61
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 77.4 ............24

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.4 ............29
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 37.0 ............64
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.3 ............19
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 6.4 ............41
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 78.2 ............35
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.6 ............11
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 94.0 ............72

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 101.7 ............30
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 11.6 ..........112
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.8 ..............4
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.6 ..............6
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.7 ..............8
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.0 ............15
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.4 ............17
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.3 ..............5

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................... 9 ............43
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.5 ............22
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.6 ..............3
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.6 ............59
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.7 ............68
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.3 ............17
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.4 ..............8
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 31.6 ..........119
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.9 ..............2
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.9 ..............3

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.6 ..............7
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 6.0 ..............6
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 5.4 ..............4
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 23.2 ..........109
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 6.4 ..............1
Pay and productivity............................................... 5.2 ..............5
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.6 ............14
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 6.0 ..............1
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 6.0 ..............3
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.55 ..........124

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.8 ............14
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.9 ..............3
Financing through local equity market .................... 5.0 ..............6
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.9 ..............1
Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.5 ..............2
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.3 ............13
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.8 ..............6
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.1 ............20
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.9 ............10
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.8 ..............4
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 88.1 ..............9
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 8.2 ............70
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 28.1 ............59
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 72.1 ............13

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.6 ............65
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.2 ............40
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 187.9 ............57
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 74.6 ............22

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.2 ............22
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.4 ............16
State of cluster development.................................. 5.2 ............10
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.7 ............24
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.2 ............10
Control of international distribution ......................... 5.6 ..............1
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.7 ............13
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.6 ..............8
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 5.5 ..............7

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.8 ............17
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.6 ............12
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.9 ..............9
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.5 ..............7
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 5.6 ..............1
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.6 ..............2
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.6 ............60

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.8 ............16
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.4 ..............7
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.5 ..............2
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 6.3 ..............2
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 11.3 ..............3

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 323

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Romania
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 21.4
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 169.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 7,935
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.33

Romania

20,000

Central and Eastern Europe

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 76 ..... 4.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 78 ......4.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 77 ......4.1

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................87 ......4.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 114 ......3.3
Infrastructure .......................................................... 100 ......3.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 47 ......5.1
Health and primary education ................................... 84 ......5.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................63 ......4.1

2

Higher education and training ................................... 59 ......4.4
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 117 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 110 ......4.0
Financial market development .................................. 72 ......4.0
Technological readiness ............................................ 54 ......4.1
Market size ............................................................... 46 ......4.4

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........103 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 101 ......3.6
Innovation ................................................................. 97 ......3.0

Romania

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Tax rates............................................................................17.8
Corruption .........................................................................13.4
Tax regulations ..................................................................11.8
Access to financing ...........................................................10.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.2
Policy instability ...................................................................7.3
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................6.2
Inflation ................................................................................6.2
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................5.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.3
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................2.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.3
Poor public health ...............................................................0.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................0.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

324 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Romania
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.9 ............82
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.9 ..........110
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.5 ..........114
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.8 ..........141
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.8 ............76
Judicial independence............................................ 2.8 ..........114
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.2 ..........137
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.2 ..........134
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.8 ..........127
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.8 ..........128
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.6 ..........128
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........115
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.6 ............67
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.1 ............51
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.7 ............90
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.6 ..........107
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.1 ..........139
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.0 ..........108
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.0 ..........126
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.3 ..........128
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.4 ..........106
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.1 ..........145
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.3 ............82
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.0 ..........123
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.4 ..........119
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 176.3 ............67
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.3 ............88
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 106.1 ............83
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 21.9 ............53

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.5 ............66
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 23.2 ............55
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.3 ............62
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 37.0 ............59
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 50.3 ............67

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.2 ............86
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 101.0 ............96
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.3 ............79
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 10.8 ............62
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.5 ............60
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.6 ............85
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 87.6 ..........112

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 97.2 ............46
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 58.8 ............39
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.3 ............99
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.3 ............57
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.7 ..........104
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.5 ............60
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.9 ............91
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.1 ..........134

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 10 ............49
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.5 ..........110
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.8 ..........128
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.1 ..........105
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.7 ..........116
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.3 ..........118
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 46.5 ............72
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.1 ..........116
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.9 ..........115

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.3 ..........139
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.1 ............73
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.9 ............84
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 4.0 ..............8
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.1 ..........146
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.7 ............94
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.3 ..........131
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.1 ..........138
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.2 ..........132
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.78 ............77

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.9 ..........102
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.9 ............91
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.0 ............98
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.7 ............78
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.4 ............92
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.4 ..........101
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.4 ..........115
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.3 ..........107
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.3 ..........104
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.4 ............89
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 50.0 ............64
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 15.9 ............42
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 116.0 ............16
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 23.7 ............62

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.2 ............43
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.0 ............47
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 273.4 ............47
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 39.8 ............74

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.4 ..........102
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.0 ..........104
State of cluster development.................................. 3.5 ............96
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.1 ..........103
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.5 ............97
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.7 ..........108
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.4 ..........102
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.9 ............93
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.4 ..........100

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............90
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.7 ............64
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.8 ..........104
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.3 ............88
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.2 ............99
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.6 ............99
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 2.0 ............55

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.4 ..........115
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.6 ............88
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.6 ..........113
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.6 ..........136
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 44.2 ............99

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 325

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Russian Federation
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ...................................... 143.0
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 2,022.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 14,247
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 3.02

Russian Federation

20,000

Commonwealth of Independent States

15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 64 ..... 4.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 67 ......4.2
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 66 ......4.2

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (26.9%) .......................................47 ......4.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 121 ......3.3
Infrastructure ............................................................ 45 ......4.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 19 ......5.9
Health and primary education ................................... 71 ......5.7

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................51 ......4.3

2

Higher education and training ................................... 47 ......4.7
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 126 ......3.8
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 72 ......4.3
Financial market development ................................ 121 ......3.4
Technological readiness ............................................ 59 ......4.0
Market size ................................................................. 7 ......5.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (23.1%) ...........99 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 107 ......3.6
Innovation ................................................................. 78 ......3.1

Russian Federation

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................19.1
Tax rates............................................................................13.0
Tax regulations ..................................................................10.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................9.8
Access to financing .............................................................9.2
Inflation ................................................................................7.1
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................6.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................4.3
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.3
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.3
Policy instability ...................................................................1.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.6
Poor public health ...............................................................0.9
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.8
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

326 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Russian Federation
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.0 ..........133
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.9 ..........113
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.5 ..........113
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.7 ............84
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.2 ..........109
Judicial independence............................................ 2.7 ..........119
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.6 ..........111
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.8 ............99
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.9 ..........120
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.0 ..........118
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.8 ..........120
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.8 ..........101
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.7 ..........112
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.5 ............80
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.2 ..........111
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.0 ..........122
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ..........101
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.0 ..........107
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.3 ............98
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.3 ..........132
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.7 ..........100

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.8 ............93
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.5 ..........136
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.2 ............31
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.9 ............88
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.9 ..........102
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 3,506.5 ............11
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.5 ............83
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 183.5 ..............6
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 30.1 ............38

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 0.4 ............23
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 28.5 ............32
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.1 ............91
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 10.9 ............10
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 65.9 ............39

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.5 ............74
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 97.0 ............94
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.6 ............65
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.00 ..........107
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 9.8 ............58
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 69.0 ..........101
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.1 ............61
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 93.4 ............79

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 88.6 ............75
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 75.9 ............14
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.5 ............85
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.3 ............56
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.6 ..........113
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.6 ............54
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.1 ............76
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.8 ............88

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 18 ............78
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.0 ..........134
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.8 ..........124
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 9.4 ..........103
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.4 ..........132
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.6 ..........121
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.3 ..........124
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 21.6 ..........139
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.1 ..........113
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.6 ............57

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.9 ..........112
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.3 ............41
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.9 ............77
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 17.3 ............85
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.0 ..........122
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.2 ............46
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.8 ..........105
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.8 ..........112
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.0 ............97
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.87 ............41

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.1 ............91
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.8 ............95
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.1 ............90
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.9 ............68
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.6 ............70
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.0 ..........124
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.6 ..........102
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.0 ..........124
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.9 ..........126
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.7 ..........125
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 53.3 ............62
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 14.5 ............46
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 32.9 ............52
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 52.9 ............25

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.7 ..............8
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.1 ..............7
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 2,513.3 ..............6
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 29.1 ..........101

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.3 ..........109
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.9 ..........111
State of cluster development.................................. 3.1 ..........124
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.1 ..........102
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.2 ..........114
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.7 ..........105
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.3 ..........105
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.9 ............90
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.5 ............96

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............64
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.7 ............65
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............69
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.6 ............64
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.1 ..........108
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.8 ............90
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 6.1 ............43

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.5 ..........113
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.5 ............93
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.5 ..........116
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.0 ..........125
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 54.1 ..........124

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 327

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Rwanda
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 10.9
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 7.2
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 693
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.02

Rwanda

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 66 ..... 4.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 63 ......4.2
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 70 ......4.2

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .......................................71 ......4.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 19 ......5.2
Infrastructure .......................................................... 104 ......3.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 92 ......4.4
Health and primary education ................................... 94 ......5.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) .....................................96 ......3.7

2

Higher education and training ................................. 122 ......3.0
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 41 ......4.5
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 11 ......5.1
Financial market development .................................. 57 ......4.2
Technological readiness .......................................... 105 ......3.1
Market size ............................................................. 128 ......2.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) .............66 ......3.6

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 80 ......3.9
Innovation ................................................................. 52 ......3.4

Rwanda

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................21.3
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................14.3
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................11.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................11.3
Tax rates............................................................................10.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................7.5
Tax regulations ....................................................................7.2
Inflation ................................................................................5.3
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................3.5
Corruption ...........................................................................2.5
Policy instability ...................................................................1.6
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.3
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.1
Poor public health ...............................................................0.9
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

328 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Rwanda
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.2 ............29
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.7 ............33
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.0 ............25
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 5.4 ..............8
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.6 ............24
Judicial independence............................................ 5.0 ............33
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.7 ............11
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 5.7 ..............4
Burden of government regulation ........................... 5.0 ..............3
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.1 ............17
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.5 ............20
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.5 ..............8
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.8 ............57
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.9 ............12
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.2 ............18
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.8 ............21
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.2 ............24
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.7 ............65
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.9 ............39
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.8 ............31
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.3 ............31

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.5 ............62
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.8 ............47
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.6 ..........103
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.3 ............80
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 15.3 ..........131
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.1 ............92
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 50.5 ..........137
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.4 ..........139

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.7 ............53
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 12.1 ..........117
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 6.3 ..........105
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 28.0 ............36
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 24.4 ..........119

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.6 ..........110
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 5,381.2 ..........121
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.9 ............98
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 94.0 ............93
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.5 ..........110
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 2.90 ..........129
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 38.1 ..........110
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 55.4 ..........130
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.8 ............75
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 98.7 ............25

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 35.8 ..........133
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 6.6 ..........128
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.1 ............51
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.1 ............70
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.9 ............91
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.3 ............68
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.6 ..........106
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.0 ............71

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 2 ..............3
No. days to start a business* .................................... 3 ..............5
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.8 ..............6
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.5 ............52
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 9.3 ............99
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.5 ............83
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.7 ..............7
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.4 ............11
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 35.9 ............99
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.2 ..........103
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.3 ............80

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.9 ............32
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.2 ............56
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.2 ............46
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 13.0 ............58
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.5 ............18
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.1 ............62
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.8 ............39
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.3 ............28
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.6 ............23
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 1.02 ..............4

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.6 ............66
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.2 ............65
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.5 ............62
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.3 ............36
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.2 ............35
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.8 ............83
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.1 ............70
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.1 ............62
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.8 ............61
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.0 ............34
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 8.0 ..........128
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........138
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 6.7 ..........103
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 3.2 ..........107

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.4 ..........123
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 2.7 ..........140
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 15.5 ..........124
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 12.3 ..........143

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.2 ..........113
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.1 ............99
State of cluster development.................................. 3.8 ............70
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.7 ............58
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.6 ............82
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............81
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.5 ............90
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.5 ..........116
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............48

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.5 ............76
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.7 ............67
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.0 ............81
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.7 ............60
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.7 ..............5
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.9 ............81
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.7 ............90
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.9 ............59
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.6 ............38
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.3 ............31
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 31.3 ............41

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 329

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Saudi Arabia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 28.1
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 727.3
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 25,085
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 1.09

Saudi Arabia

35,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 20 ..... 5.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 18 ......5.2
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 17 ......5.2

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (43.0%) .......................................14 ......5.7

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 20 ......5.1
Infrastructure ............................................................ 31 ......5.2
Macroeconomic environment ..................................... 4 ......6.7
Health and primary education ................................... 53 ......5.9

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (47.7%) .....................................27 ......4.7

2

Higher education and training ................................... 48 ......4.7
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 27 ......4.8
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 70 ......4.3
Financial market development .................................. 27 ......4.7
Technological readiness ............................................ 41 ......4.6
Market size ............................................................... 23 ......5.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (9.2%) .............29 ......4.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 28 ......4.7
Innovation ................................................................. 30 ......3.9

Saudi Arabia

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................25.6
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................15.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.4
Access to financing ...........................................................11.4
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................8.3
Tax rates..............................................................................6.1
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.9
Corruption ...........................................................................4.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.9
Inflation ................................................................................2.6
Policy instability ...................................................................0.9
Poor public health ...............................................................0.8
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.7
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

330 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Saudi Arabia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.3 ............27
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.0 ............27
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.9 ............26
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 5.3 ............10
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.5 ............26
Judicial independence............................................ 5.3 ............28
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.2 ............18
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 5.1 ..............7
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.8 ............37
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.5 ............36
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.4 ............28
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.6 ............36
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.8 ............51
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.9 ............15
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.4 ............11
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.4 ............29
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.1 ............26
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.6 ............22
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............35
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.2 ............14
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 7.0 ............19

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.7 ............22
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.8 ............17
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.4 ............47
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.1 ............36
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.4 ............38
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 1,201.1 ............24
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.4 ............24
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 184.7 ..............5
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 16.7 ............75

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................. 15.2 ..............6
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 51.0 ..............5
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.9 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ....................... 3.6 ..............4
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 74.3 ............27

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.8 ............88
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.1 ............77
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.7 ............68
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 17.0 ............38
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.7 ............61
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................... n/a ...........n/a
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 7.9 ............49
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.1 ............66
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.2 ............59
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 96.5 ............52

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 107.3 ............17
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 41.2 ............64
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.3 ............39
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.2 ............64
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.3 ............64
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.8 ............49
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............55
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.1 ............57

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 9 ..........104
No. days to start a business* .................................. 21 ............91
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.5 ............21
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.7 ............34
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.6 ............62
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.2 ..........100
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.5 ............76
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.5 ............48
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 26.6 ..........131
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.9 ............47
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.8 ............44

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.5 ............52
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.9 ..............9
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.3 ............36
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 19.5 ............94
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.9 ............11
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.5 ............25
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.8 ............40
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.6 ............18
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.9 ............14
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.24 ..........145

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.0 ............43
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.2 ............26
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.6 ............19
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.6 ............24
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.4 ............25
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.1 ............15
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.1 ............26
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 5 ............89

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.8 ............32
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.8 ............15
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.5 ..............8
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 54.0 ............60
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 6.8 ............72
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 35.9 ............49
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 42.8 ............36

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.8 ............23
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.9 ............17
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 906.8 ............19
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 54.5 ............40

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.3 ............15
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.8 ............50
State of cluster development.................................. 4.7 ............23
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.0 ............41
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.5 ............28
Control of international distribution ......................... 5.0 ..............9
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.8 ............30
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.9 ............32
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.6 ............21

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.9 ............43
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.5 ............39
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.9 ............27
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.5 ............31
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.6 ..............6
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.6 ............31
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 3.3 ............48

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.7 ............18
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.6 ............24
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.8 ............21
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 5.1 ............10
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 14.5 ..............5

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 331

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Senegal
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 12.8
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 13.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,057
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Senegal

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000

1,500

1,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 113 ..... 3.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 117 ......3.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 111 ......3.7

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................120 ......3.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 82 ......3.7
Infrastructure .......................................................... 117 ......2.8
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 91 ......4.4
Health and primary education ................................. 131 ......4.2

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................105 ......3.6

2

Higher education and training ................................. 114 ......3.1
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 59 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 65 ......4.3
Financial market development .................................. 98 ......3.7
Technological readiness ............................................ 95 ......3.3
Market size ............................................................. 105 ......2.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) .............76 ......3.5

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 82 ......3.8
Innovation ................................................................. 72 ......3.2

Senegal

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................24.4
Corruption .........................................................................15.3
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................14.7
Tax rates............................................................................12.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................9.1
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................6.7
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................4.7
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.8
Foreign currency regulations ................................................2.3
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.9
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.2
Inflation ................................................................................1.2
Policy instability ...................................................................1.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.8
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.3
Poor public health ...............................................................0.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

332 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Senegal
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.0 ............80
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.2 ............96
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.7 ..........102
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.6 ............87
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.6 ............90
Judicial independence............................................ 3.1 ..........103
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.9 ............82
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.1 ............78
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.7 ............51
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.9 ............52
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.6 ............59
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.2 ............63
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.0 ..........100
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.8 ............63
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.5 ..........101
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.5 ............55
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............85
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.5 ............83
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............45
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.8 ............96
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.0 ..........134

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.4 ..........113
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.3 ............97
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.9 ............98
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.8 ............47
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.5 ............69
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 100.8 ............81
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.3 ..........129
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 87.5 ..........111
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 2.6 ..........117

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-5.7 ..........126
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 20.3 ............70
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.1 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 45.0 ............83
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 35.6 ............92

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.0 ..........121
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 23,652.2 ..........133
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.6 ..........106
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 136.0 ..........107
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.5 ..........108
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.70 ............97
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 46.7 ..........119
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 59.3 ..........121
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.3 ..........103
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 75.7 ..........134

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 42.1 ..........129
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 7.9 ..........123
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.5 ............80
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.0 ............79
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.6 ............43
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.7 ............93
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.7 ............35
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.3 ..........125

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 3 ............10
No. days to start a business* .................................... 5 ............10
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.7 ............83
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............77
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.5 ..........115
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.1 ............44
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.8 ............47
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.7 ............38
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 54.5 ............55
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.6 ............64
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.8 ..........120

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.5 ............57
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.5 ..........110
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.0 ............75
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 13.7 ............66
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.2 ............34
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.5 ..........105
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.0 ............87
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.5 ............68
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.6 ............62
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.75 ............89

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.9 ..........104
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.6 ..........111
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.9 ..........102
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.4 ..........110
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.2 ..........108
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.2 ............63
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.5 ..........109
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.2 ............54
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.2 ............39
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.5 ............81
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 19.2 ..........104
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.7 ..........112
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 5.4 ..........111
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 3.8 ..........105

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.8 ..........101
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.4 ..........119
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 26.6 ..........106
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 24.9 ..........119

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............44
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.8 ............48
State of cluster development.................................. 3.4 ..........105
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.1 ............99
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.1 ............44
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.6 ..........115
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.4 ..........100
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.9 ............89
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.3 ..........112

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.3 ............92
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.6 ............76
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.0 ............85
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.2 ..........100
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.8 ............42
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.4 ............50
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........111

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.1 ............58
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.8 ............66
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.4 ............51
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.1 ............39
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 46.0 ..........105

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 333

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Serbia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 7.3
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 37.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 4,943
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.10

Serbia

20,000

Central and Eastern Europe

15,000

10,000

5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 101 ..... 3.8

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 95 ......3.9
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 95 ......3.9

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .....................................106 ......4.0

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 126 ......3.2
Infrastructure ............................................................ 90 ......3.5
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 136 ......3.4
Health and primary education ................................... 69 ......5.7

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................92 ......3.8

2

Higher education and training ................................... 83 ......4.0
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 132 ......3.6
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 119 ......3.9
Financial market development ................................ 115 ......3.5
Technological readiness ............................................ 60 ......3.9
Market size ............................................................... 69 ......3.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........125 ......3.0

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 137 ......3.2
Innovation ............................................................... 112 ......2.9

Serbia

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................13.8
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.1
Access to financing ...........................................................11.1
Government instability/coups ............................................10.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................5.9
Crime and theft ...................................................................5.6
Inflation ................................................................................5.6
Tax rates..............................................................................5.5
Policy instability ...................................................................4.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.1
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.6
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.7
Poor public health ...............................................................1.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

334 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Serbia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.2 ..........130
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.9 ..........115
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.8 ............94
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.1 ..........120
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.7 ............78
Judicial independence............................................ 2.6 ..........124
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.4 ..........127
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.3 ..........130
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.3 ..........142
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.5 ..........137
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.5 ..........136
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........118
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.6 ............66
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.3 ............89
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.0 ..........127
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.0 ............81
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.3 ..........127
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.9 ..........117
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.7 ..........138
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 2.7 ..........144
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.4 ..........115
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.8 ..........119
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.0 ............95
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.6 ..........139
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.3 ..........121
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 72.1 ............90
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.9 ............72
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 92.8 ..........103
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 30.2 ............37

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-7.0 ..........132
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 8.0 ..........136
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 7.3 ..........115
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 63.7 ..........114
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 39.2 ............80

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.1 ............40
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 16.0 ............37
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.3 ............22
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 6.1 ............40
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.6 ............59
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.7 ............81
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 93.2 ............82

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 91.5 ............62
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 50.4 ............50
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.1 ..........111
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.3 ............55
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.6 ..........114
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.9 ............84
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.4 ..........121
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.0 ..........140

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 12 ............57
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.2 ..........130
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.0 ..........109
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 5.2 ............70
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.9 ..........118
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.5 ..........129
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.4 ..........112
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 60.7 ............42
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.8 ..........128
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.3 ..........143

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.2 ..........144
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.4 ............35
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.5 ..........103
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 7.7 ............23
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.7 ..........130
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.4 ..........118
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.1 ..........135
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 1.8 ..........146
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 1.6 ..........147
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.77 ............80

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.9 ............99
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.6 ..........112
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.1 ..........136
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.2 ..........120
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.9 ..........129
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.2 ..........117
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.2 ..........121
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.1 ..........118
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.7 ..........137
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.9 ..........115
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 48.1 ............67
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 10.2 ............61
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 70.5 ............29
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 40.2 ............41

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.5 ............68
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.3 ............76
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 78.7 ............73
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 41.0 ............71

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.1 ..........117
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.8 ..........117
State of cluster development.................................. 3.0 ..........129
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.5 ..........145
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.1 ..........122
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.6 ..........116
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.8 ..........130
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.1 ..........135
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 2.7 ..........141

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.8 ..........133
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.7 ............66
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.5 ..........127
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.2 ..........104
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.8 ..........123
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.9 ............85
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 2.8 ............53

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.8 ..........138
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.6 ..........142
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.0 ..........141
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.8 ..........130
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 34.0 ............53

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 335

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Seychelles
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 0.1
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 1.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 11,226
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.00

Seychelles

30,000

Sub-Saharan Africa

25,000
20,000
15,000
10000
5,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 80 ..... 4.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 76 ......4.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) .................................... n/a ......n/a

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (34.4%) .......................................52 ......4.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 45 ......4.3
Infrastructure ............................................................ 43 ......4.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 89 ......4.4
Health and primary education ................................... 55 ......5.9

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................95 ......3.7

2

Higher education and training ................................... 79 ......4.1
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 53 ......4.4
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 31 ......4.7
Financial market development .................................. 83 ......3.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 65 ......3.9
Market size ............................................................. 147 ......1.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (15.6%) ...........62 ......3.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 64 ......4.1
Innovation ................................................................. 62 ......3.3

Seychelles

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................19.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ..............................12.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.7
Corruption ...........................................................................9.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................8.0
Tax rates..............................................................................7.6
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................6.3
Tax regulations ....................................................................5.8
Policy instability ...................................................................4.9
Inflation ................................................................................4.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.6
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................3.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.7
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

336 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Seychelles
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.4 ............57
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.1 ............46
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.3 ............41
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.8 ............32
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.5 ............51
Judicial independence............................................ 4.1 ............52
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.7 ............38
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.1 ............25
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.1 ............25
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.1 ............47
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.0 ............41
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.3 ............53
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.0 ..........105
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.5 ............82
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.7 ............39
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.9 ............89
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.4 ............46
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.8 ............57
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.8 ............42
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.6 ............41
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.7 ............57

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.7 ............56
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.3 ............56
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.9 ............45
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.8 ............54
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 27.2 ..........115
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.9 ............71
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 158.6 ............15
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 33.1 ............34

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 1.9 ............19
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 16.9 ............87
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 7.1 ..........113
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 82.5 ..........131
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 25.0 ..........117

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.7 ..........104
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 30.0 ............58
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.2 ..........120
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 3.00 ..........130
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 11.9 ............64
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.5 ............76
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.4 ............49
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 95.1 ............61

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 123.9 ..............3
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 2.6 ..........143
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.4 ............31
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.2 ............65
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.2 ............75
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.3 ............69
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.8 ............93
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.4 ............39

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 10 ..........116
No. days to start a business* .................................. 39 ..........121
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............41
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.4 ............59
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 15.5 ..........139
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.7 ............73
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.5 ............79
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.2 ............59
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 113.3 ..............5
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.3 ............95
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.8 ............39

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.6 ............45
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.9 ............84
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.9 ............80
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 13.5 ............64
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.4 ............21
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.0 ............68
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.4 ............56
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.2 ............85
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.7 ............16
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.86 ............46

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.0 ............94
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.9 ............89
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.2 ............84
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.6 ............25
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.1 ............42
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.8 ............79
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.3 ............61
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.0 ............68
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.9 ............55
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.4 ............90
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 47.1 ............69
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 11.7 ............54
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 16.3 ............79
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 8.7 ............87

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.0 ..........148
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 2.8 ..........138
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 2.3 ..........147
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 102.0 ..............6

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.4 ..........103
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.0 ..........108
State of cluster development.................................. 3.9 ............67
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.6 ............25
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.0 ............47
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.0 ............73
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.7 ............71
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.9 ............92
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............47

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.6 ............58
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.6 ............79
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.3 ............53
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.4 ............80
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.9 ............33
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.0 ..........134
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 31.8 ............27

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.6 ..........100
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.9 ............58
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.2 ............61
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.3 ............30
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 25.7 ............23

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 337

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Sierra Leone
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 6.0
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 3.8
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 613
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.01

Sierra Leone

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 144 ..... 3.0

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 143 ......2.8
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) .................................... n/a ......n/a

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................146 ......3.0

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 89 ......3.6
Infrastructure .......................................................... 139 ......2.1
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 137 ......3.3
Health and primary education ................................. 147 ......2.7

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................136 ......3.1

2

Higher education and training ................................. 142 ......2.4
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 105 ......4.0
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 97 ......4.1
Financial market development ................................ 116 ......3.5
Technological readiness .......................................... 130 ......2.7
Market size ............................................................. 133 ......2.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........129 ......2.9

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 127 ......3.3
Innovation ............................................................... 130 ......2.6

Sierra Leone

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................22.1
Corruption .........................................................................14.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................9.0
Tax rates..............................................................................8.8
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.9
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................7.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................5.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................5.2
Inflation ................................................................................4.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................4.0
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.2
Policy instability ...................................................................1.5
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.5
Poor public health ...............................................................1.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

338 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Sierra Leone
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.7 ..........100
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.4 ............87
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.7 ..........108
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.8 ............81
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.0 ..........121
Judicial independence............................................ 3.1 ..........104
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.7 ..........106
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.3 ............67
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.9 ............32
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.7 ............69
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.7 ..........125
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.8 ..........102
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.8 ............52
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.5 ............83
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.8 ............80
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.8 ............93
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............94
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.0 ..........112
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............90
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.7 ..........103
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.3 ............31

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.1 ..........125
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.0 ..........107
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.5 ..........112
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.6 ..........101
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.8 ..........138
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ................. 8.4 ..........138
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.4 ..........128
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 36.1 ..........142
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.3 ..........142

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.8 ............74
Gross national savings, % GDP* ...........................-6.9 ..........145
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 13.8 ..........140
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 44.5 ............81
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 17.5 ..........141

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 2.5 ..........146
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 29,407.1 ..........142
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.2 ..........120
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 723.0 ..........145
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.1 ..........123
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.60 ..........125
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ............ 119.2 ..........148
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 47.8 ..........148
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.9 ..........114
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 65.0 ..........139

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 35.0 ..........135
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 5.0 ..........132
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.0 ..........116
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.6 ..........135
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.2 ..........131
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.3 ..........133
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.1 ..........133
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.5 ..........117

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 12 ............57
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............52
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.6 ............40
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 13.7 ..........133
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.0 ............56
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.5 ............77
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.3 ..........126
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 67.5 ............35
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.9 ..........123
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.6 ..........133

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.4 ............63
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.9 ............85
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.5 ............24
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 78.3 ..........143
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.0 ............50
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.5 ..........109
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.3 ............67
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.7 ..........114
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.3 ............81
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.97 ..............7

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.7 ..........120
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.5 ..........123
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.3 ..........132
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.8 ..........136
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.7 ..........145
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.6 ............94
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.2 ..........122
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.6 ..........137
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.8 ..........134
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.3 ............94
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 1.3 ..........145
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........148
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 1.9 ..........136
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 34.1 ............46

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.1 ..........131
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 2.5 ..........143
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 8.3 ..........134
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 17.6 ..........138

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.5 ............92
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.0 ..........107
State of cluster development.................................. 3.2 ..........115
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.9 ..........122
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.8 ..........141
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.1 ..........142
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.7 ..........139
Extent of marketing ................................................ 2.8 ..........140
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.3 ..........114

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.8 ..........131
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.5 ..........135
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.3 ..........137
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.5 ..........137
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.4 ............84
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.0 ..........137
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ..........101

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.1 ..........130
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.3 ..........115
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.8 ............93
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.6 ............89
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 32.1 ............43

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 339

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Singapore
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 5.2
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 276.5
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 51,162
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.39

Singapore

80,000

Advanced economies

70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ........................................................ 2 ..... 5.6

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ....................................... 2 ......5.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ....................................... 2 ......5.6

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .........................................1 ......6.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .................................................................. 3 ......6.0
Infrastructure .............................................................. 2 ......6.4
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 18 ......6.0
Health and primary education ..................................... 2 ......6.7

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .......................................2 ......5.6

2

Higher education and training ..................................... 2 ......5.9
Goods market efficiency ............................................ 1 ......5.6
Labor market efficiency .............................................. 1 ......5.8
Financial market development .................................... 2 ......5.8
Technological readiness .............................................. 7 ......6.0
Market size ............................................................... 34 ......4.7

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........13 ......5.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 17 ......5.1
Innovation ................................................................... 9 ......5.2

Singapore

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................28.5
Inflation ..............................................................................22.4
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................13.9
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................8.1
Tax rates..............................................................................5.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................5.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.5
Access to financing .............................................................3.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.0
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................2.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.7
Policy instability ...................................................................1.5
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.1
Corruption ...........................................................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

340 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Singapore
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 6.3 ..............2
Intellectual property protection ............................... 6.1 ..............2
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 6.1 ..............5
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 6.2 ..............1
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.5 ..............3
Judicial independence............................................ 5.7 ............17
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 5.4 ..............1
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 5.9 ..............2
Burden of government regulation ........................... 5.4 ..............1
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 6.1 ..............1
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.9 ............12
Transparency of government policymaking............. 6.1 ..............1
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.8 ............54
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 6.2 ..............6
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.7 ..............4
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.3 ..............5
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 6.3 ..............3
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 6.2 ..............4
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.7 ..............5
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.4 ............10
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 9.3 ..............2

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.4 ..............5
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.2 ..............7
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 5.6 ............10
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 6.8 ..............2
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.8 ..............1
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 2,378.3 ............16
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.7 ..............8
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 153.4 ............18
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 37.8 ............29

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 5.6 ............12
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 45.6 ..............7
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 4.6 ............84
General government debt, % GDP* ................... 111.0 ..........141
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 92.7 ..............4

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.0 ............51
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 37.0 ............64
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.9 ............47
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 2.0 ..............3
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 81.9 ..............8
Quality of primary education ................................... 6.0 ..............3
Primary education enrollment, net %* ................ 100.0 ..............1

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 107.0 ............18
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 72.0 ............20
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.8 ..............3
Quality of math and science education .................. 6.3 ..............1
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.7 ..............6
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.3 ..............4
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.4 ............14
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.2 ..............6

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 3 ............10
No. days to start a business* .................................... 3 ..............5
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.9 ..............5
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.6 ..............4
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.2 ..............3
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 6.1 ..............3
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 6.3 ..............2
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 6.2 ..............1
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 179.6 ..............2
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.4 ............14
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.5 ............12

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 6.0 ..............2
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 6.0 ..............5
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 5.6 ..............3
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 3.0 ..............6
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 6.0 ..............4
Pay and productivity............................................... 5.2 ..............4
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.9 ..............8
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 5.1 ..............8
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 6.0 ..............2
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.76 ............84

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 6.1 ..............5
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.9 ..............4
Financing through local equity market .................... 5.0 ..............7
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.5 ..............4
Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.2 ..............6
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.5 ..............5
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.9 ..............5
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ............................... 10 ..............1

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.2 ............16
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.8 ............13
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.8 ..............5
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 74.2 ............29
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 26.1 ............20
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 391.1 ..............4
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*........ 123.3 ..............1

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.2 ............45
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.0 ............13
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 326.5 ............40
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ...................... 195.8 ..............2

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.8 ............58
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.1 ............28
State of cluster development.................................. 5.2 ..............8
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.6 ............13
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.0 ............14
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............52
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.5 ............19
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.2 ............22
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.6 ............23

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.8 ............18
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.6 ............11
Company spending on R&D................................... 5.0 ..............8
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.6 ..............4
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 5.1 ..............2
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.0 ............14
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 124.4 ............13

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.6 ............19
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.1 ............12
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.4 ..............4
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 6.0 ..............4
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 27.6 ............27

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 341

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Slovak Republic
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 5.4
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 91.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 16,899
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.16

Slovak Republic

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 78 ..... 4.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 71 ......4.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 69 ......4.2

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.3%) .......................................67 ......4.6

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 119 ......3.3
Infrastructure ............................................................ 67 ......4.1
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 62 ......4.9
Health and primary education ................................... 39 ......6.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................56 ......4.3

2

Higher education and training ................................... 58 ......4.4
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 76 ......4.2
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 76 ......4.2
Financial market development .................................. 42 ......4.5
Technological readiness ............................................ 52 ......4.2
Market size ............................................................... 58 ......4.0

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (29.7%) ...........77 ......3.5

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 73 ......4.0
Innovation ................................................................. 95 ......3.0

Slovak Republic

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................19.7
Corruption .........................................................................18.7
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................13.6
Policy instability ...................................................................9.9
Tax rates..............................................................................8.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.4
Tax regulations ....................................................................5.9
Access to financing .............................................................4.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.0
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.5
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.1
Inflation ................................................................................0.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.3
Poor public health ...............................................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

342 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Slovak Republic
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.9 ............83
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.7 ............65
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.2 ..........138
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.8 ..........139
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.4 ............99
Judicial independence............................................ 2.3 ..........133
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 1.9 ..........144
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.1 ..........137
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.5 ..........139
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.4 ..........143
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.2 ..........142
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.0 ............80
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.2 ............26
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.7 ............69
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.5 ..........102
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.6 ..........108
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.3 ..........125
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.8 ............60
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............82
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.7 ..........109
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.7 ..........100

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.1 ............81
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.6 ............85
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.3 ............28
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.7 ............96
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.2 ..........124
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 26.4 ..........117
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.2 ............31
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 111.2 ............67
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 17.8 ............68

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.9 ..........118
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 21.9 ............60
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.7 ............71
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 52.3 ............98
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 74.0 ............29

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.5 ............23
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 7.2 ............24
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.5 ............13
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 6.5 ............43
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 76.0 ............47
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.3 ............54
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 97.4 ............41

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 91.2 ............64
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 53.9 ............49
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.7 ..........130
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.9 ............86
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.7 ..........109
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.5 ............31
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............61
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.8 ............91

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 16 ............73
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.3 ..........120
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.6 ............41
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.9 ..............7
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.9 ............39
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.3 ............53
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 92.2 ............10
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............79
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.6 ..........131

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.0 ..........106
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.1 ............76
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.2 ..........126
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 11.6 ............52
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.7 ..........131
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.6 ............22
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.2 ............77
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.4 ..........130
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.5 ..........119
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.81 ............72

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.0 ............41
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.8 ............37
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.7 ..........112
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.1 ............49
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.7 ............64
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.8 ............32
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.8 ............93
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.0 ............70
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.7 ............72
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.1 ............26
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 80.0 ............22
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 14.6 ............45
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 11.4 ............91
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 34.9 ............45

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.7 ............61
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.1 ............41
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 131.9 ............62
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 96.1 ............11

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............69
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.9 ............41
State of cluster development.................................. 3.8 ............71
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.8 ..........126
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.7 ............73
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.2 ..........136
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.3 ............42
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.5 ............45
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.5 ............94

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.2 ............96
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.6 ............70
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.9 ............94
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.3 ............93
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.6 ..........134
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.9 ............82
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 7.3 ............39

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.5 ............29
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.4 ..........106
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.8 ............95
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.1 ..........122
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 47.9 ..........110

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 343

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Slovenia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 2.1
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 45.6
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 22,193
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.07

Slovenia

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 62 ..... 4.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 56 ......4.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 57 ......4.3

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................37 ......5.1

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 68 ......3.9
Infrastructure ............................................................ 36 ......4.9
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 53 ......5.0
Health and primary education ................................... 17 ......6.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................62 ......4.1

2

Higher education and training ................................... 25 ......5.2
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 62 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 106 ......4.0
Financial market development ................................ 134 ......3.0
Technological readiness ............................................ 33 ......4.9
Market size ............................................................... 83 ......3.5

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........49 ......3.9

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 58 ......4.1
Innovation ................................................................. 40 ......3.6

Slovenia

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................24.3
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................17.5
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................13.9
Tax rates..............................................................................8.7
Corruption ...........................................................................8.0
Policy instability ...................................................................6.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................6.3
Tax regulations ....................................................................5.9
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.7
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.7
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................1.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................1.5
Inflation ................................................................................0.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

344 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Slovenia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.3 ............69
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.2 ............42
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.2 ............67
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.9 ..........133
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.8 ............40
Judicial independence............................................ 3.6 ............76
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.5 ..........114
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.3 ..........129
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.6 ..........136
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.6 ..........135
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.6 ..........131
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.4 ............52
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.7 ..............1
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.8 ............18
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.7 ............42
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.0 ............40
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.1 ............61
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.5 ............81
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.8 ..........135
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.6 ..........115
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 7.3 ............17

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.2 ............31
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.1 ............32
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.2 ............50
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.1 ............38
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.3 ............74
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 16.4 ..........130
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.4 ............25
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 110.1 ............72
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 40.4 ............26

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.2 ............84
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 19.3 ............74
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.6 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 52.6 ............99
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 68.4 ............37

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.6 ............14
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 9.3 ............30
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.4 ............17
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 2.1 ..............4
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 80.0 ............27
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.1 ............20
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 97.7 ............38

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 97.4 ............45
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 86.3 ..............5
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.0 ............55
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.1 ............18
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.2 ............74
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.0 ............16
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............56
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.6 ..........105

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 2 ..............3
No. days to start a business* .................................... 6 ............16
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.5 ..........111
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.5 ............45
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.2 ..........137
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 2.9 ..........142
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.8 ............33
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 79.1 ............25
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.8 ............52
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.9 ..........114

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.8 ..........120
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.2 ..........125
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.4 ..........145
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 11.4 ............50
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.7 ..........134
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.5 ..........106
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.9 ............94
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.9 ..........107
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.5 ..........120
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.89 ............31

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.8 ..........113
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.6 ..........119
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.4 ..........121
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.8 ..........137
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.0 ..........127
Soundness of banks .............................................. 2.4 ..........147
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.9 ............84
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.6 ............39
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.8 ............62
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.9 ..........116
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 70.0 ............36
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 24.6 ............24
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 95.9 ............21
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 37.1 ............42

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.1 ............89
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.6 ............68
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 58.0 ............84
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 84.7 ............17

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.7 ............67
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.0 ............33
State of cluster development.................................. 3.5 ............94
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.2 ............35
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.6 ............78
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............51
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.0 ............59
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.1 ............73
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.9 ............51

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.7 ............54
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.9 ............29
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.2 ............62
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.8 ............56
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.9 ..........121
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.8 ............89
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 63.1 ............23

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.2 ............49
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.7 ............79
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.0 ............77
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.9 ..........127
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 34.7 ............58

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 345

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

South Africa
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 50.6
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 384.3
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 7,507
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.70

South Africa

12,000

Sub-Saharan Africa

10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 53 ..... 4.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 52 ......4.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 50 ......4.3

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................95 ......4.2

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 41 ......4.5
Infrastructure ............................................................ 66 ......4.1
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 95 ......4.4
Health and primary education ................................. 135 ......3.9

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................34 ......4.5

2

Higher education and training ................................... 89 ......3.9
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 28 ......4.8
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 116 ......3.9
Financial market development .................................... 3 ......5.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 62 ......3.9
Market size ............................................................... 25 ......4.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........37 ......4.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 35 ......4.5
Innovation ................................................................. 39 ......3.6

South Africa

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................19.7
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................19.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................19.3
Corruption ...........................................................................9.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................7.7
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................6.7
Policy instability ...................................................................5.7
Access to financing .............................................................1.4
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.6
Tax rates..............................................................................0.4
Tax regulations ....................................................................0.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.3
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.1
Inflation ................................................................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

346 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

South Africa
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.6 ............20
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.5 ............18
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.8 ............99
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.4 ............98
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.6 ............49
Judicial independence............................................ 5.5 ............22
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.5 ..........120
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.1 ............79
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.9 ..........116
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.3 ............12
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.9 ............13
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.6 ............35
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.2 ............28
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 2.7 ..........141
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.2 ..........113
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.8 ............96
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.7 ............37
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 6.7 ..............1
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 6.0 ..............1
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 6.2 ..............1
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 8.0 ............10

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.5 ............63
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.9 ............41
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.4 ............48
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.7 ............51
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.1 ............11
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 1,088.5 ............25
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.8 ..........101
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 134.8 ............34
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 7.9 ..........100

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.8 ..........115
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 13.2 ..........111
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.7 ..........100
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 42.3 ............73
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 59.9 ............48

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.2 ..........100
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................... 34.6 ............94
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.4 ..........142
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 993.0 ..........147
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.0 ..........143
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ........................... 17.30 ..........144
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 34.6 ..........107
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 52.6 ..........136
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.3 ..........133
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 85.1 ..........122

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 93.8 ............55
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 15.4 ..........102
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.1 ..........146
Quality of math and science education .................. 1.9 ..........148
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.2 ............23
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.1 ..........116
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............54
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.9 ............17

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................. 19 ............82
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.0 ............54
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.7 ............36
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 5.9 ............74
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.3 ............35
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.4 ............83
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.3 ............52
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 36.4 ............97
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.8 ............57
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.2 ............23

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 2.6 ..........148
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 2.7 ..........144
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 1.9 ..........147
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 9.3 ............35
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.7 ............15
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.8 ..........142
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.7 ............12
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.8 ............51
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.7 ............55
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.75 ............88

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 6.4 ..............2
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.5 ............13
Financing through local equity market .................... 5.6 ..............2
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.6 ............22
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.3 ............28
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.6 ..............3
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 6.6 ..............1
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ............................... 10 ..............1

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.6 ............40
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.4 ............35
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.0 ............40
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 41.0 ............81
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 2.2 ............98
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 18.7 ............71
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 26.0 ............61

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.8 ............24
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.2 ............38
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 582.4 ............25
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 26.6 ..........114

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............42
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.0 ............32
State of cluster development.................................. 4.2 ............43
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.4 ............81
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.5 ............95
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.6 ............26
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.4 ............38
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.3 ............19
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.5 ............28

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.1 ............33
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.8 ............35
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.5 ............43
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.5 ............29
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.9 ..........119
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.5 ..........108
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 6.2 ............42

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.3 ............45
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.3 ............37
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.3 ..............8
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.7 ............16
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 33.3 ............47

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 347

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Spain
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 46.2
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 1,352.1
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 29,289
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 1.70

Spain

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 35 ..... 4.6

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 36 ......4.6
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 36 ......4.5

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................38 ......5.1

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 58 ......4.1
Infrastructure ............................................................ 10 ......6.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 116 ......4.0
Health and primary education ................................... 30 ......6.2

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................28 ......4.6

2

Higher education and training ................................... 26 ......5.2
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 63 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 115 ......3.9
Financial market development .................................. 97 ......3.7
Technological readiness ............................................ 26 ......5.3
Market size ............................................................... 14 ......5.4

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........32 ......4.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 33 ......4.5
Innovation ................................................................. 34 ......3.8

Spain

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................27.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................17.6
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................14.0
Tax rates............................................................................10.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................10.1
Corruption ...........................................................................6.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................4.9
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.3
Policy instability ...................................................................1.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................1.0
Inflation ................................................................................0.8
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.5
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.2
Poor public health ...............................................................0.1
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

348 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Spain
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.7 ............47
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.0 ............50
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.2 ............69
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.3 ..........101
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.7 ............43
Judicial independence............................................ 3.7 ............72
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.1 ............64
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.6 ..........113
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.8 ..........125
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.7 ............70
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.5 ............69
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.9 ............87
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.2 ............93
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.5 ............30
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.7 ............46
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.9 ............18
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.1 ............55
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.4 ............85
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.3 ............93
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.0 ............79
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.0 ............12
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.0 ............13
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 5.9 ..............5
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.8 ............12
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.0 ............12
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 3,552.0 ............10
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.4 ............23
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 108.3 ............76
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 41.1 ............25

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................-10.3 ..........145
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 18.6 ............78
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.4 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 84.1 ..........132
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 57.8 ............50

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.7 ............10
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 15.0 ............35
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.4 ............15
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.40 ............78
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 3.5 ............20
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 82.3 ..............5
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.0 ............66
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.7 ..............8

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 128.5 ..............2
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 82.6 ..............8
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.6 ............77
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.9 ............88
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.8 ..............4
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.9 ............46
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.8 ............30
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.7 ............97

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 10 ..........116
No. days to start a business* .................................. 28 ..........105
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.6 ..........101
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.7 ............37
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.0 ............54
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.3 ............93
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.9 ............31
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 31.2 ..........121
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.6 ............62
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.5 ............63

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.0 ..........107
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.0 ..........131
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.3 ..........123
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 17.4 ............88
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.0 ..........121
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.1 ..........132
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.5 ............51
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.9 ..........108
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.9 ..........102
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.82 ............67

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.1 ............37
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.4 ............53
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.9 ..........101
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.8 ..........138
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.3 ..........105
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.0 ..........127
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.9 ............88
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.8 ............33
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.0 ............49
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.8 ............53
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 72.0 ............34
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 24.3 ............25
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 81.3 ............26
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 53.2 ............24

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.3 ............14
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.8 ............19
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 1,410.6 ............14
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 31.9 ............91

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.3 ............19
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.1 ............26
State of cluster development.................................. 4.2 ............42
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.2 ............33
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.7 ............23
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............45
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.5 ............36
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.7 ............36
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.8 ............70

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.7 ............57
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.6 ............36
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.4 ............50
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.0 ............48
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.2 ..........102
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.2 ............11
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 39.2 ............25

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.5 ............28
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.4 ............27
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.4 ............47
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.1 ..........118
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 38.7 ............74

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 349

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Sri Lanka
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 20.9
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 59.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 2,873
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.15

8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Sri Lanka

1990

1992

1994

Developing Asia

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 65 ..... 4.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 68 ......4.2
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 52 ......4.3

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (42.5%) .......................................77 ......4.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 54 ......4.1
Infrastructure ............................................................ 73 ......4.0
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 120 ......3.9
Health and primary education ................................... 52 ......5.9

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (48.1%) .....................................69 ......4.0

2

Higher education and training ................................... 62 ......4.3
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 37 ......4.6
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 135 ......3.5
Financial market development .................................. 41 ......4.5
Technological readiness ............................................ 93 ......3.3
Market size ............................................................... 61 ......3.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (9.4%) .............42 ......4.0

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 34 ......4.5
Innovation ................................................................. 49 ......3.5

Sri Lanka

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................12.8
Tax rates............................................................................11.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ..............................10.6
Policy instability .................................................................10.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.0
Inflation ................................................................................9.8
Tax regulations ....................................................................9.3
Corruption ...........................................................................7.1
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................4.8
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.7
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.6
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.3
Poor public health ...............................................................0.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

350 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Sri Lanka
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.4 ............59
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.8 ............63
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.2 ............76
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.5 ............92
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.7 ............82
Judicial independence............................................ 3.9 ............62
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.0 ............76
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.7 ............36
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............74
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.6 ............31
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.0 ............39
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.1 ............71
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.1 ............29
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.2 ............45
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.3 ............60
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.9 ............83
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.9 ............73
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.1 ............43
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.1 ............23
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.0 ............23
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.8 ............54
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.7 ............49
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.6 ............40
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.2 ............73
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.8 ............60
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 271.6 ............53
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.0 ............70
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 95.8 ..........100
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 16.3 ............77

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-6.5 ..........131
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 27.3 ............37
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 7.5 ..........117
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 79.1 ..........126
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 32.6 ..........101

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 6.2 ............79
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................... 10.6 ............87
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.0 ............44
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 66.0 ............83
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.0 ............37
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 10.5 ............59
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.9 ............54
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.6 ............43
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 92.9 ............84

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 102.4 ............26
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 14.3 ..........105
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.6 ............28
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.5 ............46
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.8 ............37
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.4 ..........108
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.4 ............53
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.2 ............52

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................... 7 ............25
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.2 ............34
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.0 ..........105
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 11.1 ..........125
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.9 ............58
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.2 ............20
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.1 ............70
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 41.0 ............86
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.1 ............35
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.3 ............19

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.5 ............53
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.2 ............65
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.9 ..........132
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 58.5 ..........142
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.9 ............55
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.3 ............39
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.0 ............33
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.9 ..........103
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.5 ..........117
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.47 ..........132

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.3 ............29
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.0 ............33
Financing through local equity market .................... 5.2 ..............4
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.6 ............90
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............91
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.8 ............28
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.8 ............39
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 5 ............89

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.9 ............72
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.1 ............47
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.8 ............57
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 18.3 ..........105
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 2.0 ..........100
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 5.9 ..........108
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 4.4 ..........102

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.8 ............58
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.3 ............80
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 126.3 ............64
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 22.5 ..........129

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.2 ............21
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.9 ............37
State of cluster development.................................. 4.0 ............61
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.0 ............40
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.3 ............35
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.7 ............23
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.1 ............49
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.1 ............28
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.1 ............39

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.8 ............44
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.0 ............53
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.3 ............52
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.0 ..........118
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.3 ............16
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.7 ............26
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.6 ............75

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.6 ............20
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.2 ............41
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.1 ............71
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............63
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 50.1 ..........115

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 351

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Suriname
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 0.5
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 4.7
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 8,686
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.01

Suriname

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 106 ..... 3.8

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 114 ......3.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 112 ......3.7

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................82 ......4.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 99 ......3.5
Infrastructure ............................................................ 81 ......3.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 66 ......4.9
Health and primary education ................................... 78 ......5.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) ...................................121 ......3.3

2

Higher education and training ................................... 98 ......3.6
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 128 ......3.7
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 102 ......4.0
Financial market development ................................ 111 ......3.6
Technological readiness .......................................... 101 ......3.2
Market size ............................................................. 140 ......1.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........120 ......3.1

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 118 ......3.5
Innovation ............................................................... 125 ......2.7

Suriname

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................20.0
Corruption .........................................................................15.7
Access to financing ...........................................................15.1
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................11.6
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................8.0
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................5.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.3
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................5.3
Tax rates..............................................................................2.9
Crime and theft ...................................................................2.7
Policy instability ...................................................................2.7
Inflation ................................................................................1.8
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.8
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

352 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Suriname
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.6 ..........109
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.9 ..........118
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.1 ............80
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.1 ..........119
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.4 ............96
Judicial independence............................................ 4.0 ............58
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.5 ..........115
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.9 ............94
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.2 ............99
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.2 ..........108
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.0 ..........102
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.5 ..........128
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.1 ............37
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.3 ............90
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.2 ............66
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.7 ............48
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............93
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.8 ..........120
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.1 ..........115
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.2 ..........134
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 2.0 ..........145

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.1 ............79
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.0 ............71
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.7 ..........108
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.9 ............43
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.9 ..........104
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 28.1 ..........114
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.8 ............99
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 182.9 ..............7
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 15.5 ............80

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.9 ............58
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 18.8 ............77
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.0 ............90
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 20.5 ............24
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 32.7 ............99

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.7 ............91
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................. 150.2 ..........102
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.3 ............82
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 44.0 ............71
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.8 ............99
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.00 ..........107
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 26.0 ..........101
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 70.6 ............95
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.0 ............68
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 92.8 ............85

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 85.3 ............82
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 12.1 ..........110
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.2 ..........102
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.0 ............81
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.1 ............80
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.6 ..........131
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.5 ..........118
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.0 ............74

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 13 ..........135
No. days to start a business* ................................ 694 ..........146
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.2 ..........124
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.8 ............24
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.6 ..........118
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.0 ..........113
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.0 ..........110
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.4 ..........106
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 43.2 ............78
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.7 ..........130
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.1 ............98

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.9 ..........113
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.9 ............83
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.8 ..........138
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 8.8 ............33
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.7 ............68
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.5 ..........112
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.1 ............80
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.0 ..........101
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.5 ............66
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.60 ..........117

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.8 ..........111
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.8 ............98
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.8 ..........104
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.4 ..........111
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.0 ..........126
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.4 ............51
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.0 ..........127
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 5 ............89

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.3 ..........110
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.3 ..........105
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.9 ..........117
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 34.7 ............90
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 5.7 ............76
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 9.2 ............98
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.0 ..........136

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.6 ..........144
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.1 ..........128
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 6.8 ..........139
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 56.8 ............38

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.3 ..........104
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.8 ..........116
State of cluster development.................................. 3.2 ..........113
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.1 ..........104
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.1 ..........119
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.7 ..........109
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.2 ..........115
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.4 ..........118
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.2 ..........120

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.1 ..........113
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.6 ..........128
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.7 ..........114
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.2 ..........108
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.0 ..........117
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.3 ..........123
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.7 ............73

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.7 ............91
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.8 ............70
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.4 ..........122
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.0 ............49
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 27.9 ............29

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 353

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Swaziland
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 1.1
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 3.8
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,475
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.01

Swaziland

6,000

Sub-Saharan Africa

5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 124 ..... 3.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 135 ......3.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 134 ......3.3

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .....................................114 ......3.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 75 ......3.8
Infrastructure ............................................................ 97 ......3.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 82 ......4.5
Health and primary education ................................. 140 ......3.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) ...................................123 ......3.3

2

Higher education and training ................................. 117 ......3.1
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 98 ......4.0
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 104 ......4.0
Financial market development .................................. 68 ......4.0
Technological readiness .......................................... 124 ......2.7
Market size ............................................................. 139 ......2.0

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........110 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 93 ......3.7
Innovation ............................................................... 117 ......2.8

Swaziland

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Tax rates............................................................................20.4
Access to financing ...........................................................16.1
Inflation ..............................................................................16.1
Government instability/coups ..............................................9.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................7.5
Corruption ...........................................................................5.4
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................3.9
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.9
Policy instability ...................................................................3.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.4
Poor public health ...............................................................3.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.6
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................1.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

354 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Swaziland
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.2 ............76
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.0 ............52
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.1 ............82
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.0 ............70
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.6 ............89
Judicial independence............................................ 3.5 ............81
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.0 ............74
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.7 ..........104
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............85
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.8 ............63
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.5 ............70
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.8 ..........100
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.4 ............74
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.5 ............79
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.0 ............70
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.3 ............67
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............89
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.8 ............62
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............81
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.3 ............62
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.3 ..........107

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.3 ............71
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.9 ............43
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.7 ............38
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.3 ............66
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.0 ............98
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ................. 0.3 ..........147
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.1 ............91
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 66.0 ..........126
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 4.0 ..........111

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 3.7 ............14
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 9.5 ..........129
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 8.9 ..........126
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 19.0 ............22
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 22.6 ..........127

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.3 ..........133
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................... 32.5 ............93
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 2.0 ..........148
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* .................. 1,317.0 ..........148
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 1.9 ..........148
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ........................... 26.00 ..........147
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 69.0 ..........136
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 48.7 ..........146
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.1 ............62
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 84.8 ..........123

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 60.0 ..........112
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 5.9 ..........131
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.5 ............81
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.8 ............91
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.3 ..........128
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.2 ..........112
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.4 ..........120
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.8 ............86

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 12 ..........129
No. days to start a business* .................................. 56 ..........130
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.6 ............95
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.2 ............84
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 6.1 ............78
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.8 ............62
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.0 ..........108
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.0 ..........137
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 68.5 ............34
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.4 ............89
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.5 ............71

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ..........101
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.8 ............96
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.4 ..........110
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 14.6 ............69
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.7 ............65
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.7 ............93
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.3 ............68
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.6 ..........125
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.1 ............93
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.63 ..........113

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.5 ............69
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.4 ............52
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.2 ............83
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.8 ............70
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.8 ............53
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.1 ............66
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.8 ............91
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 6 ............65

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.0 ..........122
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.0 ..........123
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.1 ..........108
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 20.8 ..........102
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.3 ..........119
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 2.0 ..........134
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 12.0 ............81

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.7 ..........141
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.0 ..........133
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 6.2 ..........140
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 54.0 ............42

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.0 ..........122
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.1 ............98
State of cluster development.................................. 3.6 ............85
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.5 ............70
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.5 ............91
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.7 ..........104
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.6 ............78
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.6 ..........112
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.6 ............81

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.2 ............95
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.9 ..........117
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.0 ............84
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.2 ..........106
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.1 ..........107
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 2.8 ..........144
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.4 ..........117
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.6 ............86
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.7 ..........106
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.8 ............70
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 36.8 ............70

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 355

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Sweden
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 9.4
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 526.2
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 55,158
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.47

Sweden

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ........................................................ 6 ..... 5.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ....................................... 4 ......5.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ....................................... 3 ......5.6

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .........................................8 ......6.0

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .................................................................. 5 ......5.7
Infrastructure ............................................................ 20 ......5.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 14 ......6.1
Health and primary education ................................... 13 ......6.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .......................................7 ......5.3

2

Higher education and training ..................................... 8 ......5.7
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 12 ......5.1
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 18 ......4.9
Financial market development .................................... 8 ......5.3
Technological readiness .............................................. 1 ......6.2
Market size ............................................................... 35 ......4.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) .............5 ......5.5

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ............................................. 7 ......5.5
Innovation ................................................................... 6 ......5.4

Sweden

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................20.8
Tax rates............................................................................17.3
Tax regulations ..................................................................11.1
Access to financing ...........................................................10.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................9.2
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................7.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.3
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................6.9
Policy instability ...................................................................3.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................3.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.1
Corruption ...........................................................................0.3
Inflation ................................................................................0.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

356 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Sweden
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.9 ............14
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.5 ............16
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.9 ..............8
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 5.6 ..............6
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.2 ............10
Judicial independence............................................ 6.2 ..............9
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 5.3 ..............2
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 5.0 ..............9
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.1 ............22
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.7 ..............5
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 5.4 ..............4
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.5 ..............9
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.1 ............31
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.5 ............28
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.0 ............26
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.9 ............19
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 6.2 ..............6
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.9 ............11
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.7 ..............6
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.6 ..............8
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.3 ............31

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.7 ............21
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.5 ............20
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.6 ............23
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.8 ............10
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.7 ............24
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 497.0 ............42
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.5 ............14
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 122.6 ............48
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 45.5 ............17

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-0.4 ............32
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 25.7 ............42
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 0.9 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 38.0 ............62
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 93.4 ..............3

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.7 ..............8
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 6.8 ............22
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.6 ..............8
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 2.2 ..............5
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 81.8 ............10
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.0 ............24
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.5 ............13

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 98.2 ............43
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 73.1 ............18
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.0 ............17
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.6 ............41
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.4 ............15
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.2 ..............8
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.7 ..............8
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.2 ..............7

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 3 ............10
No. days to start a business* .................................. 16 ............73
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.7 ............12
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.9 ............16
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.4 ............27
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.0 ............29
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.5 ..............7
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 41.3 ............85
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.6 ..............8
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.6 ..............8

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.7 ..............6
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 3.5 ..........140
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.3 ..........114
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 14.4 ............68
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.4 ............20
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.9 ............74
Reliance on professional management ................... 6.1 ..............4
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 5.1 ............10
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.4 ............25
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.93 ............18

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.8 ............13
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.3 ............22
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.8 ............11
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.2 ............10
Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.3 ..............5
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.0 ............19
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.5 ............13
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.5 ..............2
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 6.2 ..............1
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.0 ............33
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 94.0 ..............3
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 32.2 ............13
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 279.8 ..............7
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*........ 101.3 ..............5

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.4 ............34
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.3 ............35
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 393.0 ............34
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 47.2 ............59

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............43
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.6 ..............8
State of cluster development.................................. 4.8 ............19
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.7 ............12
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.5 ..............6
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.9 ............14
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.9 ..............9
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.7 ..............5
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 5.9 ..............2

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.5 ..............7
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.5 ............15
Company spending on R&D................................... 5.3 ..............7
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.3 ............10
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.2 ............22
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.2 ............10
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 302.7 ..............1

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.6 ............23
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.7 ............21
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.5 ..............3
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.5 ............23
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 53.0 ..........120

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 357

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Switzerland
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 7.9
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 632.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 79,033
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.44

Switzerland

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ........................................................ 1 ..... 5.7

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ....................................... 1 ......5.7
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ....................................... 1 ......5.7

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .........................................3 ......6.1

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .................................................................. 7 ......5.6
Infrastructure .............................................................. 6 ......6.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 11 ......6.3
Health and primary education ................................... 12 ......6.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .......................................5 ......5.4

2

Higher education and training ..................................... 4 ......5.9
Goods market efficiency ............................................ 6 ......5.3
Labor market efficiency .............................................. 2 ......5.8
Financial market development .................................. 11 ......5.2
Technological readiness .............................................. 9 ......5.9
Market size ............................................................... 40 ......4.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) .............1 ......5.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ............................................. 2 ......5.7
Innovation ................................................................... 2 ......5.7

Switzerland

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................15.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................14.8
Tax regulations ..................................................................13.0
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................9.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................8.8
Tax rates..............................................................................8.7
Access to financing .............................................................7.7
Policy instability ...................................................................7.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................3.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.8
Inflation ................................................................................1.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.1
Corruption ...........................................................................0.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.2
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

358 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Switzerland
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 6.2 ..............3
Intellectual property protection ............................... 6.0 ..............5
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 6.0 ..............6
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 5.2 ............12
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.2 ..............9
Judicial independence............................................ 6.1 ............11
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.9 ..............9
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 5.0 ..............8
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.2 ............17
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.7 ..............6
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 5.3 ..............6
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.7 ..............6
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.0 ............41
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.7 ............23
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.9 ............33
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.3 ..............6
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 6.2 ..............4
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.6 ............21
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.4 ............11
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.5 ............44
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.0 ..........134

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.6 ..............1
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.2 ..............8
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 6.6 ..............2
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.0 ............40
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.2 ..............7
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 945.8 ............29
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.8 ..............2
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 135.3 ............33
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 56.7 ..............7

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................... 0.3 ............24
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 34.3 ............16
Inflation, annual % change* ...................................-0.7 ............76
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 49.1 ............90
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 94.4 ..............2

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.6 ............12
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 4.8 ............13
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.2 ............24
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.40 ............78
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 4.0 ............25
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 82.7 ..............2
Quality of primary education ................................... 6.0 ..............5
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 93.9 ............74

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 95.5 ............52
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 56.7 ............45
Quality of the educational system ........................... 6.0 ..............1
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.8 ..............5
Quality of management schools ............................. 6.1 ..............1
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.1 ............12
Availability of research and training services ........... 6.5 ..............1
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.6 ..............1

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 18 ............78
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.8 ............75
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.9 ..........114
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 2.6 ............37
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.3 ............33
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.0 ............38
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.1 ............22
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 38.2 ............95
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.9 ..............3
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 5.1 ..............2

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 6.0 ..............1
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.7 ............17
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 5.6 ..............2
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 10.1 ............40
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.8 ............14
Pay and productivity............................................... 5.2 ..............3
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.9 ..............7
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 5.8 ..............3
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 6.1 ..............1
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.86 ............45

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 6.4 ..............1
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.8 ..............5
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.5 ............20
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.7 ............20
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.4 ............22
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.9 ............25
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.4 ............15
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.4 ..............4
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 6.1 ..............3
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.8 ............56
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 85.2 ............13
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 41.9 ..............1
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 322.7 ..............6
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 41.4 ............38

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.3 ............42
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.3 ............36
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 363.4 ............36
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 49.6 ............51

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.5 ..............8
Local supplier quality.............................................. 6.2 ..............1
State of cluster development.................................. 5.3 ..............5
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 6.4 ..............1
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.7 ..............4
Control of international distribution ......................... 5.2 ..............5
Production process sophistication.......................... 6.4 ..............2
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.7 ..............7
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 5.3 ..............8

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.8 ..............1
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 6.3 ..............2
Company spending on R&D................................... 6.0 ..............1
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.8 ..............1
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.9 ............36
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.9 ............18
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 290.1 ..............2

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.6 ............21
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.9 ..............1
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.0 ............17
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 5.1 ............11
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 30.2 ............37

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 359

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Taiwan, China
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 23.2
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 474.0
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 20,328
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 1.09

Taiwan, China

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 12 ..... 5.3

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 13 ......5.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 13 ......5.3

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................16 ......5.7

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 26 ......4.9
Infrastructure ............................................................ 14 ......5.8
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 32 ......5.6
Health and primary education ................................... 11 ......6.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................15 ......5.2

2

Higher education and training ................................... 11 ......5.7
Goods market efficiency ............................................ 7 ......5.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 33 ......4.7
Financial market development .................................. 17 ......4.9
Technological readiness ............................................ 30 ......5.2
Market size ............................................................... 17 ......5.2

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) .............9 ......5.2

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 15 ......5.2
Innovation ................................................................... 8 ......5.2

Taiwan, China

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Policy instability .................................................................16.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................15.6
Insufficient capacity to innovate .........................................14.0
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................10.7
Tax regulations ..................................................................10.7
Tax rates..............................................................................8.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................6.4
Inflation ................................................................................5.7
Access to financing .............................................................3.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.9
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................1.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.4
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.3
Corruption ...........................................................................0.9
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.1
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

360 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Taiwan, China
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.8 ............17
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.2 ............23
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.4 ............38
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.2 ............25
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.1 ............34
Judicial independence............................................ 4.5 ............45
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.2 ............19
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.7 ............38
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.3 ............15
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.2 ............45
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.7 ............52
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.4 ............10
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.1 ............30
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.9 ............13
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.9 ............30
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.2 ............36
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.0 ............30
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.6 ............20
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.0 ............34
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.9 ............25
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.3 ............31

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.5 ............26
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.9 ............14
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 5.7 ..............9
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.3 ............29
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.4 ............41
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 1,033.1 ............27
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.2 ............28
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 126.5 ............43
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 68.7 ..............1

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.6 ............91
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 30.0 ............25
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 1.9 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 40.9 ............69
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 80.1 ............19

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.1 ............42
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 70.0 ............84
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.3 ............21
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.19 ............44
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 4.2 ............28
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 79.2 ............31
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.4 ............14
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.5 ............12

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 99.0 ............40
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 84.4 ..............7
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.5 ............30
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.4 ............11
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.9 ............32
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.2 ..............7
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.4 ............16
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.5 ............31

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 3 ............10
No. days to start a business* .................................. 10 ............49
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............42
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.8 ............32
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 5.3 ............72
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.2 ............42
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.4 ............15
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.3 ............13
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 66.0 ............37
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.8 ..............4
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.8 ..............6

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.1 ............25
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.5 ............31
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............55
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 22.6 ..........105
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.6 ............77
Pay and productivity............................................... 5.2 ..............6
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.3 ............23
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.9 ............48
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.6 ............59
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.75 ............87

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.5 ............24
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.5 ............12
Financing through local equity market .................... 5.5 ..............3
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.0 ............14
Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.1 ..............9
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.5 ............48
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.4 ............14
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 5 ............89

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.5 ............43
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.8 ............18
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.1 ............29
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 76.0 ............27
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 23.9 ............26
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 44.3 ............41
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 46.1 ............33

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.0 ............19
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.1 ............12
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 903.5 ............20
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 73.8 ............23

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.7 ..............3
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.6 ..............9
State of cluster development.................................. 5.6 ..............1
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.2 ............20
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.8 ............21
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.8 ............21
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.3 ............20
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.3 ............18
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.5 ............31

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.8 ............19
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 5.2 ............19
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.8 ............11
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.3 ............11
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.5 ..............8
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.2 ............12
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. n/a ...........n/a

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 6.1 ..............2
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.6 ..............4
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.9 ............18
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.1 ............42
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 34.8 ............60

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 361

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Tanzania
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 46.2
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 28.2
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 599
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.09

Tanzania

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 125 ..... 3.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 120 ......3.6
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 120 ......3.6

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................129 ......3.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 97 ......3.5
Infrastructure .......................................................... 134 ......2.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 131 ......3.6
Health and primary education ................................. 114 ......4.6

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................115 ......3.5

2

Higher education and training ................................. 138 ......2.5
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 118 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 49 ......4.5
Financial market development .................................. 99 ......3.7
Technological readiness .......................................... 126 ......2.7
Market size ............................................................... 75 ......3.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........109 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 116 ......3.5
Innovation ................................................................. 89 ......3.1

Tanzania

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................24.2
Corruption .........................................................................16.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................11.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.2
Inflation ................................................................................7.6
Tax rates..............................................................................5.6
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................5.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................4.8
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.3
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.0
Crime and theft ...................................................................2.8
Policy instability ...................................................................1.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.8
Poor public health ...............................................................0.7
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

362 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Tanzania
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.8 ............97
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.2 ............93
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.9 ............91
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.8 ............80
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.8 ..........132
Judicial independence............................................ 3.2 ............94
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.1 ............67
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.0 ............84
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.7 ............53
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.6 ............75
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.3 ............82
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.7 ..........108
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.0 ..........102
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.6 ............76
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.0 ............72
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.5 ..........110
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.4 ..........122
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.7 ..........127
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.2 ..........102
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.7 ..........110
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.2 ..........124
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.0 ..........109
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.0 ............93
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.2 ..........120
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.0 ..........134
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 83.2 ............86
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.3 ..........131
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 57.1 ..........131
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.4 ..........140

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-5.0 ..........119
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 23.6 ............52
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 16.0 ..........144
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 41.4 ............70
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 29.2 ..........107

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 2.7 ..........143
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 21,897.6 ..........130
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.0 ..........125
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 169.0 ..........113
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.7 ..........134
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 5.80 ..........136
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 45.4 ..........117
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 58.2 ..........125
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.5 ..........130
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 98.0 ............33

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 35.1 ..........134
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 3.9 ..........138
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.2 ..........100
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.5 ..........138
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.3 ..........129
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.1 ..........118
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.5 ..........117
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.7 ............95

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 9 ..........104
No. days to start a business* .................................. 26 ............99
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.7 ............84
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.7 ..........133
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 9.8 ..........106
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.3 ............96
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.6 ............66
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.2 ..........128
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 47.6 ............67
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.1 ..........111
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.0 ..........105

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.9 ..........116
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.7 ..........100
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.0 ............71
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 9.3 ............35
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............88
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.4 ..........117
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.8 ..........103
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.3 ............76
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.1 ............90
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.99 ..............5

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.7 ..........119
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.6 ..........120
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.1 ............89
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.7 ............83
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.6 ............73
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.2 ..........114
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.5 ..........111
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.9 ..........125
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.9 ..........127
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.6 ............77
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 13.1 ..........118
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.0 ..........142
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 1.2 ..........141
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 1.5 ..........116

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.4 ............73
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.1 ............87
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 73.9 ............78
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 28.8 ..........102

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.1 ..........120
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.8 ..........120
State of cluster development.................................. 3.5 ............92
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.9 ..........120
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.5 ............98
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.6 ..........117
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.2 ..........116
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.3 ..........122
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.5 ............92

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.2 ..........101
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.4 ............90
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.3 ............55
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.5 ............74
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.5 ............76
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.5 ..........107
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........118

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.2 ..........127
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.3 ..........114
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.9 ............89
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.7 ............77
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 45.3 ..........102

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 363

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Thailand
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 69.5
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 365.6
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 5,678
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.78

Thailand

12,000

Developing Asia

10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 37 ..... 4.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 38 ......4.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 39 ......4.5

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................49 ......4.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 78 ......3.8
Infrastructure ............................................................ 47 ......4.5
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 31 ......5.6
Health and primary education ................................... 81 ......5.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................40 ......4.4

2

Higher education and training ................................... 66 ......4.3
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 34 ......4.7
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 62 ......4.3
Financial market development .................................. 32 ......4.6
Technological readiness ............................................ 78 ......3.6
Market size ............................................................... 22 ......5.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........52 ......3.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 40 ......4.4
Innovation ................................................................. 66 ......3.2

Thailand

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................20.2
Government instability/coups ............................................16.5
Policy instability .................................................................13.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.4
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................7.5
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................6.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................5.2
Access to financing .............................................................4.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................3.1
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.9
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.8
Tax rates..............................................................................1.8
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.1
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.1
Inflation ................................................................................0.9
Poor public health ...............................................................0.7
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

364 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Thailand
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.1 ............78
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.1 ..........102
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.7 ..........101
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.0 ..........127
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.8 ............77
Judicial independence............................................ 3.8 ............67
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.8 ............93
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.7 ..........107
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.3 ............90
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.9 ............60
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.5 ............62
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.9 ............93
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.5 ..........120
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.6 ............73
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.8 ............82
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.5 ..........109
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.0 ............68
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.1 ............42
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.6 ............62
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.7 ............34
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 7.7 ............13

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.5 ............61
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.9 ............42
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.6 ............72
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.5 ............56
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.5 ............34
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 2,464.2 ............14
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.2 ............58
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 120.3 ............49
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 9.1 ............96

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.7 ............54
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 30.6 ............24
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.0 ............52
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 44.3 ............78
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 61.2 ............44

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.8 ............89
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................. 202.6 ..........106
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.1 ............88
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 124.0 ..........102
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.8 ............95
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.20 ..........116
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 10.6 ............60
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.1 ............65
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.6 ............86
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 89.7 ..........101

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 78.2 ............94
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 46.4 ............55
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.6 ............78
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.0 ............80
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.5 ............53
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.4 ............65
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.3 ............64
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.2 ............50

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 4 ............20
No. days to start a business* .................................. 29 ..........106
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.2 ..........121
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.5 ............50
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 6.6 ............83
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.7 ............69
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.2 ............21
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.9 ............80
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 82.1 ............22
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.4 ............15
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.2 ............25

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.8 ............37
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.5 ..........111
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.4 ............31
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 36.0 ..........135
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.0 ............44
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.4 ............31
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.4 ............57
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 4.3 ............27
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.1 ............32
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.82 ............65

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.4 ............26
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.0 ............32
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.7 ............14
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.6 ............23
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.1 ............41
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.7 ............39
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.0 ............31
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 5 ............89

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.9 ............75
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.0 ............50
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.0 ............36
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 26.5 ............97
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 6.2 ............75
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 25.0 ............62
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.1 ..........131

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.8 ............22
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.9 ............16
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 651.9 ............24
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 76.1 ............21

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.2 ............23
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.9 ............42
State of cluster development.................................. 4.3 ............33
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.9 ............43
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.4 ............30
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.3 ............43
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.2 ............47
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.5 ............44
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.0 ............45

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............87
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.8 ............60
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.2 ............60
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.9 ............51
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.1 ..........105
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.4 ............56
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.0 ............71

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.3 ............41
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.7 ............76
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.1 ............69
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............57
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 37.6 ............73

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 365

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Timor-Leste
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 1.2
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 4.2
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,730
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.01

Timor-Leste

10,000

Developing Asia

8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 138 ..... 3.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 136 ......3.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 131 ......3.4

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .....................................110 ......3.9

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 106 ......3.4
Infrastructure .......................................................... 138 ......2.2
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 35 ......5.4
Health and primary education ................................. 121 ......4.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) ...................................145 ......2.8

2

Higher education and training ................................. 134 ......2.6
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 134 ......3.6
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 109 ......4.0
Financial market development ................................ 141 ......2.7
Technological readiness .......................................... 145 ......2.3
Market size ............................................................. 142 ......1.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) .........138 ......2.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 140 ......3.0
Innovation ............................................................... 134 ......2.5

Timor-Leste

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................15.2
Poor work ethic in national labor force ..............................12.3
Access to financing ...........................................................11.3
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................10.0
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................9.2
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................8.8
Crime and theft ...................................................................7.9
Government instability/coups ..............................................7.3
Policy instability ...................................................................3.5
Inflation ................................................................................3.1
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.1
Tax rates..............................................................................2.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................2.1
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.1
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

366 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Timor-Leste
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.8 ..........138
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.7 ..........128
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.3 ............63
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.2 ............58
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.3 ..........108
Judicial independence............................................ 3.4 ............86
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.9 ............83
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.2 ............72
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............75
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.5 ............88
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.3 ............89
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.4 ..........135
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.4 ............77
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.2 ............95
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.9 ............77
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.7 ..........100
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.4 ..........120
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 2.8 ..........143
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.6 ..........140
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.1 ..........136
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.0 ..........116

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.9 ..........131
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.0 ..........146
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.4 ..........145
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.5 ..........143
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ................. 4.5 ..........144
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.9 ..........119
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 52.3 ..........136
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.3 ..........143

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................. 38.8 ..............1
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 63.1 ..............1
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 11.8 ..........138
General government debt, % GDP* ....................... 0.0 ..............2
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 21.0 ..........132

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 2.6 ..........145
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 10,111.0 ..........126
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.4 ..........143
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 498.0 ..........141
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.9 ..........125
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. <0.2 ............41
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 45.8 ..........118
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 62.5 ..........118
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.2 ..........141
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 90.4 ............97

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 58.1 ..........114
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 16.7 ..........101
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.7 ..........124
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.3 ..........141
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.2 ..........147
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.3 ..........137
Availability of research and training services ........... 2.8 ..........141
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.2 ..........132

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 94 ..........141
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.6 ..........104
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.6 ..........139
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 2.5 ............36
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.0 ..........115
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.9 ..........113
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.1 ..........136
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 25.5 ..........136
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.6 ..........135
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.5 ..........138

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.9 ..........111
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.5 ..........112
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.0 ............68
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 4.3 ..............9
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.8 ............61
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.4 ..........119
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.1 ..........136
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.6 ............58
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.9 ..........101
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.53 ..........129

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 2.8 ..........144
Affordability of financial services ............................. 2.8 ..........143
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.3 ..........131
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.4 ..........108
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............87
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.8 ..........133
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.5 ..........137
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 2 ..........141

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.1 ..........146
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.3 ..........146
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.6 ..........135
Individuals using Internet, %* ................................. 0.9 ..........148
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.1 ..........134
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 16.4 ............76
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.4 ..........124

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.1 ..........130
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 1.0 ..........148
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 11.0 ..........133
Exports as a percentage of GDP* .......................... 0.9 ..........148

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.5 ..........141
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.1 ..........143
State of cluster development.................................. 2.9 ..........133
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.4 ............82
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.0 ..........133
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.1 ..........141
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.5 ..........141
Extent of marketing ................................................ 2.5 ..........145
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.2 ..........119

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.9 ..........124
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.3 ..........141
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.4 ..........135
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.8 ..........125
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.4 ............88
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 2.6 ..........147
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.5 ..........142
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.1 ..........128
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.6 ..........108
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.8 ............73
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 15.1 ..............7

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 367

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Trinidad and Tobago
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 1.3
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 25.3
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 19,018
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Trinidad and Tobago

25,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 92 ..... 3.9

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 84 ......4.0
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 81 ......4.0

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................60 ......4.7

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 94 ......3.6
Infrastructure ............................................................ 52 ......4.4
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 52 ......5.1
Health and primary education ................................... 63 ......5.8

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................82 ......3.9

2

Higher education and training ................................... 75 ......4.2
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 101 ......4.0
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 89 ......4.2
Financial market development .................................. 55 ......4.3
Technological readiness ............................................ 61 ......3.9
Market size ............................................................. 114 ......2.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........92 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 79 ......3.9
Innovation ............................................................... 107 ......2.9

Trinidad and Tobago

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Crime and theft .................................................................19.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................17.3
Corruption .........................................................................15.9
Poor work ethic in national labor force ..............................15.4
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................7.1
Access to financing .............................................................7.0
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................4.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.8
Policy instability ...................................................................2.5
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.3
Inflation ................................................................................1.6
Tax rates..............................................................................1.1
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.0
Poor public health ...............................................................1.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.4
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

368 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Trinidad and Tobago
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.2 ............74
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.3 ............91
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.9 ............89
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.2 ..........111
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.5 ............95
Judicial independence............................................ 4.6 ............43
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.4 ..........125
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.9 ............96
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............87
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.6 ............79
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.3 ............84
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.9 ............94
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.8 ............55
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 2.3 ..........145
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.1 ..........120
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.1 ..........121
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.4 ..........118
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.2 ............95
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.1 ..........116
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.7 ..........111
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.7 ............25

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.7 ............57
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.9 ............75
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.1 ............75
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.0 ............51
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 61.4 ............95
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.4 ............50
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 139.4 ............28
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 21.2 ............56

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.6 ............51
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 25.6 ............43
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 9.3 ..........129
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 39.7 ............68
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 62.6 ............43

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.5 ............75
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 21.0 ............47
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.4 ..........115
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 1.50 ..........122
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 24.5 ............96
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 70.0 ............96
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.6 ............45
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 93.9 ............73

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 89.9 ............71
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 11.5 ..........113
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.2 ............45
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.6 ............36
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.9 ............34
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.6 ............57
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.5 ............49
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.1 ............60

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 8 ............88
No. days to start a business* .................................. 41 ..........127
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.4 ..........113
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.5 ............44
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.5 ..........111
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.6 ............79
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.7 ............57
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.1 ..........133
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 33.3 ..........111
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.6 ..........137
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.5 ............68

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.5 ..........134
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.5 ..........108
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.0 ............73
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 20.5 ............96
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.3 ............22
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.3 ..........123
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.4 ............60
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.4 ............73
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 4.1 ............33
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.73 ............94

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.5 ............72
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.1 ............79
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.2 ............85
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.5 ............93
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.2 ..........111
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.7 ............37
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.0 ............79
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.2 ............55
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.7 ............75
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.7 ............64
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 59.5 ............50
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 13.6 ............48
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 18.3 ............72
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 1.5 ..........117

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.4 ..........120
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.9 ............98
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 26.7 ..........103
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 57.5 ............35

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.6 ............82
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.2 ............86
State of cluster development.................................. 3.5 ............91
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.0 ..........114
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.4 ..........102
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.1 ............63
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.1 ............54
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.1 ............69
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.3 ..........111

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.9 ..........123
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.3 ..........100
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.7 ..........117
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.2 ..........102
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.7 ..........130
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.4 ............48
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.4 ............63

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.7 ............88
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.6 ............82
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.7 ..........104
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.6 ............21
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 29.1 ............35

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 369

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Tunisia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions)......................................... 10.7
GDP (US$ billions)........................................... 45.6
GDP per capita (US$).................................... 4,232
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total............. 0.13

Tunisia

10,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index

Stage of development

Rank Score
(out of 148)
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014....................................................... 83...... 4.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144)..................................... n/a.......n/a
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142)..................................... n/a.......n/a

Factor driven 2

Transition
2­­–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%)........................................74.......4.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions................................................................. 73.......3.8
Infrastructure............................................................. 77.......3.9
Macroeconomic environment.................................... 96.......4.4
Health and primary education.................................... 47.......6.0

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%)......................................88.......3.8

2

Higher education and training.................................... 73.......4.2
Goods market efficiency ........................................... 88.......4.1
Labor market efficiency........................................... 132.......3.7
Financial market development................................. 110.......3.6
Technological readiness............................................. 83.......3.5
Market size................................................................ 64.......3.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%)............79.......3.5

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ............................................ 76.......3.9
Innovation.................................................................. 88.......3.1

Tunisia

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Policy instability..................................................................16.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy....................................11.9
Access to financing..............................................................9.3
Inadequate supply of infrastructure.......................................8.0
Government instability/coups...............................................7.7
Restrictive labor regulations..................................................7.2
Tax regulations.....................................................................6.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force.................................5.0
Inflation.................................................................................4.9
Corruption............................................................................4.4
Foreign currency regulations.................................................4.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate............................................4.2
Tax rates...............................................................................4.2
Inadequately educated workforce.........................................3.8
Crime and theft....................................................................1.5
Poor public health................................................................0.6
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note: From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.
370 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Tunisia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.3 ............70
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.2 ............97
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.7 ............56
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.3 ............53
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.9 ............69
Judicial independence............................................ 3.6 ............77
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.4 ............44
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.5 ............49
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.5 ............71
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.9 ............54
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.5 ............67
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.0 ............82
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 3.8 ..........137
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.6 ..........117
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.5 ..........100
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.9 ............87
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.0 ............65
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.5 ............84
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.0 ..........124
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.3 ............61
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 6.0 ............41

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.1 ............80
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.8 ............77
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.4 ............49
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.0 ............82
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.5 ............67
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 163.8 ............71
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.3 ............56
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 120.0 ............50
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 10.3 ............91

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.9 ..........117
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 18.2 ............79
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 5.6 ............99
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 44.5 ............80
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 45.4 ............72

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.8 ............62
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 30.0 ............58
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.8 ............54
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 13.9 ............74
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.8 ............57
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.9 ............72
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.4 ............14

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 92.6 ............59
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 37.1 ............71
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.7 ............71
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.7 ............31
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.3 ............66
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.7 ............95
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.9 ............85
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.6 ..........111

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 10 ..........116
No. days to start a business* .................................. 11 ............54
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.5 ..........107
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.1 ............96
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 16.3 ..........140
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.6 ............74
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.0 ............28
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.8 ............85
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 60.4 ............43
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.4 ............87
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.4 ............76

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.8 ..........119
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.0 ..........129
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.5 ..........105
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 12.1 ............55
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.7 ............71
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.5 ..........108
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.9 ............98
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.4 ............74
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.8 ..........103
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.37 ..........136

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.9 ..........100
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.9 ............87
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.9 ............40
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.9 ............67
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.0 ............44
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.9 ..........131
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.1 ............71
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 3 ..........118

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.8 ............77
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.7 ............70
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.6 ............70
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 41.4 ............79
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 4.8 ............81
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 19.0 ............70
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 5.2 ............96

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.6 ............63
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.6 ............67
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 105.3 ............65
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 48.0 ............57

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.9 ............46
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.2 ............84
State of cluster development.................................. 3.7 ............78
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.5 ............64
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.8 ............61
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............79
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.5 ............87
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.0 ............85
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.4 ..........104

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.2 ............99
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.3 ............94
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.8 ..........101
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.1 ..........113
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.0 ..........115
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.8 ............22
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.1 ............68

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.9 ............80
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.1 ............48
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.1 ............74
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.9 ............64
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 62.9 ..........130

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 371

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Turkey
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 73.6
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 794.5
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 10,609
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 1.35

Turkey

20,000

Central and Eastern Europe

15,000

10,000

5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 44 ..... 4.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 43 ......4.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 59 ......4.3

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (36.0%) .......................................56 ......4.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 56 ......4.1
Infrastructure ............................................................ 49 ......4.5
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 76 ......4.6
Health and primary education ................................... 59 ......5.9

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................45 ......4.4

2

Higher education and training ................................... 65 ......4.3
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 43 ......4.5
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 130 ......3.7
Financial market development .................................. 51 ......4.4
Technological readiness ............................................ 58 ......4.1
Market size ............................................................... 16 ......5.3

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (14.0%) ...........47 ......3.9

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 43 ......4.4
Innovation ................................................................. 50 ......3.5

Turkey

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Tax rates............................................................................14.8
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................12.8
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................12.4
Access to financing ...........................................................11.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................8.6
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................7.3
Foreign currency regulations ................................................5.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.0
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................4.6
Corruption ...........................................................................2.4
Inflation ................................................................................2.0
Policy instability ...................................................................1.8
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.7
Poor public health ...............................................................1.1
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.3
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

372 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Turkey
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.7 ............48
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.6 ............74
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.6 ............58
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.6 ............37
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.5 ............53
Judicial independence............................................ 3.4 ............85
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.4 ............53
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 4.1 ............26
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.5 ............72
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.9 ............59
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.9 ............46
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.6 ............37
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.1 ..........129
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.6 ............72
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.6 ............94
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.0 ............80
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.2 ............50
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.0 ............50
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.4 ............92
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.3 ............57
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.7 ............57

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.1 ............41
Quality of roads ...................................................... 4.9 ............44
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.1 ............52
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.3 ............63
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.5 ............33
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 2,081.9 ............20
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.8 ............77
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 90.8 ..........105
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 18.6 ............66

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-1.5 ............49
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 14.7 ............99
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 8.9 ..........125
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 36.4 ............57
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 53.3 ............62

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 6.5 ............75
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................. 0.0 ............74
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.4 ............27
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 24.0 ............53
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.5 ............12
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.10 ............11
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 11.5 ............63
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 73.9 ............69
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.5 ............92
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 98.9 ............23

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 82.1 ............89
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 55.4 ............46
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.4 ............91
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.5 ..........101
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.8 ..........101
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.4 ............63
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.2 ............70
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.0 ............65

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................... 6 ............16
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.9 ............67
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.1 ............97
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 5.1 ............69
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.0 ..........108
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.8 ............50
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.8 ............87
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 32.1 ..........116
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.3 ............24
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.3 ............82

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............82
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.5 ............32
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.1 ............59
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 29.8 ..........128
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.3 ..........108
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.1 ............61
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.3 ............66
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.3 ............78
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.2 ............89
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.40 ..........134

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.4 ............28
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.1 ............28
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.2 ............36
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.1 ............52
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............83
Soundness of banks .............................................. 6.0 ............20
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.9 ............34
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 5.4 ............44
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.3 ............37
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.9 ............47
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 45.1 ............73
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 10.5 ............60
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 40.3 ............44
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 16.3 ............73

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.2 ............16
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.6 ............27
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 1,123.4 ............16
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 24.5 ..........123

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.3 ............18
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.7 ............56
State of cluster development.................................. 4.4 ............30
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.3 ............87
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.1 ............42
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.6 ............28
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.6 ............33
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.7 ............37
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.6 ............84

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.8 ............45
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.7 ............63
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............68
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.9 ............52
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.1 ............23
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.4 ............53
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 6.6 ............41

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.8 ............15
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.3 ............35
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.6 ............30
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.5 ............94
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 41.2 ............86

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 373

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Uganda
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 34.5
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 21.0
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 589
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.06

Uganda

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 129 ..... 3.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 123 ......3.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 121 ......3.6

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................134 ......3.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 116 ......3.3
Infrastructure .......................................................... 133 ......2.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 133 ......3.6
Health and primary education ................................. 127 ......4.3

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................111 ......3.5

2

Higher education and training ................................. 131 ......2.7
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 120 ......3.9
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 32 ......4.7
Financial market development .................................. 77 ......3.9
Technological readiness .......................................... 120 ......2.8
Market size ............................................................... 89 ......3.3

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........107 ......3.3

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 109 ......3.5
Innovation ................................................................. 92 ......3.0

Uganda

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Corruption .........................................................................23.0
Access to financing ...........................................................17.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................13.2
Tax rates............................................................................10.0
Inflation ................................................................................9.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................6.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.4
Policy instability ...................................................................2.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................2.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.1
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................1.9
Poor public health ...............................................................1.7
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.6
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

374 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Uganda
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.7 ..........107
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.8 ..........119
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 1.9 ..........144
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.4 ............93
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.8 ..........129
Judicial independence............................................ 3.1 ..........101
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.7 ..........104
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.3 ..........127
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.8 ............41
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.8 ............65
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.5 ............66
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.1 ............77
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 3.9 ..........135
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.4 ..........126
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.1 ..........116
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.7 ............98
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............98
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.8 ..........118
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.6 ............67
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.5 ..........117
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.0 ..........116

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.4 ..........111
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.0 ..........106
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.5 ..........110
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.4 ..........114
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.6 ..........107
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 43.7 ..........103
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.5 ..........126
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 45.9 ..........139
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.9 ..........131

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-3.6 ............92
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 11.5 ..........119
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 14.1 ..........141
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 34.5 ............54
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 33.8 ............97

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.1 ..........136
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 28,011.9 ..........140
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.3 ..........119
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 193.0 ..........120
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.1 ..........139
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 7.20 ..........138
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 57.9 ..........131
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 54.1 ..........134
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.9 ..........120
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 93.8 ............76

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 28.4 ..........141
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 9.1 ..........118
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.5 ............82
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.1 ..........119
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.8 ............98
Internet access in schools ...................................... 2.9 ..........121
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.8 ............96
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.5 ..........115

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 15 ..........142
No. days to start a business* .................................. 33 ..........112
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.8 ............78
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.1 ............93
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 9.3 ..........102
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.2 ............40
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.9 ............42
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.7 ............92
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 38.9 ............93
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.3 ............98
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.4 ..........140

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.1 ............93
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 6.2 ..............1
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 5.0 ..............7
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 8.7 ............27
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............80
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.2 ..........127
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.9 ............97
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.7 ..........116
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.0 ............98
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.96 ..............8

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.2 ............84
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.6 ..........116
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.3 ............82
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.6 ............87
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.4 ............94
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.8 ............78
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.7 ..........100
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.3 ..........108
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.1 ..........116
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.8 ............59
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 14.7 ..........115
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.1 ..........128
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 4.8 ..........116
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 7.6 ............90

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.2 ............84
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.6 ..........109
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 50.4 ............89
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 18.7 ..........136

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.8 ............64
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.6 ..........130
State of cluster development.................................. 3.4 ..........106
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.0 ..........106
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.6 ............83
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.8 ............98
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.1 ..........123
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.2 ..........130
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.3 ..........110

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.1 ..........109
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.6 ............77
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.8 ..........102
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.7 ............58
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.5 ............68
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.6 ..........100
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........124

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.0 ............67
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.1 ..........125
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.5 ............41
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.4 ..........100
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 37.1 ............71

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 375

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Ukraine
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 45.7
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 176.2
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 3,877
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.40

Ukraine

15,000

Commonwealth of Independent States

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 84 ..... 4.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 73 ......4.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 82 ......4.0

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (40.0%) .......................................91 ......4.3

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 137 ......3.0
Infrastructure ............................................................ 68 ......4.1
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 107 ......4.2
Health and primary education ................................... 62 ......5.8

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................71 ......4.0

2

Higher education and training ................................... 43 ......4.7
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 124 ......3.8
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 84 ......4.2
Financial market development ................................ 117 ......3.5
Technological readiness ............................................ 94 ......3.3
Market size ............................................................... 38 ......4.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (10.0%) ...........95 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 97 ......3.7
Innovation ................................................................. 93 ......3.0

Ukraine

Efficiency-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................16.7
Corruption .........................................................................15.5
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................13.4
Tax regulations ..................................................................11.0
Policy instability .................................................................10.1
Tax rates..............................................................................8.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................4.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.1
Inflation ................................................................................3.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................3.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................2.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.2
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................1.9
Poor public health ...............................................................1.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................0.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................0.6
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

376 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Ukraine
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.5 ..........143
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.5 ..........133
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.4 ..........122
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.2 ..........117
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.8 ..........130
Judicial independence............................................ 2.2 ..........139
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.3 ..........133
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 1.9 ..........143
Burden of government regulation ........................... 2.6 ..........137
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.3 ..........144
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.2 ..........146
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.5 ..........130
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.9 ............48
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.0 ............57
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.4 ..........106
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.8 ..........133
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.2 ..........130
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.7 ..........130
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.2 ..........103
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 2.7 ..........146
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.7 ..........100

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 4.4 ............70
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.1 ..........144
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.5 ............25
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.7 ............94
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.8 ..........105
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 236.2 ............58
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.7 ............79
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 132.1 ............37
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 27.1 ............43

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.6 ..........112
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 10.1 ..........127
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 0.6 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 37.4 ............60
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 32.7 ............99

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.3 ............81
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 89.0 ............91
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.5 ............74
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.80 ..........102
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 8.7 ............53
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 70.8 ............93
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.7 ............37
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 91.7 ............94

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 94.0 ............54
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 81.7 ............10
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.6 ............79
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.8 ............28
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.6 ..........115
Internet access in schools ...................................... 4.3 ............70
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.9 ............92
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.7 ..........103

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 7 ............74
No. days to start a business* .................................. 22 ............94
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 3.2 ..........127
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.8 ..........118
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 2.9 ............41
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.6 ..........127
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.3 ..........133
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.0 ..........140
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 55.4 ............51
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.5 ............71
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.3 ............86

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.7 ..........125
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.0 ............79
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.3 ............32
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 13.0 ............59
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.4 ..........140
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.5 ............26
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.3 ..........128
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.0 ..........140
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.1 ..........136
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.86 ............53

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.8 ..........109
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.4 ..........126
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.4 ..........127
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.3 ..........116
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.1 ..........120
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.0 ..........143
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 2.9 ..........129
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.3 ..........106
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.3 ..........100
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.6 ..........131
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 33.7 ............93
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 8.1 ............71
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 14.3 ............84
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 5.5 ............94

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.4 ............36
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.3 ............37
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 335.2 ............38
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 49.7 ............50

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.6 ............81
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.4 ............73
State of cluster development.................................. 2.9 ..........136
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.0 ..........112
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.6 ............87
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.1 ............60
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.4 ............97
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.1 ............77
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.1 ..........124

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.2 ..........100
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.6 ............69
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.7 ..........112
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.4 ............77
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.0 ..........118
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.5 ............46
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 2.9 ............52

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.5 ..........106
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.0 ..........132
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.1 ..........137
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 2.3 ..........145
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 55.4 ..........126

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 377

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

United Arab Emirates
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 7.9
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 358.9
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 64,840
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.33

United Arab Emirates

60,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 19 ..... 5.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 24 ......5.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 27 ......4.9

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .........................................4 ......6.0

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 11 ......5.5
Infrastructure .............................................................. 5 ......6.2
Macroeconomic environment ..................................... 7 ......6.4
Health and primary education ................................... 49 ......6.0

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................20 ......5.0

2

Higher education and training ................................... 35 ......4.9
Goods market efficiency ............................................ 4 ......5.4
Labor market efficiency .............................................. 9 ......5.2
Financial market development .................................. 24 ......4.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 28 ......5.2
Market size ............................................................... 44 ......4.4

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........24 ......4.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 16 ......5.1
Innovation ................................................................. 28 ......4.2

United Arab Emirates

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................19.2
Access to financing ...........................................................19.1
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................16.4
Inflation ................................................................................7.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................6.7
Policy instability ...................................................................6.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.1
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................5.7
Foreign currency regulations ................................................4.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................3.2
Tax rates..............................................................................1.6
Corruption ...........................................................................1.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.8
Tax regulations ....................................................................0.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.7
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

378 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

United Arab Emirates
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.4 ............26
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.3 ............20
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.8 ............12
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 5.9 ..............3
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.4 ..............5
Judicial independence............................................ 5.5 ............23
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 5.1 ..............7
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 5.8 ..............3
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.9 ..............6
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.9 ............20
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.8 ............16
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.2 ............12
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.3 ............17
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 6.5 ..............2
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.9 ..............1
Reliability of police services .................................... 6.1 ............12
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.7 ............14
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.4 ............28
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.1 ............24
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.2 ............13
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.3 ..........107

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 6.4 ..............4
Quality of roads ...................................................... 6.6 ..............1
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 6.4 ..............4
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 6.7 ..............3
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 4,198.9 ..............7
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.5 ............18
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 169.9 ............12
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 24.3 ............49

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................. 15.2 ..............5
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 32.6 ............18
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 0.7 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 17.6 ............18
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 74.1 ............28

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.7 ............65
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 3.7 ..............5
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.9 ............43
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ........................... <0.01 ..............1
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 5.6 ............37
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 76.7 ............42
Quality of primary education ................................... 5.2 ............19
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 88.4 ..........106

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 92.3 ............60
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 25.2 ............86
Quality of the educational system ........................... 5.1 ............15
Quality of math and science education .................. 5.1 ............19
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.1 ............28
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.8 ............21
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.3 ............19
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.0 ............13

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................... 8 ............34
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.7 ............13
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 5.5 ..............5
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 4.6 ............58
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.5 ............17
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.6 ..............8
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.9 ..............5
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 74.2 ............29
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.6 ..............7
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.2 ............20

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.2 ............17
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 6.0 ..............3
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.7 ............17
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 4.3 ..............9
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 6.2 ..............3
Pay and productivity............................................... 5.0 ..............7
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.3 ............25
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 5.5 ..............6
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 5.5 ..............7
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.48 ..........131

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 5.4 ............25
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.3 ............24
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.5 ............21
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 4.6 ..............3
Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.1 ............10
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.7 ............38
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.3 ............19
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.4 ..............8
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 6.1 ..............4
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.9 ..............2
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 85.0 ............14
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 11.7 ............53
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 36.8 ............48
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 50.9 ............30

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.1 ............50
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.5 ............29
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 271.3 ............49
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 86.9 ............16

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.4 ............13
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.3 ............20
State of cluster development.................................. 5.5 ..............3
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 4.6 ............26
Value chain breadth................................................ 4.9 ............18
Control of international distribution ......................... 5.3 ..............3
Production process sophistication.......................... 4.8 ............29
Extent of marketing ................................................ 5.4 ............15
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.8 ............19

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 4.0 ............39
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 4.8 ............34
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.1 ............24
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 4.8 ............24
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 5.1 ..............3
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.1 ............13
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 4.2 ............46

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.7 ............17
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.0 ............16
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.3 ..............7
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 6.2 ..............3
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 14.9 ..............6

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 379

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

United Kingdom
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 62.7
GDP (US$ billions) ..................................... 2,440.5
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 38,589
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 2.81

United Kingdom

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 10 ..... 5.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ....................................... 8 ......5.4
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 10 ......5.4

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................24 ......5.5

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 12 ......5.4
Infrastructure .............................................................. 8 ......6.1
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 115 ......4.0
Health and primary education ................................... 16 ......6.4

7

Innovation

Infrastructure

6
5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .......................................4 ......5.5

2

Higher education and training ................................... 17 ......5.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 14 ......5.1
Labor market efficiency .............................................. 5 ......5.4
Financial market development .................................. 15 ......5.0
Technological readiness .............................................. 4 ......6.1
Market size ................................................................. 6 ......5.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) ...........10 ......5.2

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ............................................. 9 ......5.4
Innovation ................................................................. 12 ......4.9

United Kingdom

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................20.7
Tax rates............................................................................11.0
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................11.0
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................9.2
Tax regulations ....................................................................8.9
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................8.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................7.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................6.7
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.9
Policy instability ...................................................................5.8
Inflation ................................................................................2.5
Corruption ...........................................................................0.9
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.1
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

380 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

United Kingdom
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 6.2 ..............4
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.8 ..............8
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.7 ............13
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.2 ............22
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 6.0 ............16
Judicial independence............................................ 6.2 ..............6
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.3 ............17
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.7 ............39
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.7 ............45
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 5.6 ..............8
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 5.2 ..............8
Transparency of government policymaking............. 5.3 ............11
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.2 ............89
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.1 ............48
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.9 ............28
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.7 ............26
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 5.8 ............12
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.8 ............16
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.2 ............21
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 5.2 ............15
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 8.0 ............10

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.4 ............28
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.3 ............28
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 5.0 ............14
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.7 ............15
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.6 ............28
Available airline seat km/week, millions* .......... 6,326.3 ..............3
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.7 ..............9
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 130.8 ............40
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 52.6 ..............9

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-8.3 ..........140
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 10.8 ..........123
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.8 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 90.3 ..........136
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 86.7 ............15

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.5 ............21
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 14.0 ............33
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.2 ............25
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.30 ............60
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 4.4 ............29
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 80.8 ............20
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.9 ............31
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.5 ............11

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* ........ 105.3 ............21
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 59.7 ............36
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.6 ............26
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.4 ............50
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.9 ..............3
Internet access in schools ...................................... 6.2 ............10
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.6 ............11
Extent of staff training ............................................ 4.7 ............22

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 13 ............63
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.2 ............33
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.9 ............17
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 0.8 ..............4
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 6.0 ..............4
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.5 ............11
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 5.2 ............18
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 35.1 ..........102
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.1 ............32
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.6 ............10

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 5.0 ............26
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.8 ............12
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.5 ............27
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 8.4 ............26
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.0 ............41
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.8 ............11
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.9 ..............9
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 5.0 ............13
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 5.8 ..............4
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.85 ............55

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 6.1 ..............6
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.3 ............18
Financing through local equity market .................... 4.8 ............12
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.7 ............82
Venture capital availability ....................................... 3.5 ............20
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.3 ..........105
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.2 ............24
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ............................... 10 ..............1

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.4 ..............5
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 5.7 ............24
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.2 ............22
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 87.0 ............11
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 34.0 ............10
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .............. 188.9 ............10
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 72.0 ............14

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 5.7 ..............6
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.1 ............10
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ....................................... 2,336.3 ..............8
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 30.6 ............96

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.5 ..............9
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.4 ............18
State of cluster development.................................. 5.1 ............13
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.9 ..............8
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.2 ............12
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.8 ............16
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.6 ............14
Extent of marketing ................................................ 6.0 ..............1
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.9 ............14

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.2 ..............8
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 6.2 ..............3
Company spending on R&D................................... 4.7 ............12
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.6 ..............5
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.6 ............56
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.8 ............23
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* ................ 90.6 ............18

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 6.0 ..............3
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.2 ..............9
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.0 ............16
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.3 ............29
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 35.5 ............65

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 381

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

United States
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ...................................... 311.6
GDP (US$ billions) ................................... 15,684.8
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 49,922
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total .......... 18.87

United States

50,000

Advanced economies

40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ........................................................ 5 ..... 5.5

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ....................................... 7 ......5.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ....................................... 5 ......5.4

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (20.0%) .......................................36 ......5.1

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 35 ......4.6
Infrastructure ............................................................ 15 ......5.8
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 117 ......4.0
Health and primary education ................................... 34 ......6.1

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .......................................1 ......5.7

2

Higher education and training ..................................... 7 ......5.8
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 20 ......4.9
Labor market efficiency .............................................. 4 ......5.4
Financial market development .................................. 10 ......5.3
Technological readiness ............................................ 15 ......5.7
Market size ................................................................. 1 ......6.9

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (30.0%) .............6 ......5.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ............................................. 6 ......5.5
Innovation ................................................................... 7 ......5.4

United States

Innovation-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Tax regulations ..................................................................16.3
Tax rates............................................................................15.4
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................14.0
Access to financing .............................................................8.7
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................7.3
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................6.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.2
Policy instability ...................................................................5.7
Inflation ................................................................................4.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.3
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................3.1
Corruption ...........................................................................1.7
Poor public health ...............................................................1.6
Government instability/coups ..............................................1.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................1.4
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

382 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

United States
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 5.2 ............33
Intellectual property protection ............................... 5.2 ............25
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 4.6 ............29
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.3 ............50
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 4.9 ............38
Judicial independence............................................ 5.0 ............32
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.3 ............54
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.1 ............76
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.4 ............80
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.7 ............26
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.3 ............29
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.4 ............48
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 4.2 ..........128
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.3 ............87
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.8 ............84
Reliability of police services .................................... 5.7 ............24
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.9 ............32
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.3 ............36
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 5.3 ............15
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.9 ............27
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 8.3 ..............6

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 5.7 ............19
Quality of roads ...................................................... 5.7 ............18
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 4.9 ............17
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 5.7 ............16
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 5.9 ............18
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ........ 32,852.2 ..............1
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 6.2 ............30
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 98.2 ............95
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 44.0 ............18

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-8.5 ..........142
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 13.1 ..........112
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 2.1 ..............1
General government debt, % GDP* ................... 106.5 ..........140
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 88.8 ............12

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.8 ............60
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ......................... 3.9 ..............8
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.1 ............86
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.70 ............97
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 6.4 ............41
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 78.6 ............34
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.7 ............41
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 94.6 ............66

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 96.0 ............49
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 94.8 ..............3
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.6 ............25
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.4 ............49
Quality of management schools ............................. 5.5 ............12
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.9 ............18
Availability of research and training services ........... 5.7 ..............9
Extent of staff training ............................................ 5.0 ............12

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................... 6 ............16
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............46
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.5 ............53
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 1.3 ............33
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.0 ............49
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.7 ............55
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.8 ............35
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 17.5 ..........146
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 5.4 ............13
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 4.6 ..............9

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.7 ............42
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.5 ............29
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.9 ..............9
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ...................... 0.0 ..............1
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.1 ............38
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.8 ............12
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.6 ............15
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 5.7 ..............4
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 5.7 ..............6
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.86 ............47

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 6.1 ..............7
Affordability of financial services ............................. 5.6 ............10
Financing through local equity market .................... 5.1 ..............5
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 3.9 ............17
Venture capital availability ....................................... 4.3 ..............3
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.2 ............58
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 5.0 ............30
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 6.4 ..............6
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 6.0 ..............9
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.9 ............46
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 81.0 ............20
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 28.0 ............17
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 62.3 ............35
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 74.7 ..............9

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 7.0 ..............1
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 6.7 ..............2
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ..................................... 15,684.8 ..............1
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 13.8 ..........141

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.5 ............10
Local supplier quality.............................................. 5.5 ............10
State of cluster development.................................. 5.2 ..............6
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 5.4 ............17
Value chain breadth................................................ 5.3 ..............8
Control of international distribution ......................... 5.2 ..............6
Production process sophistication.......................... 5.9 ..............7
Extent of marketing ................................................ 6.0 ..............2
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 5.2 ..............9

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 5.6 ..............5
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 6.0 ..............5
Company spending on R&D................................... 5.4 ..............5
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 5.7 ..............3
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.3 ............15
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 5.3 ..............6
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .............. 141.1 ............12

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.8 ............14
Extent of market dominance .................................. 5.2 ............10
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 5.0 ............14
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 4.1 ............40
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 46.7 ..........107

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 383

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Uruguay
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) .......................................... 3.4
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 49.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 14,614
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.07

Uruguay

20,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

15,000

10,000

5,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 85 ..... 4.1

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 74 ......4.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 63 ......4.3

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (26.0%) .......................................53 ......4.8

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 36 ......4.6
Infrastructure ............................................................ 55 ......4.3
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 85 ......4.5
Health and primary education ................................... 58 ......5.9

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (50.0%) .....................................78 ......3.9

2

Higher education and training ................................... 52 ......4.5
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 60 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 139 ......3.4
Financial market development .................................. 90 ......3.8
Technological readiness ............................................ 48 ......4.3
Market size ............................................................... 88 ......3.3

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (24.0%) ...........84 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 91 ......3.8
Innovation ................................................................. 82 ......3.1

Uruguay

Economies in transition from 2 to 3

The most problematic factors for doing business
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................22.2
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................19.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................13.7
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................10.8
Tax rates..............................................................................9.1
Access to financing .............................................................6.5
Inflation ................................................................................6.5
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................4.7
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.1
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................2.5
Policy instability ...................................................................1.0
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.5
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.4
Poor public health ...............................................................0.2
Corruption ...........................................................................0.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

384 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Uruguay
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.9 ............42
Intellectual property protection ............................... 4.1 ............45
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 5.0 ............24
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 4.4 ............18
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 5.5 ............27
Judicial independence............................................ 5.4 ............25
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 4.0 ............30
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.7 ..........108
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.3 ............92
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.9 ............55
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 4.0 ............40
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.7 ............30
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.4 ............12
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.9 ..........105
Organized crime ..................................................... 6.0 ............23
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.9 ............86
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.8 ............34
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.8 ............63
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.5 ............76
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.6 ............42
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.0 ............84

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.9 ............88
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.5 ............88
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.2 ..........117
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.7 ............50
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.3 ............81
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 47.4 ............99
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 5.6 ............43
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 147.3 ............23
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 29.8 ............39

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-2.6 ............69
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 16.6 ............88
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 8.1 ..........120
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 53.7 ..........102
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 56.4 ............54

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria ............................. N/Appl. ..............1
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ................................(NE) ..............1
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 6.6 ............16
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 21.0 ............47
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 6.2 ............28
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.60 ............92
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* ................ 8.7 ............53
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 76.4 ............44
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.2 ..........105
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.5 ............10

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 90.4 ............68
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 63.2 ............31
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.0 ..........120
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.9 ..........124
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.2 ............79
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.9 ............19
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.2 ............72
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.8 ............92

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 5 ............30
No. days to start a business* .................................... 7 ............25
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.7 ............10
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.5 ............51
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 7.9 ............91
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.6 ............14
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.4 ............16
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.2 ............61
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 28.1 ..........128
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.3 ............94
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.7 ............52

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.3 ..........138
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 2.3 ..........148
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.9 ..........136
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 20.8 ............98
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.0 ..........119
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.4 ..........148
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.0 ............85
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.3 ............77
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.6 ..........113
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.78 ............78

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.1 ............89
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.2 ............60
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.2 ..........134
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.7 ............84
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............80
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.4 ............52
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.4 ............53
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 4 ..........101

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.5 ............92
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.4 ............92
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 5.2 ............19
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 55.1 ............56
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* . 16.6 ............40
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 40.7 ............42
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 32.0 ............52

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.1 ............87
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.8 ............99
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 53.8 ............87
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 24.4 ..........124

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.9 ..........129
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.2 ............88
State of cluster development.................................. 3.5 ............98
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.4 ............79
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.5 ............94
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.0 ............75
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.7 ............75
Extent of marketing ................................................ 4.1 ............74
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.4 ..........106

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............88
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.6 ............73
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.1 ............72
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.6 ............66
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 3.2 ............93
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.3 ..........116
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 1.1 ............69

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.5 ..........114
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.0 ............55
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.5 ..........118
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.8 ............67
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 42.0 ............89

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 385

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Venezuela
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 29.3
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 382.4
GDP per capita (US$) ................................. 12,956
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.48

Venezuela

15,000

Latin America and the Caribbean

12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2012

2010

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 134 ..... 3.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 126 ......3.5
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 124 ......3.5

Factor driven 2

Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (54.1%) .....................................138 ......3.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 148 ......2.3
Infrastructure .......................................................... 125 ......2.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 143 ......3.1
Health and primary education ................................... 83 ......5.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (39.4%) ...................................119 ......3.4

2

Higher education and training ................................... 74 ......4.2
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 148 ......2.8
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 148 ......2.8
Financial market development ................................ 135 ......3.0
Technological readiness .......................................... 107 ......3.1
Market size ............................................................... 39 ......4.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (6.5%) ...........136 ......2.8

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 134 ......3.2
Innovation ............................................................... 137 ......2.5

Venezuela

Economies in transition from 1 to 2

The most problematic factors for doing business
Foreign currency regulations ..............................................28.3
Restrictive labor regulations ...............................................18.1
Inefficient government bureaucracy ...................................11.7
Inflation ................................................................................8.3
Policy instability ...................................................................8.3
Corruption ...........................................................................7.3
Crime and theft ...................................................................5.1
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................2.5
Tax regulations ....................................................................2.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................2.0
Access to financing .............................................................1.9
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................1.9
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................1.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................0.7
Tax rates..............................................................................0.6
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

386 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Venezuela
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 1.6 ..........148
Intellectual property protection ............................... 1.6 ..........148
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 1.5 ..........148
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.6 ..........144
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.5 ..........139
Judicial independence............................................ 1.1 ..........148
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 1.6 ..........148
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 1.5 ..........148
Burden of government regulation ........................... 1.8 ..........148
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 1.8 ..........148
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 1.5 ..........148
Transparency of government policymaking............. 2.7 ..........147
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.4 ............78
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 2.1 ..........146
Organized crime ..................................................... 2.8 ..........145
Reliability of police services .................................... 1.9 ..........148
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.0 ..........140
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.2 ............97
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.1 ..........112
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.3 ..........131
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 2.3 ..........144

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.6 ..........137
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.6 ..........128
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 1.6 ..........109
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.5 ..........141
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.0 ..........135
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 262.5 ............55
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 1.8 ..........142
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 102.1 ............89
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 25.6 ............47

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*................-18.9 ..........148
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 28.9 ............30
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 21.1 ..........145
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 57.3 ..........108
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 35.3 ............93

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 5.5 ............93
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................. 200.1 ..........105
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.4 ............80
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 33.0 ............60
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.0 ............92
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.60 ............92
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 12.9 ............70
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 74.3 ............62
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.9 ..........117
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 92.7 ............86

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 83.5 ............86
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 78.1 ............13
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.7 ..........128
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.9 ..........123
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.2 ............76
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.4 ..........106
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.4 ..........122
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.6 ..........106

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 17 ..........146
No. days to start a business* ................................ 144 ..........145
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.4 ..........148
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.3 ..........146
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 12.6 ..........130
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 3.4 ..........131
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 1.7 ..........148
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 1.8 ..........148
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 20.2 ..........141
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.3 ..........143
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.0 ..........107

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.0 ..........147
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 3.6 ..........139
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 1.7 ..........148
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* ........ not possible ..........145
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.5 ............84
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.8 ..........141
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.4 ............59
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 1.8 ..........147
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 1.5 ..........148
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.66 ..........107

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.7 ..........123
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.8 ............96
Financing through local equity market .................... 1.8 ..........145
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.3 ..........112
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.1 ..........117
Soundness of banks .............................................. 4.7 ............87
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.3 ..........117
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 1 ..........145

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.1 ..........115
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.1 ..........118
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.3 ..........143
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 44.0 ............76
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 6.7 ............73
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 10.9 ............93
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 4.7 ..........100

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.4 ............33
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.0 ............51
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 401.9 ............33
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 25.9 ..........117

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.0 ..........148
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.4 ..........135
State of cluster development.................................. 2.7 ..........143
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.6 ..........137
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.8 ..........142
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.7 ..........106
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.0 ..........124
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.8 ............97
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.3 ..........109

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.8 ..........128
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.7 ..........125
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.5 ..........129
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.4 ............82
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 1.9 ..........148
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.3 ..........121
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.2 ............88

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 3.0 ..........147
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.9 ..........136
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 2.3 ..........147
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.3 ..........108
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 62.7 ..........129

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 387

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Vietnam
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 87.8
GDP (US$ billions) ........................................ 138.1
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,528
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.39

8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0

Vietnam

1990

1992

1994

Developing Asia

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 70 ..... 4.2

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ..................................... 75 ......4.1
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ..................................... 65 ......4.2

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .......................................86 ......4.4

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 98 ......3.5
Infrastructure ............................................................ 82 ......3.7
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 87 ......4.4
Health and primary education ................................... 67 ......5.8

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) .....................................74 ......4.0

2

Higher education and training ................................... 95 ......3.7
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 74 ......4.3
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 56 ......4.4
Financial market development .................................. 93 ......3.8
Technological readiness .......................................... 102 ......3.1
Market size ............................................................... 36 ......4.6

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) .............85 ......3.4

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 98 ......3.7
Innovation ................................................................. 76 ......3.1

Vietnam

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................18.4
Policy instability .................................................................11.4
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................10.0
Inflation ................................................................................9.9
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................8.5
Tax regulations ....................................................................8.5
Corruption ...........................................................................8.2
Tax rates..............................................................................6.0
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.0
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................4.8
Foreign currency regulations ................................................2.7
Government instability/coups ..............................................2.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.8
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................0.8
Poor public health ...............................................................0.2
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

388 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Vietnam
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.5 ..........113
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.9 ..........116
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.2 ............74
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.4 ............46
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.1 ..........116
Judicial independence............................................ 3.4 ............89
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.1 ............71
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.7 ..........103
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.1 ..........106
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.4 ............93
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.3 ............79
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.6 ..........121
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 5.4 ............75
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.8 ............64
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.9 ............78
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.8 ............95
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.7 ............91
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 3.4 ..........134
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.2 ..........107
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.4 ..........126
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 3.0 ..........134

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.4 ..........110
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.1 ..........102
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 3.0 ............58
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.7 ............98
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 4.0 ............92
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............. 734.0 ............32
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 4.0 ............95
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ......... 149.4 ............21
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ........................... 11.4 ............88

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-5.2 ..........121
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 30.7 ............22
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 9.1 ..........127
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 52.1 ............96
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 43.4 ............75

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.6 ..........108
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ............................... 28.4 ............92
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.3 ..........117
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 199.0 ..........121
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 4.4 ..........112
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.50 ............88
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 17.3 ............81
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 75.1 ............52
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.4 ............97
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 99.3 ............15

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 77.2 ............96
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 24.4 ............89
Quality of the educational system ........................... 3.4 ............95
Quality of math and science education .................. 3.9 ............85
Quality of management schools ............................. 3.3 ..........125
Internet access in schools ...................................... 5.1 ............41
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.3 ..........125
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.7 ............98

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* ........................ 10 ..........116
No. days to start a business* .................................. 34 ..........114
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.1 ............47
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.0 ..........104
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 8.0 ............92
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.2 ..........101
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 4.7 ............53
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.5 ............99
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 91.4 ............11
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.2 ..........100
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.5 ............60

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.4 ............64
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.1 ............69
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.9 ............81
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 24.6 ..........111
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.4 ............99
Pay and productivity............................................... 4.7 ............15
Reliance on professional management ................... 3.6 ..........119
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.0 ............95
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.5 ............69
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.92 ............21

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.0 ............93
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.8 ............97
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.6 ............57
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.3 ..........113
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.6 ............78
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.7 ..........134
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 3.2 ..........118
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 8 ............28

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.7 ..........134
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 3.8 ..........135
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.1 ..........103
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 39.5 ............83
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 5.0 ............79
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* ................ 13.5 ............87
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 19.0 ............69

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 4.3 ............39
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 5.6 ............24
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .......................................... 320.7 ............41
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 89.7 ............13

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.0 ............30
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.2 ............89
State of cluster development.................................. 3.9 ............68
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.7 ..........130
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.2 ..........115
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............87
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.2 ..........111
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.7 ..........104
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.4 ..........105

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.4 ............86
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.4 ............89
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.2 ............59
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.3 ............87
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.0 ............30
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.8 ............88
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ............92

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.2 ............51
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.8 ............74
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.0 ............82
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.5 ............97
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 34.5 ............55

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 389

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Yemen
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 24.8
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 35.6
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,377
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.07

Yemen

8,000

Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan

7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 145 ..... 3.0

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 140 ......3.0
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 138 ......3.1

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................145 ......3.1

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 142 ......2.8
Infrastructure .......................................................... 143 ......1.9
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 139 ......3.2
Health and primary education ................................. 129 ......4.2

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................144 ......2.9

2

Higher education and training ................................. 144 ......2.3
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 133 ......3.6
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 141 ......3.4
Financial market development ................................ 148 ......2.3
Technological readiness .......................................... 137 ......2.5
Market size ............................................................... 85 ......3.4

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........139 ......2.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 124 ......3.3
Innovation ............................................................... 148 ......2.1

Yemen

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Policy instability .................................................................17.7
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................16.1
Corruption .........................................................................13.6
Inadequately educated workforce ......................................10.7
Access to financing .............................................................9.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................7.1
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................5.8
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................5.0
Tax regulations ....................................................................3.6
Crime and theft ...................................................................3.2
Government instability/coups ..............................................3.2
Tax rates..............................................................................2.1
Inflation ................................................................................1.2
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................1.2
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.0
Poor public health ...............................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

390 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Yemen
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 3.2 ..........127
Intellectual property protection ............................... 2.4 ..........138
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 1.7 ..........147
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 2.6 ............88
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 2.4 ..........143
Judicial independence............................................ 2.2 ..........138
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.2 ..........138
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.0 ..........141
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.0 ..........112
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 2.2 ..........147
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.7 ..........127
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.8 ..........103
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 2.7 ..........145
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 3.1 ..........134
Organized crime ..................................................... 4.1 ..........117
Reliability of police services .................................... 2.3 ..........145
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.4 ..........121
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 2.7 ..........144
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 3.5 ..........144
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 3.1 ..........137
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.0 ..........116

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 2.6 ..........136
Quality of roads ...................................................... 2.4 ..........137
Quality of railroad infrastructure ....................... N/Appl. ...........n/a
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 2.9 ..........129
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 2.7 ..........140
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 39.8 ..........108
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 1.5 ..........146
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 54.4 ..........134
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 4.3 ..........108

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-5.5 ..........124
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 9.3 ..........131
Inflation, annual % change* .................................. 11.0 ..........135
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 46.7 ............85
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 18.5 ..........137

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.6 ..........109
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* .......................... 2,380.2 ..........118
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 5.0 ............95
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ....................... 44.0 ............71
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 5.5 ............69
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ............................. 0.20 ............45
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 57.0 ..........129
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 65.5 ..........112
Quality of primary education ................................... 2.0 ..........147
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 76.0 ..........133

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 45.8 ..........123
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*................ 10.2 ..........117
Quality of the educational system ........................... 2.0 ..........147
Quality of math and science education .................. 2.3 ..........143
Quality of management schools ............................. 2.8 ..........138
Internet access in schools ...................................... 1.7 ..........146
Availability of research and training services ........... 2.8 ..........143
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.3 ..........122

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 40 ..........124
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.9 ..........139
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 3.5 ..........142
Trade tariffs, % duty* .............................................. 6.0 ............76
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 2.7 ..........145
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 3.5 ..........128
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.3 ..........121
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 36.3 ............98
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.2 ..........105
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 2.4 ..........142

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.2 ............86
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 5.8 ............15
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 3.9 ............76
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 27.4 ..........120
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 2.8 ..........126
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.6 ............96
Reliance on professional management ................... 2.8 ..........143
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 2.1 ..........139
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.2 ..........133
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.35 ..........140

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 2.9 ..........143
Affordability of financial services ............................. 2.6 ..........146
Financing through local equity market .................... 2.1 ..........139
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 1.9 ..........133
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.9 ..........134
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.1 ..........142
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 1.5 ..........147
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 2 ..........141

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 3.4 ..........142
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.1 ..........119
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.5 ..........140
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 17.4 ..........107
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.7 ..........113
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 2.6 ..........131
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.2 ..........129

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 3.2 ............85
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 4.1 ............88
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 59.1 ............82
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 35.2 ............84

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 5.1 ............27
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.0 ..........145
State of cluster development.................................. 2.8 ..........138
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.9 ..........124
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.2 ..........113
Control of international distribution ......................... 4.0 ............72
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.8 ..........133
Extent of marketing ................................................ 2.8 ..........139
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.8 ............63

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.6 ..........142
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 2.0 ..........148
Company spending on R&D................................... 1.9 ..........148
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 2.1 ..........145
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.1 ..........147
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.1 ..........130
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........110

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.4 ..........118
Extent of market dominance .................................. 2.8 ..........138
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 3.1 ..........135
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.1 ..........117
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 32.9 ............45

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 391

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Zambia
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 13.5
GDP (US$ billions) .......................................... 20.5
GDP per capita (US$) ................................... 1,474
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.03

Zambia

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 ...................................................... 93 ..... 3.9

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 102 ......3.8
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 113 ......3.7

2

Factor driven Transition
2–3

3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................104 ......4.0

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions ................................................................ 51 ......4.2
Infrastructure .......................................................... 118 ......2.8
Macroeconomic environment ................................... 81 ......4.6
Health and primary education ................................. 126 ......4.4

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................101 ......3.7

2

Higher education and training ................................. 119 ......3.1
Goods market efficiency .......................................... 38 ......4.6
Labor market efficiency ............................................ 93 ......4.1
Financial market development .................................. 46 ......4.5
Technological readiness .......................................... 115 ......3.0
Market size ............................................................. 111 ......2.8

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) .............61 ......3.7

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ........................................... 66 ......4.0
Innovation ................................................................. 60 ......3.4

Zambia

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................25.1
Corruption .........................................................................17.5
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ......................................9.9
Tax rates..............................................................................8.6
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................6.8
Inflation ................................................................................5.7
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................5.2
Crime and theft ...................................................................4.1
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................3.9
Poor public health ...............................................................3.0
Policy instability ...................................................................2.9
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................2.7
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................2.0
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.5
Foreign currency regulations ................................................1.0
Government instability/coups ..............................................0.1
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

392 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Zambia
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 4.7 ............49
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.9 ............57
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 3.3 ............64
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 3.4 ............45
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.5 ............93
Judicial independence............................................ 3.7 ............69
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 3.3 ............56
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 3.7 ............37
Burden of government regulation ........................... 4.3 ............12
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 4.4 ............37
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 3.7 ............51
Transparency of government policymaking............. 4.7 ............31
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.1 ............32
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 4.7 ............70
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.7 ............44
Reliability of police services .................................... 4.2 ............71
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 4.2 ............51
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 4.6 ............72
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.9 ............41
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.7 ............37
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 5.3 ............69

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.8 ............94
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.4 ............94
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.1 ............87
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 3.5 ..........108
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.5 ..........114
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 43.5 ..........104
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 3.1 ..........114
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 75.8 ..........118
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 0.6 ..........136

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-4.5 ..........108
Gross national savings, % GDP* .......................... 23.4 ............53
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 6.6 ..........107
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 26.9 ............33
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ...................... 34.2 ............96

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 3.1 ..........138
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 24,518.3 ..........135
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 3.6 ..........138
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 444.0 ..........138
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.2 ..........138
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ........................... 12.50 ..........141
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 52.7 ..........126
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 49.0 ..........145
Quality of primary education ................................... 3.7 ............82
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 95.5 ............59

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 30.4 ..........140
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 2.4 ..........144
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.3 ............38
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.0 ............76
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.3 ............71
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.5 ..........103
Availability of research and training services ........... 4.5 ............46
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.8 ............89

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 6 ............47
No. days to start a business* .................................. 17 ............76
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 4.5 ............17
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.3 ............66
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 10.7 ..........121
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 5.3 ............32
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 5.0 ............35
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 4.3 ............57
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 43.4 ............77
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 4.7 ............58
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.5 ............61

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 4.3 ............67
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 4.9 ............82
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 4.6 ............20
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 50.6 ..........140
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 4.2 ............33
Pay and productivity............................................... 3.7 ............91
Reliance on professional management ................... 4.6 ............47
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.5 ............62
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 3.6 ............65
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.85 ............54

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 4.4 ............77
Affordability of financial services ............................. 4.0 ............80
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.9 ............42
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.7 ............77
Venture capital availability ....................................... 2.5 ............79
Soundness of banks .............................................. 5.3 ............56
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.4 ............49
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 9 ............12

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.5 ............95
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.6 ............77
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 4.6 ............76
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 13.5 ..........117
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.1 ..........129
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 2.8 ..........130
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*............ 0.7 ..........122

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 2.5 ..........115
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.7 ..........101
GDP (PPP$ billions)* ............................................ 24.0 ..........112
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 48.8 ............54

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 4.8 ............59
Local supplier quality.............................................. 4.3 ............80
State of cluster development.................................. 4.1 ............48
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 3.8 ............51
Value chain breadth................................................ 3.8 ............62
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.9 ............83
Production process sophistication.......................... 3.6 ............85
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.8 ............99
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 4.1 ............36

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 3.7 ............52
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.4 ............88
Company spending on R&D................................... 3.5 ............46
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.5 ............70
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 4.0 ............28
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 4.2 ............67
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.0 ..........126

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 5.2 ............48
Extent of market dominance .................................. 4.2 ............39
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.6 ............37
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.8 ............66
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 15.2 ..............8

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 393

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Zimbabwe
Key indicators, 2012

GDP (PPP) per capita (int’l $), 1990–2012

Population (millions) ........................................ 12.8
GDP (US$ billions) ............................................ 9.8
GDP per capita (US$) ...................................... 756
GDP (PPP) as share (%) of world total ............ 0.01

Zimbabwe

2,500

Sub-Saharan Africa

2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Global Competitiveness Index
Rank
(out of 148)

Stage of development

Score
(1–7)

GCI 2013–2014 .................................................... 131 ..... 3.4

Transition
1–2

1

GCI 2012–2013 (out of 144) ................................... 132 ......3.3
GCI 2011–2012 (out of 142) ................................... 132 ......3.3

Transition
2–3

2

Factor driven 3

Efficiency driven Basic requirements (60.0%) .....................................124 ......3.7

Innovation driven Institutions

Institutions .............................................................. 101 ......3.5
Infrastructure .......................................................... 126 ......2.6
Macroeconomic environment ................................. 114 ......4.0
Health and primary education ................................. 116 ......4.5

7

Innovation

6

Infrastructure

5

Business sophistication Macroeconomic environment 4
3

Efficiency enhancers (35.0%) ...................................138 ......3.1

2

Higher education and training ................................. 124 ......3.0
Goods market efficiency ........................................ 130 ......3.7
Labor market efficiency .......................................... 140 ......3.4
Financial market development ................................ 109 ......3.6
Technological readiness .......................................... 112 ......3.0
Market size ............................................................. 136 ......2.1

Market size

Health and primary education

1

Higher education and training

Technological readiness Financial market development Innovation and sophistication factors (5.0%) ...........126 ......3.0

Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

Business sophistication ......................................... 126 ......3.3
Innovation ............................................................... 127 ......2.7

Zimbabwe

Factor-driven economies

The most problematic factors for doing business
Access to financing ...........................................................25.4
Policy instability .................................................................21.4
Inadequate supply of infrastructure ....................................14.3
Corruption .........................................................................10.7
Restrictive labor regulations .................................................8.9
Inefficient government bureaucracy .....................................7.9
Government instability/coups ..............................................2.8
Insufficient capacity to innovate ...........................................2.6
Tax rates..............................................................................1.9
Tax regulations ....................................................................1.4
Crime and theft ...................................................................0.8
Inadequately educated workforce ........................................0.8
Foreign currency regulations ................................................0.5
Poor work ethic in national labor force ................................0.5
Poor public health ...............................................................0.1
Inflation ................................................................................0.0
0

5

10

15
Percent of responses

Note:

From the list of factors above, respondents were asked to select the five most problematic for doing business in their country and to rank them between
1 (most problematic) and 5. The bars in the figure show the responses weighted according to their rankings.

394 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

20

25

30

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Zimbabwe
The Global Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR

VALUE RANK/148

INDICATOR

1st pillar: Institutions

VALUE RANK/148

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency (cont’d.)

1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ....................................................... 2.6 ..........142
Intellectual property protection ............................... 3.0 ..........106
Diversion of public funds ........................................ 2.8 ............95
Public trust in politicians ......................................... 1.9 ..........137
Irregular payments and bribes ................................ 3.7 ............80
Judicial independence............................................ 2.7 ..........117
Favoritism in decisions of government officials ....... 2.6 ..........108
Wastefulness of government spending ................... 2.6 ..........112
Burden of government regulation ........................... 3.1 ..........102
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes .... 3.6 ............78
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regs. ... 2.8 ..........123
Transparency of government policymaking............. 3.9 ............88
Business costs of terrorism .................................... 6.3 ............18
Business costs of crime and violence..................... 5.0 ............56
Organized crime ..................................................... 5.9 ............34
Reliability of police services .................................... 3.0 ..........123
Ethical behavior of firms ......................................... 3.8 ............83
Strength of auditing and reporting standards ......... 5.2 ............39
Efficacy of corporate boards .................................. 4.7 ............60
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ......... 4.3 ............58
Strength of investor protection, 0–10 (best)* .......... 4.3 ..........107

2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure ............................... 3.2 ..........122
Quality of roads ...................................................... 3.3 ..........100
Quality of railroad infrastructure .............................. 2.3 ............84
Quality of port infrastructure ................................... 4.1 ............76
Quality of air transport infrastructure....................... 3.3 ..........120
Available airline seat km/week, millions* ............... 12.5 ..........134
Quality of electricity supply ..................................... 2.0 ..........138
Mobile telephone subscriptions/100 pop.* ........... 96.9 ............97
Fixed telephone lines/100 pop.* ............................. 2.3 ..........119

3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance, % GDP*..................-0.9 ............41
Gross national savings, % GDP* ............................ 0.6 ..........143
Inflation, annual % change* .................................... 3.7 ............70
General government debt, % GDP* ..................... 60.5 ..........111
Country credit rating, 0–100 (best)* ........................ 7.2 ..........146

4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria .................................... 4.6 ..........113
Malaria cases/100,000 pop.* ........................ 13,491.6 ..........127
Business impact of tuberculosis ............................. 4.0 ..........126
Tuberculosis cases/100,000 pop.* ..................... 603.0 ..........143
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ................................. 3.7 ..........132
HIV prevalence, % adult pop.* ........................... 14.90 ..........143
Infant mortality, deaths/1,000 live births* .............. 42.8 ..........115
Life expectancy, years*......................................... 51.2 ..........140
Quality of primary education ................................... 4.1 ............63
Primary education enrollment, net %* .................. 90.0 ............99

5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment, gross %* .......... 38.0 ..........131
Tertiary education enrollment, gross %*.................. 6.0 ..........130
Quality of the educational system ........................... 4.3 ............42
Quality of math and science education .................. 4.2 ............63
Quality of management schools ............................. 4.1 ............81
Internet access in schools ...................................... 3.0 ..........119
Availability of research and training services ........... 3.7 ..........105
Extent of staff training ............................................ 3.9 ............82

2nd pillar: Infrastructure

6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

No. procedures to start a business* .......................... 9 ..........104
No. days to start a business* .................................. 90 ..........139
Agricultural policy costs.......................................... 2.9 ..........137
Prevalence of trade barriers ................................... 4.8 ............21
Trade tariffs, % duty* ............................................ 19.4 ..........144
Prevalence of foreign ownership............................. 4.3 ............97
Business impact of rules on FDI ............................. 2.1 ..........146
Burden of customs procedures .............................. 3.1 ..........132
Imports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 61.9 ............40
Degree of customer orientation .............................. 3.7 ..........133
Buyer sophistication ............................................... 3.1 ............97

7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ................. 3.7 ..........123
Flexibility of wage determination ............................. 2.6 ..........146
Hiring and firing practices ....................................... 2.4 ..........146
Redundancy costs, weeks of salary* .................... 82.3 ..........144
Effect of taxation on incentives to work .................. 3.4 ............94
Pay and productivity............................................... 2.6 ..........146
Reliance on professional management ................... 5.0 ............31
Country capacity to retain talent............................. 3.0 ............99
Country capacity to attract talent ........................... 2.9 ..........100
Women in labor force, ratio to men* ..................... 0.93 ............19

8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services ............................... 3.8 ..........105
Affordability of financial services ............................. 3.2 ..........134
Financing through local equity market .................... 3.5 ............63
Ease of access to loans ......................................... 2.1 ..........122
Venture capital availability ....................................... 1.8 ..........140
Soundness of banks .............................................. 3.4 ..........137
Regulation of securities exchanges ........................ 4.1 ............69
Legal rights index, 0–10 (best)* ................................. 7 ............42

9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

Availability of latest technologies ............................ 4.4 ..........103
Firm-level technology absorption ............................ 4.3 ............99
FDI and technology transfer ................................... 3.6 ..........132
Individuals using Internet, %* ............................... 17.1 ..........109
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions/100 pop.* ... 0.5 ..........114
Int’l Internet bandwidth, kb/s per user* .................. 3.3 ..........125
Mobile broadband subscriptions/100 pop.*.......... 29.7 ............54

10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index, 1–7 (best)*................. 1.8 ..........136
Foreign market size index, 1–7 (best)* .................... 3.0 ..........136
GDP (PPP$ billions)* .............................................. 7.2 ..........137
Exports as a percentage of GDP* ........................ 43.4 ............62

11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity ........................................... 3.9 ..........125
Local supplier quality.............................................. 3.7 ..........125
State of cluster development.................................. 3.0 ..........130
Nature of competitive advantage ............................ 2.5 ..........144
Value chain breadth................................................ 2.8 ..........137
Control of international distribution ......................... 3.4 ..........126
Production process sophistication.......................... 2.6 ..........140
Extent of marketing ................................................ 3.3 ..........125
Willingness to delegate authority ............................ 3.7 ............74

12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation........................................... 2.9 ..........122
Quality of scientific research institutions ................. 3.1 ..........109
Company spending on R&D................................... 2.4 ..........133
University-industry collaboration in R&D ................. 3.1 ..........112
Gov’t procurement of advanced tech products ...... 2.6 ..........137
Availability of scientists and engineers .................... 3.5 ..........109
PCT patents, applications/million pop.* .................. 0.1 ............98

7th pillar: Labor market efficiency

8th pillar: Financial market development

3rd pillar: Macroeconomic environment

4th pillar: Health and primary education

5th pillar: Higher education and training

6th pillar: Goods market efficiency
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05

Intensity of local competition .................................. 4.9 ............81
Extent of market dominance .................................. 3.6 ............84
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ..................... 4.0 ............83
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest................. 3.6 ............88
Total tax rate, % profits* ....................................... 35.8 ............66

9th pillar: Technological readiness

10th pillar: Market size

11th pillar: Business sophistication

12th pillar: Innovation

Notes: Values are on a 1-to-7 scale unless otherwise annotated with an asterisk (*). For further details and explanation, please refer to the section “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles” on page 97.
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 395

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2
Data Tables

© 2013 World Economic Forum

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

How to Read the Data Tables

The following pages provide detailed data for all 148 economies included in The Global Competitiveness
Report 2013–2014. The data tables are organized into
13 sections:

Pillar 1:
Pillar 2:
Pillar 3:
Pillar 4:
Pillar 5:
Pillar 6:
Pillar 7:
Pillar 8:
Pillar 9:
Pillar 10:
Pillar 11:
Pillar 12:

Key indicators
Institutions
Infrastructure
Macroeconomic environment
Health and primary education
Higher education and training
Goods market efficiency
Labor market efficiency
Financial market development
Technological readiness
Market size
Business sophistication
Innovation

EXECUTIVE OPINION SURVEY INDICATORS
In the tables, indicators derived from the World
Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (the Survey) have country scores represented by blue-colored bar graphs. Survey questions asked for responses on a scale of 1 to 7, where an answer of 1 and 7 always correspond to the worst and best possible outcome, respectively. In the tables, the Survey question and the two extreme answers are shown above the rankings.
Country scores are reported with a precision of one decimal point, although exact figures are used to determine rankings. The sample mean is represented by a dotted line running across the bar graphs. For more information on the Survey and a detailed explanation of how scores are computed, refer to Chapter 1.3.

2.2: Data Tables

1.01 Property rights
In your country, how strong is the protection of property rights, including financial assets? [1 = extremely weak; 7 = extremely strong] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Finland ...........................................6.4
Singapore ......................................6.3
Switzerland ....................................6.2
United Kingdom .............................6.2
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.1
Canada ..........................................6.0
Luxembourg ..................................6.0
Qatar .............................................6.0
Netherlands ...................................6.0
Norway ..........................................6.0
Puerto Rico ....................................6.0
New Zealand .................................5.9
Austria ...........................................5.9
Sweden .........................................5.9
Germany ........................................5.8
Japan ............................................5.8
Taiwan, China ................................5.8
Ireland............................................5.7
France ...........................................5.7
South Africa ...................................5.6
Oman ............................................5.6
Malta .............................................5.5
Bahrain ..........................................5.5
Denmark ........................................5.4
Belgium .........................................5.4
United Arab Emirates .....................5.4
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.3
Jordan ...........................................5.3
Rwanda .........................................5.2
Australia .........................................5.2
Malaysia.........................................5.2
Iceland ...........................................5.2
United States .................................5.2
Estonia...........................................5.1
Chile ..............................................5.1
Namibia .........................................5.1
Mauritius ........................................5.1
Barbados .......................................5.0
Kuwait ...........................................5.0
Israel ..............................................5.0
Botswana ......................................4.9
Uruguay .........................................4.9
Portugal .........................................4.8
Panama .........................................4.8
Morocco ........................................4.8
Cyprus ...........................................4.7
Spain .............................................4.7
Turkey............................................4.7
Zambia ..........................................4.7
China .............................................4.6
Brazil..............................................4.6
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.6
Costa Rica .....................................4.6
Armenia .........................................4.6
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.5
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.5
Seychelles......................................4.4
India...............................................4.4
Sri Lanka .......................................4.4
Gambia, The ..................................4.4
Philippines .....................................4.3
Latvia .............................................4.3
Bhutan ...........................................4.3
Jamaica .........................................4.3
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.3
Poland ...........................................4.3
Italy ................................................4.3
Kazakhstan ....................................4.3
Slovenia .........................................4.3
Tunisia ...........................................4.3
Lithuania ........................................4.2
Ghana ............................................4.2
Montenegro ...................................4.2
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.2

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.3

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.3

7

Mexico ...........................................4.2
Swaziland ......................................4.2
Gabon ...........................................4.1
Thailand .........................................4.1
Indonesia .......................................4.1
Senegal .........................................4.0
Azerbaijan ......................................4.0
Romania ........................................3.9
Slovak Republic .............................3.9
Lebanon ........................................3.9
Lao PDR ........................................3.9
Kenya ............................................3.9
Greece ...........................................3.9
Czech Republic .............................3.9
Guyana ..........................................3.9
Cape Verde ...................................3.9
Cameroon......................................3.8
Colombia .......................................3.8
Guatemala .....................................3.8
Dominican Republic .......................3.8
Malawi ...........................................3.8
Croatia ...........................................3.8
Tanzania ........................................3.8
Ecuador .........................................3.8
Liberia ............................................3.8
Sierra Leone ..................................3.7
Egypt .............................................3.7
Peru ...............................................3.7
Hungary .........................................3.7
Ethiopia..........................................3.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.7
Burkina Faso..................................3.7
Uganda ..........................................3.7
Cambodia ......................................3.6
Suriname .......................................3.6
Mongolia ........................................3.6
Bulgaria .........................................3.5
El Salvador.....................................3.5
Vietnam .........................................3.5
Nepal .............................................3.5
Mozambique ..................................3.5
Libya ..............................................3.4
Nigeria ...........................................3.4
Benin .............................................3.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.4
Georgia ..........................................3.4
Honduras .......................................3.4
Bangladesh....................................3.4
Pakistan .........................................3.3
Nicaragua ......................................3.3
Lesotho .........................................3.3
Mali ................................................3.3
Yemen ...........................................3.2
Algeria ...........................................3.2
Bolivia ............................................3.2
Serbia ............................................3.2
Moldova .........................................3.2
Paraguay .......................................3.1
Russian Federation ........................3.0
Guinea ...........................................3.0
Madagascar ...................................2.9
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.9
Albania...........................................2.8
Timor-Leste ...................................2.8
Mauritania ......................................2.8
Angola ...........................................2.8
Burundi ..........................................2.7
Zimbabwe ......................................2.6
Ukraine ..........................................2.5
Myanmar........................................2.5
Argentina .......................................2.5
Chad..............................................2.4
Haiti ...............................................2.1
Venezuela ......................................1.6

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

410 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 399

2.2: Data Tables

2.2: Data Tables

0.01 Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product in billions of current US dollars | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

United States ........................15,684.8
China ......................................8,227.0
Japan .....................................5,964.0
Germany .................................3,400.6
France ....................................2,608.7
United Kingdom ......................2,440.5
Brazil.......................................2,396.0
Russian Federation .................2,022.0
Italy .........................................2,014.1
India........................................1,824.8
Canada ...................................1,819.1
Australia ..................................1,541.8
Spain ......................................1,352.1
Mexico ....................................1,177.1
Korea, Rep. ............................1,155.9
Indonesia ...................................878.2
Turkey........................................794.5
Netherlands ...............................773.1
Saudi Arabia ..............................727.3
Switzerland ................................632.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. .......................548.9
Sweden .....................................526.2
Norway ......................................501.1
Poland .......................................487.7
Belgium .....................................484.7
Argentina ...................................475.0
Taiwan, China ............................474.0
Austria .......................................398.6
South Africa ...............................384.3
Venezuela ..................................382.4
Colombia ...................................366.0
Thailand .....................................365.6
United Arab Emirates .................358.9
Denmark ....................................313.6
Malaysia.....................................303.5
Singapore ..................................276.5
Nigeria .......................................268.7
Chile ..........................................268.2
Hong Kong SAR ........................263.0
Egypt .........................................256.7
Philippines .................................250.4
Finland .......................................250.1
Greece .......................................249.2
Israel ..........................................240.9
Pakistan .....................................231.9
Portugal .....................................212.7
Ireland........................................210.4
Algeria .......................................207.8
Peru ...........................................199.0
Kazakhstan ................................196.4
Czech Republic .........................196.1
Qatar .........................................183.4
Ukraine ......................................176.2
Kuwait .......................................173.4
New Zealand .............................169.7
Romania ....................................169.4
Vietnam .....................................138.1
Hungary .....................................126.9
Bangladesh................................122.7
Angola .......................................118.7
Puerto Rico ................................101.0
Morocco ......................................97.5
Slovak Republic ...........................91.9
Libya ............................................81.9
Ecuador .......................................80.9
Oman ..........................................76.5
Azerbaijan ....................................68.8
Sri Lanka .....................................59.4
Dominican Republic .....................59.0
Croatia .........................................57.1
Luxembourg ................................56.7
Myanmar......................................53.1
Bulgaria .......................................51.0
Guatemala ...................................49.9

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Uruguay .......................................49.4
Slovenia .......................................45.6
Tunisia .........................................45.6
Costa Rica ...................................45.1
Lithuania ......................................42.2
Ethiopia........................................41.9
Lebanon ......................................41.3
Kenya ..........................................41.1
Ghana ..........................................38.9
Serbia ..........................................37.4
Panama .......................................36.3
Yemen .........................................35.6
Jordan .........................................31.2
Latvia ...........................................28.4
Tanzania ......................................28.2
Bolivia ..........................................27.4
Bahrain ........................................27.0
Paraguay .....................................26.0
Trinidad and Tobago....................25.3
Cameroon....................................25.0
Côte d’Ivoire ................................24.6
El Salvador...................................23.8
Cyprus .........................................23.0
Estonia.........................................21.9
Uganda ........................................21.0
Zambia ........................................20.5
Nepal ...........................................19.4
Honduras .....................................18.4
Gabon .........................................18.4
Botswana ....................................17.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............17.3
Brunei Darussalam .......................16.6
Georgia ........................................15.9
Jamaica .......................................15.2
Mozambique ................................14.6
Cambodia ....................................14.2
Senegal .......................................13.9
Iceland .........................................13.7
Albania.........................................12.7
Namibia .......................................12.3
Mauritius ......................................11.5
Chad............................................10.8
Nicaragua ....................................10.5
Burkina Faso................................10.5
Mali ..............................................10.3
Mongolia ......................................10.3
Madagascar .................................10.1
Armenia .......................................10.1
Zimbabwe ......................................9.8
Macedonia, FYR ............................9.7
Lao PDR ........................................9.2
Malta .............................................8.7
Haiti ...............................................7.9
Benin .............................................7.4
Moldova .........................................7.3
Rwanda .........................................7.2
Kyrgyz Republic .............................6.5
Guinea ...........................................5.6
Suriname .......................................4.7
Barbados .......................................4.5
Montenegro ...................................4.3
Malawi ...........................................4.2
Mauritania ......................................4.2
Timor-Leste ...................................4.2
Sierra Leone ..................................3.8
Swaziland ......................................3.8
Guyana ..........................................2.8
Burundi ..........................................2.5
Lesotho .........................................2.4
Bhutan ...........................................2.2
Cape Verde ...................................1.9
Liberia ............................................1.7
Seychelles......................................1.0
Gambia, The ..................................0.9

International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources

404 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

OTHER INDICATORS
Indicators not derived from the Survey are presented in black bar graphs. For each indicator, a short description appears at the top of the page. The base period (i.e., the period when a majority of the data was collected) follows the description. When the year differs from the base year for a particular economy, this is indicated in a footnote. A more detailed description and the full source for each indicator can be found in the
Technical Notes and Sources section at the end of the
Report. When data are not available or are too outdated,
“n/a” is used in lieu of the rank and the value.
Because of the nature of data, ties between two or more countries are possible. In such cases, shared rankings are indicated accordingly. For example, in both
Canada and New Zealand the number of procedures to start a business amount to one. As a result, in table 6.06
(see page 475) the two countries are both ranked 1st and listed alphabetically.
The values are usually reported with a precision of one decimal place. Because of the rounding, some non-zero values are reported as “0.0.” In such cases, a narrow bar graph is used in order to distinguish these values from true zero values, for which no bar is attached. In addition, since the ranks are always based on the exact, unrounded figures, a non-zero value will also be ranked higher (or lower, in the case of certain indicators) than a true zero value.
ONLINE DATA PORTAL
In addition to the analysis presented in this Report, an interactive data platform can be accessed via www.weforum.org/gcr. The platform offers a number of analytical and visualization tools, including sortable rankings, scatter plots, bar charts, and maps, as well as the possibility of downloading portions of the GCI data set.

400 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

Index of Data Tables

Key indicators .......................................................................403
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04

Gross domestic product ................................................ 404
Population ..................................................................... 405
GDP per capita ............................................................. 406
GDP as a share of world GDP ....................................... 407

Pillar 1: Institutions ...............................................................409
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21

Property rights ............................................................... 410
Intellectual property protection ...................................... 411
Diversion of public funds ............................................... 412
Public trust in politicians ................................................ 413
Irregular payments and bribes ....................................... 414
Judicial independence ................................................... 415
Favoritism in decisions of government officials .............. 416
Wastefulness of government spending .......................... 417
Burden of government regulation .................................. 418
Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes ........... 419
Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations . 420
Transparency of government policymaking .................... 421
Business costs of terrorism ........................................... 422
Business costs of crime and violence ............................ 423
Organized crime ............................................................ 424
Reliability of police services ........................................... 425
Ethical behavior of firms ................................................ 426
Strength of auditing and reporting standards................. 427
Efficacy of corporate boards.......................................... 428
Protection of minority shareholders’ interests ................ 429
Strength of investor protection ...................................... 430

Pillar 2: Infrastructure ...........................................................431
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09

Quality of overall infrastructure....................................... 432
Quality of roads ............................................................. 433
Quality of railroad infrastructure ..................................... 434
Quality of port infrastructure .......................................... 435
Quality of air transport infrastructure .............................. 436
Available airline seat kilometers...................................... 437
Quality of electricity supply ............................................ 438
Mobile telephone subscriptions ..................................... 439
Fixed telephone lines ..................................................... 440

Pillar 5: Higher education and training................................459
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
5.05
5.06
5.07
5.08

Secondary education enrollment rate ............................ 460
Tertiary education enrollment rate .................................. 461
Quality of the educational system .................................. 462
Quality of math and science education .......................... 463
Quality of management schools .................................... 464
Internet access in schools ............................................. 465
Local availability of specialized research and training services...................................................... 466
Extent of staff training .................................................... 467

Pillar 6: Goods market efficiency ........................................469
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
6.09
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16

Intensity of local competition ......................................... 470
Extent of market dominance.......................................... 471
Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy ............................ 472
Effect of taxation on incentives to invest ........................ 473
Total tax rate ................................................................. 474
Number of procedures required to start a business ....... 475
Time required to start a business .................................. 476
Agricultural policy costs ................................................. 477
Prevalence of trade barriers ........................................... 478
Trade tariffs ................................................................... 479
Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................... 480
Business impact of rules on FDI .................................... 481
Burden of customs procedures ..................................... 482
Imports as a percentage of GDP ................................... 483
Degree of customer orientation ..................................... 484
Buyer sophistication ...................................................... 485

Pillar 7: Labor market efficiency ..........................................487
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10

Cooperation in labor-employer relations ........................ 488
Flexibility of wage determination .................................... 489
Hiring and firing practices .............................................. 490
Redundancy costs ........................................................ 491
Effect of taxation on incentives to work ......................... 492
Pay and productivity ...................................................... 493
Reliance on professional management .......................... 494
Country capacity to retain talent .................................... 495
Country capacity to attract talent .................................. 496
Female participation in labor force ................................. 497

Pillar 3: Macroeconomic environment.................................441
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05

Government budget balance ......................................... 442
Gross national savings .................................................. 443
Inflation.......................................................................... 444
Government debt .......................................................... 445
Country credit rating ...................................................... 446

Pillar 4: Health and primary education ................................447
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
4.10

Business impact of malaria............................................ 448
Malaria incidence........................................................... 449
Business impact of tuberculosis .................................... 450
Tuberculosis incidence .................................................. 451
Business impact of HIV/AIDS ........................................ 452
HIV prevalence .............................................................. 453
Infant mortality ............................................................... 454
Life expectancy ............................................................. 455
Quality of primary education .......................................... 456
Primary education enrollment rate ................................. 457

Pillar 8: Financial market development ...............................499
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
8.07
8.08

Availability of financial services....................................... 500
Affordability of financial services .................................... 501
Financing through local equity market ........................... 502
Ease of access to loans ................................................ 503
Venture capital availability .............................................. 504
Soundness of banks ..................................................... 505
Regulation of securities exchanges................................ 506
Legal rights index .......................................................... 507

Pillar 9: Technological readiness .........................................509
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
9.06
9.07

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Availability of latest technologies.................................... 510
Firm-level technology absorption ................................... 511
FDI and technology transfer .......................................... 512
Internet users ................................................................ 513
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions......................... 514
Internet bandwidth ........................................................ 515
Mobile broadband subscriptions ................................... 516

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 401

2.2: Data Tables

Pillar 10: Market size ............................................................517
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04

Domestic market size index........................................... 518
Foreign market size index .............................................. 519
GDP (PPP) .................................................................... 520
Exports as a percentage of GDP ................................... 521

Pillar 11: Business sophistication........................................523
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09

Local supplier quantity................................................... 524
Local supplier quality ..................................................... 525
State of cluster development ......................................... 526
Nature of competitive advantage ................................... 527
Value chain breadth ....................................................... 528
Control of international distribution ................................ 529
Production process sophistication ................................. 530
Extent of marketing ....................................................... 531
Willingness to delegate authority ................................... 532

Pillar 12: Innovation ..............................................................533
12.01
12.02
12.03
12.04
12.05
12.06
12.07

Capacity for innovation .................................................. 534
Quality of scientific research institutions......................... 535
Company spending on R&D .......................................... 536
University-industry collaboration in R&D ........................ 537
Government procurement of advanced technology products...................................................... 538
Availability of scientists and engineers ........................... 539
PCT patent applications ................................................ 540

402 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Data Tables

Key indicators

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

0.01 Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product in billions of current US dollars | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

United States ........................15,684.8
China ......................................8,227.0
Japan .....................................5,964.0
Germany .................................3,400.6
France ....................................2,608.7
United Kingdom ......................2,440.5
Brazil.......................................2,396.0
Russian Federation .................2,022.0
Italy .........................................2,014.1
India........................................1,824.8
Canada ...................................1,819.1
Australia ..................................1,541.8
Spain ......................................1,352.1
Mexico ....................................1,177.1
Korea, Rep. ............................1,155.9
Indonesia ...................................878.2
Turkey........................................794.5
Netherlands ...............................773.1
Saudi Arabia ..............................727.3
Switzerland ................................632.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. .......................548.9
Sweden .....................................526.2
Norway ......................................501.1
Poland .......................................487.7
Belgium .....................................484.7
Argentina ...................................475.0
Taiwan, China ............................474.0
Austria .......................................398.6
South Africa ...............................384.3
Venezuela ..................................382.4
Colombia ...................................366.0
Thailand .....................................365.6
United Arab Emirates .................358.9
Denmark ....................................313.6
Malaysia.....................................303.5
Singapore ..................................276.5
Nigeria .......................................268.7
Chile ..........................................268.2
Hong Kong SAR ........................263.0
Egypt .........................................256.7
Philippines .................................250.4
Finland .......................................250.1
Greece .......................................249.2
Israel ..........................................240.9
Pakistan .....................................231.9
Portugal .....................................212.7
Ireland........................................210.4
Algeria .......................................207.8
Peru ...........................................199.0
Kazakhstan ................................196.4
Czech Republic .........................196.1
Qatar .........................................183.4
Ukraine ......................................176.2
Kuwait .......................................173.4
New Zealand .............................169.7
Romania ....................................169.4
Vietnam .....................................138.1
Hungary .....................................126.9
Bangladesh................................122.7
Angola .......................................118.7
Puerto Rico................................101.0
Morocco ......................................97.5
Slovak Republic ...........................91.9
Libya ............................................81.9
Ecuador .......................................80.9
Oman ..........................................76.5
Azerbaijan ....................................68.8
Sri Lanka .....................................59.4
Dominican Republic .....................59.0
Croatia .........................................57.1
Luxembourg ................................56.7
Myanmar......................................53.1
Bulgaria .......................................51.0
Guatemala ...................................49.9

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources

404 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Uruguay .......................................49.4
Slovenia .......................................45.6
Tunisia .........................................45.6
Costa Rica ...................................45.1
Lithuania ......................................42.2
Ethiopia........................................41.9
Lebanon ......................................41.3
Kenya ..........................................41.1
Ghana ..........................................38.9
Serbia ..........................................37.4
Panama .......................................36.3
Yemen .........................................35.6
Jordan .........................................31.2
Latvia ...........................................28.4
Tanzania ......................................28.2
Bolivia ..........................................27.4
Bahrain ........................................27.0
Paraguay .....................................26.0
Trinidad and Tobago....................25.3
Cameroon....................................25.0
Côte d’Ivoire ................................24.6
El Salvador...................................23.8
Cyprus .........................................23.0
Estonia.........................................21.9
Uganda ........................................21.0
Zambia ........................................20.5
Nepal ...........................................19.4
Honduras .....................................18.4
Gabon .........................................18.4
Botswana ....................................17.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............17.3
Brunei Darussalam .......................16.6
Georgia ........................................15.9
Jamaica .......................................15.2
Mozambique ................................14.6
Cambodia ....................................14.2
Senegal .......................................13.9
Iceland .........................................13.7
Albania.........................................12.7
Namibia .......................................12.3
Mauritius ......................................11.5
Chad............................................10.8
Nicaragua ....................................10.5
Burkina Faso................................10.5
Mali ..............................................10.3
Mongolia ......................................10.3
Madagascar .................................10.1
Armenia .......................................10.1
Zimbabwe ......................................9.8
Macedonia, FYR ............................9.7
Lao PDR ........................................9.2
Malta .............................................8.7
Haiti ...............................................7.9
Benin .............................................7.4
Moldova .........................................7.3
Rwanda .........................................7.2
Kyrgyz Republic .............................6.5
Guinea ...........................................5.6
Suriname .......................................4.7
Barbados .......................................4.5
Montenegro ...................................4.3
Malawi ...........................................4.2
Mauritania ......................................4.2
Timor-Leste ...................................4.2
Sierra Leone ..................................3.8
Swaziland ......................................3.8
Guyana ..........................................2.8
Burundi ..........................................2.5
Lesotho .........................................2.4
Bhutan ...........................................2.2
Cape Verde ...................................1.9
Liberia ............................................1.7
Seychelles......................................1.0
Gambia, The ..................................0.9

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

0.02 Population
Total population in millions | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

China ......................................1,344.1
India........................................1,241.5
United States .............................311.6
Indonesia ...................................242.3
Brazil..........................................196.7
Pakistan .....................................176.7
Nigeria .......................................162.5
Bangladesh................................150.5
Russian Federation ....................143.0
Japan ........................................127.8
Mexico .......................................114.8
Philippines ...................................94.9
Vietnam .......................................87.8
Ethiopia........................................84.7
Egypt ...........................................82.5
Germany ......................................81.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................74.8
Turkey..........................................73.6
Thailand .......................................69.5
France .........................................65.4
United Kingdom ...........................62.7
Italy ..............................................60.7
South Africa .................................50.6
Korea, Rep. .................................49.8
Myanmar......................................48.3
Colombia .....................................46.9
Tanzania ......................................46.2
Spain ...........................................46.2
Ukraine ........................................45.7
Kenya ..........................................41.6
Argentina .....................................40.8
Poland .........................................38.5
Algeria .........................................36.0
Uganda ........................................34.5
Canada ........................................34.5
Morocco ......................................32.3
Nepal ...........................................30.5
Peru .............................................29.4
Venezuela ....................................29.3
Malaysia.......................................28.9
Saudi Arabia ................................28.1
Ghana ..........................................25.0
Yemen .........................................24.8
Mozambique ................................23.9
Taiwan, China ..............................23.2
Australia .......................................22.3
Romania ......................................21.4
Madagascar .................................21.3
Sri Lanka .....................................20.9
Côte d’Ivoire ................................20.2
Cameroon....................................20.0
Angola .........................................19.6
Chile ............................................17.3
Burkina Faso................................17.0
Netherlands .................................16.7
Kazakhstan ..................................16.6
Mali ..............................................15.8
Malawi .........................................15.4
Guatemala ...................................14.8
Ecuador .......................................14.7
Cambodia ....................................14.3
Zambia ........................................13.5
Senegal .......................................12.8
Zimbabwe ....................................12.8
Chad............................................11.5
Greece .........................................11.3
Belgium .......................................11.0
Rwanda .......................................10.9
Tunisia .........................................10.7
Portugal .......................................10.6
Czech Republic ...........................10.5
Guinea .........................................10.2
Haiti .............................................10.1
Bolivia ..........................................10.1

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Dominican Republic .....................10.1
Hungary .......................................10.0
Sweden .........................................9.4
Azerbaijan ......................................9.2
Benin .............................................9.1
Burundi ..........................................8.6
Austria ...........................................8.4
Switzerland ....................................7.9
United Arab Emirates .....................7.9
Israel ..............................................7.8
Honduras .......................................7.8
Bulgaria .........................................7.3
Serbia ............................................7.3
Hong Kong SAR ............................7.1
Paraguay .......................................6.6
Libya ..............................................6.4
Lao PDR ........................................6.3
El Salvador.....................................6.2
Jordan ...........................................6.2
Sierra Leone ..................................6.0
Nicaragua ......................................5.9
Denmark ........................................5.6
Kyrgyz Republic .............................5.5
Slovak Republic .............................5.4
Finland ...........................................5.4
Singapore ......................................5.2
Norway ..........................................5.0
Costa Rica .....................................4.7
Ireland............................................4.6
Georgia ..........................................4.5
New Zealand .................................4.4
Croatia ...........................................4.4
Lebanon ........................................4.3
Liberia ............................................4.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.8
Puerto Rico....................................3.7
Panama .........................................3.6
Moldova .........................................3.6
Mauritania ......................................3.5
Uruguay .........................................3.4
Albania...........................................3.2
Armenia .........................................3.1
Lithuania ........................................3.0
Oman ............................................2.8
Kuwait ...........................................2.8
Mongolia ........................................2.8
Jamaica .........................................2.7
Namibia .........................................2.3
Lesotho .........................................2.2
Macedonia, FYR ............................2.1
Latvia .............................................2.1
Slovenia .........................................2.1
Botswana ......................................2.0
Qatar .............................................1.9
Gambia, The ..................................1.8
Gabon ...........................................1.5
Trinidad and Tobago......................1.3
Estonia...........................................1.3
Bahrain ..........................................1.3
Mauritius ........................................1.3
Timor-Leste ...................................1.2
Cyprus ...........................................1.1
Swaziland ......................................1.1
Guyana ..........................................0.8
Bhutan ...........................................0.7
Montenegro ...................................0.6
Suriname .......................................0.5
Luxembourg ..................................0.5
Cape Verde ...................................0.5
Malta .............................................0.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................0.4
Iceland ...........................................0.3
Barbados .......................................0.3
Seychelles......................................0.1

SOURCES: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); national sources

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 405

2.2: Data Tables

0.03 GDP per capita
Gross domestic product per capita in current US dollars | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Luxembourg ..........................107,206
Qatar .......................................99,731
Norway ....................................99,462
Switzerland ..............................79,033
Australia ...................................67,723
United Arab Emirates ...............64,840
Denmark ..................................56,202
Sweden ...................................55,158
Canada ....................................52,232
Singapore ................................51,162
United States ...........................49,922
Austria .....................................47,083
Japan ......................................46,736
Netherlands .............................46,142
Finland .....................................46,098
Ireland......................................45,888
Kuwait .....................................45,824
Belgium ...................................43,686
Iceland .....................................41,739
Brunei Darussalam ...................41,703
Germany ..................................41,513
France .....................................41,141
United Kingdom .......................38,589
New Zealand ...........................38,222
Hong Kong SAR ......................36,667
Italy ..........................................33,115
Israel ........................................31,296
Spain .......................................29,289
Puerto Rico..............................27,451
Cyprus .....................................26,389
Saudi Arabia ............................25,085
Oman ......................................24,765
Bahrain ....................................23,477
Korea, Rep. .............................23,113
Slovenia ...................................22,193
Greece .....................................22,055
Malta .......................................20,852
Taiwan, China ..........................20,328
Portugal ...................................20,179
Trinidad and Tobago................19,018
Czech Republic .......................18,579
Slovak Republic .......................16,899
Estonia.....................................16,320
Barbados .................................16,152
Chile ........................................15,410
Uruguay ...................................14,614
Russian Federation ..................14,247
Lithuania ..................................14,018
Latvia .......................................13,900
Croatia .....................................12,972
Venezuela ................................12,956
Libya ........................................12,778
Hungary ...................................12,736
Poland .....................................12,538
Brazil........................................12,079
Gabon .....................................11,929
Kazakhstan ..............................11,773
Argentina .................................11,576
Seychelles................................11,226
Turkey......................................10,609
Lebanon ..................................10,311
Malaysia...................................10,304
Mexico .....................................10,247
Panama .....................................9,919
Costa Rica .................................9,673
Botswana ..................................9,398
Mauritius ....................................8,850
Suriname ...................................8,686
Romania ....................................7,935
Colombia ...................................7,855
South Africa ...............................7,507
Azerbaijan ..................................7,450
Iran, Islamic Rep. .......................7,211
Bulgaria .....................................7,033

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

SOURCES: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources

406 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Montenegro ...............................6,882
Peru ...........................................6,530
China .........................................6,076
Angola .......................................5,873
Dominican Republic ...................5,763
Namibia .....................................5,705
Algeria .......................................5,694
Thailand .....................................5,678
Jamaica .....................................5,541
Ecuador .....................................5,311
Serbia ........................................4,943
Jordan .......................................4,879
Macedonia, FYR ........................4,683
Bosnia and Herzegovina ............4,461
Tunisia .......................................4,232
Albania.......................................3,913
Paraguay ...................................3,903
Ukraine ......................................3,877
El Salvador.................................3,823
Timor-Leste ...............................3,730
Mongolia ....................................3,627
Cape Verde ...............................3,604
Guyana ......................................3,596
Indonesia ...................................3,592
Georgia ......................................3,543
Swaziland ..................................3,475
Guatemala .................................3,302
Egypt .........................................3,112
Morocco ....................................2,999
Armenia .....................................2,991
Bhutan .......................................2,954
Sri Lanka ...................................2,873
Philippines .................................2,614
Bolivia ........................................2,532
Honduras ...................................2,242
Moldova .....................................2,037
Nicaragua ..................................1,757
Nigeria .......................................1,631
Ghana ........................................1,562
Vietnam .....................................1,528
India...........................................1,492
Zambia ......................................1,474
Lao PDR ....................................1,446
Yemen .......................................1,377
Pakistan .....................................1,296
Lesotho .....................................1,283
Cameroon..................................1,165
Kyrgyz Republic .........................1,158
Mauritania ..................................1,157
Senegal .....................................1,057
Côte d’Ivoire ..............................1,054
Chad..........................................1,006
Kenya ...........................................977
Cambodia .....................................934
Myanmar.......................................835
Bangladesh...................................818
Benin ............................................794
Haiti ..............................................759
Zimbabwe .....................................756
Rwanda ........................................693
Mozambique .................................650
Mali ...............................................631
Nepal ............................................626
Sierra Leone .................................613
Burkina Faso.................................603
Tanzania .......................................599
Uganda .........................................589
Guinea ..........................................519
Gambia, The .................................503
Ethiopia.........................................483
Madagascar ..................................451
Liberia ...........................................436
Burundi .........................................282
Malawi ..........................................253

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

0.04 GDP as a share of world GDP
Gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity as a percentage of world GDP | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
39
41
41
43
44
45
45
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
61
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
70
72
73
73

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

United States .............................18.87
China .........................................14.92
India.............................................5.63
Japan ..........................................5.57
Germany ......................................3.85
Russian Federation ......................3.02
Brazil............................................2.83
United Kingdom ...........................2.81
France .........................................2.71
Italy ..............................................2.21
Mexico .........................................2.12
Korea, Rep. .................................1.94
Canada ........................................1.79
Spain ...........................................1.70
Indonesia .....................................1.46
Turkey..........................................1.35
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................1.20
Australia .......................................1.17
Saudi Arabia ................................1.09
Taiwan, China ..............................1.09
Poland .........................................0.96
Argentina .....................................0.89
Netherlands .................................0.85
Thailand .......................................0.78
South Africa .................................0.70
Egypt ...........................................0.65
Pakistan .......................................0.62
Colombia .....................................0.61
Malaysia.......................................0.60
Nigeria .........................................0.54
Philippines ...................................0.51
Belgium .......................................0.51
Venezuela ....................................0.48
Sweden .......................................0.47
Hong Kong SAR ..........................0.44
Switzerland ..................................0.44
Austria .........................................0.43
Ukraine ........................................0.40
Peru .............................................0.39
Singapore ....................................0.39
Chile ............................................0.39
Vietnam .......................................0.39
Bangladesh..................................0.37
Czech Republic ...........................0.35
Greece .........................................0.33
Norway ........................................0.33
Romania ......................................0.33
Algeria .........................................0.33
United Arab Emirates ...................0.33
Israel ............................................0.30
Portugal .......................................0.30
Kazakhstan ..................................0.28
Denmark ......................................0.25
Finland .........................................0.24
Hungary .......................................0.24
Ireland..........................................0.23
Qatar ...........................................0.23
Morocco ......................................0.21
Ecuador .......................................0.18
Kuwait .........................................0.18
New Zealand ...............................0.16
Slovak Republic ...........................0.16
Angola .........................................0.15
Sri Lanka .....................................0.15
Tunisia .........................................0.13
Bulgaria .......................................0.13
Ethiopia........................................0.12
Dominican Republic .....................0.12
Azerbaijan ....................................0.12
Myanmar......................................0.11
Oman ..........................................0.11
Ghana ..........................................0.10
Guatemala ...................................0.10
Serbia ..........................................0.10

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
81
83
84
85
86
87
87
89
90
91
91
91
94
95
95
97
98
99
99
101
102
102
102
102
102
107
107
109
110
110
112
113
113
113
116
117
117
119
120
121
122
122
124
125
126
126
128
128
128
131
132
133
134
134
134
137
137
137
140
140
142
143
144
145
145
145
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Croatia .........................................0.09
Libya ............................................0.09
Kenya ..........................................0.09
Tanzania ......................................0.09
Lithuania ......................................0.08
Lebanon ......................................0.08
Costa Rica ...................................0.07
Yemen .........................................0.07
Slovenia .......................................0.07
Panama .......................................0.07
Bolivia ..........................................0.07
Uruguay .......................................0.07
Cameroon....................................0.06
Uganda ........................................0.06
El Salvador...................................0.06
Luxembourg ................................0.05
Côte d’Ivoire ................................0.05
Nepal ...........................................0.05
Paraguay .....................................0.05
Jordan .........................................0.05
Honduras .....................................0.05
Latvia ...........................................0.05
Cambodia ....................................0.04
Bahrain ........................................0.04
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............0.04
Botswana ....................................0.04
Estonia.........................................0.04
Georgia ........................................0.03
Mozambique ................................0.03
Nicaragua ....................................0.03
Senegal .......................................0.03
Trinidad and Tobago....................0.03
Albania.........................................0.03
Gabon .........................................0.03
Jamaica .......................................0.03
Burkina Faso................................0.03
Zambia ........................................0.03
Cyprus .........................................0.03
Brunei Darussalam .......................0.03
Macedonia, FYR ..........................0.03
Madagascar .................................0.03
Chad............................................0.03
Armenia .......................................0.02
Mauritius ......................................0.02
Lao PDR ......................................0.02
Mali ..............................................0.02
Namibia .......................................0.02
Benin ...........................................0.02
Rwanda .......................................0.02
Mongolia ......................................0.02
Malawi .........................................0.02
Haiti .............................................0.02
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................0.02
Guinea .........................................0.02
Iceland .........................................0.02
Moldova .......................................0.02
Malta ...........................................0.01
Timor-Leste .................................0.01
Sierra Leone ................................0.01
Mauritania ....................................0.01
Montenegro .................................0.01
Zimbabwe ....................................0.01
Barbados .....................................0.01
Suriname .....................................0.01
Swaziland ....................................0.01
Burundi ........................................0.01
Guyana ........................................0.01
Bhutan .........................................0.01
Lesotho .......................................0.01
Gambia, The ................................0.00
Cape Verde .................................0.00
Liberia ..........................................0.00
Seychelles....................................0.00
Puerto Rico 1 ................................0.00

SOURCES: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
1

2011

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 407

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Data Tables

Pillar 1
Institutions

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

1.01 Property rights
In your country, how strong is the protection of property rights, including financial assets? [1 = extremely weak; 7 = extremely strong] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Finland ...........................................6.4
Singapore ......................................6.3
Switzerland ....................................6.2
United Kingdom .............................6.2
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.1
Canada ..........................................6.0
Luxembourg ..................................6.0
Qatar .............................................6.0
Netherlands ...................................6.0
Norway ..........................................6.0
Puerto Rico....................................6.0
New Zealand .................................5.9
Austria ...........................................5.9
Sweden .........................................5.9
Germany ........................................5.8
Japan ............................................5.8
Taiwan, China ................................5.8
Ireland............................................5.7
France ...........................................5.7
South Africa ...................................5.6
Oman ............................................5.6
Malta .............................................5.5
Bahrain ..........................................5.5
Denmark ........................................5.4
Belgium .........................................5.4
United Arab Emirates .....................5.4
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.3
Jordan ...........................................5.3
Rwanda .........................................5.2
Australia .........................................5.2
Malaysia.........................................5.2
Iceland ...........................................5.2
United States .................................5.2
Estonia...........................................5.1
Chile ..............................................5.1
Namibia .........................................5.1
Mauritius ........................................5.1
Barbados .......................................5.0
Kuwait ...........................................5.0
Israel ..............................................5.0
Botswana ......................................4.9
Uruguay .........................................4.9
Portugal .........................................4.8
Panama .........................................4.8
Morocco ........................................4.8
Cyprus ...........................................4.7
Spain .............................................4.7
Turkey............................................4.7
Zambia ..........................................4.7
China .............................................4.6
Brazil..............................................4.6
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.6
Costa Rica .....................................4.6
Armenia .........................................4.6
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.5
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.5
Seychelles......................................4.4
India...............................................4.4
Sri Lanka .......................................4.4
Gambia, The ..................................4.4
Philippines .....................................4.3
Latvia .............................................4.3
Bhutan ...........................................4.3
Jamaica .........................................4.3
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.3
Poland ...........................................4.3
Italy ................................................4.3
Kazakhstan ....................................4.3
Slovenia .........................................4.3
Tunisia ...........................................4.3
Lithuania ........................................4.2
Ghana ............................................4.2
Montenegro ...................................4.2
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.2

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.3

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

410 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Mexico ...........................................4.2
Swaziland ......................................4.2
Gabon ...........................................4.1
Thailand .........................................4.1
Indonesia .......................................4.1
Senegal .........................................4.0
Azerbaijan ......................................4.0
Romania ........................................3.9
Slovak Republic .............................3.9
Lebanon ........................................3.9
Lao PDR ........................................3.9
Kenya ............................................3.9
Greece ...........................................3.9
Czech Republic .............................3.9
Guyana ..........................................3.9
Cape Verde ...................................3.9
Cameroon......................................3.8
Colombia .......................................3.8
Guatemala .....................................3.8
Dominican Republic .......................3.8
Malawi ...........................................3.8
Croatia ...........................................3.8
Tanzania ........................................3.8
Ecuador .........................................3.8
Liberia ............................................3.8
Sierra Leone ..................................3.7
Egypt .............................................3.7
Peru ...............................................3.7
Hungary .........................................3.7
Ethiopia..........................................3.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.7
Burkina Faso..................................3.7
Uganda ..........................................3.7
Cambodia ......................................3.6
Suriname .......................................3.6
Mongolia ........................................3.6
Bulgaria .........................................3.5
El Salvador.....................................3.5
Vietnam .........................................3.5
Nepal .............................................3.5
Mozambique ..................................3.5
Libya ..............................................3.4
Nigeria ...........................................3.4
Benin .............................................3.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.4
Georgia ..........................................3.4
Honduras .......................................3.4
Bangladesh....................................3.4
Pakistan .........................................3.3
Nicaragua ......................................3.3
Lesotho .........................................3.3
Mali ................................................3.3
Yemen ...........................................3.2
Algeria ...........................................3.2
Bolivia ............................................3.2
Serbia ............................................3.2
Moldova .........................................3.2
Paraguay .......................................3.1
Russian Federation ........................3.0
Guinea ...........................................3.0
Madagascar ...................................2.9
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.9
Albania...........................................2.8
Timor-Leste ...................................2.8
Mauritania ......................................2.8
Angola ...........................................2.8
Burundi ..........................................2.7
Zimbabwe ......................................2.6
Ukraine ..........................................2.5
Myanmar........................................2.5
Argentina .......................................2.5
Chad..............................................2.4
Haiti ...............................................2.1
Venezuela ......................................1.6

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.3

7

2.2: Data Tables

1.02 Intellectual property protection
In your country, how strong is the protection of intellectual property, including anti-counterfeiting measures? [1 = extremely weak; 7 = extremely strong] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Finland ...........................................6.2
Singapore ......................................6.1
New Zealand .................................6.0
Qatar .............................................6.0
Switzerland ....................................6.0
Luxembourg ..................................5.9
Puerto Rico....................................5.9
United Kingdom .............................5.8
Netherlands ...................................5.7
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.7
Japan ............................................5.7
France ...........................................5.7
Canada ..........................................5.6
Germany ........................................5.6
Norway ..........................................5.5
Sweden .........................................5.5
Austria ...........................................5.5
South Africa ...................................5.5
Ireland............................................5.4
United Arab Emirates .....................5.3
Australia .........................................5.3
Belgium .........................................5.2
Taiwan, China ................................5.2
Oman ............................................5.2
United States .................................5.2
Denmark ........................................5.0
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.0
Malta .............................................4.9
Iceland ...........................................4.8
Malaysia.........................................4.8
Estonia...........................................4.8
Bahrain ..........................................4.8
Rwanda .........................................4.7
Israel ..............................................4.6
Panama .........................................4.6
Jordan ...........................................4.6
Barbados .......................................4.5
Portugal .........................................4.5
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.4
Cyprus ...........................................4.4
Namibia .........................................4.3
Slovenia .........................................4.2
Gambia, The ..................................4.2
Bhutan ...........................................4.1
Uruguay .........................................4.1
Seychelles......................................4.1
Botswana ......................................4.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.0
Mauritius ........................................4.0
Spain .............................................4.0
Latvia .............................................4.0
Swaziland ......................................4.0
China .............................................3.9
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.9
Indonesia .......................................3.9
Ghana ............................................3.9
Zambia ..........................................3.9
Hungary .........................................3.9
Costa Rica .....................................3.8
Chile ..............................................3.8
Czech Republic .............................3.8
Kuwait ...........................................3.8
Sri Lanka .......................................3.8
Lao PDR ........................................3.8
Slovak Republic .............................3.7
Lithuania ........................................3.7
Italy ................................................3.7
Liberia ............................................3.7
Azerbaijan ......................................3.7
Greece ...........................................3.7
India...............................................3.7
Poland ...........................................3.7
Kazakhstan ....................................3.6
Turkey............................................3.6

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.8

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.8

7

Armenia .........................................3.6
Montenegro ...................................3.6
Mexico ...........................................3.6
Philippines .....................................3.6
Ecuador .........................................3.6
Brazil..............................................3.5
Croatia ...........................................3.5
Nicaragua ......................................3.5
Jamaica .........................................3.5
Guyana ..........................................3.5
Ethiopia..........................................3.5
Kenya ............................................3.4
Sierra Leone ..................................3.4
Burkina Faso..................................3.4
Malawi ...........................................3.4
Morocco ........................................3.3
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.3
Lesotho .........................................3.3
Tanzania ........................................3.2
Egypt .............................................3.2
Colombia .......................................3.2
Senegal .........................................3.2
Tunisia ...........................................3.2
Bolivia ............................................3.2
Cambodia ......................................3.2
Cameroon......................................3.2
Benin .............................................3.1
Thailand .........................................3.1
Honduras .......................................3.1
Bulgaria .........................................3.0
Cape Verde ...................................3.0
Zimbabwe ......................................3.0
Dominican Republic .......................3.0
Madagascar ...................................2.9
Pakistan .........................................2.9
Romania ........................................2.9
Guatemala .....................................2.9
El Salvador.....................................2.9
Russian Federation ........................2.9
Albania...........................................2.9
Serbia ............................................2.9
Vietnam .........................................2.9
Nepal .............................................2.9
Suriname .......................................2.9
Uganda ..........................................2.8
Peru ...............................................2.8
Nigeria ...........................................2.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................2.8
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.7
Georgia ..........................................2.7
Moldova .........................................2.7
Myanmar........................................2.7
Mali ................................................2.7
Timor-Leste ...................................2.7
Mozambique ..................................2.7
Bangladesh....................................2.6
Gabon ...........................................2.6
Mauritania ......................................2.5
Ukraine ..........................................2.5
Mongolia ........................................2.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................2.5
Lebanon ........................................2.4
Angola ...........................................2.4
Yemen ...........................................2.4
Argentina .......................................2.3
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.3
Paraguay .......................................2.3
Burundi ..........................................2.3
Guinea ...........................................2.2
Chad..............................................2.2
Algeria ...........................................2.2
Libya ..............................................2.2
Haiti ...............................................2.0
Venezuela ......................................1.6

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 411

2.2: Data Tables

1.03 Diversion of public funds
In your country, how common is diversion of public funds to companies, individuals, or groups due to corruption? [1 = very commonly occurs; 7 = never occurs] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

New Zealand .................................6.5
Denmark ........................................6.3
Qatar .............................................6.3
Finland ...........................................6.1
Singapore ......................................6.1
Switzerland ....................................6.0
Luxembourg ..................................6.0
Sweden .........................................5.9
Norway ..........................................5.8
Netherlands ...................................5.8
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.8
United Arab Emirates .....................5.8
United Kingdom .............................5.7
Ireland............................................5.6
Oman ............................................5.4
Germany ........................................5.4
Japan ............................................5.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.4
Canada ..........................................5.3
Belgium .........................................5.2
Australia .........................................5.2
Iceland ...........................................5.1
Chile ..............................................5.1
Uruguay .........................................5.0
Rwanda .........................................5.0
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.9
France ...........................................4.8
Barbados .......................................4.8
United States .................................4.6
Botswana ......................................4.5
Estonia...........................................4.5
Bahrain ..........................................4.5
Israel ..............................................4.5
Georgia ..........................................4.5
Cyprus ...........................................4.5
Bhutan ...........................................4.5
Austria ...........................................4.5
Taiwan, China ................................4.4
Malta .............................................4.3
Gambia, The ..................................4.3
Seychelles......................................4.3
Malaysia.........................................4.2
Montenegro ...................................4.1
China .............................................3.9
Cape Verde ...................................3.9
Portugal .........................................3.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.9
Puerto Rico....................................3.9
Jordan ...........................................3.9
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.8
Mauritius ........................................3.8
Morocco ........................................3.8
Poland ...........................................3.7
Lao PDR ........................................3.7
Costa Rica .....................................3.7
Tunisia ...........................................3.7
Liberia ............................................3.6
Turkey............................................3.6
Kuwait ...........................................3.5
Indonesia .......................................3.4
Latvia .............................................3.3
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.3
Timor-Leste ...................................3.3
Zambia ..........................................3.3
Kazakhstan ....................................3.3
Lesotho .........................................3.3
Slovenia .........................................3.2
Ecuador .........................................3.2
Spain .............................................3.2
Ethiopia..........................................3.2
Namibia .........................................3.2
Bolivia ............................................3.2
Lithuania ........................................3.2
Vietnam .........................................3.2

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.5

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

412 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.2
Sri Lanka .......................................3.2
Malawi ...........................................3.1
Ghana ............................................3.1
Philippines .....................................3.1
Suriname .......................................3.1
Cambodia ......................................3.1
Swaziland ......................................3.1
Azerbaijan ......................................3.1
Armenia .........................................3.1
Panama .........................................3.0
Kenya ............................................3.0
Croatia ...........................................3.0
Jamaica .........................................3.0
Trinidad and Tobago......................2.9
Nicaragua ......................................2.9
Tanzania ........................................2.9
El Salvador.....................................2.9
Italy ................................................2.8
Serbia ............................................2.8
Zimbabwe ......................................2.8
Nepal .............................................2.8
Gabon ...........................................2.8
India...............................................2.8
South Africa ...................................2.8
Guyana ..........................................2.7
Thailand .........................................2.7
Senegal .........................................2.7
Pakistan .........................................2.7
Greece ...........................................2.7
Mexico ...........................................2.7
Bulgaria .........................................2.7
Bangladesh....................................2.7
Sierra Leone ..................................2.7
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.6
Hungary .........................................2.6
Peru ...............................................2.6
Albania...........................................2.5
Russian Federation ........................2.5
Romania ........................................2.5
Guinea ...........................................2.5
Egypt .............................................2.5
Czech Republic .............................2.4
Libya ..............................................2.4
Benin .............................................2.4
Mongolia ........................................2.4
Mauritania ......................................2.4
Ukraine ..........................................2.4
Moldova .........................................2.4
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.4
Mozambique ..................................2.4
Haiti ...............................................2.3
Guatemala .....................................2.3
Myanmar........................................2.3
Colombia .......................................2.3
Mali ................................................2.3
Algeria ...........................................2.3
Madagascar ...................................2.3
Brazil..............................................2.3
Lebanon ........................................2.2
Burundi ..........................................2.2
Honduras .......................................2.2
Angola ...........................................2.2
Slovak Republic .............................2.2
Burkina Faso..................................2.1
Cameroon......................................2.0
Paraguay .......................................2.0
Dominican Republic .......................1.9
Nigeria ...........................................1.9
Uganda ..........................................1.9
Argentina .......................................1.8
Chad..............................................1.8
Yemen ...........................................1.7
Venezuela ......................................1.5

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.5

7

2.2: Data Tables

1.04 Public trust in politicians
In your country, how would you rate the ethical standards of politicians? [1 = extremely low; 7 = extremely high] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Singapore ......................................6.2
Qatar .............................................6.1
United Arab Emirates .....................5.9
Norway ..........................................5.7
New Zealand .................................5.6
Sweden .........................................5.6
Finland ...........................................5.5
Rwanda .........................................5.4
Netherlands ...................................5.3
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.3
Luxembourg ..................................5.3
Switzerland ....................................5.2
Oman ............................................5.1
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.9
Canada ..........................................4.5
Denmark ........................................4.5
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.4
Uruguay .........................................4.4
Germany ........................................4.4
Malaysia.........................................4.3
Barbados .......................................4.2
United Kingdom .............................4.2
Lao PDR ........................................4.2
Bhutan ...........................................4.2
Taiwan, China ................................4.2
China .............................................4.1
Gambia, The ..................................4.1
Ireland............................................3.9
Belgium .........................................3.9
Botswana ......................................3.9
Bahrain ..........................................3.8
Seychelles......................................3.8
Japan ............................................3.8
Chile ..............................................3.8
Kazakhstan ....................................3.8
Australia .........................................3.8
Turkey............................................3.6
Cape Verde ...................................3.6
Montenegro ...................................3.6
France ...........................................3.6
Jordan ...........................................3.5
Estonia...........................................3.5
Azerbaijan ......................................3.4
Malta .............................................3.4
Zambia ..........................................3.4
Vietnam .........................................3.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.3
Iceland ...........................................3.3
Austria ...........................................3.3
United States .................................3.3
Namibia .........................................3.3
Liberia ............................................3.3
Tunisia ...........................................3.3
Cyprus ...........................................3.3
Indonesia .......................................3.2
Kuwait ...........................................3.2
Bolivia ............................................3.2
Timor-Leste ...................................3.2
Ecuador .........................................3.1
Lesotho .........................................3.1
Cambodia ......................................3.1
Myanmar........................................3.1
Guyana ..........................................3.1
Morocco ........................................3.1
Ethiopia..........................................3.1
Mauritius ........................................3.1
Libya ..............................................3.1
Israel ..............................................3.0
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.0
Swaziland ......................................3.0
Armenia .........................................3.0
Puerto Rico....................................3.0
Gabon ...........................................2.9
Ghana ............................................2.9

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.1

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.1

7

Georgia ..........................................2.9
Nicaragua ......................................2.8
Portugal .........................................2.8
Malawi ...........................................2.8
Costa Rica .....................................2.8
Tanzania ........................................2.8
Sierra Leone ..................................2.8
Egypt .............................................2.8
Kenya ............................................2.7
Russian Federation ........................2.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................2.6
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.6
Senegal .........................................2.6
Yemen ...........................................2.6
Latvia .............................................2.5
Philippines .....................................2.5
Guinea ...........................................2.5
Sri Lanka .......................................2.5
Uganda ..........................................2.4
Panama .........................................2.4
Lithuania ........................................2.4
Burkina Faso..................................2.4
Bulgaria .........................................2.4
South Africa ...................................2.4
Albania...........................................2.4
Poland ...........................................2.4
Spain .............................................2.3
Mozambique ..................................2.3
Mauritania ......................................2.3
El Salvador.....................................2.3
Mexico ...........................................2.3
Burundi ..........................................2.3
Benin .............................................2.3
Algeria ...........................................2.3
Mali ................................................2.3
Pakistan .........................................2.2
Trinidad and Tobago......................2.2
Korea, Rep. ...................................2.2
Jamaica .........................................2.2
Croatia ...........................................2.2
India...............................................2.2
Chad..............................................2.2
Ukraine ..........................................2.2
Moldova .........................................2.1
Suriname .......................................2.1
Serbia ............................................2.1
Nigeria ...........................................2.1
Cameroon......................................2.1
Angola ...........................................2.1
Mongolia ........................................2.1
Colombia .......................................2.0
Madagascar ...................................2.0
Thailand .........................................2.0
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.0
Hungary .........................................2.0
Guatemala .....................................2.0
Peru ...............................................2.0
Bangladesh....................................1.9
Slovenia .........................................1.9
Haiti ...............................................1.9
Honduras .......................................1.9
Brazil..............................................1.9
Zimbabwe ......................................1.9
Greece ...........................................1.9
Slovak Republic .............................1.8
Italy ................................................1.8
Romania ........................................1.8
Nepal .............................................1.8
Dominican Republic .......................1.7
Venezuela ......................................1.6
Paraguay .......................................1.5
Czech Republic .............................1.5
Argentina .......................................1.5
Lebanon ........................................1.4

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 413

2.2: Data Tables

1.05 Irregular payments and bribes
Average score across the five components of the following Executive Opinion Survey question: In your country, how common is it for firms to make undocumented extra payments or bribes connected with (a) imports and exports; (b) public utilities; (c) annual tax payments; (d) awarding of public contracts and licenses; (e) obtaining favorable judicial decisions? In each case, the answer ranges from 1 (very common) to 7 (never occurs). | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

New Zealand .................................6.7
Finland ...........................................6.6
Singapore ......................................6.5
Qatar .............................................6.5
United Arab Emirates .....................6.4
Norway ..........................................6.3
Iceland ...........................................6.3
Luxembourg ..................................6.2
Switzerland ....................................6.2
Sweden .........................................6.2
Ireland............................................6.1
Japan ............................................6.1
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.1
Netherlands ...................................6.1
Denmark ........................................6.1
United Kingdom .............................6.0
Oman ............................................5.8
Canada ..........................................5.8
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.8
Australia .........................................5.7
Germany ........................................5.7
Chile ..............................................5.7
Belgium .........................................5.6
Rwanda .........................................5.6
Estonia...........................................5.6
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.5
Uruguay .........................................5.5
Georgia ..........................................5.5
Bahrain ..........................................5.5
France ...........................................5.4
Austria ...........................................5.4
Israel ..............................................5.4
Portugal .........................................5.2
Taiwan, China ................................5.1
Barbados .......................................5.1
Cyprus ...........................................5.0
Botswana ......................................5.0
United States .................................4.9
Jordan ...........................................4.9
Slovenia .........................................4.8
Puerto Rico....................................4.8
Poland ...........................................4.8
Spain .............................................4.7
Malaysia.........................................4.7
Mauritius ........................................4.6
Cape Verde ...................................4.6
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.6
Bhutan ...........................................4.6
South Africa ...................................4.6
Lithuania ........................................4.6
Seychelles......................................4.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.5
Turkey............................................4.5
Kuwait ...........................................4.4
Latvia .............................................4.4
Costa Rica .....................................4.4
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.4
Hungary .........................................4.3
Morocco ........................................4.3
Malta .............................................4.2
Gambia, The ..................................4.1
Montenegro ...................................4.1
Bulgaria .........................................4.1
Namibia .........................................4.1
Kazakhstan ....................................4.1
Lesotho .........................................4.0
Panama .........................................4.0
China .............................................4.0
Tunisia ...........................................3.9
Gabon ...........................................3.9
Guatemala .....................................3.9
Brazil..............................................3.9
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.8
Italy ................................................3.8

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.1

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

414 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Armenia .........................................3.8
Romania ........................................3.8
Thailand .........................................3.8
Serbia ............................................3.7
Jamaica .........................................3.7
Zimbabwe ......................................3.7
Czech Republic .............................3.7
Sri Lanka .......................................3.7
Croatia ...........................................3.7
Peru ...............................................3.7
Lao PDR ........................................3.7
Nicaragua ......................................3.6
Azerbaijan ......................................3.6
Mexico ...........................................3.6
Swaziland ......................................3.6
Senegal .........................................3.6
Greece ...........................................3.6
Ecuador .........................................3.6
Zambia ..........................................3.5
Mongolia ........................................3.5
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.5
Suriname .......................................3.4
Colombia .......................................3.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.4
Slovak Republic .............................3.4
Liberia ............................................3.4
Egypt .............................................3.4
Libya ..............................................3.3
Malawi ...........................................3.3
Honduras .......................................3.3
Philippines .....................................3.3
Indonesia .......................................3.3
Ghana ............................................3.3
Timor-Leste ...................................3.3
Russian Federation ........................3.2
India...............................................3.2
Dominican Republic .......................3.2
Kenya ............................................3.2
Mozambique ..................................3.2
Moldova .........................................3.2
Ethiopia..........................................3.1
Vietnam .........................................3.1
El Salvador.....................................3.1
Albania...........................................3.1
Madagascar ...................................3.0
Guyana ..........................................3.0
Sierra Leone ..................................3.0
Haiti ...............................................3.0
Pakistan .........................................2.9
Cambodia ......................................2.9
Burkina Faso..................................2.9
Nepal .............................................2.8
Argentina .......................................2.8
Paraguay .......................................2.8
Uganda ..........................................2.8
Ukraine ..........................................2.8
Cameroon......................................2.8
Tanzania ........................................2.8
Algeria ...........................................2.6
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.6
Nigeria ...........................................2.6
Mauritania ......................................2.6
Burundi ..........................................2.5
Lebanon ........................................2.5
Venezuela ......................................2.5
Benin .............................................2.5
Angola ...........................................2.4
Bolivia ............................................2.4
Yemen ...........................................2.4
Mali ................................................2.3
Myanmar........................................2.3
Bangladesh....................................2.2
Guinea ...........................................2.2
Chad..............................................2.2

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.1

7

2.2: Data Tables

1.06 Judicial independence
In your country, to what extent is the judiciary independent from influences of members of government, citizens or firms? [1 = heavily influenced; 7 = entirely independent]
| 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

New Zealand .................................6.7
Finland ...........................................6.6
Ireland............................................6.4
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.3
Norway ..........................................6.3
United Kingdom .............................6.2
Netherlands ...................................6.2
Denmark ........................................6.2
Sweden .........................................6.2
Canada ..........................................6.2
Switzerland ....................................6.1
Qatar .............................................6.1
Germany ........................................6.0
Japan ............................................6.0
Israel ..............................................5.8
Australia .........................................5.7
Singapore ......................................5.7
Luxembourg ..................................5.7
Iceland ...........................................5.6
Estonia...........................................5.5
Barbados .......................................5.5
South Africa ...................................5.5
United Arab Emirates .....................5.5
Belgium .........................................5.4
Uruguay .........................................5.4
Botswana ......................................5.3
Chile ..............................................5.3
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.3
Oman ............................................5.3
Austria ...........................................5.1
France ...........................................5.1
United States .................................5.0
Rwanda .........................................5.0
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.0
Mauritius ........................................5.0
Kuwait ...........................................5.0
Costa Rica .....................................4.8
Bhutan ...........................................4.8
Malta .............................................4.8
India...............................................4.7
Namibia .........................................4.7
Puerto Rico....................................4.7
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.6
Malaysia.........................................4.5
Taiwan, China ................................4.5
Bahrain ..........................................4.5
Cyprus ...........................................4.5
Jordan ...........................................4.4
Jamaica .........................................4.4
Ghana ............................................4.4
Portugal .........................................4.2
Seychelles......................................4.1
Cape Verde ...................................4.1
Poland ...........................................4.1
Pakistan .........................................4.1
Lao PDR ........................................4.1
China .............................................4.0
Suriname .......................................4.0
Malawi ...........................................4.0
Kenya ............................................4.0
Gambia, The ..................................4.0
Sri Lanka .......................................3.9
Latvia .............................................3.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.9
Brazil..............................................3.9
Hungary .........................................3.9
Thailand .........................................3.8
Czech Republic .............................3.8
Zambia ..........................................3.7
Italy ................................................3.7
Lithuania ........................................3.7
Spain .............................................3.7
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.7
Indonesia .......................................3.7

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.9

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.9

7

Montenegro ...................................3.6
Slovenia .........................................3.6
Tunisia ...........................................3.6
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.5
Guyana ..........................................3.5
Lesotho .........................................3.5
Swaziland ......................................3.5
Egypt .............................................3.5
Liberia ............................................3.4
Greece ...........................................3.4
Turkey............................................3.4
Timor-Leste ...................................3.4
Morocco ........................................3.4
Kazakhstan ....................................3.4
Vietnam .........................................3.4
Mexico ...........................................3.3
Georgia ..........................................3.3
Nepal .............................................3.3
Azerbaijan ......................................3.3
Tanzania ........................................3.2
Algeria ...........................................3.2
Nigeria ...........................................3.2
Libya ..............................................3.2
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.2
Philippines .....................................3.2
Ecuador .........................................3.2
Uganda ..........................................3.1
Bolivia ............................................3.1
Senegal .........................................3.1
Sierra Leone ..................................3.1
El Salvador.....................................3.0
Colombia .......................................3.0
Guatemala .....................................3.0
Honduras .......................................3.0
Croatia ...........................................3.0
Armenia .........................................3.0
Mongolia ........................................2.9
Ethiopia..........................................2.9
Myanmar........................................2.8
Romania ........................................2.8
Cambodia ......................................2.8
Benin .............................................2.7
Zimbabwe ......................................2.7
Panama .........................................2.7
Russian Federation ........................2.7
Gabon ...........................................2.6
Nicaragua ......................................2.6
Mali ................................................2.6
Bulgaria .........................................2.6
Serbia ............................................2.6
Mozambique ..................................2.6
Peru ...............................................2.5
Angola ...........................................2.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.4
Bangladesh....................................2.4
Mauritania ......................................2.4
Dominican Republic .......................2.4
Argentina .......................................2.4
Slovak Republic .............................2.3
Albania...........................................2.3
Lebanon ........................................2.3
Cameroon......................................2.3
Guinea ...........................................2.2
Yemen ...........................................2.2
Ukraine ..........................................2.2
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.2
Madagascar ...................................2.1
Burkina Faso..................................2.1
Haiti ...............................................2.0
Chad..............................................2.0
Moldova .........................................1.9
Paraguay .......................................1.7
Burundi ..........................................1.7
Venezuela ......................................1.1

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 415

2.2: Data Tables

1.07 Favoritism in decisions of government officials
In your country, to what extent do government officials show favoritism to well-connected firms and individuals when deciding upon policies and contracts? [1 = always show favoritism; 7 = never show favoritism] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Singapore ......................................5.4
Sweden .........................................5.3
New Zealand .................................5.3
Finland ...........................................5.3
Qatar .............................................5.2
Netherlands ...................................5.1
United Arab Emirates .....................5.1
Norway ..........................................5.0
Switzerland ....................................4.9
Japan ............................................4.8
Rwanda .........................................4.7
Oman ............................................4.6
Germany ........................................4.6
Luxembourg ..................................4.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.4
Denmark ........................................4.4
United Kingdom .............................4.3
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.2
Taiwan, China ................................4.2
Canada ..........................................4.2
Ireland............................................4.1
Chile ..............................................4.1
Estonia...........................................4.1
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.1
Malaysia.........................................4.0
Belgium .........................................4.0
Australia .........................................4.0
Bahrain ..........................................4.0
China .............................................4.0
Uruguay .........................................4.0
Gambia, The ..................................3.9
Bhutan ...........................................3.9
Austria ...........................................3.9
France ...........................................3.9
Montenegro ...................................3.8
Jordan ...........................................3.8
Botswana ......................................3.8
Seychelles......................................3.7
Indonesia .......................................3.7
Iceland ...........................................3.6
Azerbaijan ......................................3.6
Barbados .......................................3.6
Lao PDR ........................................3.5
Tunisia ...........................................3.4
Bolivia ............................................3.4
Morocco ........................................3.4
Ecuador .........................................3.4
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.4
Liberia ............................................3.4
Georgia ..........................................3.4
Costa Rica .....................................3.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.4
Turkey............................................3.4
United States .................................3.3
Israel ..............................................3.3
Zambia ..........................................3.3
Cape Verde ...................................3.3
Cyprus ...........................................3.3
Lesotho .........................................3.2
Malta .............................................3.2
Nicaragua ......................................3.2
Lithuania ........................................3.1
Latvia .............................................3.1
Spain .............................................3.1
Poland ...........................................3.1
Mauritius ........................................3.1
Tanzania ........................................3.1
Armenia .........................................3.1
Gabon ...........................................3.1
Cambodia ......................................3.1
Vietnam .........................................3.1
Portugal .........................................3.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.1
Swaziland ......................................3.0

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.2

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

416 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Philippines .....................................3.0
Sri Lanka .......................................3.0
Kazakhstan ....................................3.0
Puerto Rico....................................3.0
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.0
Egypt .............................................3.0
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.9
Senegal .........................................2.9
Timor-Leste ...................................2.9
Ghana ............................................2.9
Peru ...............................................2.9
Mexico ...........................................2.9
Namibia .........................................2.9
Panama .........................................2.9
Brazil..............................................2.9
Libya ..............................................2.9
Madagascar ...................................2.9
Malawi ...........................................2.8
Thailand .........................................2.8
India...............................................2.8
Burkina Faso..................................2.8
Guatemala .....................................2.8
Ethiopia..........................................2.8
Benin .............................................2.8
Kenya ............................................2.8
Kuwait ...........................................2.8
Mozambique ..................................2.7
Albania...........................................2.7
Nepal .............................................2.7
Uganda ..........................................2.7
Guinea ...........................................2.7
Sierra Leone ..................................2.7
Jamaica .........................................2.6
Zimbabwe ......................................2.6
Colombia .......................................2.6
Algeria ...........................................2.6
Russian Federation ........................2.6
Croatia ...........................................2.6
Greece ...........................................2.6
Slovenia .........................................2.5
Suriname .......................................2.5
Hungary .........................................2.5
Bulgaria .........................................2.5
Haiti ...............................................2.5
Mali ................................................2.5
South Africa ...................................2.5
Cameroon......................................2.4
Guyana ..........................................2.4
Czech Republic .............................2.4
Burundi ..........................................2.4
Trinidad and Tobago......................2.4
Italy ................................................2.4
Serbia ............................................2.4
El Salvador.....................................2.4
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.4
Pakistan .........................................2.3
Moldova .........................................2.3
Mongolia ........................................2.3
Ukraine ..........................................2.3
Bangladesh....................................2.2
Honduras .......................................2.2
Myanmar........................................2.2
Romania ........................................2.2
Yemen ...........................................2.2
Chad..............................................2.2
Angola ...........................................2.2
Nigeria ...........................................2.2
Mauritania ......................................2.1
Paraguay .......................................2.1
Slovak Republic .............................1.9
Dominican Republic .......................1.9
Argentina .......................................1.8
Lebanon ........................................1.7
Venezuela ......................................1.6

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.2

7

2.2: Data Tables

1.08 Wastefulness of government spending
In your country, how efficiently does the government spend public revenue? [1 = extremely inefficient; 7 = extremely efficient in providing goods and services] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Qatar .............................................6.0
Singapore ......................................5.9
United Arab Emirates .....................5.8
Rwanda .........................................5.7
Oman ............................................5.4
Finland ...........................................5.1
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.1
Switzerland ....................................5.0
Sweden .........................................5.0
New Zealand .................................4.8
Lao PDR ........................................4.7
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.6
Chile ..............................................4.6
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.6
Norway ..........................................4.6
Bhutan ...........................................4.5
Netherlands ...................................4.5
Luxembourg ..................................4.4
Bahrain ..........................................4.3
Gambia, The ..................................4.3
Malaysia.........................................4.3
Botswana ......................................4.3
Germany ........................................4.2
Canada ..........................................4.1
Seychelles......................................4.1
Turkey............................................4.1
Estonia...........................................4.0
Barbados .......................................3.9
China .............................................3.9
Liberia ............................................3.9
Kazakhstan ....................................3.8
Malta .............................................3.8
Indonesia .......................................3.8
Iceland ...........................................3.8
Jordan ...........................................3.8
Sri Lanka .......................................3.7
Zambia ..........................................3.7
Taiwan, China ................................3.7
United Kingdom .............................3.7
Panama .........................................3.7
Azerbaijan ......................................3.7
Ecuador .........................................3.6
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.6
Denmark ........................................3.6
Ethiopia..........................................3.6
Montenegro ...................................3.6
Mauritius ........................................3.6
Austria ...........................................3.6
Tunisia ...........................................3.5
Morocco ........................................3.5
Belgium .........................................3.5
Japan ............................................3.5
Czech Republic .............................3.4
Nicaragua ......................................3.4
Ireland............................................3.4
Australia .........................................3.4
Ghana ............................................3.4
Georgia ..........................................3.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.4
Armenia .........................................3.4
Cape Verde ...................................3.4
Guinea ...........................................3.4
Philippines .....................................3.3
Kenya ............................................3.3
Namibia .........................................3.3
Lesotho .........................................3.3
Sierra Leone ..................................3.3
Gabon ...........................................3.2
Bolivia ............................................3.2
Benin .............................................3.2
Cyprus ...........................................3.2
Timor-Leste ...................................3.2
Cambodia ......................................3.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.2

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.2

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.2

7

Israel ..............................................3.1
United States .................................3.1
Albania...........................................3.1
Senegal .........................................3.1
South Africa ...................................3.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.0
Mexico ...........................................3.0
Puerto Rico....................................3.0
France ...........................................3.0
Tanzania ........................................3.0
Latvia .............................................3.0
Bulgaria .........................................3.0
India...............................................3.0
Malawi ...........................................3.0
Guyana ..........................................2.9
Myanmar........................................2.9
Peru ...............................................2.9
Bangladesh....................................2.9
Poland ...........................................2.9
Suriname .......................................2.9
Lithuania ........................................2.9
Trinidad and Tobago......................2.9
Mali ................................................2.8
Burkina Faso..................................2.8
Russian Federation ........................2.8
Libya ..............................................2.8
Algeria ...........................................2.8
Kuwait ...........................................2.8
Vietnam .........................................2.7
Swaziland ......................................2.7
Nepal .............................................2.7
Colombia .......................................2.7
Thailand .........................................2.7
Uruguay .........................................2.7
Mozambique ..................................2.6
Hungary .........................................2.6
Moldova .........................................2.6
Zimbabwe ......................................2.6
Spain .............................................2.6
Costa Rica .....................................2.5
El Salvador.....................................2.5
Pakistan .........................................2.5
Jamaica .........................................2.5
Portugal .........................................2.4
Haiti ...............................................2.4
Angola ...........................................2.4
Cameroon......................................2.4
Madagascar ...................................2.4
Croatia ...........................................2.4
Nigeria ...........................................2.4
Guatemala .....................................2.4
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.4
Uganda ..........................................2.3
Mauritania ......................................2.3
Slovenia .........................................2.3
Serbia ............................................2.3
Burundi ..........................................2.2
Brazil..............................................2.2
Mongolia ........................................2.2
Romania ........................................2.2
Egypt .............................................2.1
Chad..............................................2.1
Slovak Republic .............................2.1
Dominican Republic .......................2.1
Italy ................................................2.0
Greece ...........................................2.0
Yemen ...........................................2.0
Paraguay .......................................2.0
Ukraine ..........................................1.9
Lebanon ........................................1.8
Honduras .......................................1.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................1.7
Argentina .......................................1.7
Venezuela ......................................1.5

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 417

2.2: Data Tables

1.09 Burden of government regulation
In your country, how burdensome is it for businesses to comply with governmental administrative requirements (e.g., permits, regulations, reporting)? [1 = extremely burdensome; 7 = not burdensome at all] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Singapore ......................................5.4
Qatar .............................................5.2
Rwanda .........................................5.0
Finland ...........................................5.0
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.9
United Arab Emirates .....................4.9
Oman ............................................4.7
Malaysia.........................................4.6
Bahrain ..........................................4.4
Georgia ..........................................4.4
Estonia...........................................4.3
Zambia ..........................................4.3
New Zealand .................................4.3
China .............................................4.3
Taiwan, China ................................4.3
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.3
Switzerland ....................................4.2
Luxembourg ..................................4.2
Barbados .......................................4.2
Gambia, The ..................................4.2
Azerbaijan ......................................4.2
Sweden .........................................4.1
Liberia ............................................4.1
Cyprus ...........................................4.1
Seychelles......................................4.1
Chile ..............................................4.1
Panama .........................................4.1
Netherlands ...................................4.0
Ireland............................................3.9
Iceland ...........................................3.9
Indonesia .......................................3.9
Sierra Leone ..................................3.9
Albania...........................................3.9
Armenia .........................................3.9
Mauritius ........................................3.8
Jordan ...........................................3.8
Saudi Arabia ..................................3.8
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.8
Botswana ......................................3.8
Paraguay .......................................3.8
Uganda ..........................................3.8
Lesotho .........................................3.8
Guyana ..........................................3.8
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.8
United Kingdom .............................3.7
Cape Verde ...................................3.7
Burkina Faso..................................3.7
Gabon ...........................................3.7
Malawi ...........................................3.7
Guinea ...........................................3.7
Senegal .........................................3.7
Canada ..........................................3.7
Tanzania ........................................3.7
Kazakhstan ....................................3.7
Lao PDR ........................................3.7
Germany ........................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.6
Nicaragua ......................................3.6
Montenegro ...................................3.6
Kenya ............................................3.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.6
Norway ..........................................3.6
Nigeria ...........................................3.5
Morocco ........................................3.5
Bhutan ...........................................3.5
Guatemala .....................................3.5
Namibia .........................................3.5
Ecuador .........................................3.5
Dominican Republic .......................3.5
Cambodia ......................................3.5
Tunisia ...........................................3.5
Turkey............................................3.5
Ghana ............................................3.5
Sri Lanka .......................................3.4

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.5

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

418 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Timor-Leste ...................................3.4
Mozambique ..................................3.4
Cameroon......................................3.4
El Salvador.....................................3.4
Latvia .............................................3.4
United States .................................3.4
Japan ............................................3.4
Pakistan .........................................3.4
Ethiopia..........................................3.4
Haiti ...............................................3.4
Swaziland ......................................3.4
Malta .............................................3.4
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.4
Austria ...........................................3.4
Mali ................................................3.4
Thailand .........................................3.3
Mauritania ......................................3.3
Uruguay .........................................3.3
Madagascar ...................................3.3
Costa Rica .....................................3.3
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.2
Egypt .............................................3.2
Bangladesh....................................3.2
Philippines .....................................3.2
Suriname .......................................3.2
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.2
Denmark ........................................3.2
Zimbabwe ......................................3.1
Nepal .............................................3.1
India...............................................3.1
Bulgaria .........................................3.1
Vietnam .........................................3.1
Lithuania ........................................3.0
Chad..............................................3.0
Israel ..............................................3.0
Honduras .......................................3.0
Mexico ...........................................3.0
Yemen ...........................................3.0
Peru ...............................................2.9
Colombia .......................................2.9
Lebanon ........................................2.9
South Africa ...................................2.9
Burundi ..........................................2.9
Puerto Rico....................................2.9
Mongolia ........................................2.9
Russian Federation ........................2.9
Libya ..............................................2.9
Moldova .........................................2.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................2.8
Benin .............................................2.8
Spain .............................................2.8
Jamaica .........................................2.8
Romania ........................................2.8
Australia .........................................2.8
Angola ...........................................2.8
France ...........................................2.7
Myanmar........................................2.7
Portugal .........................................2.7
Poland ...........................................2.7
Belgium .........................................2.6
Czech Republic .............................2.6
Slovenia .........................................2.6
Ukraine ..........................................2.6
Algeria ...........................................2.5
Slovak Republic .............................2.5
Hungary .........................................2.4
Argentina .......................................2.3
Serbia ............................................2.3
Croatia ...........................................2.3
Greece ...........................................2.2
Kuwait ...........................................2.2
Italy ................................................2.2
Brazil..............................................2.0
Venezuela ......................................1.8

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.5

7

2.2: Data Tables

1.10

Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes

In your country, how efficient is the legal framework for private businesses in settling disputes? [1 = extremely inefficient; 7 = extremely efficient] | 2012–13 weighted average RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Singapore ......................................6.1
Finland ...........................................6.1
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.8
New Zealand .................................5.8
Sweden .........................................5.7
Switzerland ....................................5.7
Norway ..........................................5.6
United Kingdom .............................5.6
Netherlands ...................................5.6
Qatar .............................................5.4
Canada ..........................................5.4
South Africa ...................................5.3
Germany ........................................5.2
Oman ............................................5.2
Luxembourg ..................................5.2
Puerto Rico....................................5.2
Rwanda .........................................5.1
Malaysia.........................................5.1
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.0
United Arab Emirates .....................4.9
Denmark ........................................4.9
Ireland............................................4.8
Mauritius ........................................4.8
Austria ...........................................4.8
Botswana ......................................4.8
United States .................................4.7
Iceland ...........................................4.7
Japan ............................................4.7
Chile ..............................................4.7
Australia .........................................4.6
Sri Lanka .......................................4.6
Namibia .........................................4.5
Gambia, The ..................................4.5
Barbados .......................................4.5
Lao PDR ........................................4.5
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.5
Zambia ..........................................4.4
Jordan ...........................................4.3
Estonia...........................................4.3
Belgium .........................................4.2
Bahrain ..........................................4.2
Cyprus ...........................................4.2
China .............................................4.2
Israel ..............................................4.2
Taiwan, China ................................4.2
Malta .............................................4.2
Seychelles......................................4.1
France ...........................................4.1
Indonesia .......................................4.1
Ghana ............................................4.1
Bhutan ...........................................4.0
Senegal .........................................3.9
Kazakhstan ....................................3.9
Tunisia ...........................................3.9
Uruguay .........................................3.9
Malawi ...........................................3.9
Kenya ............................................3.9
Montenegro ...................................3.9
Turkey............................................3.9
Thailand .........................................3.9
Panama .........................................3.9
India...............................................3.8
Swaziland ......................................3.8
Azerbaijan ......................................3.8
Uganda ..........................................3.8
Kuwait ...........................................3.8
Liberia ............................................3.8
Costa Rica .....................................3.7
Sierra Leone ..................................3.7
Spain .............................................3.7
Morocco ........................................3.7
Cape Verde ...................................3.7
Guyana ..........................................3.7
Armenia .........................................3.7

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.8

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.8

7

Tanzania ........................................3.6
Philippines .....................................3.6
Nigeria ...........................................3.6
Zimbabwe ......................................3.6
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.6
Lesotho .........................................3.6
Ethiopia..........................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.6
Cambodia ......................................3.5
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.5
Gabon ...........................................3.5
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.5
Timor-Leste ...................................3.5
Nicaragua ......................................3.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.4
Georgia ..........................................3.4
Vietnam .........................................3.4
Jamaica .........................................3.4
Colombia .......................................3.4
Lithuania ........................................3.4
Ecuador .........................................3.4
Mexico ...........................................3.4
Dominican Republic .......................3.4
Guatemala .....................................3.3
Brazil..............................................3.3
Cameroon......................................3.3
Burkina Faso..................................3.3
Benin .............................................3.3
Mozambique ..................................3.3
Egypt .............................................3.2
Peru ...............................................3.2
Suriname .......................................3.2
Honduras .......................................3.2
Mongolia ........................................3.2
Mali ................................................3.1
Pakistan .........................................3.1
Hungary .........................................3.1
Bangladesh....................................3.1
Czech Republic .............................3.1
Algeria ...........................................3.1
Latvia .............................................3.0
Russian Federation ........................3.0
Poland ...........................................3.0
Albania...........................................3.0
Madagascar ...................................2.9
Portugal .........................................2.9
Nepal .............................................2.9
Libya ..............................................2.9
Bulgaria .........................................2.9
El Salvador.....................................2.8
Mauritania ......................................2.8
Romania ........................................2.8
Angola ...........................................2.7
Lebanon ........................................2.7
Moldova .........................................2.6
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.6
Argentina .......................................2.6
Myanmar........................................2.6
Slovenia .........................................2.6
Burundi ..........................................2.6
Serbia ............................................2.5
Greece ...........................................2.5
Guinea ...........................................2.5
Croatia ...........................................2.5
Paraguay .......................................2.5
Chad..............................................2.4
Slovak Republic .............................2.4
Ukraine ..........................................2.3
Italy ................................................2.3
Haiti ...............................................2.2
Yemen ...........................................2.2
Venezuela ......................................1.8

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 419

2.2: Data Tables

1.11

Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations

In your country, how easy is it for private businesses to challenge government actions and/or regulations through the legal system? [1 = extremely difficult; 7 = extremely easy] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Finland ...........................................5.9
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.6
New Zealand .................................5.6
Sweden .........................................5.4
Netherlands ...................................5.4
Switzerland ....................................5.3
Qatar .............................................5.2
United Kingdom .............................5.2
Luxembourg ..................................5.2
Norway ..........................................5.1
Germany ........................................4.9
Singapore ......................................4.9
South Africa ...................................4.9
Puerto Rico....................................4.8
Canada ..........................................4.8
United Arab Emirates .....................4.8
Malaysia.........................................4.7
Oman ............................................4.7
Ireland............................................4.6
Rwanda .........................................4.5
Iceland ...........................................4.5
Mauritius ........................................4.4
Botswana ......................................4.4
Chile ..............................................4.4
Austria ...........................................4.4
Cyprus ...........................................4.4
Jordan ...........................................4.4
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.4
United States .................................4.3
Australia .........................................4.3
France ...........................................4.3
Barbados .......................................4.2
Estonia...........................................4.2
Israel ..............................................4.1
Japan ............................................4.1
Belgium .........................................4.0
Costa Rica .....................................4.0
Denmark ........................................4.0
Sri Lanka .......................................4.0
Uruguay .........................................4.0
Seychelles......................................4.0
Namibia .........................................3.9
Bahrain ..........................................3.9
Malawi ...........................................3.9
Gambia, The ..................................3.9
Turkey............................................3.9
China .............................................3.8
India...............................................3.8
Kuwait ...........................................3.8
Indonesia .......................................3.7
Zambia ..........................................3.7
Taiwan, China ................................3.7
Azerbaijan ......................................3.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.7
Malta .............................................3.7
Kenya ............................................3.7
Liberia ............................................3.7
Panama .........................................3.6
Senegal .........................................3.6
Guyana ..........................................3.6
Kazakhstan ....................................3.6
Thailand .........................................3.5
Montenegro ...................................3.5
Cape Verde ...................................3.5
Ghana ............................................3.5
Uganda ..........................................3.5
Tunisia ...........................................3.5
Brazil..............................................3.5
Spain .............................................3.5
Swaziland ......................................3.5
Philippines .....................................3.5
Cambodia ......................................3.5
Guatemala .....................................3.5
Morocco ........................................3.4

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.5

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

420 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Lesotho .........................................3.4
Armenia .........................................3.4
Jamaica .........................................3.4
Mexico ...........................................3.3
Vietnam .........................................3.3
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.3
Bangladesh....................................3.3
Tanzania ........................................3.3
Mali ................................................3.3
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.3
Portugal .........................................3.3
Gabon ...........................................3.3
Bhutan ...........................................3.3
Bolivia ............................................3.3
Timor-Leste ...................................3.3
Lithuania ........................................3.2
Benin .............................................3.2
Nigeria ...........................................3.2
Colombia .......................................3.2
Egypt .............................................3.2
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.2
Honduras .......................................3.1
Latvia .............................................3.1
Nicaragua ......................................3.1
Paraguay .......................................3.1
Ecuador .........................................3.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.0
Suriname .......................................3.0
Cameroon......................................3.0
Nepal .............................................3.0
Georgia ..........................................3.0
Burkina Faso..................................3.0
Dominican Republic .......................3.0
Pakistan .........................................3.0
Peru ...............................................3.0
El Salvador.....................................3.0
Poland ...........................................2.9
Macedonia, FYR ............................2.9
Albania...........................................2.9
Lao PDR ........................................2.9
Libya ..............................................2.9
Ethiopia..........................................2.9
Mozambique ..................................2.9
Guinea ...........................................2.9
Mauritania ......................................2.8
Russian Federation ........................2.8
Madagascar ...................................2.8
Bulgaria .........................................2.8
Zimbabwe ......................................2.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................2.7
Sierra Leone ..................................2.7
Czech Republic .............................2.7
Yemen ...........................................2.7
Romania ........................................2.6
Mongolia ........................................2.6
Greece ...........................................2.6
Slovenia .........................................2.6
Croatia ...........................................2.5
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.5
Italy ................................................2.5
Burundi ..........................................2.5
Serbia ............................................2.5
Moldova .........................................2.5
Hungary .........................................2.4
Algeria ...........................................2.3
Haiti ...............................................2.3
Lebanon ........................................2.3
Slovak Republic .............................2.2
Myanmar........................................2.2
Angola ...........................................2.2
Chad..............................................2.2
Ukraine ..........................................2.2
Argentina .......................................1.9
Venezuela ......................................1.5

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.5

7

2.2: Data Tables

1.12

Transparency of government policymaking

In your country, how easy is it for businesses to obtain information about changes in government policies and regulations affecting their activities? [1 = extremely difficult;
7 = extremely easy] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Singapore ......................................6.1
Finland ...........................................6.1
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.9
New Zealand .................................5.9
Qatar .............................................5.8
Switzerland ....................................5.7
Luxembourg ..................................5.5
Rwanda .........................................5.5
Sweden .........................................5.5
Taiwan, China ................................5.4
United Kingdom .............................5.3
United Arab Emirates .....................5.2
Netherlands ...................................5.2
Japan ............................................5.2
Chile ..............................................5.1
Canada ..........................................5.1
Norway ..........................................5.1
Austria ...........................................5.0
Estonia...........................................5.0
Malaysia.........................................5.0
Oman ............................................5.0
Bahrain ..........................................5.0
Germany ........................................5.0
Armenia .........................................5.0
Ireland............................................5.0
Iceland ...........................................4.9
Cyprus ...........................................4.8
Barbados .......................................4.7
Kazakhstan ....................................4.7
Uruguay .........................................4.7
Zambia ..........................................4.7
Panama .........................................4.7
Georgia ..........................................4.7
Lithuania ........................................4.7
South Africa ...................................4.6
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.6
Turkey............................................4.6
Mauritius ........................................4.5
Guatemala .....................................4.5
Jordan ...........................................4.5
Montenegro ...................................4.5
Gambia, The ..................................4.5
Azerbaijan ......................................4.5
Botswana ......................................4.5
Latvia .............................................4.5
China .............................................4.4
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.4
United States .................................4.4
Costa Rica .....................................4.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.4
Australia .........................................4.4
Slovenia .........................................4.4
Seychelles......................................4.3
Denmark ........................................4.3
Cameroon......................................4.3
Puerto Rico....................................4.3
Belgium .........................................4.3
Liberia ............................................4.3
France ...........................................4.3
Malta .............................................4.2
India...............................................4.2
Guyana ..........................................4.2
Senegal .........................................4.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.2
Indonesia .......................................4.2
Morocco ........................................4.2
Mexico ...........................................4.2
Cape Verde ...................................4.2
Dominican Republic .......................4.2
Gabon ...........................................4.2
Sri Lanka .......................................4.1
Albania...........................................4.1
Ecuador .........................................4.1
Ghana ............................................4.1

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.2

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.2

7

Colombia .......................................4.1
Israel ..............................................4.1
Uganda ..........................................4.1
Portugal .........................................4.1
Namibia .........................................4.0
Slovak Republic .............................4.0
Moldova .........................................4.0
Tunisia ...........................................4.0
Mozambique ..................................4.0
Paraguay .......................................4.0
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.9
Kenya ............................................3.9
Spain .............................................3.9
Zimbabwe ......................................3.9
Peru ...............................................3.9
Egypt .............................................3.9
Nicaragua ......................................3.9
Philippines .....................................3.9
Thailand .........................................3.9
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.9
Bangladesh....................................3.9
Malawi ...........................................3.9
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.8
Czech Republic .............................3.8
Jamaica .........................................3.8
Swaziland ......................................3.8
Russian Federation ........................3.8
Sierra Leone ..................................3.8
Yemen ...........................................3.8
Lao PDR ........................................3.8
Mongolia ........................................3.7
Croatia ...........................................3.7
Bhutan ...........................................3.7
Tanzania ........................................3.7
Lesotho .........................................3.7
Nepal .............................................3.7
Nigeria ...........................................3.7
Brazil..............................................3.7
Kuwait ...........................................3.7
Burkina Faso..................................3.7
Romania ........................................3.7
Pakistan .........................................3.7
Honduras .......................................3.7
Serbia ............................................3.7
Cambodia ......................................3.6
Poland ...........................................3.6
Vietnam .........................................3.6
Benin .............................................3.6
Greece ...........................................3.6
Bulgaria .........................................3.6
Libya ..............................................3.5
Ethiopia..........................................3.5
Bolivia ............................................3.5
Suriname .......................................3.5
Guinea ...........................................3.5
Ukraine ..........................................3.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.5
Hungary .........................................3.4
Algeria ...........................................3.4
Mali ................................................3.4
Timor-Leste ...................................3.4
El Salvador.....................................3.4
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.4
Burundi ..........................................3.3
Lebanon ........................................3.3
Italy ................................................3.0
Argentina .......................................3.0
Madagascar ...................................3.0
Myanmar........................................2.9
Angola ...........................................2.9
Mauritania ......................................2.8
Chad..............................................2.8
Venezuela ......................................2.7
Haiti ...............................................2.6

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 421

2.2: Data Tables

1.13

Business costs of terrorism

In your country, to what extent does the threat of terrorism impose costs on businesses? [1 = to a great extent; 7 = not at all] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Slovenia .........................................6.7
Qatar .............................................6.7
Finland ...........................................6.7
Oman ............................................6.6
Iceland ...........................................6.6
Austria ...........................................6.6
Portugal .........................................6.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................6.5
Brunei Darussalam .........................6.5
Moldova .........................................6.4
Hungary .........................................6.4
Uruguay .........................................6.4
Estonia...........................................6.4
New Zealand .................................6.4
Croatia ...........................................6.4
Czech Republic .............................6.4
United Arab Emirates .....................6.3
Zimbabwe ......................................6.3
Luxembourg ..................................6.3
Mauritius ........................................6.3
Botswana ......................................6.3
Brazil..............................................6.3
Lithuania ........................................6.3
Argentina .......................................6.2
Latvia .............................................6.2
Slovak Republic .............................6.2
Poland ...........................................6.2
South Africa ...................................6.2
Sri Lanka .......................................6.1
Taiwan, China ................................6.1
Sweden .........................................6.1
Zambia ..........................................6.1
Belgium .........................................6.1
Ireland............................................6.1
Costa Rica .....................................6.1
Netherlands ...................................6.1
Suriname .......................................6.1
Armenia .........................................6.1
Montenegro ...................................6.1
Namibia .........................................6.0
Switzerland ....................................6.0
Barbados .......................................6.0
Puerto Rico....................................6.0
Jamaica .........................................6.0
Cyprus ...........................................6.0
Australia .........................................5.9
Gambia, The ..................................5.9
Ukraine ..........................................5.9
Mongolia ........................................5.8
Malta .............................................5.8
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.8
Sierra Leone ..................................5.8
Azerbaijan ......................................5.8
Singapore ......................................5.8
Trinidad and Tobago......................5.8
Jordan ...........................................5.8
Rwanda .........................................5.8
Norway ..........................................5.7
Germany ........................................5.7
Kuwait ...........................................5.7
Macedonia, FYR ............................5.7
Malawi ...........................................5.7
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.7
Italy ................................................5.7
Gabon ...........................................5.6
Serbia ............................................5.6
Romania ........................................5.6
Chile ..............................................5.6
Kazakhstan ....................................5.5
Dominican Republic .......................5.5
Lao PDR ........................................5.5
Cape Verde ...................................5.5
Bhutan ...........................................5.4
Swaziland ......................................5.4

SOURCE:

MEAN 5.3

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

422 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Vietnam .........................................5.4
Georgia ..........................................5.4
Timor-Leste ...................................5.4
Venezuela ......................................5.4
Ethiopia..........................................5.4
Lesotho .........................................5.4
Morocco ........................................5.3
Panama .........................................5.3
Haiti ...............................................5.3
Guinea ...........................................5.3
Malaysia.........................................5.3
Greece ...........................................5.3
Cambodia ......................................5.3
Canada ..........................................5.2
United Kingdom .............................5.2
Guyana ..........................................5.2
Japan ............................................5.2
Albania...........................................5.2
Spain .............................................5.2
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................5.1
Mozambique ..................................5.1
France ...........................................5.1
Liberia ............................................5.0
China .............................................5.0
Cameroon......................................5.0
Senegal .........................................5.0
Paraguay .......................................5.0
Tanzania ........................................5.0
Benin .............................................5.0
Guatemala .....................................5.0
Seychelles......................................5.0
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.9
Bulgaria .........................................4.9
Denmark ........................................4.9
Mauritania ......................................4.8
Mexico ...........................................4.8
Madagascar ...................................4.8
Russian Federation ........................4.7
India...............................................4.7
Kyrgyz Republic .............................4.7
Angola ...........................................4.7
Ghana ............................................4.6
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.6
Bangladesh....................................4.6
Indonesia .......................................4.6
Thailand .........................................4.5
Nicaragua ......................................4.5
Ecuador .........................................4.5
Burundi ..........................................4.4
Philippines .....................................4.4
Bahrain ..........................................4.4
Burkina Faso..................................4.4
Honduras .......................................4.3
United States .................................4.2
Turkey............................................4.1
Bolivia ............................................4.1
El Salvador.....................................4.1
Libya ..............................................4.1
Peru ...............................................4.0
Nepal .............................................4.0
Uganda ..........................................3.9
Israel ..............................................3.9
Tunisia ...........................................3.8
Algeria ...........................................3.7
Chad..............................................3.6
Kenya ............................................3.6
Lebanon ........................................3.2
Nigeria ...........................................2.9
Mali ................................................2.9
Pakistan .........................................2.7
Yemen ...........................................2.7
Myanmar........................................2.7
Colombia .......................................2.7
Egypt .............................................2.6

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 5.3

7

2.2: Data Tables

1.14

Business costs of crime and violence

In your country, to what extent does the incidence of crime and violence impose costs on businesses? [1 = to a great extent; 7 = not at all] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Qatar .............................................6.8
United Arab Emirates .....................6.5
Finland ...........................................6.3
Oman ............................................6.3
Luxembourg ..................................6.3
Singapore ......................................6.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................6.2
Brunei Darussalam .........................6.2
Iceland ...........................................6.1
Austria ...........................................6.0
Portugal .........................................5.9
Rwanda .........................................5.9
Taiwan, China ................................5.9
Kuwait ...........................................5.9
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.9
Jordan ...........................................5.9
New Zealand .................................5.8
Slovenia .........................................5.8
Malta .............................................5.8
Armenia .........................................5.7
Azerbaijan ......................................5.7
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.7
Switzerland ....................................5.7
Norway ..........................................5.7
Estonia...........................................5.6
Germany ........................................5.6
Belgium .........................................5.5
Sweden .........................................5.5
Cyprus ...........................................5.5
Spain .............................................5.5
Ireland............................................5.5
Netherlands ...................................5.5
Latvia .............................................5.4
Poland ...........................................5.4
Gambia, The ..................................5.4
Ethiopia..........................................5.4
Australia .........................................5.4
Mauritania ......................................5.3
Croatia ...........................................5.3
Canada ..........................................5.3
Morocco ........................................5.3
Bhutan ...........................................5.2
Japan ............................................5.2
Kazakhstan ....................................5.2
Sri Lanka .......................................5.2
Mauritius ........................................5.2
Montenegro ...................................5.2
United Kingdom .............................5.1
Lithuania ........................................5.1
Israel ..............................................5.1
Romania ........................................5.1
Georgia ..........................................5.0
Czech Republic .............................5.0
Moldova .........................................5.0
Lao PDR ........................................5.0
Zimbabwe ......................................5.0
Ukraine ..........................................5.0
France ...........................................4.9
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.9
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.9
Hungary .........................................4.9
China .............................................4.8
Senegal .........................................4.8
Vietnam .........................................4.8
Mongolia ........................................4.7
Chile ..............................................4.7
Botswana ......................................4.7
Greece ...........................................4.7
Slovak Republic .............................4.7
Zambia ..........................................4.7
India...............................................4.7
Turkey............................................4.6
Thailand .........................................4.6
Gabon ...........................................4.6

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.5

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.5

7

Malaysia.........................................4.6
Tanzania ........................................4.6
Denmark ........................................4.6
Cambodia ......................................4.5
Swaziland ......................................4.5
Russian Federation ........................4.5
Italy ................................................4.5
Seychelles......................................4.5
Sierra Leone ..................................4.5
Bahrain ..........................................4.5
Barbados .......................................4.4
Indonesia .......................................4.4
United States .................................4.3
Libya ..............................................4.3
Serbia ............................................4.3
Suriname .......................................4.3
Cameroon......................................4.3
Albania...........................................4.3
Ghana ............................................4.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.2
Timor-Leste ...................................4.2
Lebanon ........................................4.2
Kyrgyz Republic .............................4.2
Benin .............................................4.2
Liberia ............................................4.2
Nicaragua ......................................4.1
Philippines .....................................4.1
Algeria ...........................................4.1
Guyana ..........................................4.0
Mozambique ..................................3.9
Uruguay .........................................3.9
Costa Rica .....................................3.9
Burkina Faso..................................3.9
Bulgaria .........................................3.9
Cape Verde ...................................3.9
Bangladesh....................................3.9
Malawi ...........................................3.9
Namibia .........................................3.9
Bolivia ............................................3.8
Burundi ..........................................3.8
Panama .........................................3.7
Puerto Rico....................................3.7
Tunisia ...........................................3.6
Argentina .......................................3.6
Ecuador .........................................3.5
Madagascar ...................................3.5
Lesotho .........................................3.5
Paraguay .......................................3.4
Guinea ...........................................3.4
Brazil..............................................3.4
Angola ...........................................3.4
Uganda ..........................................3.4
Kenya ............................................3.4
Mali ................................................3.3
Nepal .............................................3.3
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.2
Dominican Republic .......................3.2
Peru ...............................................3.2
Chad..............................................3.1
Yemen ...........................................3.1
Myanmar........................................3.0
Nigeria ...........................................2.9
Haiti ...............................................2.9
Pakistan .........................................2.8
Mexico ...........................................2.8
Colombia .......................................2.7
South Africa ...................................2.7
El Salvador.....................................2.4
Egypt .............................................2.3
Jamaica .........................................2.3
Trinidad and Tobago......................2.3
Venezuela ......................................2.1
Guatemala .....................................2.0
Honduras .......................................1.9

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 423

2.2: Data Tables

1.15

Organized crime

In your country, to what extent does organized crime (mafia-oriented racketeering, extortion) impose costs on businesses? [1 = to a great extent; 7 = not at all] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

United Arab Emirates .....................6.9
Qatar .............................................6.9
Oman ............................................6.8
Singapore ......................................6.7
Finland ...........................................6.6
New Zealand .................................6.6
Luxembourg ..................................6.5
Brunei Darussalam .........................6.5
Austria ...........................................6.5
Iceland ...........................................6.4
Saudi Arabia ..................................6.4
Estonia...........................................6.4
Jordan ...........................................6.3
Netherlands ...................................6.2
Norway ..........................................6.2
Portugal .........................................6.2
Barbados .......................................6.2
Rwanda .........................................6.2
Bahrain ..........................................6.2
Botswana ......................................6.1
Mauritius ........................................6.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................6.0
Uruguay .........................................6.0
Belgium .........................................6.0
Malta .............................................6.0
Sweden .........................................6.0
Australia .........................................5.9
United Kingdom .............................5.9
Kuwait ...........................................5.9
Taiwan, China ................................5.9
Gambia, The ..................................5.9
Ireland............................................5.9
Switzerland ....................................5.9
Zimbabwe ......................................5.9
Bhutan ...........................................5.9
Germany ........................................5.8
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.8
Ethiopia..........................................5.8
Seychelles......................................5.7
Latvia .............................................5.7
Morocco ........................................5.7
Slovenia .........................................5.7
Poland ...........................................5.7
Zambia ..........................................5.7
Cyprus ...........................................5.7
Spain .............................................5.7
Azerbaijan ......................................5.6
Denmark ........................................5.5
Croatia ...........................................5.5
Lithuania ........................................5.5
France ...........................................5.5
Libya ..............................................5.5
Canada ..........................................5.5
Chile ..............................................5.4
Mauritania ......................................5.4
Greece ...........................................5.4
Armenia .........................................5.4
Malawi ...........................................5.4
Puerto Rico....................................5.4
Sri Lanka .......................................5.3
Costa Rica .....................................5.3
Japan ............................................5.2
Malaysia.........................................5.2
Georgia ..........................................5.2
Israel ..............................................5.2
Suriname .......................................5.2
Kazakhstan ....................................5.2
Hungary .........................................5.1
Cambodia ......................................5.1
Swaziland ......................................5.0
Czech Republic .............................5.0
Tanzania ........................................5.0
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.0
Namibia .........................................4.9

SOURCE:

MEAN 5.0

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

424 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Gabon ...........................................4.9
Montenegro ...................................4.9
Timor-Leste ...................................4.9
Vietnam .........................................4.9
Mongolia ........................................4.8
Sierra Leone ..................................4.8
Lebanon ........................................4.8
Thailand .........................................4.8
Moldova .........................................4.8
United States .................................4.8
India...............................................4.8
Philippines .....................................4.8
Liberia ............................................4.7
China .............................................4.7
Lao PDR ........................................4.7
Romania ........................................4.7
Guyana ..........................................4.6
Benin .............................................4.6
Burkina Faso..................................4.6
Turkey............................................4.6
Ghana ............................................4.6
Panama .........................................4.6
Cameroon......................................4.6
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.6
Lesotho .........................................4.5
Tunisia ...........................................4.5
Senegal .........................................4.5
Slovak Republic .............................4.5
Bangladesh....................................4.4
Cape Verde ...................................4.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.4
Ukraine ..........................................4.4
Argentina .......................................4.4
Albania...........................................4.4
Nicaragua ......................................4.3
Dominican Republic .......................4.2
Russian Federation ........................4.2
Madagascar ...................................4.2
South Africa ...................................4.2
Haiti ...............................................4.1
Kenya ............................................4.1
Uganda ..........................................4.1
Yemen ...........................................4.1
Guinea ...........................................4.1
Indonesia .......................................4.1
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.1
Paraguay .......................................4.1
Mozambique ..................................4.1
Kyrgyz Republic .............................4.1
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.0
Burundi ..........................................4.0
Brazil..............................................4.0
Serbia ............................................4.0
Angola ...........................................3.9
Ecuador .........................................3.9
Bulgaria .........................................3.8
Algeria ...........................................3.8
Bolivia ............................................3.7
Mali ................................................3.6
Italy ................................................3.6
Nepal .............................................3.5
Nigeria ...........................................3.4
Peru ...............................................3.4
Egypt .............................................3.4
Chad..............................................3.3
Jamaica .........................................3.1
Pakistan .........................................3.1
Myanmar........................................2.9
Mexico ...........................................2.9
Colombia .......................................2.8
Venezuela ......................................2.8
Honduras .......................................2.5
El Salvador.....................................2.5
Guatemala .....................................2.4

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 5.0

7

2.2: Data Tables

1.16

Reliability of police services

In your country, to what extent can police services be relied upon to enforce law and order? [1 = cannot be relied upon at all; 7 = can be completely relied upon] |
2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Finland ...........................................6.7
New Zealand .................................6.4
Qatar .............................................6.3
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.3
Singapore ......................................6.3
Switzerland ....................................6.3
Chile ..............................................6.2
Ireland............................................6.1
Iceland ...........................................6.1
Netherlands ...................................6.1
Denmark ........................................6.1
United Arab Emirates .....................6.1
Norway ..........................................6.0
Canada ..........................................6.0
Luxembourg ..................................6.0
Australia .........................................6.0
Germany ........................................6.0
Spain .............................................5.9
Sweden .........................................5.9
Austria ...........................................5.9
Rwanda .........................................5.8
Oman ............................................5.8
Japan ............................................5.8
United States .................................5.7
Barbados .......................................5.7
United Kingdom .............................5.7
Belgium .........................................5.6
Jordan ...........................................5.5
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................5.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.3
Estonia...........................................5.3
Malta .............................................5.3
France ...........................................5.3
Portugal .........................................5.2
Taiwan, China ................................5.2
Georgia ..........................................5.2
Italy ................................................5.0
Bahrain ..........................................5.0
Slovenia .........................................5.0
Bhutan ...........................................4.9
Malaysia.........................................4.9
Costa Rica .....................................4.9
Cyprus ...........................................4.8
Puerto Rico....................................4.8
Kuwait ...........................................4.8
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.8
Suriname .......................................4.7
Panama .........................................4.7
Morocco ........................................4.7
Montenegro ...................................4.7
Gambia, The ..................................4.6
Croatia ...........................................4.6
Mauritius ........................................4.6
Senegal .........................................4.5
Ghana ............................................4.5
Israel ..............................................4.5
Botswana ......................................4.4
China .............................................4.4
Benin .............................................4.4
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.4
Latvia .............................................4.4
Cape Verde ...................................4.4
Brazil..............................................4.3
Azerbaijan ......................................4.3
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.3
Swaziland ......................................4.3
Lao PDR ........................................4.3
Cameroon......................................4.3
Lithuania ........................................4.2
Zambia ..........................................4.2
Hungary .........................................4.2
Colombia .......................................4.2
Poland ...........................................4.1

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.3

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.3

7

Burkina Faso..................................4.1
Armenia .........................................4.0
Greece ...........................................4.0
Namibia .........................................4.0
Indonesia .......................................4.0
Turkey............................................4.0
Serbia ............................................4.0
India...............................................4.0
Sri Lanka .......................................3.9
Ethiopia..........................................3.9
Malawi ...........................................3.9
Uruguay .........................................3.9
Tunisia ...........................................3.9
Kazakhstan ....................................3.9
Seychelles......................................3.9
Czech Republic .............................3.9
Nicaragua ......................................3.9
Lesotho .........................................3.9
Sierra Leone ..................................3.8
Philippines .....................................3.8
Vietnam .........................................3.8
South Africa ...................................3.8
Algeria ...........................................3.7
Uganda ..........................................3.7
Mongolia ........................................3.7
Timor-Leste ...................................3.7
Albania...........................................3.7
Kenya ............................................3.7
Nepal .............................................3.7
Liberia ............................................3.7
Jamaica .........................................3.7
Ecuador .........................................3.6
Romania ........................................3.6
Slovak Republic .............................3.6
Thailand .........................................3.5
Tanzania ........................................3.5
Gabon ...........................................3.5
Mali ................................................3.5
Bulgaria .........................................3.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.3
Cambodia ......................................3.3
Guinea ...........................................3.2
Bolivia ............................................3.2
Mozambique ..................................3.2
Lebanon ........................................3.2
El Salvador.....................................3.1
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.1
Russian Federation ........................3.0
Zimbabwe ......................................3.0
Moldova .........................................3.0
Myanmar........................................3.0
Mexico ...........................................3.0
Angola ...........................................3.0
Mauritania ......................................3.0
Haiti ...............................................3.0
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.0
Nigeria ...........................................2.9
Egypt .............................................2.9
Ukraine ..........................................2.8
Guyana ..........................................2.8
Pakistan .........................................2.8
Guatemala .....................................2.8
Peru ...............................................2.8
Madagascar ...................................2.8
Argentina .......................................2.8
Libya ..............................................2.7
Bangladesh....................................2.6
Honduras .......................................2.4
Dominican Republic .......................2.3
Chad..............................................2.3
Yemen ...........................................2.3
Paraguay .......................................2.2
Burundi ..........................................2.1
Venezuela ......................................1.9

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 425

2.2: Data Tables

1.17

Ethical behavior of firms

In your country, how would you rate the corporate ethics of companies (ethical behavior in interactions with public officials, politicians and other firms)? [1 = extremely poor—among the worst in the world; 7 = excellent—among the best in the world] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

New Zealand .................................6.6
Finland ...........................................6.4
Singapore ......................................6.3
Switzerland ....................................6.2
Norway ..........................................6.2
Sweden .........................................6.2
Denmark ........................................6.1
Qatar .............................................6.0
Netherlands ...................................6.0
Luxembourg ..................................5.9
Japan ............................................5.8
United Kingdom .............................5.8
Canada ..........................................5.7
United Arab Emirates .....................5.7
Germany ........................................5.7
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.6
Austria ...........................................5.6
Iceland ...........................................5.5
Australia .........................................5.5
Oman ............................................5.5
Ireland............................................5.4
Belgium .........................................5.3
France ...........................................5.2
Rwanda .........................................5.2
Barbados .......................................5.1
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.1
Chile ..............................................5.1
Malaysia.........................................5.0
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.0
Taiwan, China ................................5.0
Bahrain ..........................................5.0
United States .................................4.9
Israel ..............................................4.9
Uruguay .........................................4.8
Estonia...........................................4.8
Puerto Rico....................................4.8
South Africa ...................................4.7
Gambia, The ..................................4.6
Botswana ......................................4.6
Costa Rica .....................................4.5
Mauritius ........................................4.5
Malta .............................................4.4
Jordan ...........................................4.4
Bhutan ...........................................4.4
Portugal .........................................4.4
Seychelles......................................4.4
Cyprus ...........................................4.3
Gabon ...........................................4.3
Lithuania ........................................4.3
Turkey............................................4.2
Zambia ..........................................4.2
Cape Verde ...................................4.2
Namibia .........................................4.2
China .............................................4.2
Spain .............................................4.1
Kazakhstan ....................................4.1
Egypt .............................................4.1
Montenegro ...................................4.1
Poland ...........................................4.1
Latvia .............................................4.1
Slovenia .........................................4.1
Lao PDR ........................................4.1
Morocco ........................................4.0
Indonesia .......................................4.0
Tunisia ...........................................4.0
Azerbaijan ......................................4.0
Georgia ..........................................4.0
Thailand .........................................4.0
Philippines .....................................4.0
Guyana ..........................................4.0
Panama .........................................4.0
Kuwait ...........................................3.9
Sri Lanka .......................................3.9
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.9

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.1

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

426 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Guatemala .....................................3.9
Croatia ...........................................3.9
Liberia ............................................3.8
Kenya ............................................3.8
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.8
Cambodia ......................................3.8
Armenia .........................................3.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.8
Zimbabwe ......................................3.8
Malawi ...........................................3.8
Senegal .........................................3.7
India...............................................3.7
Brazil..............................................3.7
Mexico ...........................................3.7
Swaziland ......................................3.7
Ghana ............................................3.7
Vietnam .........................................3.7
Hungary .........................................3.7
Suriname .......................................3.7
Sierra Leone ..................................3.7
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.7
Nicaragua ......................................3.7
Jamaica .........................................3.7
Uganda ..........................................3.7
Benin .............................................3.7
Lesotho .........................................3.7
Russian Federation ........................3.7
Libya ..............................................3.6
Italy ................................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.6
Honduras .......................................3.6
Burkina Faso..................................3.6
Colombia .......................................3.6
Ecuador .........................................3.6
Czech Republic .............................3.6
Bulgaria .........................................3.6
Dominican Republic .......................3.5
Pakistan .........................................3.5
Greece ...........................................3.5
Peru ...............................................3.5
Mali ................................................3.5
Cameroon......................................3.5
Mongolia ........................................3.5
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.4
Moldova .........................................3.4
Timor-Leste ...................................3.4
Yemen ...........................................3.4
Tanzania ........................................3.4
El Salvador.....................................3.4
Mozambique ..................................3.3
Slovak Republic .............................3.3
Myanmar........................................3.3
Serbia ............................................3.3
Guinea ...........................................3.3
Albania...........................................3.3
Ukraine ..........................................3.2
Nigeria ...........................................3.2
Nepal .............................................3.2
Madagascar ...................................3.2
Lebanon ........................................3.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.2
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.2
Ethiopia..........................................3.2
Algeria ...........................................3.1
Romania ........................................3.1
Venezuela ......................................3.0
Haiti ...............................................3.0
Paraguay .......................................3.0
Argentina .......................................2.9
Chad..............................................2.9
Angola ...........................................2.8
Bangladesh....................................2.8
Burundi ..........................................2.8
Mauritania ......................................2.8

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.1

7

2.2: Data Tables

1.18

Strength of auditing and reporting standards

In your country, how strong are financial auditing and reporting standards? [1 = extremely weak; 7 = extremely strong] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

South Africa ...................................6.7
Finland ...........................................6.4
New Zealand .................................6.2
Singapore ......................................6.2
Norway ..........................................6.1
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.1
Luxembourg ..................................6.1
Qatar .............................................6.1
Canada ..........................................6.0
Puerto Rico....................................6.0
Sweden .........................................5.9
Netherlands ...................................5.9
Malta .............................................5.9
Australia .........................................5.8
Bahrain ..........................................5.8
United Kingdom .............................5.8
Austria ...........................................5.7
Barbados .......................................5.6
Oman ............................................5.6
Taiwan, China ................................5.6
Switzerland ....................................5.6
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.6
Germany ........................................5.5
Mauritius ........................................5.5
Japan ............................................5.5
Estonia...........................................5.5
Malaysia.........................................5.4
United Arab Emirates .....................5.4
Belgium .........................................5.4
Namibia .........................................5.4
Brazil..............................................5.3
Panama .........................................5.3
France ...........................................5.3
Jamaica .........................................5.3
Israel ..............................................5.3
United States .................................5.3
Cyprus ...........................................5.2
Philippines .....................................5.2
Zimbabwe ......................................5.2
Hungary .........................................5.2
Denmark ........................................5.2
Thailand .........................................5.1
Sri Lanka .......................................5.1
Costa Rica .....................................5.0
Mexico ...........................................5.0
Chile ..............................................5.0
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.0
Botswana ......................................5.0
Poland ...........................................5.0
Turkey............................................5.0
Latvia .............................................5.0
India...............................................4.9
Peru ...............................................4.9
Lithuania ........................................4.9
Jordan ...........................................4.9
Kuwait ...........................................4.9
Seychelles......................................4.8
Ireland............................................4.8
Iceland ...........................................4.8
Slovak Republic .............................4.8
Portugal .........................................4.8
Swaziland ......................................4.8
Uruguay .........................................4.8
Czech Republic .............................4.8
Rwanda .........................................4.7
Guatemala .....................................4.7
Bhutan ...........................................4.7
Morocco ........................................4.7
Dominican Republic .......................4.7
Malawi ...........................................4.7
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.7
Zambia ..........................................4.6
Gambia, The ..................................4.6
Indonesia .......................................4.6

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.6

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.6

7

Honduras .......................................4.6
Kazakhstan ....................................4.6
Bulgaria .........................................4.5
Ghana ............................................4.5
Gabon ...........................................4.5
China .............................................4.5
Slovenia .........................................4.5
Colombia .......................................4.5
Senegal .........................................4.5
Tunisia ...........................................4.5
Spain .............................................4.4
Kenya ............................................4.4
Armenia .........................................4.4
Pakistan .........................................4.4
Georgia ..........................................4.4
Ecuador .........................................4.3
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.3
Croatia ...........................................4.3
Greece ...........................................4.3
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.3
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.2
Montenegro ...................................4.2
Venezuela ......................................4.2
Lebanon ........................................4.2
Azerbaijan ......................................4.2
Burkina Faso..................................4.1
Nicaragua ......................................4.1
Moldova .........................................4.1
Guyana ..........................................4.1
Liberia ............................................4.0
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.0
Nigeria ...........................................4.0
Russian Federation ........................4.0
Romania ........................................4.0
Paraguay .......................................4.0
Italy ................................................4.0
Mozambique ..................................4.0
Sierra Leone ..................................4.0
Ethiopia..........................................4.0
Madagascar ...................................3.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.9
Cambodia ......................................3.9
Serbia ............................................3.9
Uganda ..........................................3.8
Cape Verde ...................................3.8
Suriname .......................................3.8
Nepal .............................................3.8
Egypt .............................................3.8
Albania...........................................3.8
Benin .............................................3.8
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.8
Argentina .......................................3.8
Tanzania ........................................3.7
El Salvador.....................................3.7
Lao PDR ........................................3.7
Ukraine ..........................................3.7
Bolivia ............................................3.7
Cameroon......................................3.7
Bangladesh....................................3.6
Vietnam .........................................3.4
Mongolia ........................................3.4
Lesotho .........................................3.3
Chad..............................................3.2
Haiti ...............................................3.2
Mali ................................................3.1
Guinea ...........................................3.1
Algeria ...........................................3.0
Burundi ..........................................2.9
Timor-Leste ...................................2.8
Yemen ...........................................2.7
Mauritania ......................................2.7
Libya ..............................................2.6
Angola ...........................................2.3
Myanmar........................................2.3

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 427

2.2: Data Tables

1.19

Efficacy of corporate boards

In your country, how would you characterize corporate governance by investors and boards of directors? [1 = management has little accountability to investors and boards;
7 = management is highly accountable to investors and boards] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

South Africa ...................................6.0
New Zealand .................................5.9
Norway ..........................................5.9
Finland ...........................................5.8
Singapore ......................................5.7
Sweden .........................................5.7
Australia .........................................5.5
Luxembourg ..................................5.5
Qatar .............................................5.5
Netherlands ...................................5.5
Switzerland ....................................5.4
Puerto Rico....................................5.4
Malaysia.........................................5.3
Canada ..........................................5.3
United States .................................5.3
Belgium .........................................5.3
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.3
France ...........................................5.3
Japan ............................................5.3
Denmark ........................................5.2
United Kingdom .............................5.2
Germany ........................................5.2
Sri Lanka .......................................5.1
United Arab Emirates .....................5.1
Guatemala .....................................5.0
Mauritius ........................................5.0
Chile ..............................................5.0
Oman ............................................5.0
Iceland ...........................................5.0
Ireland............................................5.0
Lithuania ........................................5.0
Barbados .......................................5.0
Peru ...............................................5.0
Taiwan, China ................................5.0
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.0
Estonia...........................................5.0
Austria ...........................................5.0
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.9
Rwanda .........................................4.9
Morocco ........................................4.9
Zambia ..........................................4.9
Seychelles......................................4.8
Gambia, The ..................................4.8
Brazil..............................................4.8
Senegal .........................................4.8
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.8
Costa Rica .....................................4.8
Philippines .....................................4.8
Gabon ...........................................4.8
Botswana ......................................4.8
Indonesia .......................................4.8
Latvia .............................................4.8
Kazakhstan ....................................4.8
Colombia .......................................4.8
Cameroon......................................4.8
Bahrain ..........................................4.7
Bhutan ...........................................4.7
Lao PDR ........................................4.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.7
Zimbabwe ......................................4.7
Jamaica .........................................4.6
Thailand .........................................4.6
Malta .............................................4.6
Burkina Faso..................................4.6
India...............................................4.6
Azerbaijan ......................................4.6
Uganda ..........................................4.6
Israel ..............................................4.6
Honduras .......................................4.6
Panama .........................................4.6
Guyana ..........................................4.6
Guinea ...........................................4.5
Cambodia ......................................4.5
Kenya ............................................4.5

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.5

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

428 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Dominican Republic .......................4.5
Uruguay .........................................4.5
Benin .............................................4.5
Mexico ...........................................4.5
Malawi ...........................................4.5
Ecuador .........................................4.4
Swaziland ......................................4.4
Slovak Republic .............................4.4
Namibia .........................................4.4
China .............................................4.4
Portugal .........................................4.4
Myanmar........................................4.4
Madagascar ...................................4.4
Czech Republic .............................4.4
Albania...........................................4.4
Sierra Leone ..................................4.4
Ghana ............................................4.4
Turkey............................................4.4
Spain .............................................4.3
Montenegro ...................................4.3
Poland ...........................................4.3
Armenia .........................................4.3
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.3
Russian Federation ........................4.3
Liberia ............................................4.3
El Salvador.....................................4.3
Moldova .........................................4.2
Tanzania ........................................4.2
Ukraine ..........................................4.2
Jordan ...........................................4.2
Paraguay .......................................4.2
Croatia ...........................................4.2
Vietnam .........................................4.2
Nigeria ...........................................4.1
Georgia ..........................................4.1
Cyprus ...........................................4.1
Bolivia ............................................4.1
Venezuela ......................................4.1
Mozambique ..................................4.1
Lesotho .........................................4.1
Suriname .......................................4.1
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.1
Kuwait ...........................................4.1
Argentina .......................................4.1
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.0
Hungary .........................................4.0
Cape Verde ...................................4.0
Greece ...........................................4.0
Pakistan .........................................4.0
Tunisia ...........................................4.0
Nicaragua ......................................4.0
Romania ........................................4.0
Bulgaria .........................................4.0
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.9
Nepal .............................................3.9
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.9
Haiti ...............................................3.9
Burundi ..........................................3.9
Lebanon ........................................3.9
Bangladesh....................................3.9
Slovenia .........................................3.8
Mongolia ........................................3.8
Italy ................................................3.8
Serbia ............................................3.7
Ethiopia..........................................3.7
Timor-Leste ...................................3.6
Egypt .............................................3.6
Mali ................................................3.6
Algeria ...........................................3.5
Yemen ...........................................3.5
Mauritania ......................................3.2
Chad..............................................3.2
Libya ..............................................3.1
Angola ...........................................2.6

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.5

7

2.2: Data Tables

1.20 Protection of minority shareholders’ interests
In your country, to what extent are the interests of minority shareholders protected by the legal system? [1 = not protected at all; 7 = fully protected] | 2012–13 weighted average RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

South Africa ...................................6.2
Finland ...........................................6.2
Qatar .............................................6.0
Puerto Rico....................................6.0
New Zealand .................................5.9
Norway ..........................................5.9
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.7
Sweden .........................................5.6
Luxembourg ..................................5.5
Singapore ......................................5.4
Netherlands ...................................5.4
Oman ............................................5.3
United Arab Emirates .....................5.2
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.2
United Kingdom .............................5.2
Canada ..........................................5.2
Bahrain ..........................................5.2
Malta .............................................5.2
Mauritius ........................................5.2
Japan ............................................5.1
Malaysia.........................................5.1
Austria ...........................................5.0
Sri Lanka .......................................5.0
Australia .........................................4.9
Taiwan, China ................................4.9
Brazil..............................................4.9
United States .................................4.9
Jordan ...........................................4.8
Germany ........................................4.8
Belgium .........................................4.8
Rwanda .........................................4.8
Ireland............................................4.7
Panama .........................................4.7
Thailand .........................................4.7
Namibia .........................................4.7
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.7
Zambia ..........................................4.7
Costa Rica .....................................4.6
Barbados .......................................4.6
Denmark ........................................4.6
Seychelles......................................4.6
Uruguay .........................................4.6
Israel ..............................................4.5
Switzerland ....................................4.5
Indonesia .......................................4.5
France ...........................................4.5
Philippines .....................................4.5
Cyprus ...........................................4.5
Chile ..............................................4.5
Botswana ......................................4.5
Jamaica .........................................4.4
India...............................................4.4
Gambia, The ..................................4.4
Ghana ............................................4.4
Malawi ...........................................4.4
Mexico ...........................................4.4
Turkey............................................4.3
Zimbabwe ......................................4.3
Iceland ...........................................4.3
Kuwait ...........................................4.3
Tunisia ...........................................4.3
Swaziland ......................................4.3
Morocco ........................................4.2
Estonia...........................................4.2
Portugal .........................................4.2
Dominican Republic .......................4.2
Greece ...........................................4.2
Peru ...............................................4.2
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.2
Montenegro ...................................4.1
Lao PDR ........................................4.1
Bhutan ...........................................4.1
Pakistan .........................................4.1
Kazakhstan ....................................4.1

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.2

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.2

7

China .............................................4.1
Colombia .......................................4.1
Guatemala .....................................4.0
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.0
Spain .............................................4.0
Hungary .........................................4.0
Cameroon......................................4.0
Kenya ............................................4.0
Czech Republic .............................3.9
Azerbaijan ......................................3.9
Liberia ............................................3.9
Cambodia ......................................3.9
Ethiopia..........................................3.9
Latvia .............................................3.9
Ecuador .........................................3.9
Honduras .......................................3.9
Guyana ..........................................3.9
Lithuania ........................................3.9
Poland ...........................................3.9
Bolivia ............................................3.9
Albania...........................................3.8
Senegal .........................................3.8
Egypt .............................................3.8
Cape Verde ...................................3.8
Bulgaria .........................................3.8
Armenia .........................................3.8
Nigeria ...........................................3.8
Gabon ...........................................3.7
Sierra Leone ..................................3.7
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.7
Guinea ...........................................3.7
Lebanon ........................................3.7
Mozambique ..................................3.7
Mali ................................................3.7
Slovak Republic .............................3.7
Tanzania ........................................3.7
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.7
Mongolia ........................................3.6
Nicaragua ......................................3.6
Croatia ...........................................3.6
Slovenia .........................................3.6
Burkina Faso..................................3.6
Uganda ..........................................3.5
Moldova .........................................3.5
Paraguay .......................................3.5
Lesotho .........................................3.5
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.5
Madagascar ...................................3.5
Nepal .............................................3.5
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.5
Georgia ..........................................3.4
Vietnam .........................................3.4
Benin .............................................3.4
Romania ........................................3.3
Argentina .......................................3.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.3
Venezuela ......................................3.3
Russian Federation ........................3.3
Italy ................................................3.3
Suriname .......................................3.2
Bangladesh....................................3.1
Timor-Leste ...................................3.1
Yemen ...........................................3.1
Algeria ...........................................3.0
El Salvador.....................................3.0
Myanmar........................................3.0
Burundi ..........................................3.0
Mauritania ......................................2.9
Haiti ...............................................2.8
Serbia ............................................2.7
Angola ...........................................2.7
Ukraine ..........................................2.7
Libya ..............................................2.6
Chad..............................................2.6

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 429

2.2: Data Tables

1.21 Strength of investor protection
Strength of Investor Protection Index on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
4
6
6
6
6
10
10
10
13
13
13
13
17
17
19
19
19
19
19
19
25
25
25
25
25
25
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
69
69
69
69
69
69

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

New Zealand .................................9.7
Singapore ......................................9.3
Hong Kong SAR ............................9.0
Canada ..........................................8.7
Malaysia.........................................8.7
Colombia .......................................8.3
Ireland............................................8.3
Israel ..............................................8.3
United States .................................8.3
Kazakhstan ....................................8.0
South Africa ...................................8.0
United Kingdom .............................8.0
Kyrgyz Republic .............................7.7
Mauritius ........................................7.7
Peru ...............................................7.7
Thailand .........................................7.7
Albania...........................................7.3
Slovenia .........................................7.3
Belgium .........................................7.0
Georgia ..........................................7.0
Japan ............................................7.0
Macedonia, FYR ............................7.0
Puerto Rico....................................7.0
Saudi Arabia ..................................7.0
Armenia .........................................6.7
Azerbaijan ......................................6.7
Bangladesh....................................6.7
Mongolia ........................................6.7
Norway ..........................................6.7
Trinidad and Tobago......................6.7
Chile ..............................................6.3
Cyprus ...........................................6.3
Denmark ........................................6.3
Kuwait ...........................................6.3
Montenegro ...................................6.3
Pakistan .........................................6.3
Rwanda .........................................6.3
Sierra Leone ..................................6.3
Sweden .........................................6.3
Taiwan, China ................................6.3
Botswana ......................................6.0
Bulgaria .........................................6.0
Burundi ..........................................6.0
Ghana ............................................6.0
Iceland ...........................................6.0
India...............................................6.0
Indonesia .......................................6.0
Italy ................................................6.0
Korea, Rep. ...................................6.0
Mexico ...........................................6.0
Mozambique ..................................6.0
Poland ...........................................6.0
Portugal .........................................6.0
Romania ........................................6.0
Sri Lanka .......................................6.0
Tunisia ...........................................6.0
Angola ...........................................5.7
Australia .........................................5.7
Estonia...........................................5.7
Finland ...........................................5.7
Latvia .............................................5.7
Lithuania ........................................5.7
Madagascar ...................................5.7
Malta .............................................5.7
Nigeria ...........................................5.7
Paraguay .......................................5.7
Seychelles......................................5.7
Turkey............................................5.7
Algeria ...........................................5.3
Bahrain ..........................................5.3
Brazil..............................................5.3
Cambodia ......................................5.3
Egypt .............................................5.3
France ...........................................5.3

69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
84
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
107
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
123
123
123
123
123
123
129
129
129
129
129
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
142
142
144
145
146
n/a n/a SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises

430 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Guyana ..........................................5.3
Jamaica .........................................5.3
Malawi ...........................................5.3
Moldova .........................................5.3
Namibia .........................................5.3
Nepal .............................................5.3
Panama .........................................5.3
Serbia ............................................5.3
Zambia ..........................................5.3
Austria ...........................................5.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................5.0
China .............................................5.0
Czech Republic .............................5.0
Dominican Republic .......................5.0
Germany ........................................5.0
Kenya ............................................5.0
Lebanon ........................................5.0
Lesotho .........................................5.0
Morocco ........................................5.0
Nicaragua ......................................5.0
Oman ............................................5.0
Qatar .............................................5.0
Spain .............................................5.0
Tanzania ........................................5.0
Uruguay .........................................5.0
Argentina .......................................4.7
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.7
Greece ...........................................4.7
Netherlands ...................................4.7
Russian Federation ........................4.7
Slovak Republic .............................4.7
Ukraine ..........................................4.7
Cameroon......................................4.3
Ethiopia..........................................4.3
Hungary .........................................4.3
Jordan ...........................................4.3
Luxembourg ..................................4.3
Philippines .....................................4.3
Swaziland ......................................4.3
United Arab Emirates .....................4.3
Zimbabwe ......................................4.3
Bolivia ............................................4.0
Cape Verde ...................................4.0
Croatia ...........................................4.0
Ecuador .........................................4.0
Timor-Leste ...................................4.0
Uganda ..........................................4.0
Yemen ...........................................4.0
Bhutan ...........................................3.7
Burkina Faso..................................3.7
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.7
Liberia ............................................3.7
Mali ................................................3.7
Mauritania ......................................3.7
Benin .............................................3.3
Chad..............................................3.3
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.3
Gabon ...........................................3.3
Guatemala .....................................3.3
Barbados .......................................3.0
Costa Rica .....................................3.0
El Salvador.....................................3.0
Haiti ...............................................3.0
Honduras .......................................3.0
Senegal .........................................3.0
Switzerland ....................................3.0
Vietnam .........................................3.0
Gambia, The ..................................2.7
Guinea ...........................................2.7
Venezuela ......................................2.3
Suriname .......................................2.0
Lao PDR ........................................1.7
Libya ..............................................n/a
Myanmar........................................n/a

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Data Tables

Pillar 2
Infrastructure

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

2.01 Quality of overall infrastructure
How would you assess general infrastructure (e.g., transport, telephony, and energy) in your country? [1 = extremely underdeveloped—among the worst in the world; 7 = extensive and efficient—among the best in the world] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................6.6
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.5
Finland ...........................................6.5
United Arab Emirates .....................6.4
Singapore ......................................6.4
France ...........................................6.3
Iceland ...........................................6.3
Austria ...........................................6.2
Netherlands ...................................6.2
Germany ........................................6.2
Portugal .........................................6.1
Spain .............................................6.0
Luxembourg ..................................6.0
Japan ............................................6.0
Canada ..........................................5.8
Belgium .........................................5.8
Oman ............................................5.8
Denmark ........................................5.7
United States .................................5.7
Bahrain ..........................................5.7
Sweden .........................................5.7
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.7
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.6
Barbados .......................................5.6
Malaysia.........................................5.5
Taiwan, China ................................5.5
Qatar .............................................5.4
United Kingdom .............................5.4
Norway ..........................................5.3
Panama .........................................5.2
Slovenia .........................................5.2
Namibia .........................................5.2
Estonia...........................................5.2
Australia .........................................5.2
Ireland............................................5.2
Malta .............................................5.2
Czech Republic .............................5.1
Jordan ...........................................5.1
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.1
Cyprus ...........................................5.1
Turkey............................................5.1
Croatia ...........................................5.1
New Zealand .................................5.1
Lithuania ........................................5.1
Chile ..............................................5.0
Puerto Rico....................................5.0
Bhutan ...........................................4.9
Morocco ........................................4.9
Hungary .........................................4.9
Latvia .............................................4.9
Israel ..............................................4.8
Mauritius ........................................4.8
Italy ................................................4.8
Sri Lanka .......................................4.8
Azerbaijan ......................................4.7
Seychelles......................................4.7
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.7
Georgia ..........................................4.6
Kuwait ...........................................4.6
Greece ...........................................4.5
Thailand .........................................4.5
Rwanda .........................................4.5
South Africa ...................................4.5
Kazakhstan ....................................4.5
Lao PDR ........................................4.4
Mexico ...........................................4.4
Armenia .........................................4.4
Kenya ............................................4.4
Guatemala .....................................4.4
Ukraine ..........................................4.4
Swaziland ......................................4.3
El Salvador.....................................4.3
Gambia, The ..................................4.3
China .............................................4.3

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.3

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

432 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Ecuador .........................................4.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.2
Jamaica .........................................4.2
Botswana ......................................4.2
Suriname .......................................4.1
Tunisia ...........................................4.1
Slovak Republic .............................4.1
Indonesia .......................................4.0
Guyana ..........................................4.0
Poland ...........................................4.0
India...............................................3.9
Cambodia ......................................3.9
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.9
Uruguay .........................................3.9
Algeria ...........................................3.8
Ghana ............................................3.8
Montenegro ...................................3.8
Albania...........................................3.8
Russian Federation ........................3.8
Zambia ..........................................3.8
Mali ................................................3.8
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.8
Costa Rica .....................................3.8
Philippines .....................................3.7
Dominican Republic .......................3.7
Cape Verde ...................................3.6
Peru ...............................................3.6
Bulgaria .........................................3.5
Liberia ............................................3.5
Nicaragua ......................................3.5
Moldova .........................................3.5
Romania ........................................3.4
Bolivia ............................................3.4
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.4
Lesotho .........................................3.4
Vietnam .........................................3.4
Uganda ..........................................3.4
Ethiopia..........................................3.4
Senegal .........................................3.4
Brazil..............................................3.4
Serbia ............................................3.4
Honduras .......................................3.3
Colombia .......................................3.3
Egypt .............................................3.3
Pakistan .........................................3.3
Argentina .......................................3.2
Malawi ...........................................3.2
Zimbabwe ......................................3.2
Madagascar ...................................3.2
Tanzania ........................................3.2
Sierra Leone ..................................3.1
Mozambique ..................................3.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.1
Cameroon......................................3.1
Nigeria ...........................................3.0
Gabon ...........................................2.9
Timor-Leste ...................................2.9
Nepal .............................................2.9
Mongolia ........................................2.8
Bangladesh....................................2.8
Benin .............................................2.8
Yemen ...........................................2.6
Venezuela ......................................2.6
Mauritania ......................................2.6
Paraguay .......................................2.6
Burkina Faso..................................2.5
Burundi ..........................................2.5
Lebanon ........................................2.3
Chad..............................................2.3
Libya ..............................................2.3
Haiti ...............................................2.2
Myanmar........................................2.1
Guinea ...........................................2.1
Angola ...........................................2.0

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.3

7

2.2: Data Tables

2.02 Quality of roads
In your country, how would you assess the following aspects of transport infrastructure? (a) Roads [1 = extremely underdeveloped—among the worst in the world; 7 = extensive and efficient—among the best in the world] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

United Arab Emirates .....................6.6
France ...........................................6.4
Oman ............................................6.4
Portugal .........................................6.3
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.2
Austria ...........................................6.2
Singapore ......................................6.2
Switzerland ....................................6.2
Finland ...........................................6.1
Netherlands ...................................6.0
Germany ........................................6.0
Japan ............................................6.0
Spain .............................................6.0
Taiwan, China ................................5.9
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.8
Luxembourg ..................................5.8
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.8
United States .................................5.7
Canada ..........................................5.6
Sweden .........................................5.5
Croatia ...........................................5.5
Denmark ........................................5.5
Malaysia.........................................5.4
Bahrain ..........................................5.4
Cyprus ...........................................5.4
Belgium .........................................5.4
Chile ..............................................5.4
United Kingdom .............................5.3
Ireland............................................5.3
Namibia .........................................5.3
Puerto Rico....................................5.1
Slovenia .........................................5.1
Barbados .......................................5.1
Lithuania ........................................5.0
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.0
Iceland ...........................................5.0
New Zealand .................................5.0
Qatar .............................................5.0
Israel ..............................................5.0
Australia .........................................4.9
South Africa ...................................4.9
Thailand .........................................4.9
Swaziland ......................................4.9
Turkey............................................4.9
Kuwait ...........................................4.8
Jordan ...........................................4.8
Rwanda .........................................4.8
Panama .........................................4.8
Sri Lanka .......................................4.7
Ecuador .........................................4.6
Mexico ...........................................4.6
Mauritius ........................................4.5
Morocco ........................................4.5
China .............................................4.5
Italy ................................................4.4
Seychelles......................................4.3
Bhutan ...........................................4.3
El Salvador.....................................4.3
Botswana ......................................4.3
Georgia ..........................................4.2
Gambia, The ..................................4.2
Dominican Republic .......................4.2
Greece ...........................................4.2
Estonia...........................................4.2
Lao PDR ........................................4.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.1
Kenya ............................................4.1
Cape Verde ...................................4.1
Ethiopia..........................................4.1
Ghana ............................................4.1
Suriname .......................................4.0
Pakistan .........................................4.0
Hungary .........................................4.0
Azerbaijan ......................................4.0

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.0

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.0

7

Trinidad and Tobago......................3.9
Albania...........................................3.9
Tunisia ...........................................3.8
Indonesia .......................................3.7
Nicaragua ......................................3.7
Cambodia ......................................3.7
Czech Republic .............................3.7
Armenia .........................................3.7
Norway ..........................................3.7
India...............................................3.6
Slovak Republic .............................3.6
Jamaica .........................................3.6
Philippines .....................................3.6
Uruguay .........................................3.5
Mali ................................................3.5
Guatemala .....................................3.4
Malta .............................................3.4
Bolivia ............................................3.4
Guyana ..........................................3.4
Zambia ..........................................3.4
Montenegro ...................................3.3
Malawi ...........................................3.3
Senegal .........................................3.3
Peru ...............................................3.3
Algeria ...........................................3.3
Zimbabwe ......................................3.3
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.2
Vietnam .........................................3.1
Argentina .......................................3.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.1
Poland ...........................................3.0
Uganda ..........................................3.0
Sierra Leone ..................................3.0
Burundi ..........................................3.0
Tanzania ........................................3.0
Latvia .............................................3.0
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.0
Bulgaria .........................................2.9
Liberia ............................................2.9
Honduras .......................................2.9
Lesotho .........................................2.9
Cameroon......................................2.8
Kazakhstan ....................................2.8
Bangladesh....................................2.8
Serbia ............................................2.8
Brazil..............................................2.8
Benin .............................................2.8
Egypt .............................................2.7
Lebanon ........................................2.7
Mauritania ......................................2.7
Costa Rica .....................................2.7
Nepal .............................................2.7
Nigeria ...........................................2.7
Venezuela ......................................2.6
Madagascar ...................................2.6
Colombia .......................................2.6
Burkina Faso..................................2.6
Paraguay .......................................2.5
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.5
Libya ..............................................2.5
Chad..............................................2.5
Russian Federation ........................2.5
Yemen ...........................................2.4
Myanmar........................................2.4
Angola ...........................................2.4
Gabon ...........................................2.3
Mongolia ........................................2.3
Mozambique ..................................2.3
Haiti ...............................................2.2
Ukraine ..........................................2.1
Romania ........................................2.1
Timor-Leste ...................................2.0
Guinea ...........................................1.9
Moldova .........................................1.7

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 433

2.2: Data Tables

2.03 Quality of railroad infrastructure
In your country, how would you assess the following aspects of transport infrastructure? (b) Railroad system [1 = extremely underdeveloped—among the worst in the world; 7 = extensive and efficient—among the best in the world] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANKCOUNTRY/ECONOMY

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.2

7

Japan ............................................6.7
Switzerland ....................................6.6
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.5
France ...........................................6.3
Spain .............................................5.9
Finland ...........................................5.9
Germany ........................................5.7
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.7
Taiwan, China ................................5.7
Singapore ......................................5.6
Netherlands ...................................5.5
Austria ...........................................5.2
Luxembourg ..................................5.0
United Kingdom .............................5.0
Belgium .........................................5.0
Canada ..........................................5.0
United States .................................4.9
Malaysia.........................................4.8
India...............................................4.8
China .............................................4.7
Lithuania ........................................4.7
Czech Republic .............................4.6
Sweden .........................................4.6
Denmark ........................................4.5
Ukraine ..........................................4.5
Portugal .........................................4.4
Kazakhstan ....................................4.4
Slovak Republic .............................4.3
Italy ................................................4.2
Panama .........................................4.2
Russian Federation ........................4.2
Latvia .............................................4.2
Australia .........................................4.1
Ireland............................................4.1
Georgia ..........................................3.9
Azerbaijan ......................................3.9
Morocco ........................................3.9
Swaziland ......................................3.7
New Zealand .................................3.7
Sri Lanka .......................................3.6
Hungary .........................................3.6
Estonia...........................................3.6
Norway ..........................................3.6
Indonesia .......................................3.5
Namibia .........................................3.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.5
Saudi Arabia ..................................3.4
South Africa ...................................3.4
Tunisia ...........................................3.4
Slovenia .........................................3.2
Israel ..............................................3.2
Turkey............................................3.1
Croatia ...........................................3.1
Bulgaria .........................................3.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.0
Montenegro ...................................3.0
Ecuador .........................................3.0
Vietnam .........................................3.0
Botswana ......................................2.9
Mexico ...........................................2.8
Bolivia ............................................2.8
Nicaragua ......................................2.8
Egypt .............................................2.7
Greece ...........................................2.7
Chile ..............................................2.7
Mongolia ........................................2.6
Dominican Republic .......................2.6
Moldova .........................................2.6
Armenia .........................................2.6
Poland ...........................................2.6
Puerto Rico....................................2.6
Thailand .........................................2.6
El Salvador.....................................2.5
Kenya ............................................2.5

SOURCE:
NOTE:

RANKCOUNTRY/ECONOMY

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey
N/Appl. is used for economies where the railroad network totals less than 50 km.

434 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Pakistan .........................................2.5
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.5
Cameroon......................................2.5
Bangladesh....................................2.4
Guyana ..........................................2.4
Gabon ...........................................2.4
Mali ................................................2.4
Romania ........................................2.3
Algeria ...........................................2.3
Zimbabwe ......................................2.3
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.1
Ghana ............................................2.1
Zambia ..........................................2.1
Mozambique ..................................2.1
Philippines .....................................2.1
Jordan ...........................................2.0
Cambodia ......................................2.0
Mauritania ......................................2.0
Tanzania ........................................2.0
Madagascar ...................................2.0
Serbia ............................................2.0
Liberia ............................................2.0
Malawi ...........................................1.9
Senegal .........................................1.9
Macedonia, FYR ............................1.9
Burkina Faso..................................1.8
Nigeria ...........................................1.8
Peru ...............................................1.8
Brazil..............................................1.8
Myanmar........................................1.8
Costa Rica .....................................1.7
Argentina .......................................1.7
Angola ...........................................1.7
Suriname .......................................1.7
Venezuela ......................................1.6
Uganda ..........................................1.5
Ethiopia..........................................1.5
Sierra Leone ..................................1.5
Colombia .......................................1.5
Guinea ...........................................1.4
Benin .............................................1.4
Jamaica .........................................1.3
Uruguay .........................................1.2
Albania...........................................1.2
Guatemala .....................................1.2
Honduras .......................................1.1
Nepal .............................................1.1
Bahrain ...................................N/Appl.
Barbados ................................N/Appl.
Bhutan ....................................N/Appl.
Brunei Darussalam ..................N/Appl.
Burundi ...................................N/Appl.
Cape Verde ............................N/Appl.
Chad.......................................N/Appl.
Cyprus ....................................N/Appl.
Gambia, The ...........................N/Appl.
Haiti ........................................N/Appl.
Iceland ....................................N/Appl.
Kuwait ....................................N/Appl.
Lao PDR .................................N/Appl.
Lebanon .................................N/Appl.
Lesotho ..................................N/Appl.
Libya .......................................N/Appl.
Malta ......................................N/Appl.
Mauritius .................................N/Appl.
Oman .....................................N/Appl.
Paraguay ................................N/Appl.
Qatar ......................................N/Appl.
Rwanda ..................................N/Appl.
Seychelles...............................N/Appl.
Timor-Leste ............................N/Appl.
Trinidad and Tobago...............N/Appl.
United Arab Emirates ..............N/Appl.
Yemen ....................................N/Appl.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.2

7

2.2: Data Tables

2.04 Quality of port infrastructure
In your country, how would you assess the following aspects of transport infrastructure? (d) Seaport facilities [1 = extremely underdeveloped—among the worst in the world; 7 = extensive and efficient—among the best in the world | For landlocked countries: How accessible are seaport facilities? [1 = extremely underdeveloped—among the worst in the world; 7 = extensive and efficient—among the best in the world] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

SOURCE:
1

VALUE

1

Netherlands ...................................6.8
Singapore ......................................6.8
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.6
United Arab Emirates .....................6.4
Finland ...........................................6.4
Panama .........................................6.4
Belgium .........................................6.3
Iceland ...........................................6.0
Germany ........................................5.8
Sweden .........................................5.8
Bahrain ..........................................5.8
Spain .............................................5.8
Malta .............................................5.8
Denmark ........................................5.7
United Kingdom .............................5.7
United States .................................5.7
Estonia...........................................5.6
Barbados .......................................5.6
New Zealand .................................5.5
Canada ..........................................5.5
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.5
Norway ..........................................5.5
Oman ............................................5.5
Malaysia.........................................5.4
France ...........................................5.4
Luxembourg 1 ................................5.4
Namibia .........................................5.3
Puerto Rico....................................5.3
Taiwan, China ................................5.3
Japan ............................................5.2
Qatar .............................................5.2
Chile ..............................................5.2
Ireland............................................5.2
Portugal .........................................5.2
Lithuania ........................................5.1
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.1
Latvia .............................................5.1
Slovenia .........................................5.1
Jamaica .........................................5.1
Switzerland 1 ..................................5.0
Morocco ........................................5.0
Australia .........................................5.0
Suriname .......................................4.9
Mauritius ........................................4.9
Seychelles......................................4.9
Cyprus ...........................................4.8
Senegal .........................................4.8
Austria 1 .........................................4.7
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.7
Uruguay .........................................4.7
South Africa ...................................4.7
Dominican Republic .......................4.6
Gambia, The ..................................4.6
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.5
Pakistan .........................................4.5
Thailand .........................................4.5
Greece ...........................................4.5
Jordan ...........................................4.5
China .............................................4.5
Azerbaijan 1 ....................................4.5
Czech Republic1 ............................4.4
Mexico ...........................................4.4
Turkey............................................4.3
Lebanon ........................................4.3
Croatia ...........................................4.3
Swaziland 1 ....................................4.3
Italy ................................................4.3
Georgia ..........................................4.2
Ecuador .........................................4.2
India...............................................4.2
Ghana ............................................4.2
El Salvador.....................................4.2
Sri Lanka .......................................4.2
Kuwait ...........................................4.1

MEAN 4.2

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.2

7

Trinidad and Tobago......................4.1
Zimbabwe 1 ....................................4.1
Guatemala .....................................4.1
Kenya ............................................4.1
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.1
Egypt .............................................4.1
Cambodia ......................................4.0
Tunisia ...........................................4.0
Mali 1 ..............................................4.0
Hungary 1 .......................................3.9
Bulgaria .........................................3.9
Montenegro ...................................3.9
Honduras .......................................3.9
Russian Federation ........................3.9
Indonesia .......................................3.9
Israel ..............................................3.8
Cape Verde ...................................3.8
Macedonia, FYR 1 ..........................3.8
Peru ...............................................3.7
Ukraine ..........................................3.7
Benin .............................................3.7
Slovak Republic 1 ...........................3.7
Poland ...........................................3.7
Vietnam .........................................3.7
Argentina .......................................3.7
Cameroon......................................3.7
Sierra Leone ..................................3.6
Botswana 1.....................................3.6
Rwanda 1 .......................................3.6
Bangladesh....................................3.5
Madagascar ...................................3.5
Burkina Faso 1 ................................3.5
Mozambique ..................................3.5
Zambia 1.........................................3.5
Albania...........................................3.5
Colombia .......................................3.5
Nicaragua ......................................3.5
Nigeria ...........................................3.4
Guyana ..........................................3.4
Uganda 1 ........................................3.4
Paraguay 1 .....................................3.4
Philippines .....................................3.4
Liberia ............................................3.4
Malawi 1 .........................................3.3
Guinea ...........................................3.2
Tanzania ........................................3.2
Ethiopia 1 ........................................3.1
Armenia 1 .......................................3.0
Romania ........................................3.0
Libya ..............................................3.0
Angola ...........................................2.9
Mauritania ......................................2.9
Lesotho 1........................................2.9
Costa Rica .....................................2.9
Yemen ...........................................2.9
Burundi 1 ........................................2.8
Brazil..............................................2.7
Algeria ...........................................2.7
Gabon ...........................................2.7
Nepal 1 ...........................................2.7
Kazakhstan 1 ..................................2.7
Myanmar........................................2.6
Lao PDR 1 ......................................2.6
Moldova 1 .......................................2.6
Serbia 1 ..........................................2.6
Mongolia 1 ......................................2.6
Venezuela ......................................2.5
Bolivia 1 ..........................................2.5
Chad 1 ............................................2.5
Haiti ...............................................2.4
Timor-Leste ...................................2.4
Bhutan1 .........................................2.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................1.8
Kyrgyz Republic 1 ...........................1.3

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

Landlocked
© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 435

2.2: Data Tables

2.05 Quality of air transport infrastructure
In your country, how would you assess the following aspects of transport infrastructure? (c) Air transport infrastructure [1 = extremely underdeveloped—among the worst in the world; 7 = extensive and efficient—among the best in the world] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Singapore ......................................6.8
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.7
United Arab Emirates .....................6.7
Netherlands ...................................6.5
Panama .........................................6.3
Finland ...........................................6.2
Switzerland ....................................6.2
Germany ........................................6.1
Norway ..........................................6.1
France ...........................................6.1
South Africa ...................................6.1
Spain .............................................6.0
Iceland ...........................................6.0
Qatar .............................................6.0
Barbados .......................................6.0
Belgium .........................................6.0
New Zealand .................................6.0
United States .................................5.9
Canada ..........................................5.9
Malaysia.........................................5.8
Czech Republic .............................5.8
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.8
Malta .............................................5.7
Sweden .........................................5.7
Bahrain ..........................................5.6
Denmark ........................................5.6
Portugal .........................................5.6
United Kingdom .............................5.6
Luxembourg ..................................5.6
Australia .........................................5.6
Ireland............................................5.6
Puerto Rico....................................5.5
Turkey............................................5.5
Thailand .........................................5.5
Oman ............................................5.5
Jordan ...........................................5.5
Japan ............................................5.4
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.4
Austria ...........................................5.4
Latvia .............................................5.4
Taiwan, China ................................5.4
Ethiopia..........................................5.3
Cyprus ...........................................5.3
Greece ...........................................5.3
Jamaica .........................................5.2
Chile ..............................................5.2
Dominican Republic .......................5.2
Azerbaijan ......................................5.1
Morocco ........................................5.0
Mauritius ........................................5.0
Trinidad and Tobago......................5.0
Israel ..............................................5.0
Lebanon ........................................4.9
Seychelles......................................4.8
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.8
El Salvador.....................................4.8
Costa Rica .....................................4.8
Namibia .........................................4.8
Egypt .............................................4.8
Sri Lanka .......................................4.8
India...............................................4.8
Kenya ............................................4.7
Gambia, The ..................................4.7
Mexico ...........................................4.7
China .............................................4.5
Armenia .........................................4.5
Tunisia ...........................................4.5
Indonesia .......................................4.5
Senegal .........................................4.5
Ecuador .........................................4.5
Guatemala .....................................4.5
Croatia ...........................................4.4
Italy ................................................4.4
Slovenia .........................................4.3

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.4

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

436 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Lithuania ........................................4.3
Lao PDR ........................................4.3
Albania...........................................4.3
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.3
Ghana ............................................4.3
Rwanda .........................................4.3
Uruguay .........................................4.3
Montenegro ...................................4.2
Bulgaria .........................................4.2
Georgia ..........................................4.2
Peru ...............................................4.2
Mali ................................................4.1
Estonia...........................................4.1
Pakistan .........................................4.1
Kazakhstan ....................................4.1
Cambodia ......................................4.1
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.1
Vietnam .........................................4.0
Kuwait ...........................................4.0
Botswana ......................................4.0
Cape Verde ...................................4.0
Colombia .......................................4.0
Honduras .......................................4.0
Swaziland ......................................4.0
Nicaragua ......................................3.9
Guyana ..........................................3.9
Hungary .........................................3.9
Russian Federation ........................3.9
Poland ...........................................3.9
Suriname .......................................3.9
Ukraine ..........................................3.8
Madagascar ...................................3.6
Uganda ..........................................3.6
Nigeria ...........................................3.6
Mozambique ..................................3.6
Gabon ...........................................3.6
Argentina .......................................3.6
Cameroon......................................3.5
Philippines .....................................3.5
Zambia ..........................................3.5
Bhutan ...........................................3.5
Moldova .........................................3.5
Bolivia ............................................3.5
Angola ...........................................3.4
Romania ........................................3.4
Zimbabwe ......................................3.3
Serbia ............................................3.3
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.3
Brazil..............................................3.3
Slovak Republic .............................3.2
Bangladesh....................................3.2
Mongolia ........................................3.2
Liberia ............................................3.1
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.1
Burkina Faso..................................3.1
Guinea ...........................................3.0
Nepal .............................................3.0
Algeria ...........................................3.0
Benin .............................................3.0
Tanzania ........................................3.0
Venezuela ......................................3.0
Libya ..............................................2.9
Malawi ...........................................2.9
Sierra Leone ..................................2.8
Haiti ...............................................2.7
Yemen ...........................................2.7
Paraguay .......................................2.7
Burundi ..........................................2.7
Timor-Leste ...................................2.5
Mauritania ......................................2.3
Lesotho .........................................2.3
Myanmar........................................2.2
Chad..............................................2.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................2.0

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.4

7

2.2: Data Tables

2.06 Available airline seat kilometers
Scheduled available airline seat kilometers per week originating in country (in millions) | 2013

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

United States ........................32,852.2
China ....................................12,672.0
United Kingdom ......................6,326.3
Japan .....................................5,425.2
Germany .................................4,663.0
Australia ..................................4,334.3
United Arab Emirates ..............4,198.9
France ....................................3,820.6
Brazil.......................................3,780.6
Spain ......................................3,552.0
Russian Federation .................3,506.5
Canada ...................................3,364.6
India........................................3,288.0
Thailand ..................................2,464.2
Indonesia ................................2,435.0
Singapore ...............................2,378.3
Hong Kong SAR .....................2,371.9
Italy .........................................2,261.7
Korea, Rep. ............................2,167.4
Turkey.....................................2,081.9
Mexico ....................................1,849.4
Netherlands ............................1,759.5
Malaysia..................................1,683.0
Saudi Arabia ...........................1,201.1
South Africa ............................1,088.5
Philippines ..............................1,036.1
Taiwan, China .........................1,033.1
Qatar ......................................1,007.3
Switzerland ................................945.8
Argentina ...................................808.3
Portugal .....................................746.9
Vietnam .....................................734.0
Egypt .........................................710.5
New Zealand .............................693.6
Chile ..........................................570.8
Norway ......................................565.2
Belgium .....................................557.0
Greece .......................................542.0
Colombia ...................................527.6
Peru ...........................................513.2
Israel ..........................................502.4
Sweden .....................................497.0
Denmark ....................................463.8
Ireland........................................438.9
Austria .......................................416.1
Pakistan .....................................409.4
Morocco ....................................408.2
Finland .......................................392.6
Dominican Republic ...................386.4
Poland .......................................342.1
Panama .....................................340.2
Nigeria .......................................285.3
Sri Lanka ...................................271.6
Kenya ........................................264.2
Venezuela ..................................262.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. .......................261.1
Ethiopia......................................253.6
Ukraine ......................................236.2
Kazakhstan ................................234.1
Kuwait .......................................230.9
Puerto Rico................................223.0
Bangladesh................................203.2
Oman ........................................201.6
Czech Republic .........................194.6
Algeria .......................................183.9
Jordan .......................................181.6
Romania ....................................176.3
Bahrain ......................................174.8
Cyprus .......................................173.4
Ecuador .....................................166.6
Tunisia .......................................163.8
Mauritius ....................................162.7
Lebanon ....................................148.8
Jamaica .....................................139.1

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Costa Rica .................................136.3
Iceland .......................................123.3
Hungary .....................................122.5
Angola .......................................117.8
Ghana ........................................106.5
Bulgaria .....................................104.0
Senegal .....................................100.8
El Salvador...................................95.4
Nepal ...........................................90.1
Azerbaijan ....................................88.4
Croatia .........................................86.0
Tanzania ......................................83.2
Libya ............................................82.1
Cambodia ....................................75.4
Latvia ...........................................72.5
Serbia ..........................................72.1
Barbados .....................................71.4
Bolivia ..........................................70.4
Malta ...........................................70.3
Myanmar......................................69.8
Trinidad and Tobago....................61.4
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................58.4
Lithuania ......................................51.3
Cameroon....................................50.2
Uruguay .......................................47.4
Brunei Darussalam .......................47.2
Madagascar .................................45.2
Côte d’Ivoire ................................44.2
Uganda ........................................43.7
Zambia ........................................43.5
Guatemala ...................................43.4
Armenia .......................................43.4
Cape Verde .................................40.4
Yemen .........................................39.8
Georgia ........................................39.3
Mozambique ................................34.5
Namibia .......................................31.0
Mongolia ......................................29.9
Gabon .........................................28.6
Suriname .....................................28.1
Seychelles....................................27.2
Honduras .....................................26.5
Slovak Republic ...........................26.4
Luxembourg ................................25.3
Albania.........................................24.2
Haiti .............................................23.4
Lao PDR ......................................22.1
Paraguay .....................................21.7
Montenegro .................................21.6
Estonia.........................................21.6
Nicaragua ....................................21.0
Mali ..............................................20.7
Benin ...........................................20.2
Moldova .......................................18.9
Burkina Faso................................17.9
Slovenia .......................................16.4
Rwanda .......................................15.3
Gambia, The ................................14.5
Macedonia, FYR ..........................13.1
Zimbabwe ....................................12.5
Guyana ........................................11.0
Mauritania ....................................11.0
Guinea ...........................................9.4
Sierra Leone ..................................8.4
Chad..............................................7.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................7.6
Botswana ......................................6.9
Malawi ...........................................5.9
Liberia ............................................5.0
Timor-Leste ...................................4.5
Burundi ..........................................2.6
Bhutan ...........................................2.2
Swaziland ......................................0.3
Lesotho .........................................0.3

International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 437

2.2: Data Tables

2.07 Quality of electricity supply
In your country, how would you assess the reliability of the electricity supply (lack of interruptions and lack of voltage fluctuations)? [1 = not reliable at all; 7 = extremely reliable] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Hong Kong SAR ............................6.8
Switzerland ....................................6.8
Netherlands ...................................6.7
Austria ...........................................6.7
Finland ...........................................6.7
Denmark ........................................6.7
Iceland ...........................................6.7
Singapore ......................................6.7
United Kingdom .............................6.7
France ...........................................6.6
Norway ..........................................6.6
Luxembourg ..................................6.6
Qatar .............................................6.6
Sweden .........................................6.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................6.5
Canada ..........................................6.5
Ireland............................................6.5
United Arab Emirates .....................6.5
Oman ............................................6.4
Czech Republic .............................6.4
Belgium .........................................6.4
Portugal .........................................6.4
Spain .............................................6.4
Saudi Arabia ..................................6.4
Slovenia .........................................6.4
Barbados .......................................6.3
Bahrain ..........................................6.3
Taiwan, China ................................6.2
Australia .........................................6.2
United States .................................6.2
Slovak Republic .............................6.2
Germany ........................................6.1
New Zealand .................................6.1
Japan ............................................6.0
Bhutan ...........................................5.9
Italy ................................................5.8
Malaysia.........................................5.8
Jordan ...........................................5.8
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.7
Israel ..............................................5.6
Hungary .........................................5.6
Croatia ...........................................5.6
Uruguay .........................................5.6
Costa Rica .....................................5.6
Namibia .........................................5.5
Lithuania ........................................5.5
Morocco ........................................5.5
Poland ...........................................5.5
Panama .........................................5.4
Trinidad and Tobago......................5.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................5.3
Georgia ..........................................5.3
Guatemala .....................................5.3
Latvia .............................................5.3
Greece ...........................................5.3
Tunisia ...........................................5.3
Cyprus ...........................................5.2
Thailand .........................................5.2
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.2
Armenia .........................................5.2
Lao PDR ........................................5.2
Kuwait ...........................................5.2
Colombia .......................................5.2
Puerto Rico....................................5.2
Chile ..............................................5.2
Mauritius ........................................5.1
China .............................................5.1
Estonia...........................................5.1
Malta .............................................5.1
Sri Lanka .......................................5.0
Seychelles......................................4.9
Serbia ............................................4.9
Peru ...............................................4.9
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.9

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.5

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

438 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Azerbaijan ......................................4.8
Brazil..............................................4.8
Turkey............................................4.8
Kazakhstan ....................................4.8
Ukraine ..........................................4.7
El Salvador.....................................4.7
Mexico ...........................................4.7
Montenegro ...................................4.5
Russian Federation ........................4.5
Ecuador .........................................4.5
Albania...........................................4.5
Jamaica .........................................4.4
Moldova .........................................4.3
Romania ........................................4.3
Indonesia .......................................4.3
Algeria ...........................................4.2
Swaziland ......................................4.1
Rwanda .........................................4.1
Philippines .....................................4.0
Bulgaria .........................................4.0
Vietnam .........................................4.0
Libya ..............................................3.9
Nicaragua ......................................3.9
Gambia, The ..................................3.8
Suriname .......................................3.8
Kenya ............................................3.8
South Africa ...................................3.8
Bolivia ............................................3.8
Mongolia ........................................3.6
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.6
Lesotho .........................................3.5
Mali ................................................3.4
Egypt .............................................3.4
Mauritania ......................................3.3
Mozambique ..................................3.2
Honduras .......................................3.2
India...............................................3.2
Cambodia ......................................3.2
Botswana ......................................3.1
Zambia ..........................................3.1
Ethiopia..........................................3.1
Argentina .......................................3.1
Paraguay .......................................3.0
Myanmar........................................2.9
Timor-Leste ...................................2.9
Ghana ............................................2.7
Guyana ..........................................2.7
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.7
Malawi ...........................................2.6
Cameroon......................................2.6
Liberia ............................................2.6
Uganda ..........................................2.5
Madagascar ...................................2.5
Sierra Leone ..................................2.4
Senegal .........................................2.3
Gabon ...........................................2.3
Tanzania ........................................2.3
Benin .............................................2.2
Bangladesh....................................2.2
Dominican Republic .......................2.1
Pakistan .........................................2.0
Burkina Faso..................................2.0
Haiti ...............................................2.0
Zimbabwe ......................................2.0
Cape Verde ...................................1.9
Burundi ..........................................1.8
Nigeria ...........................................1.8
Venezuela ......................................1.8
Angola ...........................................1.7
Nepal .............................................1.6
Chad..............................................1.6
Yemen ...........................................1.5
Guinea ...........................................1.3
Lebanon ........................................1.3

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.5

7

2.2: Data Tables

2.08 Mobile telephone subscriptions
Number of mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population | 2012 or most recent year available

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Hong Kong SAR ........................227.9
Kuwait .......................................191.1
Gabon .......................................187.4
Panama .....................................186.7
Saudi Arabia ..............................184.7
Russian Federation ....................183.5
Suriname ...................................182.9
Oman ........................................181.7
Montenegro ...............................177.9
Kazakhstan ................................175.4
Finland .......................................172.5
United Arab Emirates .................169.9
Austria .......................................161.2
Italy ............................................159.5
Seychelles..................................158.6
Bahrain ......................................156.2
Estonia.......................................154.5
Singapore ..................................153.4
Lithuania ....................................151.8
Botswana ..................................150.1
Vietnam .....................................149.4
Libya ..........................................148.2
Uruguay .....................................147.3
Bulgaria .....................................145.7
Luxembourg ..............................145.5
Argentina ...................................142.5
Malaysia.....................................140.9
Trinidad and Tobago..................139.4
Jordan .......................................139.1
Chile ..........................................138.5
El Salvador.................................138.1
Guatemala .................................137.3
Switzerland ................................135.3
South Africa ...............................134.8
Qatar .........................................134.1
Poland .......................................132.7
Ukraine ......................................132.1
Cambodia ..................................132.0
Germany ....................................131.3
United Kingdom .........................130.8
Malta .........................................128.7
Costa Rica .................................128.3
Taiwan, China ............................126.5
Barbados ...................................126.4
Brazil..........................................125.2
Kyrgyz Republic .........................124.8
Czech Republic .........................122.8
Sweden .....................................122.6
Thailand .....................................120.3
Tunisia .......................................120.0
Israel ..........................................119.9
Morocco ....................................119.7
Belgium .....................................119.4
Denmark ....................................118.0
Mongolia ....................................117.6
Netherlands ...............................117.5
Greece .......................................116.9
Hungary .....................................116.4
Moldova .....................................115.9
Norway ......................................115.5
Egypt .........................................115.3
Indonesia ...................................115.2
Portugal .....................................115.1
Brunei Darussalam .....................113.8
Croatia .......................................113.3
Mauritius ....................................113.1
Slovak Republic .........................111.2
Mauritania ..................................111.1
Ecuador .....................................110.7
Korea, Rep. ...............................110.4
New Zealand .............................110.3
Slovenia .....................................110.1
Japan ........................................109.4
Georgia ......................................109.2

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Albania.......................................108.4
Spain .........................................108.3
Macedonia, FYR ........................108.2
Azerbaijan ..................................107.5
Ireland........................................107.1
Armenia .....................................106.9
Philippines .................................106.8
Australia .....................................106.2
Romania ....................................106.1
Iceland .......................................105.4
Latvia .........................................103.4
Algeria .......................................103.3
Colombia ...................................103.2
Namibia .....................................103.0
Venezuela ..................................102.1
Lao PDR ....................................101.9
Paraguay ...................................101.7
Ghana ........................................100.3
Peru .............................................98.8
Cyprus .........................................98.4
United States ...............................98.2
France .........................................98.1
Zimbabwe ....................................96.9
Jamaica .......................................96.5
Côte d’Ivoire ................................96.3
Sri Lanka .....................................95.8
Lebanon ......................................93.2
Honduras .....................................93.1
Serbia ..........................................92.8
Bolivia ..........................................92.6
Turkey..........................................90.8
Benin ...........................................89.9
Nicaragua ....................................89.8
Mali ..............................................89.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............89.5
Dominican Republic .....................88.8
Senegal .......................................87.5
Mexico .........................................86.8
Cape Verde .................................84.2
Gambia, The ................................83.6
Puerto Rico..................................81.7
China ...........................................81.3
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................76.9
Zambia ........................................75.8
Canada ........................................75.7
Bhutan .........................................74.7
Guyana ........................................72.2
Kenya ..........................................71.9
India.............................................68.7
Nigeria .........................................67.7
Pakistan .......................................66.8
Swaziland ....................................66.0
Cameroon....................................64.0
Bangladesh..................................63.8
Haiti .............................................59.4
Lesotho .......................................59.2
Tanzania ......................................57.1
Burkina Faso................................57.1
Liberia ..........................................56.4
Yemen .........................................54.4
Nepal ...........................................52.8
Timor-Leste .................................52.3
Rwanda .......................................50.5
Angola .........................................48.6
Uganda ........................................45.9
Guinea .........................................45.6
Madagascar .................................39.1
Sierra Leone ................................36.1
Chad............................................35.5
Mozambique ................................33.1
Malawi .........................................27.8
Burundi ........................................25.7
Ethiopia........................................23.7
Myanmar......................................11.2

International Telecommunication Union, ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (June 2013 edition)

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 439

2.2: Data Tables

2.09 Fixed telephone lines
Number of active fixed telephone lines per 100 population | 2012 or most recent year available

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Taiwan, China ..............................68.7
Korea, Rep. .................................61.9
France .........................................61.9
Germany ......................................61.8
Hong Kong SAR ..........................60.6
Iceland .........................................57.6
Switzerland ..................................56.7
Malta ...........................................54.8
United Kingdom ...........................52.6
Barbados .....................................52.5
Canada ........................................51.9
Luxembourg ................................51.0
Japan ..........................................50.8
Greece .........................................47.8
Israel ............................................46.7
Australia .......................................45.7
Sweden .......................................45.5
United States ...............................44.0
Ireland..........................................43.8
Denmark ......................................43.5
Belgium .......................................42.9
Portugal .......................................42.6
Netherlands .................................42.4
New Zealand ...............................42.1
Spain ...........................................41.1
Slovenia .......................................40.4
Austria .........................................39.6
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................38.0
Singapore ....................................37.8
Croatia .........................................37.4
Italy ..............................................35.5
Moldova .......................................34.3
Estonia.........................................33.5
Seychelles....................................33.1
Cyprus .........................................33.1
Bulgaria .......................................30.4
Serbia ..........................................30.2
Russian Federation ......................30.1
Uruguay .......................................29.8
Hungary .......................................29.8
Georgia ........................................29.6
Norway ........................................29.5
Ukraine ........................................27.1
Mauritius ......................................26.6
Kazakhstan ..................................26.5
Montenegro .................................25.8
Venezuela ....................................25.6
Argentina .....................................24.3
United Arab Emirates ...................24.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............23.5
Latvia ...........................................22.4
Brazil............................................22.3
Romania ......................................21.9
Bahrain ........................................21.3
Costa Rica ...................................21.2
Trinidad and Tobago....................21.2
Puerto Rico..................................20.8
China ...........................................20.6
Lebanon ......................................20.5
Guyana ........................................20.4
Lithuania ......................................20.3
Czech Republic ...........................19.9
Macedonia, FYR ..........................19.7
Chile ............................................18.8
Armenia .......................................18.8
Turkey..........................................18.6
Azerbaijan ....................................18.4
Slovak Republic ...........................17.8
Panama .......................................17.7
Kuwait .........................................17.6
Mexico .........................................17.4
Brunei Darussalam .......................17.2
El Salvador...................................16.9
Qatar ...........................................16.9

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

International Telecommunication Union, ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (June 2013 edition)

440 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Saudi Arabia ................................16.7
Finland .........................................16.5
Sri Lanka .....................................16.3
Poland .........................................16.0
Malaysia.......................................15.7
Suriname .....................................15.5
Ecuador .......................................15.5
Indonesia .....................................15.5
Cape Verde .................................13.9
Colombia .....................................13.2
Libya ............................................12.6
Guatemala ...................................11.5
Peru .............................................11.5
Vietnam .......................................11.4
Oman ..........................................10.5
Dominican Republic .....................10.5
Tunisia .........................................10.3
Egypt ...........................................10.2
Morocco ......................................10.1
Albania...........................................9.7
Jamaica .........................................9.6
Thailand .........................................9.1
Kyrgyz Republic .............................9.0
Algeria ...........................................8.8
Bolivia ............................................8.6
South Africa ...................................7.9
Botswana ......................................7.8
Honduras .......................................7.7
Namibia .........................................7.2
Jordan ...........................................6.7
Mongolia ........................................6.2
Paraguay .......................................5.6
Nicaragua ......................................5.4
Yemen ...........................................4.3
Philippines .....................................4.1
Cambodia ......................................4.0
Swaziland ......................................4.0
Cameroon......................................3.6
Bhutan ...........................................3.6
Gambia, The ..................................3.5
Pakistan .........................................3.2
Nepal .............................................2.7
Senegal .........................................2.6
India...............................................2.5
Zimbabwe ......................................2.3
Lesotho .........................................1.9
Mauritania ......................................1.8
Lao PDR ........................................1.8
Benin .............................................1.7
Angola ...........................................1.5
Malawi ...........................................1.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................1.3
Myanmar........................................1.1
Ghana ............................................1.1
Gabon ...........................................1.1
Ethiopia..........................................0.9
Uganda ..........................................0.9
Burkina Faso..................................0.8
Mali ................................................0.7
Madagascar ...................................0.7
Bangladesh....................................0.6
Zambia ..........................................0.6
Kenya ............................................0.6
Haiti ...............................................0.5
Rwanda .........................................0.4
Tanzania ........................................0.4
Mozambique ..................................0.4
Sierra Leone ..................................0.3
Timor-Leste ...................................0.3
Chad..............................................0.3
Nigeria ...........................................0.3
Burundi ..........................................0.2
Guinea ...........................................0.2
Liberia ............................................0.0

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Data Tables

Pillar 3
Macroeconomic environment

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

3.01 Government budget balance
General government budget balance as a percentage of GDP | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Timor-Leste .................................38.8
Kuwait .........................................30.6
Brunei Darussalam .......................26.4
Libya ............................................20.9
United Arab Emirates ...................15.2
Saudi Arabia ................................15.2
Norway ........................................13.8
Oman ..........................................11.8
Angola ...........................................8.5
Qatar .............................................8.0
Lesotho .........................................5.9
Singapore ......................................5.6
Kazakhstan ....................................4.7
Swaziland ......................................3.7
Azerbaijan ......................................3.1
Mauritania ......................................2.6
Peru ...............................................2.0
Korea, Rep. ...................................1.9
Seychelles......................................1.9
Bolivia ............................................1.8
Nigeria ...........................................0.9
Chile ..............................................0.6
Russian Federation ........................0.4
Switzerland ....................................0.3
Botswana ......................................0.3
Hong Kong SAR ............................0.2
Colombia .......................................0.2
Germany ........................................0.2
Latvia .............................................0.1
Gabon .........................................–0.2
Estonia.........................................–0.2
Sweden .......................................–0.4
Bulgaria .......................................–0.5
Liberia ..........................................–0.5
Ecuador .......................................–0.5
Nicaragua ....................................–0.5
Nepal ...........................................–0.6
Georgia ........................................–0.8
Benin ...........................................–0.8
Cameroon....................................–0.9
Zimbabwe ....................................–0.9
Philippines ...................................–0.9
Puerto Rico..................................–1.0
Paraguay .....................................–1.0
Mali ..............................................–1.1
Ethiopia........................................–1.2
Indonesia .....................................–1.3
Chad............................................–1.4
Turkey..........................................–1.5
Armenia .......................................–1.5
Trinidad and Tobago....................–1.6
Burundi ........................................–1.7
Rwanda .......................................–1.7
Thailand .......................................–1.7
Finland .........................................–1.7
Mauritius ......................................–1.8
Luxembourg ................................–1.9
Suriname .....................................–1.9
Moldova .......................................–2.1
Panama .......................................–2.1
China ...........................................–2.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................–2.3
Guatemala ...................................–2.4
Lao PDR ......................................–2.5
Hungary .......................................–2.5
Romania ......................................–2.5
Austria .........................................–2.5
Bahrain ........................................–2.6
Uruguay .......................................–2.6
New Zealand ...............................–2.6
Algeria .........................................–2.7
Brazil............................................–2.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............–2.8
Sierra Leone ................................–2.8

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

SOURCES: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources

442 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Australia .......................................–2.9
Iceland .........................................–3.0
Mozambique ................................–3.0
Lithuania ......................................–3.0
Malta ...........................................–3.0
Italy ..............................................–3.0
Albania.........................................–3.1
Madagascar .................................–3.1
Burkina Faso................................–3.1
Slovenia .......................................–3.2
Cambodia ....................................–3.2
Canada ........................................–3.2
Guinea .........................................–3.3
Bangladesh..................................–3.4
Côte d’Ivoire ................................–3.4
Poland .........................................–3.5
Taiwan, China ..............................–3.6
Uganda ........................................–3.6
Mexico .........................................–3.7
El Salvador...................................–3.8
Macedonia, FYR ..........................–3.8
Jamaica .......................................–4.0
Montenegro .................................–4.0
Bhutan .........................................–4.0
Belgium .......................................–4.0
Croatia .........................................–4.1
Namibia .......................................–4.1
Netherlands .................................–4.1
Malaysia.......................................–4.3
Argentina .....................................–4.3
Honduras .....................................–4.3
Denmark ......................................–4.4
Gambia, The ................................–4.4
Zambia ........................................–4.5
Guyana ........................................–4.6
Costa Rica ...................................–4.6
France .........................................–4.6
Ukraine ........................................–4.6
Malawi .........................................–4.6
Israel ............................................–4.7
South Africa .................................–4.8
Portugal .......................................–4.9
Tunisia .........................................–4.9
Slovak Republic ...........................–4.9
Tanzania ......................................–5.0
Czech Republic ...........................–5.0
Vietnam .......................................–5.2
Kenya ..........................................–5.3
Myanmar......................................–5.3
Yemen .........................................–5.5
Cyprus .........................................–5.6
Senegal .......................................–5.7
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................–5.8
Haiti .............................................–5.9
Barbados .....................................–6.2
Greece .........................................–6.4
Sri Lanka .....................................–6.5
Serbia ..........................................–7.0
Mongolia ......................................–7.0
Dominican Republic .....................–7.0
Morocco ......................................–7.5
Cape Verde .................................–7.5
Ireland..........................................–7.7
Pakistan .......................................–8.2
Jordan .........................................–8.2
United Kingdom ...........................–8.3
India.............................................–8.3
United States ...............................–8.5
Lebanon ......................................–9.0
Japan ........................................–10.2
Spain .........................................–10.3
Egypt .........................................–10.7
Ghana ........................................–11.5
Venezuela ..................................–18.9

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

3.02 Gross national savings
Gross national savings as a percentage of GDP | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Timor-Leste1 ................................63.1
Kuwait .........................................62.2
Qatar ...........................................55.4
Libya ............................................52.4
Saudi Arabia ................................51.0
China ...........................................49.5
Singapore ....................................45.6
Oman ..........................................44.6
Gabon .........................................43.9
Azerbaijan ....................................43.2
Algeria .........................................42.4
Bahrain ........................................42.0
Norway ........................................39.2
Nepal ...........................................39.1
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................35.0
Switzerland ..................................34.3
Chad............................................33.0
United Arab Emirates ...................32.6
Indonesia .....................................32.6
Malaysia.......................................31.9
Korea, Rep. .................................31.4
Vietnam .......................................30.7
Botswana ....................................30.7
Thailand .......................................30.6
Taiwan, China ..............................30.0
Bolivia ..........................................30.0
Bangladesh..................................29.9
India.............................................29.8
Bhutan .........................................29.1
Venezuela ....................................28.9
Nigeria .........................................28.7
Russian Federation ......................28.5
Mongolia ......................................28.4
Luxembourg ................................27.5
Hong Kong SAR ..........................27.5
Kazakhstan ..................................27.3
Sri Lanka .....................................27.3
Ecuador .......................................26.8
Lesotho .......................................26.4
Estonia.........................................26.4
Morocco ......................................26.3
Sweden .......................................25.7
Trinidad and Tobago....................25.6
Netherlands .................................25.5
Australia .......................................25.2
Haiti .............................................25.1
Macedonia, FYR ..........................24.9
Austria .........................................24.8
Germany ......................................24.2
Latvia ...........................................24.2
Mexico .........................................23.8
Tanzania ......................................23.6
Zambia ........................................23.4
Peru .............................................23.3
Romania ......................................23.2
Bulgaria .......................................23.2
Angola .........................................23.1
Denmark ......................................22.6
Philippines ...................................22.3
Slovak Republic ...........................21.9
Cape Verde .................................21.8
Argentina .....................................21.8
Czech Republic ...........................21.6
Japan ..........................................21.6
Chile ............................................21.4
Ethiopia........................................21.1
Canada ........................................20.8
Belgium .......................................20.8
Hungary .......................................20.4
Senegal .......................................20.3
Croatia .........................................20.2
Colombia .....................................20.2
Namibia .......................................19.5
Slovenia .......................................19.3

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
95
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
n/a n/a COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Israel ............................................19.1
Panama .......................................19.1
Suriname .....................................18.8
Spain ...........................................18.6
Tunisia .........................................18.2
Finland .........................................17.7
France .........................................17.6
Poland .........................................17.5
Lao PDR1 ....................................17.3
Armenia .......................................17.3
Italy ..............................................17.1
Mauritania ....................................16.9
Seychelles....................................16.9
Uruguay .......................................16.6
Nicaragua ....................................16.6
Puerto Rico..................................16.3
Lithuania ......................................16.2
Madagascar .................................15.7
Brazil............................................15.4
Costa Rica ...................................15.4
Cameroon....................................15.3
Honduras .....................................15.3
Ireland..........................................15.0
Georgia ........................................14.9
Turkey..........................................14.7
Mauritius ......................................14.7
New Zealand ...............................14.5
Jamaica .......................................14.3
Moldova .......................................14.0
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................14.0
Albania.........................................13.9
Portugal .......................................13.8
Burkina Faso................................13.7
Egypt ...........................................13.6
Cambodia ....................................13.5
Malawi .........................................13.5
South Africa .................................13.2
United States ...............................13.1
Myanmar......................................12.8
Malta ...........................................12.7
Kenya ..........................................12.5
Paraguay .....................................12.3
Rwanda .......................................12.1
Côte d’Ivoire ................................11.9
Uganda ........................................11.5
Mali ..............................................11.3
Guatemala ...................................11.0
Mozambique ................................10.9
United Kingdom ...........................10.8
Greece .........................................10.7
Barbados .....................................10.6
Pakistan .......................................10.5
Ukraine ........................................10.1
Iceland ...........................................9.7
Swaziland ......................................9.5
El Salvador.....................................9.4
Yemen ...........................................9.3
Dominican Republic .......................9.2
Lebanon ........................................8.6
Cyprus ...........................................8.6
Benin .............................................8.2
Serbia ............................................8.0
Jordan ...........................................7.4
Guyana ..........................................7.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................6.5
Ghana ............................................6.4
Gambia, The ..................................6.3
Burundi ..........................................4.4
Zimbabwe ......................................0.6
Montenegro .................................–1.2
Sierra Leone ................................–6.9
Guinea .........................................–8.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................n/a
Liberia ............................................n/a

SOURCES: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
1

2011

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 443

2.2: Data Tables

3.03 Inflation
Annual percent change in consumer price index (year average) | 2012

RANK

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
44
44
46
48
49
49
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
77

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Ukraine ..........................................0.6
United Arab Emirates .....................0.7
Norway ..........................................0.7
Sweden .........................................0.9
Greece ...........................................1.0
New Zealand .................................1.1
Azerbaijan ......................................1.1
Senegal .........................................1.1
Bahrain ..........................................1.2
Morocco ........................................1.3
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................1.3
Canada ..........................................1.5
Malaysia.........................................1.7
Israel ..............................................1.7
El Salvador.....................................1.7
Australia .........................................1.8
Qatar .............................................1.9
Ireland............................................1.9
Taiwan, China ................................1.9
France ...........................................2.0
Albania...........................................2.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................2.0
United States .................................2.1
Mozambique ..................................2.1
Germany ........................................2.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................2.2
Latvia .............................................2.3
Bulgaria .........................................2.4
Denmark ........................................2.4
Spain .............................................2.4
Armenia .........................................2.5
Cape Verde ...................................2.5
Austria ...........................................2.6
Slovenia .........................................2.6
Puerto Rico....................................2.6
Belgium .........................................2.6
China .............................................2.7
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.8
Portugal .........................................2.8
Netherlands ...................................2.8
United Kingdom .............................2.8
Saudi Arabia ..................................2.9
Luxembourg ..................................2.9
Cambodia ......................................2.9
Kuwait ...........................................2.9
Oman ............................................2.9
Guyana ..........................................3.0
Cameroon......................................3.0
Gabon ...........................................3.0
Chile ..............................................3.0
Thailand .........................................3.0
Cyprus ...........................................3.1
Philippines .....................................3.1
Finland ...........................................3.2
Lithuania ........................................3.2
Colombia .......................................3.2
Malta .............................................3.2
Czech Republic .............................3.3
Italy ................................................3.3
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.3
Romania ........................................3.3
Croatia ...........................................3.4
Burkina Faso..................................3.6
Montenegro ...................................3.6
Peru ...............................................3.7
Poland ...........................................3.7
Dominican Republic .......................3.7
Zimbabwe ......................................3.7
Slovak Republic .............................3.7
Guatemala .....................................3.8
Paraguay .......................................3.8
Mauritius ........................................3.9
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.1
Mexico ...........................................4.1

78
79
80
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
47
64
76
81

SOURCE:
NOTE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Estonia...........................................4.2
Lao PDR ........................................4.3
Indonesia .......................................4.3
Costa Rica .....................................4.5
Bolivia ............................................4.5
Singapore ......................................4.6
Barbados .......................................4.6
Gambia, The ..................................4.6
Moldova .........................................4.7
Jordan ...........................................4.8
Mauritania ......................................4.9
Suriname .......................................5.0
Russian Federation ........................5.1
Ecuador .........................................5.1
Kazakhstan ....................................5.1
Iceland ...........................................5.2
Honduras .......................................5.2
Mali ................................................5.3
Lesotho .........................................5.3
Brazil..............................................5.4
Tunisia ...........................................5.6
South Africa ...................................5.7
Panama .........................................5.7
Hungary .........................................5.7
Libya ..............................................6.1
Myanmar........................................6.1
Rwanda .........................................6.3
Madagascar ...................................6.5
Zambia ..........................................6.6
Lebanon ........................................6.6
Namibia .........................................6.7
Benin .............................................6.7
Haiti ...............................................6.8
Liberia ............................................6.8
Seychelles......................................7.1
Jamaica .........................................7.3
Serbia ............................................7.3
Botswana ......................................7.5
Sri Lanka .......................................7.5
Chad..............................................7.7
Nicaragua ......................................7.9
Uruguay .........................................8.1
Nepal .............................................8.3
Egypt .............................................8.6
Bangladesh....................................8.7
Algeria ...........................................8.9
Turkey............................................8.9
Swaziland ......................................8.9
Vietnam .........................................9.1
Ghana ............................................9.2
Trinidad and Tobago......................9.3
India...............................................9.3
Kenya ............................................9.4
Bhutan ...........................................9.7
Argentina .....................................10.0
Angola .........................................10.3
Yemen .........................................11.0
Pakistan .......................................11.0
Burundi ........................................11.8
Timor-Leste .................................11.8
Nigeria .........................................12.2
Sierra Leone ................................13.8
Uganda ........................................14.1
Mongolia ......................................15.0
Guinea .........................................15.2
Tanzania ......................................16.0
Venezuela ....................................21.1
Malawi .........................................21.3
Ethiopia........................................22.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................30.6
Brunei Darussalam .........................0.5
Japan ............................................0.0
Switzerland ..................................–0.7
Georgia ........................................–0.9

International Monetary Fund, [i]World Economic Outlook Database[i] (April 2013 edition)
For inflation rates between 0.5 and 2.9 percent, a country received the highest possible score of 7. Outside this range, scores decrease linearly as they move away from these values. 444 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

3.04 Government debt
Gross general government debt as a percentage of GDP | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Libya ..............................................0.0
Timor-Leste ...................................0.0
Brunei Darussalam .........................2.4
Saudi Arabia ..................................3.6
Oman ............................................6.1
Kuwait ...........................................7.3
Estonia...........................................8.5
Algeria ...........................................9.9
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................10.7
Russian Federation ......................10.9
Chile ............................................11.2
Paraguay .....................................11.4
Azerbaijan ....................................11.6
Kazakhstan ..................................12.3
Cameroon....................................14.9
Botswana ....................................14.9
Haiti .............................................15.4
United Arab Emirates ...................17.6
Nigeria .........................................17.8
Bulgaria .......................................18.5
Ecuador .......................................18.6
Swaziland ....................................19.0
Peru .............................................19.8
Suriname .....................................20.5
Luxembourg ................................21.1
Ethiopia........................................21.6
Gabon .........................................22.0
China ...........................................22.8
Moldova .......................................23.8
Indonesia .....................................24.0
Guatemala ...................................25.1
Namibia .......................................26.6
Zambia ........................................26.9
Australia .......................................27.2
Burkina Faso................................27.7
Rwanda .......................................28.0
Cambodia ....................................28.5
Liberia ..........................................29.1
Angola .........................................29.3
Burundi ........................................32.0
Mali ..............................................32.0
Hong Kong SAR ..........................32.4
Benin ...........................................32.5
Georgia ........................................32.7
Colombia .....................................32.8
Bolivia ..........................................33.1
Nepal ...........................................33.1
Macedonia, FYR ..........................33.3
Dominican Republic .....................33.5
Korea, Rep. .................................33.7
Bahrain ........................................33.7
Norway ........................................34.1
Chad............................................34.5
Uganda ........................................34.5
Honduras .....................................34.7
Costa Rica ...................................34.8
Turkey..........................................36.4
Latvia ...........................................36.4
Romania ......................................37.0
Ukraine ........................................37.4
Qatar ...........................................37.8
Sweden .......................................38.0
New Zealand ...............................38.2
Madagascar .................................38.3
Panama .......................................38.8
Armenia .......................................39.5
Lithuania ......................................39.6
Trinidad and Tobago....................39.7
Taiwan, China ..............................40.9
Tanzania ......................................41.4
Lesotho .......................................41.9
Philippines ...................................41.9
South Africa .................................42.3
Bangladesh 1 ................................42.9

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Guinea .........................................43.0
Czech Republic ...........................43.1
Mexico .........................................43.5
Thailand .......................................44.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............44.3
Tunisia .........................................44.5
Sierra Leone ................................44.5
Argentina .....................................44.9
Senegal .......................................45.0
Mozambique ................................46.6
Yemen .........................................46.7
Myanmar......................................47.5
Kenya ..........................................48.2
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................48.9
Côte d’Ivoire ................................49.1
Switzerland ..................................49.1
Denmark ......................................50.1
Mauritius ......................................50.3
Montenegro .................................51.1
Mongolia 1 ....................................51.7
Nicaragua ....................................52.1
Vietnam .......................................52.1
El Salvador...................................52.2
Slovak Republic ...........................52.3
Slovenia .......................................52.6
Lao PDR ......................................53.1
Finland .........................................53.3
Uruguay .......................................53.7
Malawi .........................................54.9
Poland .........................................55.2
Malaysia.......................................55.5
Croatia .........................................56.3
Ghana ..........................................56.5
Venezuela ....................................57.3
Morocco ......................................59.6
Guyana ........................................60.3
Zimbabwe ....................................60.5
Albania.........................................60.6
Pakistan .......................................62.1
Serbia ..........................................63.7
Puerto Rico..................................64.1
India.............................................66.8
Brazil............................................68.5
Netherlands .................................71.7
Bhutan .........................................72.1
Malta ...........................................72.5
Barbados .....................................72.6
Austria .........................................73.7
Israel ............................................74.6
Gambia, The ................................77.2
Hungary .......................................79.0
Sri Lanka .....................................79.1
Jordan .........................................79.6
Mauritania ....................................79.7
Egypt ...........................................80.2
Germany ......................................82.0
Seychelles....................................82.5
Spain ...........................................84.1
Canada ........................................85.6
Cyprus .........................................86.2
France .........................................90.3
United Kingdom ...........................90.3
Iceland .........................................99.1
Belgium .......................................99.6
Cape Verde ...............................103.4
United States .............................106.5
Singapore ..................................111.0
Ireland........................................117.1
Portugal .....................................123.0
Italy ............................................127.0
Lebanon ....................................139.5
Jamaica .....................................146.6
Greece .......................................158.5
Japan ........................................237.9

SOURCES: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition) and Public Information Notices (various issues); national sources
1

2011

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 445

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Data Tables

Pillar 4
Health and primary education

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

4.01 Business impact of malaria
How serious an impact do you consider malaria will have on your company in the next five years (e.g., death, disability, medical and funeral expenses, productivity and absenteeism, recruitment and training expenses, revenues)? [1 = a serious impact; 7 = no impact at all] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.5

7

Albania....................................N/Appl.
Armenia ..................................N/Appl.
Australia ..................................N/Appl.
Austria ....................................N/Appl.
Bahrain ...................................N/Appl.
Barbados ................................N/Appl.
Belgium ..................................N/Appl.
Bosnia and Herzegovina .........N/Appl.
Brunei Darussalam ..................N/Appl.
Bulgaria ..................................N/Appl.
Canada ...................................N/Appl.
Chile .......................................N/Appl.
Croatia ....................................N/Appl.
Cyprus ....................................N/Appl.
Czech Republic ......................N/Appl.
Denmark .................................N/Appl.
Egypt ......................................N/Appl.
Estonia....................................N/Appl.
Finland ....................................N/Appl.
France ....................................N/Appl.
Georgia ...................................N/Appl.
Germany .................................N/Appl.
Greece ....................................N/Appl.
Hong Kong SAR .....................N/Appl.
Hungary ..................................N/Appl.
Iceland ....................................N/Appl.
Ireland.....................................N/Appl.
Israel .......................................N/Appl.
Italy .........................................N/Appl.
Jamaica ..................................N/Appl.
Japan .....................................N/Appl.
Jordan ....................................N/Appl.
Kazakhstan .............................N/Appl.
Kuwait ....................................N/Appl.
Latvia ......................................N/Appl.
Lebanon .................................N/Appl.
Lesotho ..................................N/Appl.
Libya .......................................N/Appl.
Lithuania .................................N/Appl.
Luxembourg ...........................N/Appl.
Macedonia, FYR .....................N/Appl.
Malta ......................................N/Appl.
Mauritius .................................N/Appl.
Moldova ..................................N/Appl.
Mongolia .................................N/Appl.
Montenegro ............................N/Appl.
Morocco .................................N/Appl.
Netherlands ............................N/Appl.
New Zealand ..........................N/Appl.
Norway ...................................N/Appl.
Oman .....................................N/Appl.
Poland ....................................N/Appl.
Portugal ..................................N/Appl.
Puerto Rico.............................N/Appl.
Qatar ......................................N/Appl.
Romania .................................N/Appl.
Russian Federation .................N/Appl.
Serbia .....................................N/Appl.
Seychelles...............................N/Appl.
Singapore ...............................N/Appl.
Slovak Republic ......................N/Appl.
Slovenia ..................................N/Appl.
Spain ......................................N/Appl.
Sweden ..................................N/Appl.
Switzerland .............................N/Appl.
Taiwan, China .........................N/Appl.
Trinidad and Tobago...............N/Appl.
Tunisia ....................................N/Appl.
Ukraine ...................................N/Appl.
United Arab Emirates ..............N/Appl.
United Kingdom ......................N/Appl.
United States ..........................N/Appl.
Uruguay ..................................N/Appl.
Argentina .......................................6.7

SOURCE:
NOTE:

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey
This indicator does not apply to economies where malaria is not endemic (N/Appl.).

448 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Turkey............................................6.5
Mexico ...........................................6.5
Costa Rica .....................................6.4
Panama .........................................6.3
Sri Lanka .......................................6.2
El Salvador.....................................6.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................6.2
Brazil..............................................6.2
Azerbaijan ......................................6.1
Paraguay .......................................5.9
Guatemala .....................................5.9
Nicaragua ......................................5.8
Peru ...............................................5.8
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.8
Thailand .........................................5.8
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.7
Suriname .......................................5.7
Bangladesh....................................5.6
Venezuela ......................................5.5
Kyrgyz Republic .............................5.4
Cape Verde ...................................5.4
Malaysia.........................................5.4
China .............................................5.3
Dominican Republic .......................5.3
Nepal .............................................5.3
South Africa ...................................5.2
Botswana ......................................5.2
Colombia .......................................5.2
Honduras .......................................5.2
Ecuador .........................................5.2
Algeria ...........................................5.1
Philippines .....................................5.0
Guyana ..........................................4.8
Vietnam .........................................4.6
Yemen ...........................................4.6
Rwanda .........................................4.6
Cambodia ......................................4.6
India...............................................4.6
Zimbabwe ......................................4.6
Mauritania ......................................4.4
Ethiopia..........................................4.4
Bhutan ...........................................4.4
Myanmar........................................4.4
Namibia .........................................4.3
Indonesia .......................................4.2
Kenya ............................................4.1
Senegal .........................................4.0
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.0
Pakistan .........................................4.0
Haiti ...............................................3.9
Bolivia ............................................3.9
Lao PDR ........................................3.7
Nigeria ...........................................3.6
Cameroon......................................3.4
Liberia ............................................3.4
Gambia, The ..................................3.4
Madagascar ...................................3.4
Benin .............................................3.4
Swaziland ......................................3.3
Ghana ............................................3.3
Mozambique ..................................3.2
Uganda ..........................................3.1
Burkina Faso..................................3.1
Zambia ..........................................3.1
Guinea ...........................................2.9
Gabon ...........................................2.9
Malawi ...........................................2.9
Burundi ..........................................2.8
Tanzania ........................................2.7
Mali ................................................2.7
Timor-Leste ...................................2.6
Sierra Leone ..................................2.5
Chad..............................................2.5
Angola ...........................................1.8

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.5

7

2.2: Data Tables

4.02 Malaria incidence
Number of malaria cases per 100,000 population | 2010

RANK

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Albania......................................... (NE)
Armenia .........................................0.0
Australia ....................................... (NE)
Austria ......................................... (NE)
Bahrain ........................................ (NE)
Barbados ..................................... (NE)
Belgium ....................................... (NE)
Bosnia and Herzegovina .............. (NE)
Brunei Darussalam ....................... (NE)
Bulgaria ....................................... (NE)
Canada ........................................ (NE)
Chile ............................................ (NE)
Croatia ......................................... (NE)
Cyprus ......................................... (NE)
Czech Republic ........................... (NE)
Denmark ...................................... (NE)
Egypt .............................................0.0
Estonia......................................... (NE)
Finland ......................................... (NE)
France ......................................... (NE)
Georgia ..........................................0.0
Germany ...................................... (NE)
Greece ......................................... (NE)
Hong Kong SAR .......................... (NE)
Hungary ....................................... (NE)
Iceland ......................................... (NE)
Ireland.......................................... (NE)
Israel ............................................ (NE)
Italy .............................................. (NE)
Jamaica ....................................... (NE)
Japan .......................................... (NE)
Jordan ......................................... (NE)
Kazakhstan .................................. (NE)
Kuwait ......................................... (NE)
Latvia ........................................... (NE)
Lebanon ...................................... (NE)
Lesotho ....................................... (NE)
Libya ............................................ (NE)
Lithuania ...................................... (NE)
Luxembourg ................................ (NE)
Macedonia, FYR .......................... (NE)
Malta ........................................... (NE)
Mauritius ...................................... (NE)
Moldova ....................................... (NE)
Mongolia ...................................... (NE)
Montenegro ................................. (NE)
Morocco ...................................... (NE)
Netherlands ................................. (NE)
New Zealand ............................... (NE)
Norway ........................................ (NE)
Oman ............................................0.0
Poland ......................................... (NE)
Portugal ....................................... (NE)
Puerto Rico.................................. (NE)
Qatar ........................................... (NE)
Romania ...................................... (NE)
Russian Federation ...................... (NE)
Serbia .......................................... (NE)
Seychelles.................................... (NE)
Singapore .................................... (NE)
Slovak Republic ........................... (NE)
Slovenia ....................................... (NE)
Spain ........................................... (NE)
Sweden ....................................... (NE)
Switzerland .................................. (NE)
Taiwan, China .............................. (NE)
Trinidad and Tobago.................... (NE)
Tunisia ......................................... (NE)
Ukraine ........................................ (NE)
United Arab Emirates ................... (NE)
United Kingdom ........................... (NE)
United States ............................... (NE)
Uruguay ....................................... (NE)
Turkey............................................0.0

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

SOURCE:
NOTE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Algeria ...........................................0.1
Kyrgyz Republic .............................0.1
Saudi Arabia ..................................0.1
Argentina .......................................0.2
El Salvador.....................................0.4
Paraguay .......................................0.5
Azerbaijan ......................................0.6
China .............................................0.9
Mexico ...........................................1.3
Costa Rica .....................................2.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................2.9
Korea, Rep. ...................................9.0
Sri Lanka .....................................10.6
Panama .......................................13.8
Ecuador .......................................15.2
Nicaragua ....................................22.1
Cape Verde .................................28.0
Vietnam .......................................28.4
Swaziland ....................................32.5
South Africa .................................34.6
Dominican Republic .....................47.0
Malaysia.......................................56.2
Philippines ...................................62.2
Nepal ...........................................63.1
Guatemala ...................................80.3
Bhutan .......................................102.5
Namibia .....................................128.9
Suriname ...................................150.2
Botswana ..................................192.7
Bolivia ........................................197.2
Venezuela ..................................200.1
Thailand .....................................202.6
Brazil..........................................219.6
Peru ...........................................264.4
Honduras ...................................272.9
Bangladesh................................392.0
Colombia ...................................405.6
Pakistan ..................................1,007.7
Lao PDR .................................1,097.4
Cambodia ...............................1,337.4
Haiti ........................................1,871.5
India........................................1,946.2
Indonesia ................................2,250.6
Yemen ....................................2,380.2
Myanmar.................................3,155.0
Madagascar ............................3,556.9
Rwanda ..................................5,381.2
Guyana ...................................6,036.3
Ethiopia...................................6,219.3
Kenya .....................................8,301.1
Burundi ...................................9,688.3
Timor-Leste ..........................10,111.0
Zimbabwe .............................13,491.6
Mauritania .............................17,311.2
Angola ..................................19,796.1
Tanzania ...............................21,897.6
Gabon ..................................22,715.1
Mali .......................................23,225.5
Senegal ................................23,652.2
Cameroon.............................24,202.5
Zambia .................................24,518.3
Malawi ..................................26,033.1
Ghana ...................................26,147.4
Liberia ...................................27,023.2
Gambia, The .........................27,806.0
Uganda .................................28,011.9
Benin ....................................28,228.7
Sierra Leone .........................29,407.1
Nigeria ..................................31,118.0
Mozambique .........................31,221.2
Burkina Faso.........................31,924.2
Côte d’Ivoire .........................34,429.1
Chad.....................................36,280.1
Guinea ..................................37,575.1

The World Health Organization, World Malaria Report 2012
(NE) indicates that malaria is not endemic.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 449

2.2: Data Tables

4.03 Business impact of tuberculosis
How serious an impact do you consider tuberculosis will have on your company in the next five years (e.g., death, disability, medical and funeral expenses, productivity and absenteeism, recruitment and training expenses, revenues)? [1 = a serious impact; 7 = no impact at all] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Norway ..........................................6.9
Finland ...........................................6.9
Denmark ........................................6.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................6.8
Iceland ...........................................6.8
New Zealand .................................6.8
Austria ...........................................6.7
Sweden .........................................6.7
Netherlands ...................................6.7
Spain .............................................6.7
Puerto Rico....................................6.7
Switzerland ....................................6.6
Croatia ...........................................6.6
Slovenia .........................................6.6
Germany ........................................6.6
Uruguay .........................................6.6
Canada ..........................................6.5
Luxembourg ..................................6.5
Jordan ...........................................6.5
Belgium .........................................6.5
United Kingdom .............................6.5
Ireland............................................6.5
Slovak Republic .............................6.5
Australia .........................................6.5
Italy ................................................6.5
Greece ...........................................6.5
Turkey............................................6.4
Lebanon ........................................6.4
Qatar .............................................6.4
France ...........................................6.3
Costa Rica .....................................6.3
Israel ..............................................6.3
Argentina .......................................6.3
Albania...........................................6.3
Hungary .........................................6.2
Chile ..............................................6.2
Mexico ...........................................6.2
Estonia...........................................6.2
Morocco ........................................6.1
Serbia ............................................6.1
Portugal .........................................6.1
Taiwan, China ................................6.1
Guatemala .....................................6.0
Sri Lanka .......................................6.0
Cyprus ...........................................6.0
Malta .............................................6.0
Poland ...........................................6.0
Nicaragua ......................................6.0
Panama .........................................6.0
Brazil..............................................6.0
Singapore ......................................6.0
Japan ............................................5.9
Kuwait ...........................................5.9
Bahrain ..........................................5.9
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.9
Jamaica .........................................5.9
Paraguay .......................................5.9
Barbados .......................................5.8
Bulgaria .........................................5.8
United States .................................5.8
Montenegro ...................................5.8
Tunisia ...........................................5.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................5.7
Mauritius ........................................5.7
United Arab Emirates .....................5.7
Latvia .............................................5.7
Macedonia, FYR ............................5.7
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.7
Bangladesh....................................5.6
Egypt .............................................5.6
Lithuania ........................................5.6
Oman ............................................5.5
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.5
Russian Federation ........................5.5

SOURCE:

MEAN 5.3

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

450 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Trinidad and Tobago......................5.5
Armenia .........................................5.4
Czech Republic .............................5.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.4
Georgia ..........................................5.4
Venezuela ......................................5.4
Ukraine ..........................................5.3
Suriname .......................................5.3
Mongolia ........................................5.3
Libya ..............................................5.2
Azerbaijan ......................................5.2
Romania ........................................5.2
Malaysia.........................................5.1
Thailand .........................................5.1
Honduras .......................................5.1
Cape Verde ...................................5.1
Dominican Republic .......................5.1
China .............................................5.1
Ecuador .........................................5.1
Colombia .......................................5.0
Yemen ...........................................5.0
Peru ...............................................5.0
Moldova .........................................5.0
Rwanda .........................................4.9
Guyana ..........................................4.9
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.9
Gambia, The ..................................4.9
Nigeria ...........................................4.8
India...............................................4.7
Seychelles......................................4.7
Nepal .............................................4.6
Senegal .........................................4.6
El Salvador.....................................4.6
Kyrgyz Republic .............................4.5
Burkina Faso..................................4.5
Ghana ............................................4.5
Kazakhstan ....................................4.4
Madagascar ...................................4.4
Cambodia ......................................4.4
Pakistan .........................................4.3
Algeria ...........................................4.3
Philippines .....................................4.3
Vietnam .........................................4.3
Bhutan ...........................................4.3
Uganda ..........................................4.3
Sierra Leone ..................................4.2
Mauritania ......................................4.2
Kenya ............................................4.1
Cameroon......................................4.1
Gabon ...........................................4.1
Tanzania ........................................4.0
Zimbabwe ......................................4.0
Haiti ...............................................4.0
Guinea ...........................................3.9
Mali ................................................3.9
Benin .............................................3.9
Indonesia .......................................3.8
Ethiopia..........................................3.8
Lesotho .........................................3.8
Botswana ......................................3.7
Myanmar........................................3.7
Lao PDR ........................................3.7
Malawi ...........................................3.7
Zambia ..........................................3.6
Mozambique ..................................3.6
Liberia ............................................3.6
Namibia .........................................3.4
South Africa ...................................3.4
Timor-Leste ...................................3.4
Burundi ..........................................3.3
Bolivia ............................................3.2
Angola ...........................................3.2
Chad..............................................3.0
Swaziland ......................................2.0

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 5.3

7

2.2: Data Tables

4.04 Tuberculosis incidence
Number of tuberculosis cases per 100,000 population | 2011

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
5
7
8
9
10
11
11
13
13
15
16
16
16
19
20
21
22
22
24
25
25
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
33
35
35
37
38
38
38
38
42
42
42
45
45
47
47
47
47
51
51
53
53
55
56
57
58
58
60
61
62
63
64
64
66
66
68
68
70
71
71
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Luxembourg ..................................0.5
Barbados 1 .....................................1.2
Puerto Rico....................................1.8
Italy ................................................2.8
Austria ...........................................3.7
United Arab Emirates .....................3.7
Greece ...........................................3.8
United States .................................3.9
Cyprus ...........................................4.0
France ...........................................4.3
Canada ..........................................4.5
Germany ........................................4.5
Iceland ...........................................4.8
Switzerland ....................................4.8
Israel ..............................................5.8
Australia .........................................6.0
Czech Republic .............................6.0
Jordan ...........................................6.0
Norway ..........................................6.1
Denmark ........................................6.5
Jamaica .........................................6.6
Netherlands ...................................6.8
Sweden .........................................6.8
Slovak Republic .............................7.2
Finland ...........................................7.5
Ireland............................................7.5
New Zealand .................................7.6
Belgium .........................................8.1
Malta .............................................9.1
Slovenia .........................................9.3
Costa Rica ...................................12.0
Albania.........................................13.0
Oman ..........................................14.0
United Kingdom ...........................14.0
Lebanon ......................................15.0
Spain ...........................................15.0
Serbia ..........................................16.0
Croatia .........................................17.0
Egypt ...........................................17.0
Montenegro .................................17.0
Saudi Arabia ................................17.0
Bahrain ........................................18.0
Chile ............................................18.0
Hungary .......................................18.0
Japan ..........................................20.0
Macedonia, FYR ..........................20.0
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................21.0
Mauritius ......................................21.0
Trinidad and Tobago....................21.0
Uruguay .......................................21.0
Mexico .........................................23.0
Poland .........................................23.0
Portugal .......................................24.0
Turkey..........................................24.0
Estonia.........................................25.0
Argentina .....................................26.0
El Salvador...................................27.0
Seychelles....................................30.0
Tunisia .........................................30.0
Venezuela ....................................33.0
Colombia .....................................34.0
Bulgaria .......................................35.0
Kuwait .........................................36.0
Qatar ...........................................37.0
Singapore ....................................37.0
Libya ............................................40.0
Nicaragua ....................................40.0
Brazil............................................42.0
Latvia ...........................................42.0
Honduras .....................................43.0
Suriname .....................................44.0
Yemen .........................................44.0
Paraguay .....................................45.0
Panama .......................................48.0

75
76
77
78
79
80
80
82
83
84
84
84
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
96
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
117
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
145
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............49.0
Armenia .......................................55.0
Burkina Faso................................57.0
Lithuania ......................................59.0
Guatemala ...................................61.0
Ecuador .......................................62.0
Mali ..............................................62.0
Dominican Republic .....................65.0
Sri Lanka .....................................66.0
Benin ...........................................70.0
Brunei Darussalam .......................70.0
Taiwan, China ..............................70.0
China ...........................................75.0
Hong Kong SAR ..........................78.0
Ghana ..........................................79.0
Malaysia.......................................81.0
Ukraine ........................................89.0
Algeria .........................................90.0
Rwanda .......................................94.0
Russian Federation ......................97.0
Korea, Rep. ...............................100.0
Peru ...........................................101.0
Romania ....................................101.0
Morocco ....................................103.0
Guyana ......................................110.0
Azerbaijan ..................................113.0
Nigeria .......................................118.0
Thailand .....................................124.0
Georgia ......................................125.0
Kyrgyz Republic .........................128.0
Kazakhstan ................................129.0
Bolivia ........................................131.0
Senegal .....................................136.0
Burundi ......................................139.0
Cape Verde ...............................145.0
Chad..........................................151.0
Moldova .....................................161.0
Nepal .........................................163.0
Tanzania ....................................169.0
India...........................................181.0
Guinea .......................................183.0
Indonesia ...................................187.0
Côte d’Ivoire ..............................191.0
Malawi .......................................191.0
Bhutan .......................................192.0
Uganda ......................................193.0
Vietnam .....................................199.0
Lao PDR ....................................213.0
Haiti ...........................................222.0
Mongolia ....................................223.0
Bangladesh................................225.0
Pakistan .....................................231.0
Madagascar ...............................238.0
Cameroon..................................243.0
Ethiopia......................................258.0
Philippines .................................270.0
Gambia, The ..............................279.0
Kenya ........................................288.0
Liberia ........................................299.0
Angola .......................................310.0
Mauritania ..................................344.0
Myanmar....................................381.0
Cambodia ..................................424.0
Zambia ......................................444.0
Gabon .......................................450.0
Botswana ..................................455.0
Timor-Leste ...............................498.0
Mozambique ..............................548.0
Zimbabwe ..................................603.0
Lesotho .....................................632.0
Namibia .....................................723.0
Sierra Leone ..............................723.0
South Africa ...............................993.0
Swaziland ...............................1,317.0

SOURCES: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); national sources
1

2010

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 451

2.2: Data Tables

4.05 Business impact of HIV/AIDS
How serious an impact do you consider HIV/AIDS will have on your company in the next five years (e.g. death, disability, medical and funeral expenses, productivity and absenteeism, recruitment and training expenses, revenues)? [1 = a serious impact; 7 = no impact at all] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Bosnia and Herzegovina ................6.9
Finland ...........................................6.8
Norway ..........................................6.8
Denmark ........................................6.7
Croatia ...........................................6.6
Austria ...........................................6.6
New Zealand .................................6.6
Sweden .........................................6.6
Jordan ...........................................6.5
Israel ..............................................6.5
Iceland ...........................................6.5
Turkey............................................6.5
Slovak Republic .............................6.5
Netherlands ...................................6.4
Spain .............................................6.4
Ireland............................................6.4
Slovenia .........................................6.4
Hungary .........................................6.3
Qatar .............................................6.3
Luxembourg ..................................6.3
Taiwan, China ................................6.3
Serbia ............................................6.3
Albania...........................................6.3
Switzerland ....................................6.2
United Kingdom .............................6.2
Germany ........................................6.2
Lithuania ........................................6.2
Uruguay .........................................6.2
Canada ..........................................6.1
Kuwait ...........................................6.1
Belgium .........................................6.1
Greece ...........................................6.1
Australia .........................................6.1
Lebanon ........................................6.1
Morocco ........................................6.1
Poland ...........................................6.0
Sri Lanka .......................................6.0
Azerbaijan ......................................6.0
Italy ................................................6.0
Egypt .............................................6.0
Bangladesh....................................6.0
Estonia...........................................5.9
United Arab Emirates .....................5.9
Portugal .........................................5.9
Bulgaria .........................................5.9
Cyprus ...........................................5.9
Singapore ......................................5.9
Malta .............................................5.9
Bahrain ..........................................5.9
Armenia .........................................5.8
France ...........................................5.8
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.8
Japan ............................................5.8
Tunisia ...........................................5.8
Guatemala .....................................5.8
Chile ..............................................5.8
Costa Rica .....................................5.7
Macedonia, FYR ............................5.7
Moldova .........................................5.7
Mongolia ........................................5.7
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.7
Latvia .............................................5.6
Puerto Rico....................................5.6
Montenegro ...................................5.6
Russian Federation ........................5.6
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.6
Argentina .......................................5.6
Mexico ...........................................5.6
Yemen ...........................................5.5
Georgia ..........................................5.5
Paraguay .......................................5.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................5.5
Nicaragua ......................................5.5
Ukraine ..........................................5.5

SOURCE:

MEAN 5.2

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

452 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Brazil..............................................5.5
Kazakhstan ....................................5.4
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.4
Libya ..............................................5.3
Romania ........................................5.3
Mauritius ........................................5.3
Peru ...............................................5.3
Czech Republic .............................5.2
Oman ............................................5.2
Kyrgyz Republic .............................5.2
China .............................................5.1
United States .................................5.1
Cape Verde ...................................5.1
Malaysia.........................................5.0
Philippines .....................................5.0
El Salvador.....................................5.0
Madagascar ...................................5.0
Venezuela ......................................5.0
Gambia, The ..................................4.9
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.9
Thailand .........................................4.8
India...............................................4.8
Pakistan .........................................4.8
Colombia .......................................4.8
Suriname .......................................4.8
Ecuador .........................................4.8
Guyana ..........................................4.7
Jamaica .........................................4.7
Dominican Republic .......................4.7
Nepal .............................................4.6
Cambodia ......................................4.6
Mauritania ......................................4.6
Liberia ............................................4.5
Senegal .........................................4.5
Honduras .......................................4.5
Rwanda .........................................4.5
Burkina Faso..................................4.5
Vietnam .........................................4.4
Ghana ............................................4.4
Bhutan ...........................................4.4
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.4
Panama .........................................4.3
Nigeria ...........................................4.3
Algeria ...........................................4.3
Haiti ...............................................4.3
Seychelles......................................4.2
Myanmar........................................4.2
Barbados .......................................4.1
Sierra Leone ..................................4.1
Cameroon......................................4.0
Timor-Leste ...................................3.9
Guinea ...........................................3.9
Ethiopia..........................................3.9
Lao PDR ........................................3.9
Benin .............................................3.9
Indonesia .......................................3.8
Mali ................................................3.7
Zimbabwe ......................................3.7
Gabon ...........................................3.7
Tanzania ........................................3.7
Kenya ............................................3.6
Mozambique ..................................3.3
Burundi ..........................................3.3
Zambia ..........................................3.2
Uganda ..........................................3.1
Bolivia ............................................3.1
Angola ...........................................3.0
Botswana ......................................3.0
South Africa ...................................3.0
Lesotho .........................................3.0
Namibia .........................................2.9
Malawi ...........................................2.8
Chad..............................................2.8
Swaziland ......................................1.9

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 5.2

7

2.2: Data Tables

4.06 HIV prevalence
HIV prevalence as a percentage of adults aged 15–49 years | 2011 or most recent year available

RANK

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
41
41
41
44
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Albania........................................ <0.1
Bahrain2...................................... <0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina2............ <0.1
Brunei Darussalam3 .......................0.0
Cyprus4 ...................................... <0.1
Hong Kong SAR3...........................0.0
Jordan ...........................................0.0
Macedonia, FYR1...................... <0.01
Montenegro ...................................0.0
United Arab Emirates ................ <0.01
Algeria3 ..........................................0.1
Azerbaijan ......................................0.1
Bangladesh....................................0.1
Bulgaria .........................................0.1
China .............................................0.1
Croatia ...........................................0.1
Czech Republic .............................0.1
Egypt .............................................0.1
Finland ...........................................0.1
Hungary .........................................0.1
Japan ............................................0.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................0.1
Lebanon ........................................0.1
Lithuania ........................................0.1
Malta .............................................0.1
Mongolia ........................................0.1
New Zealand .................................0.1
Oman3 ...........................................0.1
Pakistan .........................................0.1
Philippines .....................................0.1
Poland ...........................................0.1
Qatar3 ............................................0.1
Romania ........................................0.1
Serbia ............................................0.1
Singapore ......................................0.1
Slovak Republic .............................0.1
Slovenia .........................................0.1
Sri Lanka .......................................0.1
Tunisia ...........................................0.1
Turkey............................................0.1
Kuwait2 ....................................... <0.2
Libya2 ......................................... <0.2
Timor-Leste1 ............................... <0.2
Taiwan, China ................................0.2
Armenia .........................................0.2
Australia .........................................0.2
Denmark ........................................0.2
Georgia ..........................................0.2
Germany ........................................0.2
Greece ...........................................0.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................0.2
Israel ..............................................0.2
Kazakhstan ....................................0.2
Morocco ........................................0.2
Netherlands ...................................0.2
Nicaragua ......................................0.2
Norway ..........................................0.2
Sweden .........................................0.2
Yemen ...........................................0.2
Belgium .........................................0.3
Bhutan ...........................................0.3
Bolivia ............................................0.3
Brazil..............................................0.3
Canada ..........................................0.3
Costa Rica .....................................0.3
Iceland ...........................................0.3
India3 .............................................0.3
Indonesia .......................................0.3
Ireland............................................0.3
Lao PDR ........................................0.3
Luxembourg ..................................0.3
Madagascar ...................................0.3
Mexico ...........................................0.3
Nepal .............................................0.3

60
60
77
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
78
88
88
88
88
92
92
92
92
92
97
97
97
97
97
102
102
102
102
106
107
107
107
107
107
112
112
112
112
116
116
118
118
120
120
122
122
122
125
126
126
128
129
130
130
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147 n/a COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Paraguay .......................................0.3
United Kingdom .............................0.3
Puerto Rico4 ..................................0.3
Argentina .......................................0.4
Austria ...........................................0.4
Ecuador .........................................0.4
France ...........................................0.4
Italy ................................................0.4
Kyrgyz Republic .............................0.4
Malaysia.........................................0.4
Peru ...............................................0.4
Spain .............................................0.4
Switzerland ....................................0.4
Chile ..............................................0.5
Colombia .......................................0.5
Moldova .........................................0.5
Vietnam .........................................0.5
Cambodia ......................................0.6
El Salvador.....................................0.6
Myanmar........................................0.6
Uruguay .........................................0.6
Venezuela ......................................0.6
Dominican Republic .......................0.7
Latvia .............................................0.7
Portugal .........................................0.7
Senegal .........................................0.7
United States .................................0.7
Guatemala .....................................0.8
Honduras3 .....................................0.8
Panama .........................................0.8
Ukraine ..........................................0.8
Barbados .......................................0.9
Cape Verde ...................................1.0
Liberia ............................................1.0
Mauritius ........................................1.0
Russian Federation3 .......................1.0
Suriname .......................................1.0
Burkina Faso..................................1.1
Guyana ..........................................1.1
Mali ................................................1.1
Mauritania ......................................1.1
Benin .............................................1.2
Thailand .........................................1.2
Burundi ..........................................1.3
Estonia...........................................1.3
Ethiopia..........................................1.4
Guinea ...........................................1.4
Gambia, The ..................................1.5
Ghana ............................................1.5
Trinidad and Tobago......................1.5
Sierra Leone ..................................1.6
Haiti ...............................................1.8
Jamaica .........................................1.8
Angola ...........................................2.1
Rwanda .........................................2.9
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.0
Seychelles4 ....................................3.0
Chad..............................................3.1
Nigeria ...........................................3.7
Cameroon......................................4.6
Gabon ...........................................5.0
Tanzania ........................................5.8
Kenya ............................................6.2
Uganda ..........................................7.2
Malawi .........................................10.0
Mozambique ................................11.3
Zambia ........................................12.5
Namibia .......................................13.4
Zimbabwe ....................................14.9
South Africa .................................17.3
Lesotho .......................................23.3
Botswana ....................................23.4
Swaziland ....................................26.0
Saudi Arabia ..................................n/a

SOURCES: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); UNAIDS, Global Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic (2008 edition); national sources
NOTE:
Economies with a prevalence rate of less than 0.1 percent are all ranked first and listed alphabetically.
1

2005

2

2007

3

2009

4

2010

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 453

2.2: Data Tables

4.07 Infant mortality
Infant (children aged 0–12 months) mortality per 1,000 live births | 2011

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
6
8
9
9
11
12
13
14
14
14
17
18
18
20
20
20
20
24
25
26
26
28
29
29
31
31
33
33
35
36
37
37
37
40
41
41
43
43
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
51
53
53
53
56
57
58
59
60
60
62
63
64
65
65
67
67
67
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Hong Kong SAR ............................1.4
Iceland ...........................................1.7
Singapore ......................................2.0
Slovenia .........................................2.1
Sweden .........................................2.2
Finland ...........................................2.3
Luxembourg ..................................2.3
Japan ............................................2.4
Cyprus ...........................................2.6
Norway ..........................................2.6
Portugal .........................................2.7
Estonia...........................................2.8
Denmark ........................................3.1
Czech Republic .............................3.2
Ireland............................................3.2
Italy ................................................3.2
Germany ........................................3.3
France ...........................................3.4
Netherlands ...................................3.4
Austria ...........................................3.5
Belgium .........................................3.5
Israel ..............................................3.5
Spain .............................................3.5
Greece ...........................................3.7
Switzerland ....................................4.0
Australia .........................................4.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.1
Taiwan, China ................................4.2
Croatia ...........................................4.4
United Kingdom .............................4.4
Lithuania ........................................4.7
New Zealand .................................4.7
Canada ..........................................4.9
Poland ...........................................4.9
Malta .............................................5.1
Hungary .........................................5.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.6
Malaysia.........................................5.6
United Arab Emirates .....................5.6
Serbia ............................................6.1
Qatar .............................................6.4
United States .................................6.4
Montenegro ...................................6.5
Slovak Republic .............................6.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................6.7
Latvia .............................................7.1
Oman ............................................7.3
Chile ..............................................7.7
Saudi Arabia ..................................7.9
Lebanon ........................................8.0
Bahrain ..........................................8.6
Costa Rica .....................................8.6
Macedonia, FYR ............................8.7
Ukraine ..........................................8.7
Uruguay .........................................8.7
Puerto Rico 1 ..................................8.8
Kuwait ...........................................9.3
Russian Federation ........................9.8
Sri Lanka .....................................10.5
Bulgaria .......................................10.6
Thailand .......................................10.6
Romania ......................................10.8
Turkey..........................................11.5
Seychelles....................................11.9
Argentina .....................................12.6
China ...........................................12.6
Albania.........................................12.8
Libya ............................................12.8
Mauritius ......................................12.8
Venezuela ....................................12.9
El Salvador...................................13.1
Mexico .........................................13.4
Moldova .......................................13.8
Brazil............................................13.9

74
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
83
85
85
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
115
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
127
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

SOURCES: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); national sources
1

2012

454 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Tunisia .........................................13.9
Peru .............................................14.1
Colombia .....................................15.4
Armenia .......................................15.6
Jamaica .......................................15.7
Panama .......................................16.7
Vietnam .......................................17.3
Barbados .....................................17.7
Egypt ...........................................18.0
Jordan .........................................18.0
Cape Verde .................................18.2
Honduras .....................................18.2
Georgia ........................................18.3
Paraguay .....................................19.1
Ecuador .......................................19.6
Philippines ...................................20.2
Botswana ....................................20.3
Dominican Republic .....................20.9
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................21.1
Nicaragua ....................................21.6
Guatemala ...................................24.2
Trinidad and Tobago....................24.5
Indonesia .....................................24.8
Kazakhstan ..................................25.0
Mongolia ......................................25.5
Algeria .........................................25.6
Suriname .....................................26.0
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................27.0
Morocco ......................................28.2
Guyana ........................................29.4
Namibia .......................................29.6
Lao PDR ......................................33.8
South Africa .................................34.6
Cambodia ....................................36.2
Bangladesh..................................36.7
Rwanda .......................................38.1
Azerbaijan ....................................38.5
Nepal ...........................................39.0
Bolivia ..........................................39.3
Bhutan .........................................42.0
Madagascar .................................42.8
Zimbabwe ....................................42.8
Tanzania ......................................45.4
Timor-Leste .................................45.8
Senegal .......................................46.7
India.............................................47.2
Myanmar......................................47.9
Kenya ..........................................48.3
Gabon .........................................49.3
Ethiopia........................................51.5
Ghana ..........................................51.8
Zambia ........................................52.7
Haiti .............................................52.9
Malawi .........................................52.9
Yemen .........................................57.0
Gambia, The ................................57.6
Uganda ........................................57.9
Liberia ..........................................58.2
Pakistan .......................................59.2
Lesotho .......................................62.6
Benin ...........................................67.9
Swaziland ....................................69.0
Mozambique ................................71.6
Mauritania ....................................75.6
Nigeria .........................................78.0
Guinea .........................................78.9
Cameroon....................................79.2
Côte d’Ivoire ................................81.2
Burkina Faso................................81.6
Burundi ........................................86.3
Angola .........................................96.4
Chad............................................97.1
Mali ..............................................98.2
Sierra Leone ..............................119.2

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

4.08 Life expectancy
Life expectancy at birth (years) | 2011 or 2010

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Hong Kong SAR ..........................83.4
Switzerland ..................................82.7
Japan ..........................................82.6
Iceland .........................................82.4
Spain ...........................................82.3
Italy ..............................................82.1
Malta ...........................................82.0
Singapore ....................................81.9
Australia .......................................81.8
Sweden .......................................81.8
Israel ............................................81.8
France .........................................81.7
Norway ........................................81.3
Netherlands .................................81.2
Austria .........................................81.0
Luxembourg ................................81.0
Canada ........................................80.9
New Zealand ...............................80.9
Korea, Rep. .................................80.9
United Kingdom ...........................80.8
Greece .........................................80.7
Germany ......................................80.7
Portugal .......................................80.7
Ireland..........................................80.5
Belgium .......................................80.5
Finland .........................................80.5
Slovenia .......................................80.0
Denmark ......................................79.8
Cyprus .........................................79.6
Costa Rica ...................................79.3
Taiwan, China 1 ............................79.2
Puerto Rico..................................79.0
Chile ............................................79.0
United States ...............................78.6
Qatar ...........................................78.2
Brunei Darussalam .......................78.1
Czech Republic ...........................77.9
Albania.........................................77.0
Mexico .........................................76.9
Croatia .........................................76.9
Poland .........................................76.7
United Arab Emirates ...................76.7
Barbados .....................................76.7
Uruguay .......................................76.4
Panama .......................................76.1
Estonia.........................................76.1
Slovak Republic ...........................76.0
Argentina .....................................75.8
Ecuador .......................................75.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............75.6
Bahrain ........................................75.2
Vietnam .......................................75.1
Libya ............................................75.0
Sri Lanka .....................................74.9
Hungary .......................................74.9
Macedonia, FYR ..........................74.8
Tunisia .........................................74.8
Kuwait .........................................74.7
Serbia ..........................................74.6
Romania ......................................74.5
Montenegro .................................74.5
Venezuela ....................................74.3
Malaysia.......................................74.3
Bulgaria .......................................74.2
Thailand .......................................74.1
Saudi Arabia ................................74.1
Nicaragua ....................................74.0
Peru .............................................74.0
Turkey..........................................73.9
Cape Verde .................................73.9
Armenia .......................................73.9
Colombia .....................................73.6
Latvia ...........................................73.6
Lithuania ......................................73.6

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

China ...........................................73.5
Seychelles....................................73.5
Dominican Republic .....................73.4
Brazil............................................73.4
Jordan .........................................73.4
Oman ..........................................73.3
Georgia 1 ......................................73.3
Mauritius ......................................73.3
Egypt ...........................................73.2
Honduras .....................................73.1
Algeria .........................................73.1
Jamaica .......................................73.1
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................73.0
Lebanon ......................................72.6
Paraguay .....................................72.5
Morocco ......................................72.1
El Salvador...................................71.9
Guatemala ...................................71.1
Ukraine ........................................70.8
Azerbaijan ....................................70.7
Suriname .....................................70.6
Trinidad and Tobago....................70.0
Guyana ........................................69.9
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................69.6
Indonesia .....................................69.3
Moldova .......................................69.2
Russian Federation ......................69.0
Bangladesh..................................68.9
Kazakhstan ..................................68.9
Philippines ...................................68.8
Nepal ...........................................68.7
Mongolia ......................................68.5
Lao PDR ......................................67.4
Bhutan .........................................67.3
Madagascar .................................66.7
Bolivia ..........................................66.6
India.............................................65.5
Yemen .........................................65.5
Pakistan .......................................65.4
Myanmar......................................65.2
Ghana ..........................................64.2
Cambodia ....................................63.0
Gabon .........................................62.7
Timor-Leste .................................62.5
Namibia .......................................62.3
Haiti .............................................62.1
Senegal .......................................59.3
Ethiopia........................................59.2
Mauritania ....................................58.5
Gambia, The ................................58.5
Tanzania ......................................58.2
Kenya ..........................................57.1
Liberia ..........................................56.7
Benin ...........................................56.0
Côte d’Ivoire ................................55.4
Rwanda .......................................55.4
Burkina Faso................................55.4
Malawi .........................................54.1
Guinea .........................................54.1
Uganda ........................................54.1
Botswana ....................................53.0
South Africa .................................52.6
Nigeria .........................................51.9
Cameroon....................................51.6
Mali ..............................................51.4
Zimbabwe ....................................51.2
Angola .........................................51.1
Burundi ........................................50.3
Mozambique ................................50.2
Chad............................................49.5
Zambia ........................................49.0
Swaziland ....................................48.7
Lesotho .......................................48.0
Sierra Leone ................................47.8

SOURCES: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April 2013 edition); national sources
1

2010

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 455

2.2: Data Tables

4.09 Quality of primary education
In your country, how would you assess the quality of primary schools [1 = extremely poor—among the worst in the world; 7 = excellent—among the best in the world] |
2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Finland ...........................................6.8
Belgium .........................................6.3
Singapore ......................................6.0
Barbados .......................................6.0
Switzerland ....................................6.0
New Zealand .................................5.8
Lebanon ........................................5.7
Ireland............................................5.7
Malta .............................................5.7
Netherlands ...................................5.7
Qatar .............................................5.6
Cyprus ...........................................5.6
Canada ..........................................5.5
Taiwan, China ................................5.4
Iceland ...........................................5.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................5.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.3
Estonia...........................................5.2
United Arab Emirates .....................5.2
Slovenia .........................................5.1
Japan ............................................5.1
Australia .........................................5.0
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.0
Sweden .........................................5.0
Germany ........................................5.0
Lithuania ........................................5.0
Montenegro ...................................5.0
Austria ...........................................4.9
Norway ..........................................4.9
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.9
United Kingdom .............................4.9
Costa Rica .....................................4.8
Malaysia.........................................4.8
Latvia .............................................4.8
France ...........................................4.7
Guyana ..........................................4.7
Ukraine ..........................................4.7
Croatia ...........................................4.7
Luxembourg ..................................4.7
Italy ................................................4.7
United States .................................4.7
Denmark ........................................4.7
Sri Lanka .......................................4.6
Jordan ...........................................4.6
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.6
Portugal .........................................4.5
Mauritius ........................................4.5
Bhutan ...........................................4.5
Seychelles......................................4.4
Gambia, The ..................................4.4
Czech Republic .............................4.3
Hungary .........................................4.3
Albania...........................................4.3
Slovak Republic .............................4.3
Indonesia .......................................4.3
China .............................................4.3
Oman ............................................4.2
Poland ...........................................4.2
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.2
Bulgaria .........................................4.1
Russian Federation ........................4.1
Swaziland ......................................4.1
Zimbabwe ......................................4.1
Bahrain ..........................................4.0
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.0
Spain .............................................4.0
Botswana ......................................4.0
Suriname .......................................4.0
Kazakhstan ....................................3.9
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.9
Israel ..............................................3.9
Tunisia ...........................................3.9
Cape Verde ...................................3.9
Ecuador .........................................3.8

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.9

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

456 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Rwanda .........................................3.8
Philippines .....................................3.8
Armenia .........................................3.8
Greece ...........................................3.8
Lao PDR ........................................3.8
Moldova .........................................3.7
Serbia ............................................3.7
Zambia ..........................................3.7
Puerto Rico....................................3.7
India...............................................3.6
Romania ........................................3.6
Thailand .........................................3.6
Ghana ............................................3.6
Cameroon......................................3.6
Kenya ............................................3.6
Nepal .............................................3.5
Mongolia ........................................3.5
Turkey............................................3.5
Kuwait ...........................................3.4
Georgia ..........................................3.4
Jamaica .........................................3.4
Panama .........................................3.4
Vietnam .........................................3.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.4
Lesotho .........................................3.3
Benin .............................................3.3
Bolivia ............................................3.3
Argentina .......................................3.3
Senegal .........................................3.3
Colombia .......................................3.3
Uruguay .........................................3.2
Cambodia ......................................3.2
Chile ..............................................3.2
Ethiopia..........................................3.1
Nicaragua ......................................3.0
Namibia .........................................3.0
Azerbaijan ......................................3.0
Gabon ...........................................3.0
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.0
Sierra Leone ..................................2.9
Bangladesh....................................2.9
Pakistan .........................................2.9
Venezuela ......................................2.9
Morocco ........................................2.9
Nigeria ...........................................2.9
Uganda ..........................................2.9
Burkina Faso..................................2.9
Malawi ...........................................2.9
Liberia ............................................2.8
Mexico ...........................................2.8
El Salvador.....................................2.8
Madagascar ...................................2.7
Haiti ...............................................2.6
Mali ................................................2.5
Brazil..............................................2.5
Tanzania ........................................2.5
Algeria ...........................................2.5
Libya ..............................................2.5
South Africa ...................................2.3
Guinea ...........................................2.3
Peru ...............................................2.3
Guatemala .....................................2.2
Honduras .......................................2.2
Burundi ..........................................2.2
Mozambique ..................................2.2
Mauritania ......................................2.2
Timor-Leste ...................................2.2
Paraguay .......................................2.2
Myanmar........................................2.1
Angola ...........................................2.1
Chad..............................................2.1
Dominican Republic .......................2.0
Yemen ...........................................2.0
Egypt .............................................2.0

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.9

7

2.2: Data Tables

4.10

Primary education enrollment rate

Net primary education enrollment rate | 2011 or most recent year available

RANKCOUNTRY/ECONOMY

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

VALUE

RANKCOUNTRY/ECONOMY

Singapore ..................................100.0
Japan9 .......................................100.0
Canada1 ......................................99.8
China ...........................................99.8
Netherlands9 ................................99.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................99.8
Ireland..........................................99.7
Spain ...........................................99.7
Myanmar5 ....................................99.6
Uruguay9 .....................................99.5
United Kingdom9 .........................99.5
Taiwan, China10 ...........................99.5
Sweden .......................................99.5
Tunisia .........................................99.4
Vietnam .......................................99.3
New Zealand9 ..............................99.3
Portugal9 .....................................99.2
Norway9.......................................99.1
Argentina4 ....................................99.1
Greece9 .......................................99.0
Cyprus9 .......................................99.0
Iceland9 .......................................99.0
Turkey9 ........................................98.9
Belgium9 ......................................98.9
Rwanda9......................................98.7
Ecuador8 .....................................98.6
Mongolia ......................................98.6
Korea, Rep.9 ................................98.6
France .........................................98.5
Austria8 ........................................98.4
Cambodia ....................................98.2
Georgia ........................................98.1
Tanzania7.....................................98.0
Bulgaria9 ......................................98.0
Finland .........................................97.9
Bahrain5.......................................97.8
Mexico .........................................97.8
Slovenia .......................................97.7
Germany9 ....................................97.7
Italy9 ............................................97.4
Slovak Republic8..........................97.4
Lao PDR ......................................97.4
Honduras .....................................97.3
Australia9 .....................................97.1
Israel9 ..........................................97.1
Mauritius ......................................97.0
Brunei Darussalam8 .....................96.9
Malawi8 ........................................96.9
Panama .......................................96.9
Poland9........................................96.6
Oman ..........................................96.6
Saudi Arabia ................................96.5
Algeria .........................................96.2
Morocco10 ...................................96.0
Malaysia4 .....................................95.9
Indonesia .....................................95.8
Guatemala9..................................95.8
Egypt ...........................................95.6
Zambia ........................................95.5
Denmark9 ....................................95.4
Seychelles4 ..................................95.1
Latvia ...........................................95.1
Barbados7 ...................................95.0
Estonia9 .......................................95.0
Lebanon ......................................94.9
United States9 .............................94.6
Peru .............................................94.5
Nepal9 .........................................94.5
Brazil4 ..........................................94.4
Bangladesh..................................94.4
El Salvador...................................94.3
Qatar ...........................................94.0
Trinidad and Tobago9 ..................93.9
Switzerland ..................................93.9

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145 n/a n/a n/a VALUE

Malta9 ..........................................93.8
Uganda ........................................93.8
Montenegro10 ..............................93.7
Cape Verde .................................93.5
Russian Federation8 .....................93.4
India9 ...........................................93.3
Chile ............................................93.3
Serbia ..........................................93.2
Albania3 .......................................93.0
Sri Lanka .....................................92.9
Suriname .....................................92.8
Venezuela ....................................92.7
Hungary .......................................92.5
Nicaragua9 ...................................92.5
Hong Kong SAR ..........................92.3
Luxembourg9 ...............................92.1
Kuwait7 ........................................92.1
Benin7..........................................92.1
Cameroon9 ..................................91.9
Ukraine ........................................91.7
Lithuania ......................................91.1
Jordan9........................................90.7
Timor-Leste .................................90.4
Mozambique10 .............................90.4
Zimbabwe5 ..................................90.0
Burundi6 ......................................89.7
Thailand8 .....................................89.7
Czech Republic5 ..........................89.6
Dominican Republic .....................89.4
Bhutan10 ......................................89.0
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................88.4
United Arab Emirates5 .................88.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............88.4
Philippines8 ..................................88.3
Macedonia, FYR9.........................88.0
Bolivia9 ........................................88.0
Moldova .......................................87.8
Romania9 .....................................87.6
Colombia .....................................87.1
Botswana8 ...................................87.1
Armenia6 ......................................87.1
Croatia9 .......................................86.8
Azerbaijan ....................................86.6
Kazakhstan10 ...............................86.5
Ethiopia........................................86.5
Angola9 ........................................85.7
Namibia9 ......................................85.1
South Africa8 ...............................85.1
Swaziland6 ...................................84.8
Paraguay9 ....................................83.6
Kenya8 .........................................82.8
Guyana ........................................82.7
Ghana10.......................................82.1
Jamaica9 .....................................82.0
Guinea10 ......................................81.7
Gabon2 ........................................80.0
Madagascar3 ...............................79.2
Puerto Rico..................................79.1
Yemen .........................................76.0
Senegal .......................................75.7
Mauritania ....................................74.5
Lesotho .......................................74.5
Pakistan .......................................72.1
Gambia, The ................................67.5
Sierra Leone ................................65.0
Burkina Faso10.............................64.1
Mali ..............................................62.9
Chad3 ..........................................62.3
Côte d’Ivoire8...............................61.5
Nigeria9 ........................................57.6
Liberia ..........................................40.8
Costa Rica .....................................n/a
Haiti ...............................................n/a
Libya ..............................................n/a

SOURCES: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed June 21, 2013); The Asian Development Bank, Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012; The World Bank, EdStats Database
(accessed June 27, 2012): Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), UNICEF Education at a Glance 2011; UNESCO Country Programming Document; national sources
1

2000

2

2001

3

2003

4

2005

5

2006

6

2007

7

2008

8

2009

© 2013 World Economic Forum

9

2010

10

2012

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 457

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Data Tables

Pillar 5
Higher education and training

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

5.01 Secondary education enrollment rate
Gross secondary education enrollment rate | 2011 or most recent year available

RANKCOUNTRY/ECONOMY

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

VALUE

RANKCOUNTRY/ECONOMY

Australia8 ...................................131.3
Spain .........................................128.5
Seychelles..................................123.9
Netherlands8 ..............................121.5
New Zealand8 ............................119.1
Denmark8 ..................................118.7
Ireland........................................118.6
France .......................................113.6
Brunei Darussalam .....................111.8
Norway8.....................................111.0
Belgium8 ....................................110.5
Libya4 ........................................110.3
Greece8 .....................................109.5
Portugal8 ...................................109.1
Finland .......................................108.0
Iceland8 .....................................108.0
Saudi Arabia ..............................107.3
Singapore ..................................107.0
Estonia8 .....................................106.6
Brazil3 ........................................105.8
United Kingdom8 .......................105.3
Oman ........................................104.1
Barbados ...................................103.7
Germany8 ..................................103.3
Bahrain4.....................................103.1
Sri Lanka ...................................102.4
Japan8 .......................................102.2
Israel8 ........................................102.1
Kazakhstan9 ..............................101.9
Qatar .........................................101.7
Algeria .......................................101.6
Canada7 ....................................101.5
Costa Rica .................................101.5
Luxembourg8 .............................101.2
Kuwait6 ......................................101.0
Malta8 ........................................100.9
Hungary .....................................100.7
Italy8 ..........................................100.4
Azerbaijan ....................................99.5
Taiwan, China9 ............................99.0
Lithuania ......................................98.8
Austria .........................................98.3
Sweden .......................................98.2
Colombia .....................................97.5
Slovenia .......................................97.4
Romania8 .....................................97.2
Korea, Rep.8 ................................97.1
Poland8........................................97.0
United States8 .............................96.0
Latvia ...........................................95.8
Croatia8 .......................................95.7
Switzerland ..................................95.5
Montenegro9................................95.4
Ukraine ........................................94.0
South Africa7 ...............................93.8
Guyana ........................................93.3
Jamaica8 .....................................92.7
Mongolia ......................................92.6
Tunisia .........................................92.6
United Arab Emirates4 .................92.3
Armenia8 ......................................92.0
Serbia ..........................................91.5
Cyprus8 .......................................91.4
Slovak Republic ...........................91.2
Peru .............................................91.2
Czech Republic ...........................90.8
Mexico .........................................90.7
Uruguay8 .....................................90.4
Argentina8 ....................................90.2
Chile ............................................90.1
Trinidad and Tobago6 ..................89.9
Cape Verde .................................89.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............89.3
Bulgaria8 ......................................88.9

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147 n/a SOURCES: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed June 21, 2013, and April 21, 2013); ChildInfo.org Country Profiles; national sources
1

2002

2

2003

3

2005

4

2006

5

2007

460 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

6

2008

7

2009

8

VALUE

Russian Federation7 .....................88.6
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................88.2
Moldova .......................................87.7
Ecuador .......................................87.6
Jordan8........................................86.9
Georgia7 ......................................86.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................85.7
Suriname .....................................85.3
Philippines7 ..................................84.8
Mauritius3 ....................................83.8
Macedonia, FYR8.........................83.7
Venezuela ....................................83.5
Lebanon ......................................83.3
Botswana6 ...................................82.1
Turkey8 ........................................82.1
China ...........................................81.4
Bolivia6 ........................................81.0
Indonesia .....................................80.7
Hong Kong SAR ..........................80.1
Thailand9 .....................................78.2
Albania2 .......................................78.2
Vietnam8 ......................................77.2
Puerto Rico..................................77.2
Dominican Republic .....................76.1
Bhutan9 .......................................75.3
Honduras .....................................74.0
Panama .......................................73.6
Egypt8 .........................................72.5
Morocco9.....................................69.8
Nicaragua8 ...................................69.4
Malaysia8 .....................................69.1
Paraguay8 ....................................67.9
El Salvador...................................67.6
Guatemala8..................................64.5
Namibia5 ......................................64.0
India8 ...........................................63.2
Kenya7 .........................................60.2
Swaziland ....................................60.0
Ghana9 ........................................59.2
Timor-Leste .................................58.1
Myanmar8 ....................................54.3
Gambia, The8 ..............................54.1
Gabon1 ........................................53.1
Bangladesh..................................51.9
Benin ...........................................51.4
Cameroon....................................51.3
Lesotho .......................................49.1
Lao PDR ......................................45.8
Yemen .........................................45.8
Liberia ..........................................44.8
Cambodia6 ..................................44.4
Nigeria8 ........................................44.0
Nepal4 .........................................43.5
Guinea9 .......................................42.7
Senegal .......................................42.1
Mali ..............................................39.5
Zimbabwe4 ..................................38.0
Ethiopia........................................37.6
Rwanda .......................................35.8
Tanzania9.....................................35.1
Sierra Leone ................................35.0
Pakistan .......................................35.0
Malawi .........................................34.2
Angola8 ........................................31.3
Madagascar7 ...............................31.1
Zambia4 .......................................30.4
Uganda7 ......................................28.4
Burundi ........................................28.0
Côte d’Ivoire1...............................27.1
Mauritania ....................................27.0
Mozambique9 ..............................26.0
Chad............................................25.4
Burkina Faso9 ..............................24.7
Haiti ...............................................n/a

2010

© 2013 World Economic Forum

9

2012

2.2: Data Tables

5.02 Tertiary education enrollment rate
Gross tertiary education enrollment rate | 2011 or most recent year available

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Korea, Rep. 11 ............................103.1
Finland .........................................95.2
United States 11............................94.8
Greece 8 .......................................89.4
Slovenia .......................................86.3
Puerto Rico..................................86.2
Taiwan, China 12...........................84.4
Spain ...........................................82.6
New Zealand 11 ............................82.6
Ukraine ........................................81.7
Australia 11 ...................................79.9
Iceland 11 .....................................78.6
Venezuela 10 .................................78.1
Russian Federation 10 ...................75.9
Argentina 11 ..................................74.8
Norway 11 .....................................74.4
Denmark 11 ..................................73.7
Sweden .......................................73.1
Poland 11 ......................................72.4
Singapore ....................................72.0
Chile ............................................70.7
Belgium 11 ....................................70.6
Austria .........................................70.5
Lithuania ......................................69.5
Ireland..........................................68.1
Portugal 11....................................65.5
Netherlands 11 ..............................65.4
Italy 11 ..........................................65.0
Czech Republic ...........................64.9
Estonia 11 .....................................64.3
Uruguay 11....................................63.2
Israel 10 ........................................62.5
Barbados .....................................61.8
Hong Kong SAR ..........................60.4
Hungary .......................................59.9
United Kingdom 11 .......................59.7
Japan 11 .......................................59.7
Canada 2 ......................................59.3
Romania 11 ...................................58.8
France .........................................57.7
Lebanon ......................................57.7
Latvia ...........................................57.4
Mongolia ......................................57.2
Bulgaria 11 ....................................56.9
Switzerland ..................................56.7
Turkey 11 ......................................55.4
Libya 4 ..........................................54.4
Croatia 11 .....................................54.1
Slovak Republic ...........................53.9
Serbia ..........................................50.4
Armenia .......................................48.9
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................48.6
Cyprus 11 .....................................48.3
Montenegro 11 ..............................47.6
Thailand 12....................................46.4
Panama 11 ....................................45.7
Albania.........................................43.9
Kazakhstan 12 ..............................43.2
Peru 11 .........................................43.0
Costa Rica ...................................43.0
Colombia .....................................42.9
Malaysia 11 ...................................42.3
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................41.3
Saudi Arabia ................................41.2
Ecuador 9 .....................................39.8
Moldova .......................................39.4
Bolivia 8 ........................................38.6
Macedonia, FYR 11 .......................38.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............38.1
Jordan .........................................37.8
Tunisia .........................................37.1
Malta 11 ........................................35.3
Paraguay 11 ..................................34.6
Dominican Republic 5 ...................34.0

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
n/a n/a COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Mauritius ......................................32.4
Algeria .........................................32.1
Georgia ........................................30.0
Bahrain 7 ......................................29.8
Mexico .........................................28.8
Oman ..........................................28.7
Philippines 10 ................................28.2
Egypt ...........................................27.8
China ...........................................26.8
Jamaica 11....................................26.0
Brazil 6 ..........................................25.6
United Arab Emirates 9 .................25.2
Indonesia .....................................24.9
El Salvador...................................24.6
Vietnam .......................................24.4
Kuwait 5........................................21.9
Honduras 11 .................................20.6
Cape Verde .................................20.4
Azerbaijan ....................................19.6
Brunei Darussalam .......................19.6
Liberia 2 ........................................19.1
Luxembourg 11 .............................18.2
Nicaragua 4 ..................................18.0
India 11 .........................................17.9
Guatemala 8 .................................17.8
Lao PDR ......................................17.7
Timor-Leste 10 ..............................16.7
South Africa 7 ...............................15.4
Myanmar......................................14.8
Cambodia ....................................14.5
Sri Lanka .....................................14.3
Morocco 11 ...................................14.1
Bangladesh..................................13.6
Cameroon....................................12.4
Ghana 12 ......................................12.3
Suriname 3 ...................................12.1
Guyana ........................................12.0
Qatar ...........................................11.6
Trinidad and Tobago 6 ..................11.5
Guinea .........................................11.3
Benin 10 ........................................10.6
Nigeria 6 .......................................10.3
Yemen 8 .......................................10.2
Uganda ..........................................9.1
Namibia 9 .......................................9.0
Bhutan ...........................................8.8
Pakistan .........................................8.3
Côte d’Ivoire 10 ...............................8.3
Senegal 11 ......................................7.9
Ethiopia..........................................7.6
Botswana 7.....................................7.4
Nepal 7 ...........................................7.3
Gabon 1..........................................7.0
Rwanda .........................................6.6
Mali ................................................6.1
Zimbabwe ......................................6.0
Swaziland ......................................5.9
Sierra Leone ..................................5.0
Mozambique ..................................4.9
Mauritania ......................................4.7
Gambia, The 9 ................................4.1
Madagascar ...................................4.1
Kenya 10 .........................................4.0
Tanzania 12 .....................................3.9
Burkina Faso..................................3.9
Angola 11 ........................................3.7
Lesotho 7........................................3.5
Burundi 11 ......................................3.2
Seychelles......................................2.6
Zambia 2.........................................2.4
Chad..............................................2.3
Malawi ...........................................0.8
Germany ........................................n/a
Haiti ...............................................n/a

SOURCES: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed June 21, 2013); national sources
1

1999

2

2000

3

2002

4

2003

5

2004

6

2005

7

2006

8

2007

© 2013 World Economic Forum

9

2008

10

2009

11

2010

12

2012

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 461

2.2: Data Tables

5.03 Quality of the educational system
How well does the educational system in your country meet the needs of a competitive economy? [1 = not well at all; 7 = extremely well] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................6.0
Finland ...........................................5.9
Singapore ......................................5.8
Qatar .............................................5.8
Ireland............................................5.5
Barbados .......................................5.3
Belgium .........................................5.3
Malta .............................................5.3
Cyprus ...........................................5.3
Canada ..........................................5.2
New Zealand .................................5.2
Netherlands ...................................5.2
Lebanon ........................................5.2
Germany ........................................5.1
United Arab Emirates .....................5.1
Iceland ...........................................5.1
Sweden .........................................5.0
Norway ..........................................5.0
Malaysia.........................................5.0
Costa Rica .....................................4.9
Denmark ........................................4.9
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.8
Australia .........................................4.8
Austria ...........................................4.8
United States .................................4.6
United Kingdom .............................4.6
Jordan ...........................................4.6
Sri Lanka .......................................4.6
Gambia, The ..................................4.5
Taiwan, China ................................4.5
Seychelles......................................4.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.4
India...............................................4.4
Luxembourg ..................................4.4
Montenegro ...................................4.4
Indonesia .......................................4.3
Mauritius ........................................4.3
Zambia ..........................................4.3
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.3
Philippines .....................................4.3
Bhutan ...........................................4.3
Zimbabwe ......................................4.3
France ...........................................4.2
Kenya ............................................4.2
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.2
Ghana ............................................4.2
Estonia...........................................4.1
Bahrain ..........................................4.1
Guyana ..........................................4.1
Japan ............................................4.1
Rwanda .........................................4.1
Albania...........................................4.0
Oman ............................................4.0
China .............................................4.0
Slovenia .........................................4.0
Israel ..............................................4.0
Lao PDR ........................................4.0
Portugal .........................................4.0
Lithuania ........................................4.0
Cameroon......................................3.9
Cape Verde ...................................3.9
Ecuador .........................................3.8
Puerto Rico....................................3.8
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.8
Botswana ......................................3.7
Jamaica .........................................3.7
Czech Republic .............................3.7
Latvia .............................................3.7
Armenia .........................................3.7
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.7
Tunisia ...........................................3.7
Italy ................................................3.6
Lesotho .........................................3.6
Chile ..............................................3.6

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.7

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

462 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Panama .........................................3.6
Cambodia ......................................3.6
Spain .............................................3.6
Thailand .........................................3.6
Ukraine ..........................................3.6
Senegal .........................................3.5
Swaziland ......................................3.5
Uganda ..........................................3.5
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.5
Pakistan .........................................3.5
Russian Federation ........................3.5
Colombia .......................................3.5
Poland ...........................................3.4
Kazakhstan ....................................3.4
Bolivia ............................................3.4
Bulgaria .........................................3.4
Turkey............................................3.4
Malawi ...........................................3.4
Hungary .........................................3.4
Nepal .............................................3.4
Vietnam .........................................3.4
Liberia ............................................3.4
Croatia ...........................................3.4
Bangladesh....................................3.3
Romania ........................................3.3
Tanzania ........................................3.2
Benin .............................................3.2
Suriname .......................................3.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.2
Argentina .......................................3.2
Georgia ..........................................3.2
Kuwait ...........................................3.1
Nicaragua ......................................3.1
Ethiopia..........................................3.1
El Salvador.....................................3.1
Morocco ........................................3.1
Serbia ............................................3.1
Greece ...........................................3.1
Nigeria ...........................................3.1
Azerbaijan ......................................3.1
Moldova .........................................3.0
Sierra Leone ..................................3.0
Madagascar ...................................3.0
Namibia .........................................3.0
Mexico ...........................................3.0
Uruguay .........................................3.0
Brazil..............................................3.0
Mali ................................................2.9
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.7
Timor-Leste ...................................2.7
Myanmar........................................2.7
Gabon ...........................................2.7
Burkina Faso..................................2.7
Venezuela ......................................2.7
Mozambique ..................................2.7
Slovak Republic .............................2.7
Chad..............................................2.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................2.7
Algeria ...........................................2.7
Peru ...............................................2.7
Guatemala .....................................2.6
Mauritania ......................................2.6
Mongolia ........................................2.6
Paraguay .......................................2.6
Guinea ...........................................2.6
Dominican Republic .......................2.5
Honduras .......................................2.4
Haiti ...............................................2.3
Burundi ..........................................2.3
Angola ...........................................2.2
Egypt .............................................2.2
South Africa ...................................2.1
Yemen ...........................................2.0
Libya ..............................................1.9

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.7

7

2.2: Data Tables

5.04 Quality of math and science education
In your country, how would you assess the quality of math and science education in schools [1 = extremely poor—among the worst in the world; 7 = excellent—among the best in the world] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Singapore ......................................6.3
Finland ...........................................6.3
Belgium .........................................6.0
Lebanon ........................................5.8
Switzerland ....................................5.8
Qatar .............................................5.6
Cyprus ...........................................5.6
Malta .............................................5.5
Barbados .......................................5.5
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.5
Taiwan, China ................................5.4
New Zealand .................................5.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................5.4
Netherlands ...................................5.3
France ...........................................5.2
Lithuania ........................................5.2
Canada ..........................................5.2
Slovenia .........................................5.1
United Arab Emirates .....................5.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.1
Germany ........................................5.1
Croatia ...........................................5.0
Montenegro ...................................4.9
Iceland ...........................................4.9
Ireland............................................4.9
Estonia...........................................4.9
Malaysia.........................................4.9
Ukraine ..........................................4.8
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.8
Jordan ...........................................4.8
Tunisia ...........................................4.7
India...............................................4.7
Latvia .............................................4.7
Japan ............................................4.7
Indonesia .......................................4.7
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.6
Australia .........................................4.6
Hungary .........................................4.6
Austria ...........................................4.6
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.6
Sweden .........................................4.6
Denmark ........................................4.5
Mauritius ........................................4.5
Luxembourg ..................................4.5
Costa Rica .....................................4.5
Sri Lanka .......................................4.5
Norway ..........................................4.4
China .............................................4.4
United States .................................4.4
United Kingdom .............................4.4
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.4
Morocco ........................................4.3
Guyana ..........................................4.3
Albania...........................................4.3
Serbia ............................................4.3
Russian Federation ........................4.3
Romania ........................................4.3
Greece ...........................................4.3
Bulgaria .........................................4.3
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.3
Italy ................................................4.3
Ghana ............................................4.2
Zimbabwe ......................................4.2
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.2
Seychelles......................................4.2
Benin .............................................4.2
Armenia .........................................4.2
Mongolia ........................................4.1
Poland ...........................................4.1
Rwanda .........................................4.1
Bhutan ...........................................4.1
Cameroon......................................4.1
Portugal .........................................4.1
Moldova .........................................4.1

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.0

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.0

7

Kazakhstan ....................................4.1
Zambia ..........................................4.0
Bahrain ..........................................4.0
Israel ..............................................4.0
Senegal .........................................4.0
Thailand .........................................4.0
Suriname .......................................4.0
Madagascar ...................................4.0
Czech Republic .............................4.0
Ecuador .........................................4.0
Vietnam .........................................3.9
Slovak Republic .............................3.9
Oman ............................................3.9
Spain .............................................3.9
Nepal .............................................3.8
Lao PDR ........................................3.8
Swaziland ......................................3.8
Botswana ......................................3.8
Puerto Rico....................................3.8
Gambia, The ..................................3.8
Kenya ............................................3.8
Philippines .....................................3.7
Burkina Faso..................................3.7
Bolivia ............................................3.6
Kuwait ...........................................3.6
Cape Verde ...................................3.5
Turkey............................................3.5
Cambodia ......................................3.5
Burundi ..........................................3.4
Pakistan .........................................3.4
Lesotho .........................................3.4
Georgia ..........................................3.4
Chile ..............................................3.4
Colombia .......................................3.4
Ethiopia..........................................3.4
Azerbaijan ......................................3.3
Guinea ...........................................3.3
Bangladesh....................................3.3
Malawi ...........................................3.2
Panama .........................................3.2
Jamaica .........................................3.2
Argentina .......................................3.2
Nigeria ...........................................3.1
Nicaragua ......................................3.1
Uganda ..........................................3.1
Haiti ...............................................3.0
Gabon ...........................................3.0
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.0
Venezuela ......................................2.9
Uruguay .........................................2.9
Liberia ............................................2.9
Mali ................................................2.9
Chad..............................................2.9
Namibia .........................................2.9
El Salvador.....................................2.8
Libya ..............................................2.7
Mexico ...........................................2.7
Algeria ...........................................2.7
Mauritania ......................................2.7
Myanmar........................................2.7
Sierra Leone ..................................2.6
Brazil..............................................2.6
Mozambique ..................................2.6
Tanzania ........................................2.5
Guatemala .....................................2.4
Peru ...............................................2.4
Timor-Leste ...................................2.3
Paraguay .......................................2.3
Yemen ...........................................2.3
Honduras .......................................2.2
Egypt .............................................2.2
Dominican Republic .......................2.2
Angola ...........................................2.1
South Africa ...................................1.9

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 463

2.2: Data Tables

5.05 Quality of management schools
In your country, how would you assess the quality of business schools [1 = extremely poor—among the worst in the world; 7 = excellent—among the best in the world] |
2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................6.1
Belgium .........................................6.0
United Kingdom .............................5.9
Spain .............................................5.8
France ...........................................5.8
Singapore ......................................5.7
Canada ..........................................5.7
Qatar .............................................5.7
Netherlands ...................................5.7
Finland ...........................................5.6
Portugal .........................................5.5
United States .................................5.5
Lebanon ........................................5.4
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.4
Sweden .........................................5.4
Chile ..............................................5.3
Costa Rica .....................................5.3
Cyprus ...........................................5.3
Ireland............................................5.3
Norway ..........................................5.2
Malta .............................................5.2
Iceland ...........................................5.2
South Africa ...................................5.2
New Zealand .................................5.2
Denmark ........................................5.2
Barbados .......................................5.1
Germany ........................................5.1
United Arab Emirates .....................5.1
Australia .........................................5.1
India...............................................5.0
Italy ................................................5.0
Taiwan, China ................................4.9
Argentina .......................................4.9
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.9
Malaysia.........................................4.9
Montenegro ...................................4.8
Sri Lanka .......................................4.8
Guatemala .....................................4.8
Philippines .....................................4.7
Austria ...........................................4.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.7
Israel ..............................................4.7
Senegal .........................................4.6
Puerto Rico....................................4.6
Morocco ........................................4.6
Gambia, The ..................................4.6
Jordan ...........................................4.6
Cameroon......................................4.6
Brazil..............................................4.5
Guyana ..........................................4.5
Ghana ............................................4.5
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.5
Thailand .........................................4.5
Estonia...........................................4.5
Luxembourg ..................................4.5
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.5
Kenya ............................................4.4
Indonesia .......................................4.4
Latvia .............................................4.4
Lithuania ........................................4.4
Mauritius ........................................4.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.3
Panama .........................................4.3
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.3
Mexico ...........................................4.3
Tunisia ...........................................4.3
Peru ...............................................4.3
Hungary .........................................4.3
Jamaica .........................................4.3
Colombia .......................................4.3
Zambia ..........................................4.3
Pakistan .........................................4.3
Benin .............................................4.3
Slovenia .........................................4.2

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.2

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

464 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Seychelles......................................4.2
Venezuela ......................................4.2
Ecuador .........................................4.2
Croatia ...........................................4.2
Uruguay .........................................4.2
Suriname .......................................4.1
Zimbabwe ......................................4.1
Lao PDR ........................................4.1
China .............................................4.1
Albania...........................................4.1
Bahrain ..........................................4.1
Japan ............................................4.0
Madagascar ...................................4.0
Oman ............................................4.0
Poland ...........................................4.0
Czech Republic .............................4.0
Rwanda .........................................3.9
Kuwait ...........................................3.9
El Salvador.....................................3.8
Greece ...........................................3.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.8
Kazakhstan ....................................3.8
Botswana ......................................3.8
Uganda ..........................................3.8
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.8
Nepal .............................................3.8
Turkey............................................3.8
Nigeria ...........................................3.7
Nicaragua ......................................3.7
Romania ........................................3.7
Bangladesh....................................3.7
Dominican Republic .......................3.7
Georgia ..........................................3.7
Cambodia ......................................3.7
Slovak Republic .............................3.7
Burkina Faso..................................3.6
Bhutan ...........................................3.6
Bulgaria .........................................3.6
Russian Federation ........................3.6
Serbia ............................................3.6
Ukraine ..........................................3.6
Cape Verde ...................................3.5
Liberia ............................................3.5
Ethiopia..........................................3.5
Mali ................................................3.4
Armenia .........................................3.4
Namibia .........................................3.4
Lesotho .........................................3.4
Honduras .......................................3.4
Malawi ...........................................3.3
Vietnam .........................................3.3
Bolivia ............................................3.3
Gabon ...........................................3.3
Swaziland ......................................3.3
Tanzania ........................................3.3
Haiti ...............................................3.2
Sierra Leone ..................................3.2
Paraguay .......................................3.2
Moldova .........................................3.2
Azerbaijan ......................................3.1
Algeria ...........................................3.0
Mongolia ........................................2.9
Mozambique ..................................2.8
Yemen ...........................................2.8
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.7
Chad..............................................2.7
Myanmar........................................2.7
Burundi ..........................................2.6
Mauritania ......................................2.5
Guinea ...........................................2.5
Egypt .............................................2.3
Libya ..............................................2.2
Timor-Leste ...................................2.2
Angola ...........................................2.2

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.2

7

2.2: Data Tables

5.06 Internet access in schools
In your country, how widespread is Internet access in schools? [1 = nonexistent; 7 = extremely widespread] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Iceland ...........................................6.6
Finland ...........................................6.6
Estonia...........................................6.5
Singapore ......................................6.3
Norway ..........................................6.3
Netherlands ...................................6.3
Taiwan, China ................................6.2
Sweden .........................................6.2
Luxembourg ..................................6.2
United Kingdom .............................6.2
Canada ..........................................6.1
Switzerland ....................................6.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................6.1
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.1
Qatar .............................................6.0
Slovenia .........................................6.0
Australia .........................................5.9
United States .................................5.9
Uruguay .........................................5.9
Malta .............................................5.9
United Arab Emirates .....................5.8
Denmark ........................................5.8
Lithuania ........................................5.8
Czech Republic .............................5.8
Austria ...........................................5.7
Belgium .........................................5.7
Latvia .............................................5.7
New Zealand .................................5.7
Portugal .........................................5.7
Cyprus ...........................................5.6
Slovak Republic .............................5.5
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.5
Hungary .........................................5.4
Panama .........................................5.4
China .............................................5.3
Malaysia.........................................5.2
Japan ............................................5.2
Barbados .......................................5.1
Israel ..............................................5.1
Macedonia, FYR ............................5.1
Vietnam .........................................5.1
Germany ........................................5.0
Ireland............................................5.0
Jordan ...........................................5.0
Bahrain ..........................................5.0
Spain .............................................4.9
Oman ............................................4.9
Chile ..............................................4.9
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.8
Indonesia .......................................4.8
Bulgaria .........................................4.7
Kazakhstan ....................................4.7
Croatia ...........................................4.7
Russian Federation ........................4.6
Poland ...........................................4.6
Moldova .........................................4.6
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.6
Costa Rica .....................................4.6
Puerto Rico....................................4.5
Romania ........................................4.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.5
Georgia ..........................................4.5
Turkey............................................4.4
France ...........................................4.4
Thailand .........................................4.4
Kuwait ...........................................4.4
Mauritius ........................................4.3
Rwanda .........................................4.3
Seychelles......................................4.3
Ukraine ..........................................4.3
Montenegro ...................................4.3
Azerbaijan ......................................4.2
Albania...........................................4.2
Philippines .....................................4.2

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.2

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.2

7

Jamaica .........................................4.1
Guyana ..........................................4.1
India...............................................4.1
Armenia .........................................4.0
Argentina .......................................4.0
Ecuador .........................................4.0
Kenya ............................................4.0
Colombia .......................................3.9
Mongolia ........................................3.9
Serbia ............................................3.9
Gambia, The ..................................3.9
Greece ...........................................3.9
Lao PDR ........................................3.9
Bhutan ...........................................3.8
Cambodia ......................................3.8
Mexico ...........................................3.8
Cape Verde ...................................3.8
Pakistan .........................................3.7
Senegal .........................................3.7
Peru ...............................................3.7
Tunisia ...........................................3.7
Italy ................................................3.7
El Salvador.....................................3.7
Brazil..............................................3.6
Dominican Republic .......................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.5
Nigeria ...........................................3.5
Nicaragua ......................................3.5
Zambia ..........................................3.5
Botswana ......................................3.4
Nepal .............................................3.4
Venezuela ......................................3.4
Lebanon ........................................3.4
Sri Lanka .......................................3.4
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.3
Guatemala .....................................3.3
Namibia .........................................3.2
Swaziland ......................................3.2
Morocco ........................................3.1
Ghana ............................................3.1
Honduras .......................................3.1
South Africa ...................................3.1
Mali ................................................3.1
Tanzania ........................................3.1
Zimbabwe ......................................3.0
Lesotho .........................................3.0
Uganda ..........................................2.9
Bangladesh....................................2.8
Malawi ...........................................2.8
Ethiopia..........................................2.8
Egypt .............................................2.7
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................2.7
Angola ...........................................2.6
Mozambique ..................................2.6
Liberia ............................................2.6
Paraguay .......................................2.6
Suriname .......................................2.6
Madagascar ...................................2.4
Sierra Leone ..................................2.3
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.3
Cameroon......................................2.3
Haiti ...............................................2.3
Timor-Leste ...................................2.3
Algeria ...........................................2.2
Myanmar........................................2.2
Benin .............................................2.0
Mauritania ......................................2.0
Gabon ...........................................2.0
Guinea ...........................................1.8
Burundi ..........................................1.8
Libya ..............................................1.8
Yemen ...........................................1.7
Burkina Faso..................................1.6
Chad..............................................1.3

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 465

2.2: Data Tables

5.07 Local availability of specialized research and training services
In your country, to what extent are high-quality, specialized training services available? [1 = not available at all; 7 = widely available] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................6.5
Germany ........................................6.1
Netherlands ...................................6.1
Austria ...........................................6.1
Belgium .........................................5.9
Finland ...........................................5.9
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.8
Sweden .........................................5.7
United States .................................5.7
Puerto Rico....................................5.6
United Kingdom .............................5.6
Japan ............................................5.5
Norway ..........................................5.5
Singapore ......................................5.4
France ...........................................5.4
Taiwan, China ................................5.4
Qatar .............................................5.4
Canada ..........................................5.4
United Arab Emirates .....................5.3
Malaysia.........................................5.3
Luxembourg ..................................5.3
Denmark ........................................5.2
Australia .........................................5.1
Ireland............................................5.0
Costa Rica .....................................5.0
Czech Republic .............................5.0
Portugal .........................................5.0
New Zealand .................................4.9
Cyprus ...........................................4.9
Spain .............................................4.8
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.8
Italy ................................................4.8
Poland ...........................................4.8
Israel ..............................................4.8
Senegal .........................................4.7
Estonia...........................................4.7
Iceland ...........................................4.7
Brazil..............................................4.7
Malta .............................................4.7
Lithuania ........................................4.7
Barbados .......................................4.7
Chile ..............................................4.6
Jordan ...........................................4.6
Kenya ............................................4.6
Panama .........................................4.6
Zambia ..........................................4.5
India...............................................4.5
Indonesia .......................................4.5
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.5
Mexico ...........................................4.4
Philippines .....................................4.4
Bahrain ..........................................4.4
Sri Lanka .......................................4.4
South Africa ...................................4.4
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.4
Slovenia .........................................4.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.4
Lebanon ........................................4.4
Guatemala .....................................4.4
Argentina .......................................4.4
Slovak Republic .............................4.4
China .............................................4.4
Mauritius ........................................4.3
Thailand .........................................4.3
Kazakhstan ....................................4.3
El Salvador.....................................4.3
Latvia .............................................4.3
Colombia .......................................4.2
Azerbaijan ......................................4.2
Turkey............................................4.2
Gambia, The ..................................4.2
Uruguay .........................................4.2
Oman ............................................4.2
Croatia ...........................................4.2

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.2

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

466 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Cameroon......................................4.1
Russian Federation ........................4.1
Dominican Republic .......................4.1
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.1
Guyana ..........................................4.1
Jamaica .........................................4.1
Morocco ........................................4.1
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.0
Nigeria ...........................................4.0
Hungary .........................................3.9
Tunisia ...........................................3.9
Ecuador .........................................3.9
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.9
Lao PDR ........................................3.9
Peru ...............................................3.9
Cambodia ......................................3.9
Romania ........................................3.9
Ukraine ..........................................3.9
Seychelles......................................3.8
Greece ...........................................3.8
Benin .............................................3.8
Uganda ..........................................3.8
Ghana ............................................3.8
Kuwait ...........................................3.8
Montenegro ...................................3.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.7
Honduras .......................................3.7
Lesotho .........................................3.7
Egypt .............................................3.7
Malawi ...........................................3.7
Zimbabwe ......................................3.7
Rwanda .........................................3.6
Pakistan .........................................3.6
Botswana ......................................3.6
Bulgaria .........................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.6
Madagascar ...................................3.6
Burkina Faso..................................3.6
Albania...........................................3.6
Mali ................................................3.5
Nicaragua ......................................3.5
Namibia .........................................3.5
Tanzania ........................................3.5
Suriname .......................................3.5
Armenia .........................................3.5
Swaziland ......................................3.4
Serbia ............................................3.4
Venezuela ......................................3.4
Liberia ............................................3.4
Cape Verde ...................................3.4
Vietnam .........................................3.3
Bhutan ...........................................3.3
Mozambique ..................................3.3
Moldova .........................................3.3
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.3
Georgia ..........................................3.3
Ethiopia..........................................3.2
Bangladesh....................................3.2
Sierra Leone ..................................3.1
Paraguay .......................................3.1
Guinea ...........................................3.1
Algeria ...........................................3.1
Nepal .............................................3.1
Mauritania ......................................3.0
Chad..............................................3.0
Myanmar........................................2.9
Timor-Leste ...................................2.8
Gabon ...........................................2.8
Yemen ...........................................2.8
Haiti ...............................................2.8
Mongolia ........................................2.7
Angola ...........................................2.5
Burundi ..........................................2.5
Libya ..............................................2.5

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.2

7

2.2: Data Tables

5.08 Extent of staff training
In your country, to what extent do companies invest in training and employee development? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................5.6
Finland ...........................................5.5
Luxembourg ..................................5.4
Japan ............................................5.3
Qatar .............................................5.3
Singapore ......................................5.2
Sweden .........................................5.2
Norway ..........................................5.2
Netherlands ...................................5.1
Germany ........................................5.1
Malaysia.........................................5.1
United States .................................5.0
United Arab Emirates .....................5.0
Denmark ........................................5.0
New Zealand .................................5.0
Austria ...........................................4.9
South Africa ...................................4.9
Puerto Rico....................................4.9
Belgium .........................................4.9
Ireland............................................4.8
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.7
United Kingdom .............................4.7
Costa Rica .....................................4.7
Iceland ...........................................4.7
Indonesia .......................................4.6
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.6
Philippines .....................................4.6
Guatemala .....................................4.5
Gambia, The ..................................4.5
Australia .........................................4.5
Taiwan, China ................................4.5
Barbados .......................................4.5
Oman ............................................4.5
Canada ..........................................4.5
Malta .............................................4.4
Albania...........................................4.4
Estonia...........................................4.4
Mauritius ........................................4.4
Seychelles......................................4.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.3
Bahrain ..........................................4.3
France ...........................................4.3
Panama .........................................4.3
Brazil..............................................4.3
Nigeria ...........................................4.3
Chile ..............................................4.3
Latvia .............................................4.3
China .............................................4.3
Israel ..............................................4.2
Thailand .........................................4.2
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.2
Sri Lanka .......................................4.2
India...............................................4.2
Kenya ............................................4.2
Lao PDR ........................................4.2
Kazakhstan ....................................4.1
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.1
Lithuania ........................................4.1
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.1
Ecuador .........................................4.1
Jamaica .........................................4.1
Montenegro ...................................4.1
Guyana ..........................................4.1
Turkey............................................4.0
Cambodia ......................................4.0
Cyprus ...........................................4.0
Czech Republic .............................4.0
Namibia .........................................4.0
Portugal .........................................4.0
Rwanda .........................................4.0
Mexico ...........................................4.0
Mongolia ........................................4.0
Suriname .......................................4.0

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.0

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.0

7

Poland ...........................................4.0
Dominican Republic .......................4.0
Honduras .......................................3.9
Cameroon......................................3.9
Ghana ............................................3.9
Azerbaijan ......................................3.9
El Salvador.....................................3.9
Zimbabwe ......................................3.9
Jordan ...........................................3.9
Malawi ...........................................3.9
Nicaragua ......................................3.8
Swaziland ......................................3.8
Botswana ......................................3.8
Russian Federation ........................3.8
Zambia ..........................................3.8
Peru ...............................................3.8
Slovak Republic .............................3.8
Uruguay .........................................3.8
Colombia .......................................3.7
Kuwait ...........................................3.7
Tanzania ........................................3.7
Morocco ........................................3.7
Spain .............................................3.7
Vietnam .........................................3.7
Lebanon ........................................3.7
Argentina .......................................3.7
Liberia ............................................3.7
Madagascar ...................................3.7
Ukraine ..........................................3.7
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.7
Slovenia .........................................3.6
Venezuela ......................................3.6
Georgia ..........................................3.6
Hungary .........................................3.6
Paraguay .......................................3.6
Lesotho .........................................3.6
Tunisia ...........................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.6
Gabon ...........................................3.6
Armenia .........................................3.6
Uganda ..........................................3.5
Greece ...........................................3.5
Sierra Leone ..................................3.5
Cape Verde ...................................3.4
Bhutan ...........................................3.4
Mozambique ..................................3.3
Croatia ...........................................3.3
Yemen ...........................................3.3
Ethiopia..........................................3.3
Angola ...........................................3.3
Senegal .........................................3.3
Moldova .........................................3.2
Bulgaria .........................................3.2
Pakistan .........................................3.2
Guinea ...........................................3.2
Italy ................................................3.2
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.2
Timor-Leste ...................................3.2
Nepal .............................................3.2
Romania ........................................3.1
Mali ................................................3.1
Benin .............................................3.1
Bangladesh....................................3.1
Egypt .............................................3.1
Algeria ...........................................3.0
Serbia ............................................3.0
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.0
Burkina Faso..................................2.9
Libya ..............................................2.9
Haiti ...............................................2.8
Chad..............................................2.8
Myanmar........................................2.6
Burundi ..........................................2.6
Mauritania ......................................2.5

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 467

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Data Tables

Pillar 6
Goods market efficiency

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

6.01 Intensity of local competition
In your country, how intense is competition in the local markets? [1 = not intense at all; 7 = extremely intense] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Japan ............................................6.2
Taiwan, China ................................6.1
United Kingdom .............................6.0
Malta .............................................6.0
Netherlands ...................................6.0
Belgium .........................................6.0
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.9
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.9
Puerto Rico....................................5.9
Germany ........................................5.9
Austria ...........................................5.8
Czech Republic .............................5.8
Australia .........................................5.8
United States .................................5.8
Turkey............................................5.8
Qatar .............................................5.8
United Arab Emirates .....................5.7
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.7
Singapore ......................................5.6
Sri Lanka .......................................5.6
Switzerland ....................................5.6
Estonia...........................................5.6
Sweden .........................................5.6
India...............................................5.6
Lebanon ........................................5.5
France ...........................................5.5
Denmark ........................................5.5
Spain .............................................5.5
Slovak Republic .............................5.5
Mauritius ........................................5.5
New Zealand .................................5.4
Malaysia.........................................5.4
Canada ..........................................5.4
Latvia .............................................5.4
Kenya ............................................5.4
Lithuania ........................................5.4
Chile ..............................................5.4
Poland ...........................................5.3
Norway ..........................................5.3
Bahrain ..........................................5.3
Thailand .........................................5.3
Ireland............................................5.3
Hungary .........................................5.3
Jordan ...........................................5.3
South Africa ...................................5.3
China .............................................5.3
Cyprus ...........................................5.2
Zambia ..........................................5.2
Slovenia .........................................5.2
Barbados .......................................5.2
Vietnam .........................................5.2
Costa Rica .....................................5.2
Guatemala .....................................5.2
Oman ............................................5.2
Jamaica .........................................5.2
Lao PDR ........................................5.2
Paraguay .......................................5.2
Senegal .........................................5.1
Luxembourg ..................................5.1
Morocco ........................................5.1
Peru ...............................................5.1
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.1
Philippines .....................................5.1
Colombia .......................................5.1
Mexico ...........................................5.0
Indonesia .......................................5.0
Uganda ..........................................5.0
Ghana ............................................5.0
Guyana ..........................................5.0
Brazil..............................................5.0
Panama .........................................5.0
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................5.0
Italy ................................................5.0
Bangladesh....................................4.9

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.9

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

470 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Dominican Republic .......................4.9
Nigeria ...........................................4.9
Portugal .........................................4.9
Cambodia ......................................4.9
Pakistan .........................................4.9
Tunisia ...........................................4.9
Zimbabwe ......................................4.9
Madagascar ...................................4.8
Iceland ...........................................4.8
Gambia, The ..................................4.8
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.8
Finland ...........................................4.8
Greece ...........................................4.8
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.7
Benin .............................................4.7
Rwanda .........................................4.7
Suriname .......................................4.7
Cameroon......................................4.7
Botswana ......................................4.7
Lesotho .........................................4.7
Israel ..............................................4.7
Bhutan ...........................................4.7
Myanmar........................................4.6
Mongolia ........................................4.6
Namibia .........................................4.6
Seychelles......................................4.6
Bulgaria .........................................4.6
Armenia .........................................4.6
Liberia ............................................4.6
Honduras .......................................4.6
El Salvador.....................................4.6
Ukraine ..........................................4.5
Croatia ...........................................4.5
Mauritania ......................................4.5
Nepal .............................................4.5
Kuwait ...........................................4.5
Mali ................................................4.5
Ecuador .........................................4.5
Russian Federation ........................4.5
Uruguay .........................................4.5
Romania ........................................4.4
Burkina Faso..................................4.4
Swaziland ......................................4.4
Yemen ...........................................4.4
Moldova .........................................4.4
Kazakhstan ....................................4.3
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.3
Cape Verde ...................................4.3
Georgia ..........................................4.3
Kyrgyz Republic .............................4.3
Malawi ...........................................4.3
Mozambique ..................................4.2
Tanzania ........................................4.2
Azerbaijan ......................................4.2
Gabon ...........................................4.2
Sierra Leone ..................................4.1
Egypt .............................................4.1
Guinea ...........................................4.1
Ethiopia..........................................4.0
Argentina .......................................4.0
Montenegro ...................................3.9
Nicaragua ......................................3.8
Bolivia ............................................3.8
Serbia ............................................3.8
Libya ..............................................3.7
Haiti ...............................................3.7
Algeria ...........................................3.6
Timor-Leste ...................................3.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.4
Albania...........................................3.4
Chad..............................................3.3
Burundi ..........................................3.3
Venezuela ......................................3.0
Angola ...........................................2.8

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.9

7

2.2: Data Tables

6.02 Extent of market dominance
In your country, how would you characterize corporate activity? [1 = dominated by a few business groups; 7 = spread among many firms] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................5.9
Germany ........................................5.8
Japan ............................................5.6
Taiwan, China ................................5.6
Austria ...........................................5.5
Netherlands ...................................5.4
Qatar .............................................5.4
Belgium .........................................5.3
United Kingdom .............................5.2
United States .................................5.2
Denmark ........................................5.2
Singapore ......................................5.1
Norway ..........................................5.1
Puerto Rico....................................5.0
Italy ................................................5.0
United Arab Emirates .....................5.0
Poland ...........................................4.8
Malaysia.........................................4.8
Ireland............................................4.7
Canada ..........................................4.7
Sweden .........................................4.7
Finland ...........................................4.6
China .............................................4.6
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.6
Luxembourg ..................................4.5
India...............................................4.4
Spain .............................................4.4
Brazil..............................................4.4
New Zealand .................................4.4
France ...........................................4.4
Lao PDR ........................................4.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.4
Costa Rica .....................................4.3
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.3
Turkey............................................4.3
Australia .........................................4.3
South Africa ...................................4.3
Gambia, The ..................................4.2
Zambia ..........................................4.2
Jordan ...........................................4.2
Sri Lanka .......................................4.2
Cameroon......................................4.2
El Salvador.....................................4.2
Czech Republic .............................4.2
Oman ............................................4.1
Malta .............................................4.1
Cyprus ...........................................4.1
Tunisia ...........................................4.1
Panama .........................................4.0
Ghana ............................................4.0
Mali ................................................4.0
Nigeria ...........................................4.0
Morocco ........................................4.0
Indonesia .......................................4.0
Uruguay .........................................4.0
Jamaica .........................................3.9
Estonia...........................................3.9
Seychelles......................................3.9
Rwanda .........................................3.9
Kenya ............................................3.9
Guatemala .....................................3.9
Latvia .............................................3.9
Cape Verde ...................................3.9
Guyana ..........................................3.9
Bahrain ..........................................3.8
Senegal .........................................3.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.8
Liberia ............................................3.8
Lebanon ........................................3.8
Suriname .......................................3.8
Cambodia ......................................3.8
Bolivia ............................................3.8
Greece ...........................................3.8
Vietnam .........................................3.8

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.8

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.8

7

Armenia .........................................3.7
Thailand .........................................3.7
Pakistan .........................................3.7
Kazakhstan ....................................3.7
Slovenia .........................................3.7
Montenegro ...................................3.6
Mauritius ........................................3.6
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.6
Azerbaijan ......................................3.6
Zimbabwe ......................................3.6
Ecuador .........................................3.6
Swaziland ......................................3.6
Paraguay .......................................3.6
Romania ........................................3.6
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.5
Namibia .........................................3.5
Barbados .......................................3.5
Iceland ...........................................3.5
Russian Federation ........................3.5
Kuwait ...........................................3.5
Portugal .........................................3.5
Lithuania ........................................3.4
Botswana ......................................3.4
Honduras .......................................3.4
Colombia .......................................3.4
Nicaragua ......................................3.4
Lesotho .........................................3.4
Peru ...............................................3.4
Madagascar ...................................3.4
Benin .............................................3.4
Philippines .....................................3.4
Slovak Republic .............................3.4
Mexico ...........................................3.3
Guinea ...........................................3.3
Egypt .............................................3.3
Croatia ...........................................3.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.3
Hungary .........................................3.3
Burundi ..........................................3.3
Tanzania ........................................3.3
Sierra Leone ..................................3.3
Bangladesh....................................3.3
Malawi ...........................................3.2
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.2
Georgia ..........................................3.2
Bulgaria .........................................3.2
Bhutan ...........................................3.2
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.2
Argentina .......................................3.2
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.1
Uganda ..........................................3.1
Mauritania ......................................3.1
Dominican Republic .......................3.1
Timor-Leste ...................................3.1
Mozambique ..................................3.1
Algeria ...........................................3.1
Albania...........................................3.0
Ukraine ..........................................3.0
Moldova .........................................3.0
Chile ..............................................2.9
Libya ..............................................2.9
Venezuela ......................................2.9
Gabon ...........................................2.9
Yemen ...........................................2.8
Nepal .............................................2.7
Burkina Faso..................................2.7
Israel ..............................................2.6
Serbia ............................................2.6
Haiti ...............................................2.6
Ethiopia..........................................2.6
Chad..............................................2.6
Mongolia ........................................2.6
Myanmar........................................2.4
Angola ...........................................2.0

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 471

2.2: Data Tables

6.03 Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy
In your country, to what extent does anti-monopoly policy promote competition? [1 = does not promote competition; 7 = effectively promotes competition] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Finland ...........................................5.6
Qatar .............................................5.5
Sweden .........................................5.5
Singapore ......................................5.4
Netherlands ...................................5.4
New Zealand .................................5.4
United Arab Emirates .....................5.3
South Africa ...................................5.3
Puerto Rico....................................5.3
Norway ..........................................5.2
Japan ............................................5.2
Germany ........................................5.1
Belgium .........................................5.1
United States .................................5.0
Luxembourg ..................................5.0
United Kingdom .............................5.0
Switzerland ....................................5.0
Taiwan, China ................................4.9
Oman ............................................4.9
Denmark ........................................4.9
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.8
Malta .............................................4.8
Malaysia.........................................4.8
Ireland............................................4.8
Panama .........................................4.8
France ...........................................4.7
Cyprus ...........................................4.7
Austria ...........................................4.7
India...............................................4.7
Turkey............................................4.6
Estonia...........................................4.6
Chile ..............................................4.6
Australia .........................................4.6
Lao PDR ........................................4.6
Bahrain ..........................................4.6
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.6
Zambia ..........................................4.6
Rwanda .........................................4.6
Canada ..........................................4.5
Brazil..............................................4.5
Uganda ..........................................4.5
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.5
Indonesia .......................................4.5
Mauritius ........................................4.5
Jordan ...........................................4.5
Gambia, The ..................................4.4
Spain .............................................4.4
Iceland ...........................................4.4
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.4
Kenya ............................................4.4
Senegal .........................................4.4
Costa Rica .....................................4.3
Cambodia ......................................4.3
Cameroon......................................4.3
China .............................................4.3
Liberia ............................................4.3
Jamaica .........................................4.2
Peru ...............................................4.2
El Salvador.....................................4.2
Bhutan ...........................................4.2
Seychelles......................................4.2
Barbados .......................................4.2
Ghana ............................................4.2
Portugal .........................................4.1
Morocco ........................................4.1
Namibia .........................................4.1
Mali ................................................4.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.1
Thailand .........................................4.1
Czech Republic .............................4.1
Sri Lanka .......................................4.1
Poland ...........................................4.1
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.1
Tunisia ...........................................4.1

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.1

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

472 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Latvia .............................................4.1
Ecuador .........................................4.1
Slovenia .........................................4.0
Colombia .......................................4.0
Botswana ......................................4.0
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.0
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.0
Vietnam .........................................4.0
Zimbabwe ......................................4.0
Guyana ..........................................4.0
Pakistan .........................................3.9
Malawi ...........................................3.9
Nigeria ...........................................3.9
Philippines .....................................3.9
Tanzania ........................................3.9
Hungary .........................................3.9
Kazakhstan ....................................3.8
Greece ...........................................3.8
Sierra Leone ..................................3.8
Montenegro ...................................3.8
Slovak Republic .............................3.8
Croatia ...........................................3.8
Armenia .........................................3.8
Lithuania ........................................3.8
Bangladesh....................................3.8
Nicaragua ......................................3.8
Dominican Republic .......................3.8
Cape Verde ...................................3.7
Italy ................................................3.7
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.7
Guatemala .....................................3.7
Swaziland ......................................3.7
Nepal .............................................3.6
Timor-Leste ...................................3.6
Israel ..............................................3.6
Burkina Faso..................................3.6
Lesotho .........................................3.6
Honduras .......................................3.6
Romania ........................................3.6
Mexico ...........................................3.5
Lebanon ........................................3.5
Russian Federation ........................3.5
Madagascar ...................................3.5
Uruguay .........................................3.5
Kuwait ...........................................3.5
Paraguay .......................................3.4
Bolivia ............................................3.4
Suriname .......................................3.4
Mongolia ........................................3.4
Myanmar........................................3.4
Albania...........................................3.4
Bulgaria .........................................3.3
Azerbaijan ......................................3.3
Mozambique ..................................3.3
Mauritania ......................................3.3
Gabon ...........................................3.2
Ethiopia..........................................3.2
Egypt .............................................3.2
Moldova .........................................3.2
Benin .............................................3.2
Yemen ...........................................3.1
Algeria ...........................................3.1
Ukraine ..........................................3.1
Georgia ..........................................3.1
Burundi ..........................................3.1
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.1
Serbia ............................................3.0
Argentina .......................................3.0
Guinea ...........................................3.0
Libya ..............................................2.7
Chad..............................................2.7
Haiti ...............................................2.6
Venezuela ......................................2.3
Angola ...........................................2.2

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.1

7

2.2: Data Tables

6.04 Effect of taxation on incentives to invest
In your country, to what extent do taxes reduce the incentive to invest? [1 = significantly reduce the incentive to invest; 7 = do not reduce the incentive to invest at all]
| 2013
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

SOURCE:
1

VALUE

1

Bahrain ..........................................6.4
Qatar .............................................6.3
United Arab Emirates1 ...................6.2
Singapore ......................................6.0
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.7
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.6
Oman1 ...........................................5.6
Luxembourg ..................................5.3
Mauritius ........................................5.2
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.1
Switzerland ....................................5.1
Malaysia.........................................5.0
Estonia...........................................5.0
Botswana ......................................4.7
Chile ..............................................4.7
South Africa ...................................4.7
Paraguay .......................................4.7
Ireland............................................4.6
New Zealand .................................4.6
Netherlands ...................................4.6
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.6
Kuwait ...........................................4.6
Sweden .........................................4.5
Georgia ..........................................4.4
Cambodia ......................................4.4
Canada ..........................................4.4
Panama .........................................4.4
Indonesia .......................................4.4
United Kingdom .............................4.3
Seychelles......................................4.3
Rwanda .........................................4.3
Cyprus ...........................................4.2
Lebanon ........................................4.2
Malta .............................................4.2
Liberia ............................................4.2
Guyana ..........................................4.2
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.2
Norway ..........................................4.2
Senegal .........................................4.1
United States .................................4.1
China .............................................4.1
Taiwan, China ................................4.1
Germany ........................................4.1
India...............................................4.1
Lao PDR ........................................4.1
Montenegro ...................................4.0
Guinea ...........................................4.0
Finland ...........................................4.0
Suriname .......................................4.0
Israel ..............................................4.0
Puerto Rico....................................4.0
Namibia .........................................4.0
Ghana ............................................3.9
Kazakhstan ....................................3.9
Angola ...........................................3.9
Peru ...............................................3.9
Thailand .........................................3.9
Philippines .....................................3.9
Bhutan ...........................................3.9
Lesotho .........................................3.9
Nigeria ...........................................3.9
Morocco ........................................3.9
Sri Lanka .......................................3.9
Tunisia ...........................................3.9
Austria ...........................................3.9
Zambia ..........................................3.8
Uruguay .........................................3.8
Barbados .......................................3.8
Gabon ...........................................3.8
Swaziland ......................................3.8
Malawi ...........................................3.8
Ecuador .........................................3.8
Timor-Leste ...................................3.8
Costa Rica .....................................3.7

MEAN 3.8

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.8

7

Albania...........................................3.7
Azerbaijan ......................................3.7
Tanzania ........................................3.7
Guatemala .....................................3.7
Bolivia ............................................3.7
Australia .........................................3.7
Mongolia ........................................3.7
Pakistan .........................................3.7
Latvia .............................................3.7
Algeria ...........................................3.6
Egypt .............................................3.6
Japan ............................................3.6
Mexico ...........................................3.6
Zimbabwe ......................................3.6
Sierra Leone ..................................3.6
Nicaragua ......................................3.6
Myanmar........................................3.6
Bangladesh....................................3.6
Kenya ............................................3.5
Turkey............................................3.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.5
Armenia .........................................3.5
Vietnam .........................................3.5
Haiti ...............................................3.5
Mozambique ..................................3.4
Uganda ..........................................3.4
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.4
Jordan1..........................................3.4
Bulgaria .........................................3.4
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.4
Nepal .............................................3.3
Libya ..............................................3.3
Gambia, The ..................................3.3
Venezuela ......................................3.3
Cape Verde ...................................3.3
Belgium .........................................3.3
Ethiopia..........................................3.2
Denmark ........................................3.2
Colombia .......................................3.2
Lithuania ........................................3.2
Madagascar ...................................3.2
Poland ...........................................3.1
Yemen ...........................................3.1
Spain .............................................3.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina1...............3.1
Cameroon......................................3.1
Jamaica .........................................3.1
Slovak Republic .............................3.1
Burkina Faso..................................3.0
Iceland ...........................................3.0
Russian Federation ........................3.0
Moldova .........................................3.0
Slovenia .........................................2.9
Dominican Republic .......................2.8
El Salvador.....................................2.8
Serbia ............................................2.8
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.8
Czech Republic .............................2.7
Mauritania ......................................2.7
Mali ................................................2.7
Hungary .........................................2.7
Romania ........................................2.6
France ...........................................2.6
Burundi ..........................................2.6
Portugal .........................................2.6
Brazil..............................................2.5
Benin .............................................2.5
Greece ...........................................2.4
Croatia ...........................................2.3
Honduras .......................................2.3
Ukraine ..........................................2.3
Italy ................................................2.1
Argentina .......................................2.1
Chad..............................................1.9

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

For those economies for which the data from the 2012 edition of the Survey are used, the results of the general question on the extent and effect of taxation are used for the computation and reported above. For more details, refer to Chapter 1.3 of this Report.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 473

2.2: Data Tables

6.05 Total tax rate
This variable is a combination of profit tax (% of profits), labor tax and contribution (% of profits), and other taxes (% of profits) | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
30
32
33
34
35
36
37
37
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
47
47
50
50
52
53
54
55
55
57
58
58
60
61
61
61
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Macedonia, FYR ............................9.4
Kuwait .........................................10.7
Qatar ...........................................11.3
Bahrain ........................................13.9
Saudi Arabia ................................14.5
United Arab Emirates ...................14.9
Timor-Leste .................................15.1
Zambia ........................................15.2
Lesotho .......................................16.0
Georgia ........................................16.5
Brunei Darussalam .......................16.8
Luxembourg ................................21.0
Oman ..........................................22.0
Montenegro .................................22.3
Cambodia ....................................22.5
Namibia .......................................22.7
Cyprus .........................................23.0
Hong Kong SAR ..........................23.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............24.1
Malaysia.......................................24.5
Mongolia ......................................24.6
Botswana ....................................25.3
Seychelles....................................25.7
Ireland..........................................26.4
Canada ........................................26.9
Liberia ..........................................27.4
Singapore ....................................27.6
Denmark ......................................27.7
Suriname .....................................27.9
Chile ............................................28.1
Jordan .........................................28.1
Mauritius ......................................28.5
Kazakhstan ..................................28.6
Bulgaria .......................................28.7
Trinidad and Tobago....................29.1
Korea, Rep. .................................29.8
Lebanon ......................................30.2
Switzerland ..................................30.2
Israel ............................................30.5
Moldova .......................................31.2
Rwanda .......................................31.3
Nepal ...........................................31.5
Sierra Leone ................................32.1
Croatia .........................................32.8
Yemen .........................................32.9
Iceland .........................................33.0
Ethiopia........................................33.3
Lao PDR ......................................33.3
South Africa .................................33.3
Ghana ..........................................33.5
New Zealand ...............................33.5
Nigeria .........................................33.8
Serbia ..........................................34.0
Mozambique ................................34.3
Indonesia .....................................34.5
Vietnam .......................................34.5
Ecuador .......................................34.6
Malawi .........................................34.7
Slovenia .......................................34.7
Taiwan, China ..............................34.8
Bangladesh..................................35.0
El Salvador...................................35.0
Paraguay .....................................35.0
Pakistan .......................................35.3
United Kingdom ...........................35.5
Zimbabwe ....................................35.8
Madagascar .................................36.0
Guyana ........................................36.1
Latvia ...........................................36.6
Swaziland ....................................36.8
Uganda ........................................37.1
Cape Verde .................................37.2
Thailand .......................................37.6
Albania.........................................38.7

74
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
83
85
86
87
87
89
89
91
92
92
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
120
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
n/a n/a SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises

474 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Spain ...........................................38.7
Armenia .......................................38.8
Côte d’Ivoire ................................39.5
Azerbaijan ....................................40.0
Netherlands .................................40.1
Honduras .....................................40.3
Peru .............................................40.5
Finland .........................................40.6
Bhutan .........................................40.8
Haiti .............................................40.8
Guatemala ...................................40.9
Turkey..........................................41.2
Malta ...........................................41.6
Norway ........................................41.6
Panama .......................................42.0
Uruguay .......................................42.0
Dominican Republic .....................42.5
Egypt ...........................................42.6
Portugal .......................................42.6
Gabon .........................................43.5
Burkina Faso................................43.6
Lithuania ......................................43.7
Poland .........................................43.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................44.1
Romania ......................................44.2
Kenya ..........................................44.4
Greece .........................................44.6
Tanzania ......................................45.3
Barbados .....................................45.4
Jamaica .......................................45.6
Senegal .......................................46.0
Philippines ...................................46.6
United States ...............................46.7
Germany ......................................46.8
Australia .......................................47.5
Slovak Republic ...........................47.9
Cameroon....................................49.1
Czech Republic ...........................49.2
Morocco ......................................49.6
Japan ..........................................50.0
Sri Lanka .....................................50.1
Hungary .......................................50.3
Puerto Rico..................................50.7
Mali ..............................................51.7
Mexico .........................................52.5
Burundi ........................................53.0
Sweden .......................................53.0
Austria .........................................53.1
Angola .........................................53.2
Russian Federation ......................54.1
Costa Rica ...................................55.0
Ukraine ........................................55.4
Belgium .......................................57.7
India.............................................61.8
Venezuela ....................................62.7
Tunisia .........................................62.9
China ...........................................63.7
Nicaragua ....................................65.0
Chad............................................65.4
France .........................................65.7
Benin ...........................................65.9
Estonia.........................................67.3
Mauritania ....................................68.2
Italy ..............................................68.3
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................68.9
Brazil............................................69.3
Algeria .........................................72.0
Guinea .........................................73.2
Colombia .....................................74.4
Bolivia ..........................................83.4
Argentina ...................................108.3
Gambia, The ..............................283.5
Libya ..............................................n/a
Myanmar........................................n/a

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

6.06 Number of procedures required to start a business
Number of procedures required to start a business | 2012

RANK

1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Canada .............................................1
New Zealand ....................................1
Australia ............................................2
Georgia .............................................2
Kyrgyz Republic ................................2
Macedonia, FYR ...............................2
Madagascar ......................................2
Rwanda ............................................2
Slovenia ............................................2
Armenia ............................................3
Belgium ............................................3
Burkina Faso.....................................3
Finland ..............................................3
Hong Kong SAR ...............................3
Malaysia............................................3
Senegal ............................................3
Singapore .........................................3
Sweden ............................................3
Taiwan, China ...................................3
Albania..............................................4
Bulgaria ............................................4
Burundi .............................................4
Denmark ...........................................4
Hungary ............................................4
Ireland...............................................4
Latvia ................................................4
Liberia ...............................................4
Mali ...................................................4
Thailand ............................................4
Benin ................................................5
Cameroon.........................................5
Estonia..............................................5
France ..............................................5
Iceland ..............................................5
Israel .................................................5
Korea, Rep. ......................................5
Lebanon ...........................................5
Mauritius ...........................................5
Netherlands ......................................5
Norway .............................................5
Oman ...............................................5
Peru ..................................................5
Portugal ............................................5
South Africa ......................................5
Sri Lanka ..........................................5
Uruguay ............................................5
Azerbaijan .........................................6
Croatia ..............................................6
Cyprus ..............................................6
Egypt ................................................6
Guinea ..............................................6
Italy ...................................................6
Jamaica ............................................6
Kazakhstan .......................................6
Lao PDR ...........................................6
Luxembourg .....................................6
Mexico ..............................................6
Montenegro ......................................6
Morocco ...........................................6
Panama ............................................6
Poland ..............................................6
Puerto Rico.......................................6
Romania ...........................................6
Serbia ...............................................6
Sierra Leone .....................................6
Slovak Republic ................................6
Switzerland .......................................6
Turkey...............................................6
United Arab Emirates ........................6
United Kingdom ................................6
United States ....................................6
Yemen ..............................................6
Zambia .............................................6
Bahrain .............................................7

74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
126
126
126
129
129
129
129
129
129
135
135
135
135
135
140
140
142
142
142
145
146
n/a n/a SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Bangladesh.......................................7
Chile .................................................7
Dominican Republic ..........................7
Ghana ...............................................7
Iran, Islamic Rep. ..............................7
Jordan ..............................................7
Lesotho ............................................7
Lithuania ...........................................7
Moldova ............................................7
Mongolia ...........................................7
Nepal ................................................7
Paraguay ..........................................7
Ukraine .............................................7
Angola ..............................................8
Austria ..............................................8
Barbados ..........................................8
Bhutan ..............................................8
Cape Verde ......................................8
Colombia ..........................................8
El Salvador........................................8
Gambia, The .....................................8
Guyana .............................................8
Japan ...............................................8
Nicaragua .........................................8
Nigeria ..............................................8
Qatar ................................................8
Russian Federation ...........................8
Timor-Leste ......................................8
Trinidad and Tobago.........................8
Cambodia .........................................9
Chad.................................................9
Czech Republic ................................9
Ethiopia.............................................9
Gabon ..............................................9
Germany ...........................................9
Indonesia ..........................................9
Mauritania .........................................9
Mozambique .....................................9
Saudi Arabia .....................................9
Tanzania ...........................................9
Zimbabwe .........................................9
Botswana .......................................10
Côte d’Ivoire ...................................10
Kenya .............................................10
Malawi ............................................10
Namibia ..........................................10
Pakistan ..........................................10
Seychelles.......................................10
Spain ..............................................10
Tunisia ............................................10
Vietnam ..........................................10
Bosnia and Herzegovina .................11
Greece ............................................11
Malta ..............................................11
Costa Rica ......................................12
Guatemala ......................................12
Haiti ................................................12
India................................................12
Kuwait ............................................12
Swaziland .......................................12
Brazil...............................................13
China ..............................................13
Ecuador ..........................................13
Honduras ........................................13
Suriname ........................................13
Algeria ............................................14
Argentina ........................................14
Bolivia .............................................15
Brunei Darussalam ..........................15
Uganda ...........................................15
Philippines ......................................16
Venezuela .......................................17
Libya ..............................................n/a
Myanmar........................................n/a

World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 475

2.2: Data Tables

6.07 Time required to start a business
Number of days required to start a business | 2012

RANK

1
2
2
2
5
5
5
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
43
43
43
43
43
43
49
49
49
49
49
54
54
54
57
57
57
57
57
57
63
63
63
63
63
68
68
70
70
70
73
73

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

New Zealand ....................................1
Australia ............................................2
Georgia .............................................2
Macedonia, FYR ...............................2
Hong Kong SAR ...............................3
Rwanda ............................................3
Singapore .........................................3
Albania..............................................4
Belgium ............................................4
Canada .............................................5
Hungary ............................................5
Iceland ..............................................5
Netherlands ......................................5
Portugal ............................................5
Senegal ............................................5
Denmark ...........................................6
Italy ...................................................6
Liberia ...............................................6
Malaysia............................................6
Mauritius ...........................................6
Puerto Rico.......................................6
Slovenia ............................................6
Turkey...............................................6
United States ....................................6
Egypt ................................................7
Estonia..............................................7
France ..............................................7
Jamaica ............................................7
Korea, Rep. ......................................7
Norway .............................................7
Panama ............................................7
Sri Lanka ..........................................7
Uruguay ............................................7
Armenia ............................................8
Azerbaijan .........................................8
Burundi .............................................8
Chile .................................................8
Cyprus ..............................................8
Madagascar ......................................8
Mali ...................................................8
Oman ...............................................8
United Arab Emirates ........................8
Bahrain .............................................9
Croatia ..............................................9
Lebanon ...........................................9
Mexico ..............................................9
Moldova ............................................9
Qatar ................................................9
Ireland.............................................10
Kyrgyz Republic ..............................10
Montenegro ....................................10
Romania .........................................10
Taiwan, China .................................10
Cape Verde ....................................11
Greece ............................................11
Tunisia ............................................11
Ghana .............................................12
Jordan ............................................12
Mongolia .........................................12
Morocco .........................................12
Serbia .............................................12
Sierra Leone ...................................12
Burkina Faso...................................13
Colombia ........................................13
Iran, Islamic Rep. ............................13
Mozambique ...................................13
United Kingdom ..............................13
Finland ............................................14
Honduras ........................................14
Cameroon.......................................15
Ethiopia...........................................15
Germany .........................................15
Latvia ..............................................16
Slovak Republic ..............................16

73
76
76
78
78
78
78
82
82
82
82
82
82
88
88
88
91
91
91
94
95
96
97
97
99
99
99
99
103
103
105
106
106
108
108
108
108
112
112
114
114
116
116
118
118
120
121
121
121
124
124
124
127
128
129
130
130
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
n/a n/a SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises

476 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Sweden ..........................................16
El Salvador......................................17
Zambia ...........................................17
Barbados ........................................18
Bulgaria ..........................................18
Russian Federation .........................18
Switzerland .....................................18
Bangladesh.....................................19
Dominican Republic ........................19
Kazakhstan .....................................19
Luxembourg ...................................19
Mauritania .......................................19
South Africa ....................................19
Czech Republic ..............................20
Guyana ...........................................20
Lithuania .........................................20
Israel ...............................................21
Pakistan ..........................................21
Saudi Arabia ...................................21
Ukraine ...........................................22
Japan .............................................23
Lesotho ..........................................24
Algeria ............................................25
Austria ............................................25
Argentina ........................................26
Benin ..............................................26
Peru ................................................26
Tanzania .........................................26
Gambia, The ...................................27
India................................................27
Spain ..............................................28
Nepal ..............................................29
Thailand ..........................................29
Côte d’Ivoire ...................................32
Kenya .............................................32
Kuwait ............................................32
Poland ............................................32
China ..............................................33
Uganda ...........................................33
Nigeria ............................................34
Vietnam ..........................................34
Guinea ............................................35
Paraguay ........................................35
Bhutan ............................................36
Philippines ......................................36
Bosnia and Herzegovina .................37
Malawi ............................................39
Nicaragua .......................................39
Seychelles.......................................39
Guatemala ......................................40
Malta ..............................................40
Yemen ............................................40
Trinidad and Tobago.......................41
Indonesia ........................................47
Bolivia .............................................50
Ecuador ..........................................56
Swaziland .......................................56
Gabon ............................................58
Costa Rica ......................................60
Botswana .......................................61
Chad...............................................62
Namibia ..........................................66
Angola ............................................68
Cambodia .......................................85
Zimbabwe .......................................90
Lao PDR .........................................92
Timor-Leste ....................................94
Brunei Darussalam ........................101
Haiti ..............................................105
Brazil.............................................119
Venezuela .....................................144
Suriname ......................................694
Libya ..............................................n/a
Myanmar........................................n/a

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

6.08 Agricultural policy costs
In your country, how would you assess the agricultural policy? [1 = excessively burdensome for the economy; 7 = balances well the interests of taxpayers, consumers, and producers] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

New Zealand .................................6.1
Malaysia.........................................5.0
Oman ............................................5.0
Luxembourg ..................................4.9
Singapore ......................................4.9
Rwanda .........................................4.8
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.7
Netherlands ...................................4.7
Ireland............................................4.7
Uruguay .........................................4.7
Gambia, The ..................................4.7
Sweden .........................................4.7
United Arab Emirates .....................4.7
China .............................................4.6
Chile ..............................................4.5
Estonia...........................................4.5
Zambia ..........................................4.5
Bangladesh....................................4.5
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.5
Australia .........................................4.5
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.5
Qatar .............................................4.5
Brazil..............................................4.4
Malta .............................................4.4
Mauritius ........................................4.4
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.4
Morocco ........................................4.4
Bhutan ...........................................4.3
Paraguay .......................................4.3
Montenegro ...................................4.3
Indonesia .......................................4.3
Botswana ......................................4.3
United Kingdom .............................4.2
Sri Lanka .......................................4.2
Belgium .........................................4.2
Lao PDR ........................................4.2
Bahrain ..........................................4.2
Austria ...........................................4.2
Namibia .........................................4.2
Kazakhstan ....................................4.1
Seychelles......................................4.1
Taiwan, China ................................4.1
Canada ..........................................4.1
Finland ...........................................4.1
Armenia .........................................4.1
United States .................................4.1
Vietnam .........................................4.1
Ghana ............................................4.1
Azerbaijan ......................................4.1
Guatemala .....................................4.1
Barbados .......................................4.1
Sierra Leone ..................................4.1
Guyana ..........................................4.1
South Africa ...................................4.0
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.0
Guinea ...........................................4.0
Cambodia ......................................4.0
Germany ........................................4.0
Israel ..............................................4.0
Nicaragua ......................................3.9
Denmark ........................................3.9
Mali ................................................3.9
Lithuania ........................................3.9
Ecuador .........................................3.9
Kenya ............................................3.9
Panama .........................................3.9
Turkey............................................3.9
Cape Verde ...................................3.9
Myanmar........................................3.9
Peru ...............................................3.9
Cyprus ...........................................3.8
Jamaica .........................................3.8
Latvia .............................................3.8
Jordan ...........................................3.8

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.8

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.8

7

Switzerland ....................................3.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.8
Ethiopia..........................................3.8
Uganda ..........................................3.8
France ...........................................3.8
Philippines .....................................3.8
Costa Rica .....................................3.8
Mongolia ........................................3.7
Senegal .........................................3.7
Tanzania ........................................3.7
Angola ...........................................3.7
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.7
India...............................................3.7
Cameroon......................................3.7
Nigeria ...........................................3.7
Hungary .........................................3.7
Norway ..........................................3.7
Puerto Rico....................................3.7
Honduras .......................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.6
Swaziland ......................................3.6
Burkina Faso..................................3.6
Poland ...........................................3.6
Dominican Republic .......................3.6
Czech Republic .............................3.6
Lesotho .........................................3.6
Spain .............................................3.6
Malawi ...........................................3.6
Gabon ...........................................3.6
Timor-Leste ...................................3.6
Madagascar ...................................3.5
Pakistan .........................................3.5
Tunisia ...........................................3.5
Nepal .............................................3.5
Liberia ............................................3.5
Romania ........................................3.5
Slovenia .........................................3.5
Italy ................................................3.5
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.4
Albania...........................................3.4
Bulgaria .........................................3.4
Portugal .........................................3.4
Chad..............................................3.4
Egypt .............................................3.3
Slovak Republic .............................3.3
Thailand .........................................3.2
Colombia .......................................3.2
Algeria ...........................................3.2
Suriname .......................................3.2
Georgia ..........................................3.2
El Salvador.....................................3.2
Ukraine ..........................................3.2
Iceland ...........................................3.2
Lebanon ........................................3.2
Serbia ............................................3.2
Kuwait ...........................................3.1
Mexico ...........................................3.1
Burundi ..........................................3.1
Russian Federation ........................3.0
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.0
Mauritania ......................................3.0
Zimbabwe ......................................2.9
Moldova .........................................2.9
Yemen ...........................................2.9
Argentina .......................................2.9
Mozambique ..................................2.9
Haiti ...............................................2.8
Benin .............................................2.8
Greece ...........................................2.8
Japan ............................................2.7
Croatia ...........................................2.5
Libya ..............................................2.5
Venezuela ......................................2.4

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 477

2.2: Data Tables

6.09 Prevalence of trade barriers
In your country, to what extent do non-tariff barriers (e.g., health and product standards, technical and labeling requirements, etc.) limit the ability of imported goods to compete in the domestic market? [1 = strongly limit; 7 = do not limit at all] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Hong Kong SAR ............................5.8
New Zealand .................................5.7
Qatar .............................................5.6
Singapore ......................................5.6
United Arab Emirates .....................5.5
Finland ...........................................5.4
Luxembourg ..................................5.2
Portugal .........................................5.2
Netherlands ...................................5.1
Georgia ..........................................5.1
Oman ............................................5.0
Belgium .........................................5.0
Estonia...........................................5.0
Ireland............................................4.9
Cyprus ...........................................4.9
Sweden .........................................4.9
United Kingdom .............................4.9
Greece ...........................................4.9
Bahrain ..........................................4.9
Morocco ........................................4.9
Zimbabwe ......................................4.8
Jamaica .........................................4.8
Puerto Rico....................................4.8
Suriname .......................................4.8
Australia .........................................4.8
Mauritius ........................................4.8
Austria ...........................................4.8
Chile ..............................................4.8
Malta .............................................4.8
Malaysia.........................................4.8
Barbados .......................................4.8
Taiwan, China ................................4.8
Latvia .............................................4.7
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.7
France ...........................................4.7
South Africa ...................................4.7
Spain .............................................4.7
Denmark ........................................4.7
Botswana ......................................4.6
Sierra Leone ..................................4.6
Slovak Republic .............................4.6
Gambia, The ..................................4.6
Hungary .........................................4.6
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.5
Slovenia .........................................4.5
Norway ..........................................4.5
Guatemala .....................................4.5
Kazakhstan ....................................4.5
Panama .........................................4.5
Thailand .........................................4.5
Uruguay .........................................4.5
Rwanda .........................................4.5
United States .................................4.5
Lithuania ........................................4.4
Jordan ...........................................4.4
Mexico ...........................................4.4
Germany ........................................4.4
Croatia ...........................................4.4
Seychelles......................................4.4
Philippines .....................................4.4
India...............................................4.4
Bangladesh....................................4.4
Liberia ............................................4.4
Moldova .........................................4.4
Canada ..........................................4.4
Zambia ..........................................4.3
Italy ................................................4.3
Czech Republic .............................4.3
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.3
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.3
Indonesia .......................................4.3
Guyana ..........................................4.3
Paraguay .......................................4.3
Namibia .........................................4.3

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.3

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

478 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Peru ...............................................4.3
China .............................................4.3
Senegal .........................................4.3
Burkina Faso..................................4.3
Lao PDR ........................................4.3
Cambodia ......................................4.3
Azerbaijan ......................................4.3
Montenegro ...................................4.3
Lebanon ........................................4.2
Swaziland ......................................4.2
Lesotho .........................................4.2
Cameroon......................................4.2
Kyrgyz Republic .............................4.2
Mongolia ........................................4.2
Poland ...........................................4.2
Israel ..............................................4.2
Mozambique ..................................4.2
Pakistan .........................................4.2
Uganda ..........................................4.1
Armenia .........................................4.1
Nigeria ...........................................4.1
Tunisia ...........................................4.1
Turkey............................................4.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.1
Albania...........................................4.1
Malawi ...........................................4.1
Ghana ............................................4.1
Iceland ...........................................4.0
Bhutan ...........................................4.0
Vietnam .........................................4.0
Sri Lanka .......................................4.0
Guinea ...........................................4.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.0
Myanmar........................................4.0
Serbia ............................................4.0
Nepal .............................................4.0
Japan ............................................4.0
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.9
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.9
Switzerland ....................................3.9
Kuwait ...........................................3.9
Brazil..............................................3.9
Honduras .......................................3.9
Ukraine ..........................................3.8
Costa Rica .....................................3.8
Ecuador .........................................3.8
Libya ..............................................3.8
Gabon ...........................................3.8
Bulgaria .........................................3.8
Russian Federation ........................3.8
Haiti ...............................................3.8
Kenya ............................................3.8
Cape Verde ...................................3.8
Romania ........................................3.8
Madagascar ...................................3.7
Angola ...........................................3.7
Colombia .......................................3.7
Dominican Republic .......................3.7
Tanzania ........................................3.7
Ethiopia..........................................3.6
Nicaragua ......................................3.6
Egypt .............................................3.6
Mali ................................................3.6
Mauritania ......................................3.6
Timor-Leste ...................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.6
El Salvador.....................................3.5
Yemen ...........................................3.5
Algeria ...........................................3.4
Benin .............................................3.4
Burundi ..........................................3.4
Venezuela ......................................3.3
Chad..............................................3.1
Argentina .......................................2.5

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.3

7

2.2: Data Tables

6.10

Trade tariffs

Trade-weighted average tariff rate | 2012 or most recent year available

RANK

1
1
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Hong Kong SAR 7 ..........................0.0
Libya1 ............................................0.0
Singapore ......................................0.2
Austria ...........................................0.8
Belgium .........................................0.8
Bulgaria .........................................0.8
Cyprus ...........................................0.8
Czech Republic .............................0.8
Denmark ........................................0.8
Estonia...........................................0.8
Finland ...........................................0.8
France ...........................................0.8
Germany ........................................0.8
Greece ...........................................0.8
Hungary .........................................0.8
Ireland............................................0.8
Italy ................................................0.8
Latvia .............................................0.8
Lithuania ........................................0.8
Luxembourg ..................................0.8
Malta .............................................0.8
Netherlands ...................................0.8
Poland ...........................................0.8
Portugal .........................................0.8
Romania ........................................0.8
Slovak Republic .............................0.8
Slovenia .........................................0.8
Spain .............................................0.8
Sweden .........................................0.8
United Kingdom .............................0.8
Mauritius 7 ......................................0.9
Georgia ..........................................1.1
United States .................................1.3
Peru 6 .............................................1.9
New Zealand 6................................2.0
Timor-Leste ...................................2.5
Switzerland 6 ..................................2.6
Canada ..........................................2.6
Albania...........................................2.7
Armenia 7 .......................................2.8
Ukraine ..........................................2.9
Japan 6...........................................3.0
Iceland ...........................................3.2
Croatia ...........................................3.3
Montenegro ...................................3.5
Philippines .....................................3.6
Brunei Darussalam 6 .......................3.6
Costa Rica 4 ...................................3.6
Norway ..........................................3.6
Myanmar 2......................................3.9
Nicaragua 5 ....................................4.0
Israel 3 ............................................4.0
Australia 6 .......................................4.1
Moldova 7 .......................................4.2
El Salvador.....................................4.4
Honduras 3 .....................................4.4
Kuwait 7..........................................4.5
United Arab Emirates 7 ...................4.6
Qatar 7 ...........................................4.6
Oman ............................................4.6
Bahrain 7 ........................................4.6
Saudi Arabia 7 ................................4.6
Mongolia 6 ......................................4.6
Chile 3 ............................................4.7
Indonesia 6 .....................................4.7
Guatemala .....................................4.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina 7 ..............4.9
Malaysia 5 .......................................5.0
Turkey 6 ..........................................5.1
Serbia 6 ..........................................5.2
Macedonia, FYR ............................5.3
Taiwan, China ................................5.3
Haiti 7 .............................................5.9
South Africa ...................................5.9

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147 n/a SOURCE:
2006

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Panama 6 .......................................6.0
Yemen ...........................................6.0
Botswana 7.....................................6.1
Swaziland 7 ....................................6.1
Lesotho 7........................................6.1
Namibia 7 .......................................6.1
Lebanon 2 ......................................6.3
Colombia .......................................6.6
Thailand 1 .......................................6.6
Paraguay .......................................6.8
Dominican Republic 3 .....................7.3
Azerbaijan 7 ....................................7.5
Ecuador .........................................7.5
Mozambique 5 ................................7.7
Madagascar ...................................7.8
Jamaica 6 .......................................7.8
Uruguay .........................................7.9
Vietnam 5........................................8.0
Mexico 4 .........................................8.3
Bolivia ............................................8.5
Lao PDR 2 ......................................8.5
Korea, Rep. 6 .................................8.6
Angola 4 .........................................8.9
Kenya ............................................9.2
Rwanda .........................................9.3
Burundi ..........................................9.3
Mauritania 5 ....................................9.3
Uganda ..........................................9.3
Russian Federation 7 ......................9.4
Kazakhstan 7 ..................................9.5
Cambodia 6 ....................................9.7
Tanzania ........................................9.8
Cape Verde 6................................10.1
Jordan 2 .......................................10.1
Malawi .........................................10.2
Ghana 5 ........................................10.4
Trinidad and Tobago 3 ..................10.5
Benin 7 .........................................10.5
Mali 7 ............................................10.5
Burkina Faso 7 ..............................10.5
Senegal 7......................................10.5
Côte d’Ivoire 7 ..............................10.5
Argentina .....................................10.6
Suriname 2 ...................................10.6
Liberia ..........................................10.7
Guyana ........................................10.7
Zambia 7.......................................10.7
Kyrgyz Republic 7 .........................10.9
China 6 .........................................11.0
Nigeria 6 .......................................11.0
Sri Lanka .....................................11.1
Brazil............................................11.3
Guinea .........................................11.6
India 5 ...........................................11.7
Morocco ......................................12.3
Venezuela ....................................12.6
Ethiopia........................................12.7
Bangladesh 6 ................................13.5
Sierra Leone 1 ..............................13.7
Algeria 4........................................14.4
Gambia, The ................................14.6
Cameroon....................................14.9
Chad 6 ..........................................14.9
Gabon 6........................................15.2
Seychelles 2 ..................................15.5
Tunisia 3 .......................................16.3
Nepal ...........................................16.3
Pakistan 3 .....................................16.7
Egypt 4 .........................................17.7
Zimbabwe 2 ..................................19.4
Bhutan 2 .......................................22.3
Barbados .....................................26.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. 6 .......................26.6
Puerto Rico....................................n/a

International Trade Centre
2

2007

3

2008

4

2009

5

2010

6

2011

7

2013

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 479

2.2: Data Tables

6.11

Prevalence of foreign ownership

In your country, how prevalent is foreign ownership of companies? [1 = extremely rare; 7 = highly prevalent] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Luxembourg ..................................6.3
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.1
Singapore ......................................6.1
United Kingdom .............................6.0
Czech Republic .............................6.0
Ireland............................................5.9
Slovak Republic .............................5.9
Australia .........................................5.8
New Zealand .................................5.8
Estonia...........................................5.8
Panama .........................................5.7
Canada ..........................................5.6
Chile ..............................................5.6
Uruguay .........................................5.6
Barbados .......................................5.6
Hungary .........................................5.5
United Arab Emirates .....................5.5
Belgium .........................................5.5
Costa Rica .....................................5.5
Bahrain ..........................................5.5
France ...........................................5.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................5.4
Gabon ...........................................5.4
Cameroon......................................5.4
Puerto Rico....................................5.4
Netherlands ...................................5.4
Sweden .........................................5.4
Botswana ......................................5.3
Finland ...........................................5.3
Ghana ............................................5.3
Liberia ............................................5.3
Zambia ..........................................5.3
Switzerland ....................................5.3
Mexico ...........................................5.3
South Africa ...................................5.3
Gambia, The ..................................5.2
Latvia .............................................5.2
Peru ...............................................5.2
Denmark ........................................5.2
Uganda ..........................................5.2
Morocco ........................................5.2
Taiwan, China ................................5.2
Norway ..........................................5.2
Senegal .........................................5.1
Namibia .........................................5.1
Germany ........................................5.1
Jamaica .........................................5.1
Malaysia.........................................5.1
United States .................................5.0
Dominican Republic .......................5.0
Japan ............................................5.0
Israel ..............................................5.0
Austria ...........................................5.0
Spain .............................................5.0
Lesotho .........................................5.0
Sierra Leone ..................................5.0
Guatemala .....................................4.9
Sri Lanka .......................................4.9
Nigeria ...........................................4.9
Mozambique ..................................4.9
Mongolia ........................................4.9
Swaziland ......................................4.8
Oman ............................................4.8
Philippines .....................................4.8
Poland ...........................................4.8
Montenegro ...................................4.7
Mauritius ........................................4.7
Qatar .............................................4.7
Thailand .........................................4.7
Malta .............................................4.7
Honduras .......................................4.7
Cyprus ...........................................4.7
Seychelles......................................4.7
Tunisia ...........................................4.6

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.6

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

480 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Cambodia ......................................4.6
Indonesia .......................................4.6
Argentina .......................................4.6
Malawi ...........................................4.6
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.6
Jordan ...........................................4.6
Cape Verde ...................................4.5
Madagascar ...................................4.5
Rwanda .........................................4.5
Brazil..............................................4.5
Paraguay .......................................4.5
Colombia .......................................4.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.4
Armenia .........................................4.4
Greece ...........................................4.4
China .............................................4.4
Lithuania ........................................4.3
Portugal .........................................4.3
India...............................................4.3
Kenya ............................................4.3
Tanzania ........................................4.3
Zimbabwe ......................................4.3
Guyana ..........................................4.3
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.2
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.2
Vietnam .........................................4.2
Croatia ...........................................4.2
Burkina Faso..................................4.1
Ecuador .........................................4.1
Romania ........................................4.1
Georgia ..........................................4.1
Nicaragua ......................................4.1
Turkey............................................4.0
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.0
Lao PDR ........................................4.0
Bulgaria .........................................4.0
El Salvador.....................................4.0
Suriname .......................................4.0
Kazakhstan ....................................4.0
Timor-Leste ...................................4.0
Azerbaijan ......................................3.9
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.9
Serbia ............................................3.9
Moldova .........................................3.9
Lebanon ........................................3.8
Pakistan .........................................3.8
Guinea ...........................................3.8
Bangladesh....................................3.7
Egypt .............................................3.6
Mali ................................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.6
Ukraine ..........................................3.6
Albania...........................................3.6
Angola ...........................................3.6
Italy ................................................3.5
Venezuela ......................................3.4
Russian Federation ........................3.4
Chad..............................................3.4
Ethiopia..........................................3.3
Algeria ...........................................3.2
Myanmar........................................3.2
Slovenia .........................................3.2
Benin .............................................3.2
Nepal .............................................3.1
Kuwait ...........................................3.1
Iceland ...........................................3.1
Mauritania ......................................3.1
Haiti ...............................................3.0
Burundi ..........................................2.8
Yemen ...........................................2.7
Bhutan ...........................................2.7
Libya ..............................................2.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................2.2

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.6

7

2.2: Data Tables

6.12

Business impact of rules on FDI

In your country, to what extent do rules and regulations encourage or discourage foreign direct investment (FDI)? [1 = strongly discourage FDI; 7 = strongly encourage FDI]
| 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Ireland............................................6.7
Singapore ......................................6.3
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.1
Luxembourg ..................................5.8
Panama .........................................5.8
Bahrain ..........................................5.7
Rwanda .........................................5.7
United Arab Emirates .....................5.6
Mauritius ........................................5.6
Chile ..............................................5.5
United Kingdom .............................5.5
Morocco ........................................5.4
Malta .............................................5.4
Malaysia.........................................5.4
Taiwan, China ................................5.4
Uruguay .........................................5.4
Qatar .............................................5.3
Netherlands ...................................5.3
Estonia...........................................5.3
Sri Lanka .......................................5.2
Thailand .........................................5.2
Oman ............................................5.2
Lesotho .........................................5.1
Peru ...............................................5.1
Costa Rica .....................................5.1
Israel ..............................................5.1
Belgium .........................................5.1
Tunisia ...........................................5.0
Sweden .........................................5.0
Cambodia ......................................5.0
Lao PDR ........................................5.0
Finland ...........................................5.0
Puerto Rico....................................5.0
Barbados .......................................5.0
Zambia ..........................................5.0
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................5.0
Gambia, The ..................................5.0
Switzerland ....................................5.0
Slovak Republic .............................4.9
Cameroon......................................4.9
Australia .........................................4.9
Uganda ..........................................4.9
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.9
Bangladesh....................................4.9
China .............................................4.8
Mexico ...........................................4.8
Senegal .........................................4.8
Japan ............................................4.8
Georgia ..........................................4.8
Turkey............................................4.8
Cyprus ...........................................4.7
Germany ........................................4.7
Vietnam .........................................4.7
Czech Republic .............................4.7
United States .................................4.7
Norway ..........................................4.7
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.7
Canada ..........................................4.7
Austria ...........................................4.7
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.7
Indonesia .......................................4.6
Mozambique ..................................4.6
Burkina Faso..................................4.6
New Zealand .................................4.6
Nigeria ...........................................4.6
Tanzania ........................................4.6
India...............................................4.6
Azerbaijan ......................................4.6
Denmark ........................................4.6
Latvia .............................................4.6
Ghana ............................................4.6
Jordan ...........................................4.6
Colombia .......................................4.5
France ...........................................4.5

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.4

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.4

7

Pakistan .........................................4.5
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.5
Sierra Leone ..................................4.5
Montenegro ...................................4.5
Seychelles......................................4.5
Dominican Republic .......................4.5
Albania...........................................4.5
Gabon ...........................................4.5
South Africa ...................................4.4
Jamaica .........................................4.4
Bhutan ...........................................4.4
Philippines .....................................4.4
Cape Verde ...................................4.4
Liberia ............................................4.4
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.4
Botswana ......................................4.4
Kazakhstan ....................................4.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.3
Spain .............................................4.3
Armenia .........................................4.3
Paraguay .......................................4.3
Guyana ..........................................4.3
Brazil..............................................4.3
Portugal .........................................4.2
Poland ...........................................4.2
Kenya ............................................4.2
Namibia .........................................4.2
Hungary .........................................4.2
Guatemala .....................................4.2
Nicaragua ......................................4.2
Ethiopia..........................................4.1
Malawi ...........................................4.1
Mongolia ........................................4.1
Swaziland ......................................4.0
Madagascar ...................................4.0
Suriname .......................................4.0
Lithuania ........................................4.0
Mali ................................................3.9
Timor-Leste ...................................3.9
Lebanon ........................................3.9
Moldova .........................................3.9
Romania ........................................3.7
Guinea ...........................................3.7
Bulgaria .........................................3.7
Honduras .......................................3.6
Nepal .............................................3.6
Russian Federation ........................3.6
Egypt .............................................3.6
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.6
Mauritania ......................................3.5
Bolivia ............................................3.5
El Salvador.....................................3.5
Ecuador .........................................3.5
Yemen ...........................................3.5
Serbia ............................................3.5
Chad..............................................3.4
Haiti ...............................................3.4
Myanmar........................................3.3
Ukraine ..........................................3.3
Algeria ...........................................3.3
Libya ..............................................3.3
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.2
Burundi ..........................................3.2
Benin .............................................3.2
Italy ................................................3.2
Croatia ...........................................3.0
Greece ...........................................3.0
Slovenia .........................................2.9
Kuwait ...........................................2.9
Iceland ...........................................2.7
Angola ...........................................2.5
Zimbabwe ......................................2.1
Argentina .......................................2.0
Venezuela ......................................1.7

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 481

2.2: Data Tables

6.13

Burden of customs procedures

In your country, how efficient are the customs procedures (related to the entry and exit of merchandise)? [1 = not efficient at all; 7 = extremely efficient] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Singapore ......................................6.2
Finland ...........................................6.1
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.1
New Zealand .................................5.9
United Arab Emirates .....................5.9
Netherlands ...................................5.5
Sweden .........................................5.5
Qatar .............................................5.4
Ireland............................................5.4
Luxembourg ..................................5.4
Rwanda .........................................5.4
Georgia ..........................................5.3
Taiwan, China ................................5.3
Estonia...........................................5.3
Iceland ...........................................5.3
Australia .........................................5.2
Austria ...........................................5.2
United Kingdom .............................5.2
Oman ............................................5.1
Norway ..........................................5.1
Belgium .........................................5.1
Switzerland ....................................5.1
Malaysia.........................................5.0
Puerto Rico....................................5.0
Japan ............................................5.0
Denmark ........................................4.9
Chile ..............................................4.9
Portugal .........................................4.9
Bahrain ..........................................4.9
Germany ........................................4.9
Spain .............................................4.9
Hungary .........................................4.8
Slovenia .........................................4.8
Malta .............................................4.8
United States .................................4.8
Canada ..........................................4.8
Cyprus ...........................................4.8
Senegal .........................................4.7
Panama .........................................4.7
Gambia, The ..................................4.7
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.7
France ...........................................4.7
Lithuania ........................................4.6
Mauritius ........................................4.6
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.6
Jordan ...........................................4.6
Czech Republic .............................4.5
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.5
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.4
Israel ..............................................4.4
Dominican Republic .......................4.4
South Africa ...................................4.3
Slovak Republic .............................4.3
Latvia .............................................4.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.3
Bhutan ...........................................4.3
Zambia ..........................................4.3
Morocco ........................................4.3
Seychelles......................................4.2
China .............................................4.2
Uruguay .........................................4.2
Croatia ...........................................4.2
Lao PDR ........................................4.2
Barbados .......................................4.2
Botswana ......................................4.2
Poland ...........................................4.2
Italy ................................................4.1
Montenegro ...................................4.1
Peru ...............................................4.1
Sri Lanka .......................................4.1
Paraguay .......................................4.0
Costa Rica .....................................4.0
Namibia .........................................4.0
Indonesia .......................................4.0

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.1

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

482 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Kazakhstan ....................................4.0
Mexico ...........................................4.0
Cameroon......................................4.0
Bulgaria .........................................3.9
Liberia ............................................3.9
Thailand .........................................3.9
Greece ...........................................3.9
Ecuador .........................................3.9
Guyana ..........................................3.9
Guatemala .....................................3.9
Tunisia ...........................................3.8
Mali ................................................3.8
Turkey............................................3.8
India...............................................3.8
Egypt .............................................3.8
Colombia .......................................3.7
Pakistan .........................................3.7
Uganda ..........................................3.7
Bolivia ............................................3.7
Kuwait ...........................................3.7
Lesotho .........................................3.7
Burkina Faso..................................3.6
Kenya ............................................3.6
Gabon ...........................................3.6
Vietnam .........................................3.5
Madagascar ...................................3.5
Cambodia ......................................3.5
Honduras .......................................3.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.5
Nicaragua ......................................3.5
Jamaica .........................................3.4
Suriname .......................................3.4
Mozambique ..................................3.4
Moldova .........................................3.4
Ghana ............................................3.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.4
El Salvador.....................................3.4
Serbia ............................................3.4
Bangladesh....................................3.4
Guinea ...........................................3.4
Lebanon ........................................3.4
Malawi ...........................................3.4
Albania...........................................3.3
Romania ........................................3.3
Azerbaijan ......................................3.3
Cape Verde ...................................3.3
Yemen ...........................................3.3
Mauritania ......................................3.3
Armenia .........................................3.3
Russian Federation ........................3.3
Nepal .............................................3.3
Sierra Leone ..................................3.3
Myanmar........................................3.3
Tanzania ........................................3.2
Nigeria ...........................................3.2
Philippines .....................................3.2
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.2
Zimbabwe ......................................3.1
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.1
Ethiopia..........................................3.1
Mongolia ........................................3.1
Timor-Leste ...................................3.1
Swaziland ......................................3.0
Benin .............................................3.0
Brazil..............................................3.0
Ukraine ..........................................3.0
Libya ..............................................2.9
Burundi ..........................................2.7
Algeria ...........................................2.7
Haiti ...............................................2.3
Chad..............................................2.2
Angola ...........................................2.2
Argentina .......................................2.1
Venezuela ......................................1.8

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.1

7

2.2: Data Tables

6.14

Imports as a percentage of GDP

Imports of goods and services as a percentage of gross domestic product | 2012 or most recent year available

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Hong Kong SAR ........................232.5
Singapore ..................................179.6
Luxembourg ..............................121.4
Lesotho 3....................................119.8
Seychelles..................................113.3
Belgium .....................................108.3
Kyrgyz Republic .........................107.4
Malta .........................................104.3
Estonia.........................................98.4
Slovak Republic ...........................92.2
Vietnam .......................................91.4
Netherlands .................................91.3
Cambodia ....................................88.0
Hungary .......................................87.2
Lebanon 3 ....................................86.3
Guyana 3 ......................................85.6
Lithuania ......................................85.5
Mongolia ......................................85.1
Liberia 3 ........................................85.1
Moldova .......................................84.9
Ireland..........................................82.2
Thailand .......................................82.1
Czech Republic ...........................81.5
Jordan .........................................80.9
Slovenia .......................................79.1
Malaysia.......................................78.6
Macedonia, FYR ..........................77.8
Panama .......................................76.6
United Arab Emirates 3 .................74.2
Mauritania 3 ..................................72.7
Bulgaria .......................................72.0
Honduras .....................................68.8
Latvia ...........................................68.8
Swaziland 3 ..................................68.5
Sierra Leone 3 ..............................67.5
Mauritius ......................................66.4
Taiwan, China ..............................66.0
Montenegro .................................65.3
Nicaragua ....................................64.1
Zimbabwe 3 ..................................61.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............60.8
Serbia ..........................................60.7
Tunisia .........................................60.4
Mozambique ................................60.0
Namibia .......................................59.8
Georgia ........................................58.2
Guinea .........................................56.8
Jamaica .......................................56.5
Bahrain 3 ......................................56.1
Austria .........................................55.6
Ukraine ........................................55.4
Cape Verde .................................55.4
Iceland .........................................55.2
Paraguay 3 ...................................54.7
Senegal .......................................54.5
Chad 1 ..........................................54.2
Barbados .....................................54.2
Korea, Rep. .................................54.0
Armenia .......................................53.3
Albania.........................................52.6
Morocco ......................................52.5
Bhutan .........................................52.5
Côte d’Ivoire ................................50.5
Ghana 3 ........................................49.7
Denmark ......................................48.1
El Salvador...................................47.7
Tanzania ......................................47.6
Botswana 3...................................47.4
Cyprus .........................................46.8
Malawi 3 .......................................46.8
Poland .........................................46.7
Romania ......................................46.5
Puerto Rico..................................46.1
Gambia, The 3 ..............................45.6

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Haiti .............................................44.8
Oman 3.........................................44.2
Zambia 3.......................................43.4
Suriname .....................................43.2
Costa Rica ...................................43.1
Germany ......................................42.7
Kenya ..........................................42.6
Croatia .........................................42.5
Finland .........................................41.8
Mali 3 ............................................41.6
Sweden .......................................41.3
Sri Lanka 3....................................41.0
Angola 3 .......................................40.9
Israel ............................................40.1
Portugal .......................................40.0
Burundi 3 ......................................40.0
Madagascar 3 ...............................39.6
Guatemala ...................................39.0
Uganda ........................................38.9
Ethiopia 3 ......................................38.5
Switzerland ..................................38.2
Benin ...........................................38.1
South Africa .................................36.4
Yemen 3 .......................................36.3
Rwanda 3 .....................................35.9
Bolivia ..........................................35.7
Ecuador .......................................35.2
United Kingdom ...........................35.1
Chile ............................................34.7
Mexico .........................................34.5
Nepal 3 .........................................34.4
Burkina Faso 3 ..............................33.9
India.............................................33.7
Libya 3 ..........................................33.4
Egypt ...........................................33.3
Dominican Republic .....................33.3
Trinidad and Tobago 2 ..................33.3
Gabon 3........................................32.9
Lao PDR 3 ....................................32.8
Cameroon 3 ..................................32.5
France .........................................32.4
Turkey..........................................32.1
Bangladesh..................................32.0
Canada ........................................31.9
Qatar ...........................................31.6
Philippines ...................................31.5
Spain ...........................................31.2
Greece .........................................30.4
Algeria 3........................................29.8
Kazakhstan ..................................29.6
Italy ..............................................29.3
New Zealand ...............................29.0
Nigeria .........................................28.9
Uruguay .......................................28.1
Brunei Darussalam 3 .....................27.8
Norway ........................................27.2
Saudi Arabia ................................26.6
Kuwait 3........................................26.3
Azerbaijan ....................................26.0
Indonesia .....................................25.6
China ...........................................25.5
Timor-Leste 3 ...............................25.5
Peru .............................................25.0
Pakistan .......................................22.1
Russian Federation ......................21.6
Australia .......................................21.2
Venezuela ....................................20.2
Myanmar 3....................................19.6
Colombia .....................................19.0
Argentina .....................................18.1
Japan ..........................................17.8
United States ...............................17.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. 3 .......................16.2
Brazil............................................13.0

SOURCES: World Trade Organization, Statistical Database: Time Series on Merchandise and Commercial Services (accessed June 12, 1013); International Monetary Fund, World Economic
Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources
1

2009

2

2010

3

2011

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 483

2.2: Data Tables

6.15

Degree of customer orientation

In your country, how well do companies treat customers? [1 = indifferent to customer satisfaction; 7 = highly responsive to customers and seek customer retention] |
2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Japan ............................................6.3
Qatar .............................................5.9
Switzerland ....................................5.9
Taiwan, China ................................5.8
Austria ...........................................5.8
New Zealand .................................5.6
United Arab Emirates .....................5.6
Sweden .........................................5.6
Denmark ........................................5.6
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.6
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.5
Belgium .........................................5.5
United States .................................5.4
Singapore ......................................5.4
Thailand .........................................5.4
Ireland............................................5.4
Iceland ...........................................5.4
Malaysia.........................................5.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.4
Philippines .....................................5.4
Germany ........................................5.3
Norway ..........................................5.3
Guatemala .....................................5.3
Turkey............................................5.3
Puerto Rico....................................5.3
Oman ............................................5.3
Lithuania ........................................5.3
Canada ..........................................5.3
Finland ...........................................5.2
Netherlands ...................................5.2
Luxembourg ..................................5.2
United Kingdom .............................5.1
Colombia .......................................5.1
Estonia...........................................5.1
Sri Lanka .......................................5.1
Australia .........................................5.1
Latvia .............................................5.1
Gambia, The ..................................5.0
Costa Rica .....................................5.0
Cyprus ...........................................5.0
Kenya ............................................4.9
Jordan ...........................................4.9
El Salvador.....................................4.9
Egypt .............................................4.9
Poland ...........................................4.9
Mauritius ........................................4.9
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.9
Italy ................................................4.9
Portugal .........................................4.9
Indonesia .......................................4.8
Bulgaria .........................................4.8
Slovenia .........................................4.8
France ...........................................4.8
Mexico ...........................................4.8
Brazil..............................................4.8
Peru ...............................................4.8
South Africa ...................................4.8
Zambia ..........................................4.7
Azerbaijan ......................................4.7
Malta .............................................4.7
Cambodia ......................................4.6
Spain .............................................4.6
Armenia .........................................4.6
Senegal .........................................4.6
Lebanon ........................................4.6
Czech Republic .............................4.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.6
Madagascar ...................................4.6
Bahrain ..........................................4.6
Panama .........................................4.6
Ukraine ..........................................4.5
Greece ...........................................4.5
Lao PDR ........................................4.5
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.5

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.5

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

484 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Montenegro ...................................4.5
China .............................................4.5
Albania...........................................4.5
India...............................................4.5
Slovak Republic .............................4.5
Kazakhstan ....................................4.5
Dominican Republic .......................4.5
Barbados .......................................4.5
Kuwait ...........................................4.5
Croatia ...........................................4.5
Chile ..............................................4.4
Myanmar........................................4.4
Tunisia ...........................................4.4
Ghana ............................................4.4
Swaziland ......................................4.4
Liberia ............................................4.4
Guyana ..........................................4.4
Paraguay .......................................4.3
Hungary .........................................4.3
Uruguay .........................................4.3
Seychelles......................................4.3
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.3
Mali ................................................4.3
Uganda ..........................................4.3
Kyrgyz Republic .............................4.2
Vietnam .........................................4.2
Morocco ........................................4.2
Honduras .......................................4.2
Rwanda .........................................4.2
Israel ..............................................4.2
Yemen ...........................................4.2
Pakistan .........................................4.2
Benin .............................................4.2
Nigeria ...........................................4.2
Bangladesh....................................4.2
Malawi ...........................................4.2
Tanzania ........................................4.1
Burkina Faso..................................4.1
Russian Federation ........................4.1
Gabon ...........................................4.1
Ecuador .........................................4.1
Romania ........................................4.1
Cameroon......................................4.1
Guinea ...........................................4.0
Bhutan ...........................................4.0
Nepal .............................................4.0
Botswana ......................................3.9
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.9
Sierra Leone ..................................3.9
Mongolia ........................................3.9
Moldova .........................................3.9
Jamaica .........................................3.9
Georgia ..........................................3.8
Serbia ............................................3.8
Nicaragua ......................................3.7
Suriname .......................................3.7
Mozambique ..................................3.7
Libya ..............................................3.7
Zimbabwe ......................................3.7
Burundi ..........................................3.7
Timor-Leste ...................................3.6
Lesotho .........................................3.6
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.6
Argentina .......................................3.6
Cape Verde ...................................3.6
Namibia .........................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.5
Ethiopia..........................................3.4
Venezuela ......................................3.3
Algeria ...........................................3.1
Mauritania ......................................3.1
Haiti ...............................................2.9
Chad..............................................2.6
Angola ...........................................2.4

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.5

7

2.2: Data Tables

6.16

Buyer sophistication

In your country, how do buyers make purchasing decisions? [1 = based solely on the lowest price; 7 = based on a sophisticated analysis of performance attributes] |
2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Japan ............................................5.3
Switzerland ....................................5.1
Qatar .............................................4.9
Finland ...........................................4.8
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.8
Taiwan, China ................................4.8
Luxembourg ..................................4.7
Sweden .........................................4.6
United States .................................4.6
United Kingdom .............................4.6
Malaysia.........................................4.6
Singapore ......................................4.5
Norway ..........................................4.5
Netherlands ...................................4.5
Canada ..........................................4.4
China .............................................4.4
Germany ........................................4.4
Belgium .........................................4.4
Sri Lanka .......................................4.3
United Arab Emirates .....................4.2
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.2
Ireland............................................4.2
South Africa ...................................4.2
Bahrain ..........................................4.2
Thailand .........................................4.2
Azerbaijan ......................................4.1
Puerto Rico....................................4.1
New Zealand .................................4.1
Kazakhstan ....................................4.1
Chile ..............................................4.0
Austria ...........................................4.0
Lao PDR ........................................4.0
France ...........................................4.0
Malta .............................................3.9
Italy ................................................3.9
Mauritius ........................................3.9
Israel ..............................................3.8
Costa Rica .....................................3.8
Seychelles......................................3.8
Australia .........................................3.8
Oman ............................................3.8
Iceland ...........................................3.8
Cyprus ...........................................3.8
Saudi Arabia ..................................3.8
Panama .........................................3.7
El Salvador.....................................3.7
Peru ...............................................3.7
Bolivia ............................................3.7
Philippines .....................................3.7
Indonesia .......................................3.7
Barbados .......................................3.7
Uruguay .........................................3.7
Denmark ........................................3.7
Mexico ...........................................3.7
Ecuador .........................................3.7
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.6
Russian Federation ........................3.6
Brazil..............................................3.6
India...............................................3.6
Vietnam .........................................3.5
Zambia ..........................................3.5
Cambodia ......................................3.5
Spain .............................................3.5
Lebanon ........................................3.5
Colombia .......................................3.5
Namibia .........................................3.5
Guatemala .....................................3.5
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.5
Armenia .........................................3.5
Nicaragua ......................................3.5
Swaziland ......................................3.5
Kuwait ...........................................3.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.4
Liberia ............................................3.4

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.4

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.4

7

Czech Republic .............................3.4
Tunisia ...........................................3.4
Argentina .......................................3.3
Jamaica .........................................3.3
Jordan ...........................................3.3
Rwanda .........................................3.3
Bangladesh....................................3.3
Turkey............................................3.3
Portugal .........................................3.3
Greece ...........................................3.3
Dominican Republic .......................3.3
Ukraine ..........................................3.3
Nigeria ...........................................3.2
Pakistan .........................................3.2
Albania...........................................3.2
Kenya ............................................3.2
Lesotho .........................................3.2
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.2
Poland ...........................................3.2
Georgia ..........................................3.2
Morocco ........................................3.1
Guyana ..........................................3.1
Zimbabwe ......................................3.1
Suriname .......................................3.1
Latvia .............................................3.1
Gambia, The ..................................3.1
Lithuania ........................................3.1
Honduras .......................................3.1
Moldova .........................................3.1
Ghana ............................................3.0
Tanzania ........................................3.0
Estonia...........................................3.0
Venezuela ......................................3.0
Cameroon......................................3.0
Malawi ...........................................3.0
Mongolia ........................................2.9
Cape Verde ...................................2.9
Bulgaria .........................................2.9
Nepal .............................................2.9
Slovenia .........................................2.9
Romania ........................................2.9
Croatia ...........................................2.9
Montenegro ...................................2.9
Botswana ......................................2.8
Algeria ...........................................2.8
Senegal .........................................2.8
Paraguay .......................................2.8
Mozambique ..................................2.8
Madagascar ...................................2.7
Egypt .............................................2.7
Hungary .........................................2.7
Bhutan ...........................................2.7
Angola ...........................................2.7
Gabon ...........................................2.7
Libya ..............................................2.6
Mali ................................................2.6
Slovak Republic .............................2.6
Myanmar........................................2.6
Sierra Leone ..................................2.6
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.5
Ethiopia..........................................2.5
Macedonia, FYR ............................2.5
Mauritania ......................................2.5
Timor-Leste ...................................2.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................2.5
Uganda ..........................................2.4
Haiti ...............................................2.4
Yemen ...........................................2.4
Serbia ............................................2.3
Benin .............................................2.2
Burundi ..........................................2.1
Chad..............................................2.0
Burkina Faso..................................2.0
Guinea ...........................................1.9

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 485

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Data Tables

Pillar 7
Labor market efficiency

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

7.01 Cooperation in labor-employer relations
In your country, how would you characterize labor-employer relations? [1 = generally confrontational; 7 = generally cooperative] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................6.0
Singapore ......................................6.0
Denmark ........................................5.8
Norway ..........................................5.8
Netherlands ...................................5.7
Sweden .........................................5.7
Qatar .............................................5.6
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.6
Japan ............................................5.6
Austria ...........................................5.5
New Zealand .................................5.5
Iceland ...........................................5.5
Ireland............................................5.4
Costa Rica .....................................5.3
Lao PDR ........................................5.3
Oman ............................................5.3
United Arab Emirates .....................5.2
Germany ........................................5.2
Malaysia.........................................5.2
Barbados .......................................5.2
Finland ...........................................5.2
Luxembourg ..................................5.1
Guatemala .....................................5.1
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.1
Taiwan, China ................................5.1
United Kingdom .............................5.0
Malta .............................................5.0
Gambia, The ..................................5.0
Estonia...........................................4.9
Bahrain ..........................................4.9
Canada ..........................................4.9
Rwanda .........................................4.9
Puerto Rico....................................4.8
Philippines .....................................4.8
Armenia .........................................4.8
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.8
Thailand .........................................4.8
Mauritius ........................................4.8
Albania...........................................4.7
Kazakhstan ....................................4.7
Cyprus ...........................................4.7
United States .................................4.7
Chile ..............................................4.6
Mexico ...........................................4.6
Seychelles......................................4.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.6
Jordan ...........................................4.6
Azerbaijan ......................................4.6
Indonesia .......................................4.6
Dominican Republic .......................4.5
Latvia .............................................4.5
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.5
Sri Lanka .......................................4.5
Mali ................................................4.5
Guyana ..........................................4.5
Colombia .......................................4.5
Senegal .........................................4.5
Israel ..............................................4.4
Panama .........................................4.4
China .............................................4.4
India...............................................4.4
Kuwait ...........................................4.4
Sierra Leone ..................................4.4
Vietnam .........................................4.4
Honduras .......................................4.4
Madagascar ...................................4.4
Zambia ..........................................4.3
Cambodia ......................................4.3
Ghana ............................................4.3
Ecuador .........................................4.3
Paraguay .......................................4.3
Lithuania ........................................4.3
Kenya ............................................4.2
Czech Republic .............................4.2

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.3

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

488 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Bhutan ...........................................4.2
El Salvador.....................................4.2
Moldova .........................................4.2
Liberia ............................................4.2
Belgium .........................................4.2
Georgia ..........................................4.2
Peru ...............................................4.2
Turkey............................................4.2
Hungary .........................................4.2
Lebanon ........................................4.2
Libya ..............................................4.2
Yemen ...........................................4.2
Brazil..............................................4.1
Poland ...........................................4.1
Kyrgyz Republic .............................4.1
Nicaragua ......................................4.1
Morocco ........................................4.1
Jamaica .........................................4.1
Uganda ..........................................4.1
Montenegro ...................................4.1
Malawi ...........................................4.1
Bangladesh....................................4.1
Portugal .........................................4.1
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.1
Bulgaria .........................................4.1
Nigeria ...........................................4.1
Swaziland ......................................4.1
Guinea ...........................................4.0
Australia .........................................4.0
Namibia .........................................4.0
Pakistan .........................................4.0
Slovak Republic .............................4.0
Spain .............................................4.0
Botswana ......................................4.0
Mongolia ........................................4.0
Burkina Faso..................................4.0
Timor-Leste ...................................3.9
Russian Federation ........................3.9
Suriname .......................................3.9
Gabon ...........................................3.9
Bolivia ............................................3.9
Tanzania ........................................3.9
Egypt .............................................3.8
Cape Verde ...................................3.8
Tunisia ...........................................3.8
Slovenia .........................................3.8
Ethiopia..........................................3.8
Lesotho .........................................3.8
Zimbabwe ......................................3.7
Greece ...........................................3.7
Ukraine ..........................................3.7
Cameroon......................................3.7
Benin .............................................3.7
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.7
Haiti ...............................................3.7
Mozambique ..................................3.6
Myanmar........................................3.6
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.5
Croatia ...........................................3.5
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.5
France ...........................................3.4
Italy ................................................3.4
Algeria ...........................................3.4
Uruguay .........................................3.3
Romania ........................................3.3
Argentina .......................................3.3
Chad..............................................3.3
Mauritania ......................................3.3
Burundi ..........................................3.2
Serbia ............................................3.2
Angola ...........................................3.1
Nepal .............................................3.0
Venezuela ......................................3.0
South Africa ...................................2.6

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.3

7

2.2: Data Tables

7.02 Flexibility of wage determination
In your country, how are wages generally set? [1 = by a centralized bargaining process; 7 = by each individual company] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Uganda ..........................................6.2
Estonia...........................................6.0
United Arab Emirates .....................6.0
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.0
Singapore ......................................6.0
Qatar .............................................6.0
Lithuania ........................................5.9
Bahrain ..........................................5.9
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.9
New Zealand .................................5.8
Japan ............................................5.8
United Kingdom .............................5.8
Latvia .............................................5.8
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.8
Yemen ...........................................5.8
Mongolia ........................................5.8
Switzerland ....................................5.7
Lao PDR ........................................5.6
Chile ..............................................5.6
Puerto Rico....................................5.6
Gambia, The ..................................5.6
Oman ............................................5.6
Myanmar........................................5.6
Kazakhstan ....................................5.6
Guyana ..........................................5.6
Kyrgyz Republic .............................5.5
Guatemala .....................................5.5
Macedonia, FYR ............................5.5
United States .................................5.5
Canada ..........................................5.5
Taiwan, China ................................5.5
Turkey............................................5.5
Malaysia.........................................5.5
Moldova .........................................5.4
Serbia ............................................5.4
Azerbaijan ......................................5.4
Poland ...........................................5.4
Armenia .........................................5.4
Kuwait ...........................................5.4
Guinea ...........................................5.4
Russian Federation ........................5.3
Malta .............................................5.3
Morocco ........................................5.3
Egypt .............................................5.3
Croatia ...........................................5.3
Benin .............................................5.3
Georgia ..........................................5.3
Haiti ...............................................5.3
Bulgaria .........................................5.3
India...............................................5.3
Paraguay .......................................5.3
Dominican Republic .......................5.3
Peru ...............................................5.3
Nigeria ...........................................5.3
Botswana ......................................5.3
Rwanda .........................................5.2
Cape Verde ...................................5.2
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................5.2
Jamaica .........................................5.2
Malawi ...........................................5.2
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.2
Burkina Faso..................................5.2
Czech Republic .............................5.2
Jordan ...........................................5.2
Sri Lanka .......................................5.2
Bhutan ...........................................5.2
Burundi ..........................................5.1
Kenya ............................................5.1
Vietnam .........................................5.1
Chad..............................................5.1
Cambodia ......................................5.1
Lebanon ........................................5.1
Romania ........................................5.1
Madagascar ...................................5.1

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.9

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.9

7

France ...........................................5.1
Slovak Republic .............................5.1
Colombia .......................................5.1
Costa Rica .....................................5.0
Ukraine ..........................................5.0
Mali ................................................5.0
Mauritania ......................................5.0
Zambia ..........................................4.9
Suriname .......................................4.9
Seychelles......................................4.9
Sierra Leone ..................................4.9
Montenegro ...................................4.9
Mexico ...........................................4.9
Hungary .........................................4.9
Namibia .........................................4.9
Barbados .......................................4.9
Israel ..............................................4.8
Liberia ............................................4.8
Denmark ........................................4.8
China .............................................4.8
Bangladesh....................................4.8
Swaziland ......................................4.8
Pakistan .........................................4.8
Luxembourg ..................................4.7
Panama .........................................4.7
Tanzania ........................................4.7
Libya ..............................................4.7
Ethiopia..........................................4.7
Ireland............................................4.6
Mauritius ........................................4.6
Portugal .........................................4.6
Indonesia .......................................4.6
Cameroon......................................4.5
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.5
Philippines .....................................4.5
Senegal .........................................4.5
Thailand .........................................4.5
Timor-Leste ...................................4.5
Gabon ...........................................4.4
Nicaragua ......................................4.4
El Salvador.....................................4.4
Algeria ...........................................4.4
Lesotho .........................................4.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.4
Ecuador .........................................4.4
Cyprus ...........................................4.3
Angola ...........................................4.3
Ghana ............................................4.3
Albania...........................................4.3
Honduras .......................................4.3
Slovenia .........................................4.2
Nepal .............................................4.1
Brazil..............................................4.1
Iceland ...........................................4.1
Tunisia ...........................................4.0
Bolivia ............................................4.0
Spain .............................................4.0
Greece ...........................................3.9
Mozambique ..................................3.9
Belgium .........................................3.8
Australia .........................................3.7
Norway ..........................................3.7
Netherlands ...................................3.7
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.6
Venezuela ......................................3.6
Sweden .........................................3.5
Germany ........................................3.3
Italy ................................................3.1
Finland ...........................................2.8
South Africa ...................................2.7
Argentina .......................................2.7
Zimbabwe ......................................2.6
Austria ...........................................2.4
Uruguay .........................................2.3

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 489

2.2: Data Tables

7.03 Hiring and firing practices
In your country, how would you characterize the hiring and firing of workers? [1 = heavily impeded by regulations; 7 = extremely flexible] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Hong Kong SAR ............................5.8
Switzerland ....................................5.6
Singapore ......................................5.6
Qatar .............................................5.4
Iceland ...........................................5.3
Denmark ........................................5.0
Uganda ..........................................5.0
Azerbaijan ......................................4.9
United States .................................4.9
Guyana ..........................................4.8
Nigeria ...........................................4.8
Armenia .........................................4.8
Georgia ..........................................4.8
Kenya ............................................4.7
Cambodia ......................................4.7
Canada ..........................................4.7
United Arab Emirates .....................4.7
Cameroon......................................4.7
Estonia...........................................4.6
Zambia ..........................................4.6
Kazakhstan ....................................4.6
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.6
Ghana ............................................4.5
Sierra Leone ..................................4.5
Bangladesh....................................4.5
Malaysia.........................................4.5
United Kingdom .............................4.5
China .............................................4.4
Albania...........................................4.4
Jamaica .........................................4.4
Thailand .........................................4.4
Ukraine ..........................................4.3
Kyrgyz Republic .............................4.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.3
Pakistan .........................................4.3
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.3
Gambia, The ..................................4.3
Madagascar ...................................4.3
Indonesia .......................................4.3
Bahrain ..........................................4.3
Myanmar........................................4.2
Guatemala .....................................4.2
Ireland............................................4.2
Costa Rica .....................................4.2
Latvia .............................................4.2
Rwanda .........................................4.2
Liberia ............................................4.2
Guinea ...........................................4.2
Lebanon ........................................4.2
Oman ............................................4.2
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.2
India...............................................4.1
Hungary .........................................4.1
Israel ..............................................4.1
Taiwan, China ................................4.1
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.1
Lao PDR ........................................4.1
Mali ................................................4.1
Turkey............................................4.1
Barbados .......................................4.1
New Zealand .................................4.1
Haiti ...............................................4.1
Mongolia ........................................4.1
Montenegro ...................................4.1
Cyprus ...........................................4.0
Malawi ...........................................4.0
Mauritius ........................................4.0
Timor-Leste ...................................4.0
Dominican Republic .......................4.0
Bulgaria .........................................4.0
Tanzania ........................................4.0
Jordan ...........................................4.0
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.0
Chile ..............................................4.0

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.9

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

490 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Senegal .........................................4.0
Yemen ...........................................3.9
Russian Federation ........................3.9
Bhutan ...........................................3.9
Nicaragua ......................................3.9
Seychelles......................................3.9
Vietnam .........................................3.9
Malta .............................................3.9
Burkina Faso..................................3.9
Romania ........................................3.9
Lesotho .........................................3.9
Libya ..............................................3.8
Chad..............................................3.8
Colombia .......................................3.8
Benin .............................................3.7
Puerto Rico....................................3.7
Panama .........................................3.7
Finland ...........................................3.7
Morocco ........................................3.7
Mauritania ......................................3.7
Moldova .........................................3.6
El Salvador.....................................3.6
Ecuador .........................................3.6
Mozambique ..................................3.6
Ethiopia..........................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.6
Kuwait ...........................................3.6
Greece ...........................................3.5
Serbia ............................................3.5
Cape Verde ...................................3.5
Tunisia ...........................................3.5
Botswana ......................................3.5
Honduras .......................................3.5
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.4
Swaziland ......................................3.4
Burundi ..........................................3.4
Poland ...........................................3.4
Mexico ...........................................3.4
Sweden .........................................3.3
Austria ...........................................3.3
Luxembourg ..................................3.3
Philippines .....................................3.3
Germany ........................................3.3
Paraguay .......................................3.3
Egypt .............................................3.3
Czech Republic .............................3.3
Gabon ...........................................3.3
Spain .............................................3.3
Portugal .........................................3.2
Nepal .............................................3.2
Slovak Republic .............................3.2
Brazil..............................................3.2
Netherlands ...................................3.2
Peru ...............................................3.1
Lithuania ........................................3.1
Croatia ...........................................3.0
Sri Lanka .......................................2.9
Angola ...........................................2.9
Japan ............................................2.9
Namibia .........................................2.9
Uruguay .........................................2.9
Australia .........................................2.8
Suriname .......................................2.8
Belgium .........................................2.8
Argentina .......................................2.7
Norway ..........................................2.7
Algeria ...........................................2.7
Italy ................................................2.6
France ...........................................2.5
Slovenia .........................................2.4
Zimbabwe ......................................2.4
South Africa ...................................1.9
Venezuela ......................................1.7

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.9

7

2.2: Data Tables

7.04 Redundancy costs
Redundancy costs in weeks of salary | 2012

RANK

1
1
1
1
5
6
6
8
9
9
9
9
9
14
14
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
27
27
27
27
27
33
34
35
35
37
37
39
40
40
40
40
44
44
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
59
59
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Denmark ........................................0.0
New Zealand .................................0.0
Puerto Rico....................................0.0
United States .................................0.0
Austria ...........................................2.0
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.0
Singapore ......................................3.0
Romania ........................................4.0
Bahrain ..........................................4.3
Japan ............................................4.3
Oman ............................................4.3
Timor-Leste ...................................4.3
United Arab Emirates .....................4.3
Georgia ..........................................4.3
Jordan ...........................................4.3
Cyprus ...........................................5.7
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.9
Ireland............................................6.8
Italy ................................................7.2
Belgium .........................................7.2
Malta .............................................7.3
Bulgaria .........................................7.5
Serbia ............................................7.7
Guinea ...........................................7.9
Bhutan ...........................................8.3
United Kingdom .............................8.4
Kazakhstan ....................................8.7
Lebanon ........................................8.7
Mongolia ........................................8.7
Netherlands ...................................8.7
Norway ..........................................8.7
Uganda ..........................................8.7
Suriname .......................................8.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................9.2
South Africa ...................................9.3
Tanzania ........................................9.3
Latvia .............................................9.7
Namibia .........................................9.7
Canada ........................................10.0
Finland .........................................10.1
Haiti .............................................10.1
Iceland .........................................10.1
Switzerland ..................................10.1
Burkina Faso................................10.5
Mauritania ....................................10.5
Mauritius ......................................10.6
Armenia .......................................11.0
Montenegro .................................11.2
Australia .......................................11.3
Slovenia .......................................11.4
Peru .............................................11.4
Slovak Republic ...........................11.6
Benin ...........................................11.6
France .........................................11.8
Tunisia .........................................12.1
Madagascar .................................12.3
Estonia.........................................12.9
Rwanda .......................................13.0
Chad............................................13.0
Macedonia, FYR ..........................13.0
Ukraine ........................................13.0
Côte d’Ivoire ................................13.1
Hungary .......................................13.4
Seychelles....................................13.5
Mali ..............................................13.7
Senegal .......................................13.7
Jamaica .......................................14.0
Sweden .......................................14.4
Swaziland ....................................14.6
Gabon .........................................14.8
Nicaragua ....................................14.9
Lesotho .......................................15.0
Croatia .........................................15.1
Cameroon....................................15.3

75
76
76
78
78
80
81
82
82
82
85
85
85
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
101
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
111
113
114
115
116
117
118
118
120
120
120
120
124
124
126
127
128
129
129
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
145
n/a n/a SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Brazil............................................15.4
India.............................................15.8
Kenya ..........................................15.8
Burundi ........................................15.9
Greece .........................................15.9
Barbados .....................................16.0
Nigeria .........................................16.2
Colombia .....................................16.7
Guyana ........................................16.7
Malawi .........................................16.7
Algeria .........................................17.3
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................17.3
Russian Federation ......................17.3
Spain ...........................................17.4
Panama .......................................18.1
Costa Rica ...................................18.7
Poland .........................................18.8
Ethiopia........................................19.1
Cambodia ....................................19.4
Saudi Arabia ................................19.5
Czech Republic ...........................20.2
Trinidad and Tobago....................20.5
Morocco ......................................20.7
Uruguay .......................................20.8
Albania.........................................20.8
Germany ......................................21.6
Azerbaijan ....................................21.7
Luxembourg ................................21.7
Botswana ....................................21.7
Mexico .........................................22.0
Taiwan, China ..............................22.6
Moldova .......................................22.6
El Salvador...................................22.9
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................23.1
Qatar ...........................................23.2
Malaysia.......................................23.9
Lithuania ......................................24.6
Vietnam .......................................24.6
Liberia ..........................................25.7
Gambia, The ................................26.0
Paraguay .....................................26.1
Dominican Republic .....................26.2
Guatemala ...................................27.0
Nepal ...........................................27.2
Pakistan .......................................27.2
Chile ............................................27.4
China ...........................................27.4
Korea, Rep. .................................27.4
Yemen .........................................27.4
Israel ............................................27.4
Philippines ...................................27.4
Kuwait .........................................28.1
Cape Verde .................................29.5
Turkey..........................................29.8
Argentina .....................................30.3
Honduras .....................................30.3
Bangladesh..................................31.0
Angola .........................................31.0
Ecuador .......................................31.8
Portugal .......................................33.9
Thailand .......................................36.0
Egypt ...........................................36.8
Mozambique ................................37.5
Lao PDR ......................................47.2
Ghana ..........................................49.8
Zambia ........................................50.6
Indonesia .....................................57.8
Sri Lanka .....................................58.5
Sierra Leone ................................78.3
Zimbabwe ....................................82.3
Bolivia ..............................not possible
Venezuela ........................not possible
Libya ..............................................n/a
Myanmar........................................n/a

World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises; authors’ calculations

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 491

2.2: Data Tables

7.05 Effect of taxation on incentives to work
In your country, to what extent do taxes reduce the incentive to work? [1 = significantly reduce the incentive to work; 7 = do not reduce incentive to work at all] | 2013

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

SOURCE:
1

VALUE

1

Qatar .............................................6.4
Bahrain ..........................................6.2
United Arab Emirates 1 ...................6.2
Singapore ......................................6.0
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.0
Oman 1...........................................5.6
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.3
Luxembourg ..................................5.2
Kuwait ...........................................5.2
Malaysia.........................................5.0
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.9
Mauritius ........................................4.9
New Zealand .................................4.8
Switzerland ....................................4.8
South Africa ...................................4.7
Chile ..............................................4.6
Botswana ......................................4.6
Rwanda .........................................4.5
Paraguay .......................................4.4
Sweden .........................................4.4
Seychelles......................................4.4
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.3
Liberia ............................................4.3
Gabon ...........................................4.3
Estonia...........................................4.3
Norway ..........................................4.3
Indonesia .......................................4.3
Canada ..........................................4.3
Georgia ..........................................4.2
Cambodia ......................................4.2
Lao PDR ........................................4.2
Cyprus ...........................................4.2
Zambia ..........................................4.2
Senegal .........................................4.2
Barbados .......................................4.1
Nigeria ...........................................4.1
Angola ...........................................4.1
United States .................................4.1
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.1
Philippines .....................................4.1
United Kingdom .............................4.0
China .............................................4.0
Libya ..............................................4.0
Thailand .........................................4.0
Bhutan ...........................................4.0
Malta .............................................4.0
Panama .........................................4.0
Morocco ........................................4.0
Namibia .........................................4.0
Sierra Leone ..................................4.0
Guyana ..........................................3.9
Lesotho .........................................3.9
Lebanon ........................................3.9
Guinea ...........................................3.9
Sri Lanka .......................................3.9
Kazakhstan ....................................3.8
Finland ...........................................3.8
Ecuador .........................................3.8
Australia .........................................3.8
Netherlands ...................................3.8
Timor-Leste ...................................3.8
Costa Rica .....................................3.8
Montenegro ...................................3.8
Germany ........................................3.7
Swaziland ......................................3.7
Israel ..............................................3.7
India...............................................3.7
Suriname .......................................3.7
Albania...........................................3.7
Azerbaijan ......................................3.7
Tunisia ...........................................3.7
Ghana ............................................3.7
Myanmar........................................3.6
Bangladesh....................................3.6

MEAN 3.7

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.7

Guatemala .....................................3.6
Japan ............................................3.6
Taiwan, China ................................3.6
Armenia .........................................3.6
Mongolia ........................................3.5
Uganda ..........................................3.5
Peru ...............................................3.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.5
Pakistan .........................................3.5
Venezuela ......................................3.5
Nicaragua ......................................3.5
Bolivia ............................................3.5
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.5
Tanzania ........................................3.5
Burkina Faso..................................3.5
Ireland............................................3.5
Puerto Rico....................................3.5
Kenya ............................................3.5
Mozambique ..................................3.4
Zimbabwe ......................................3.4
Gambia, The ..................................3.4
Haiti ...............................................3.4
Cape Verde ...................................3.4
Jordan 1 .........................................3.4
Vietnam .........................................3.4
Madagascar ...................................3.4
Nepal .............................................3.3
Mexico ...........................................3.3
Cameroon......................................3.3
Malawi ...........................................3.3
Poland ...........................................3.3
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.3
Algeria ...........................................3.3
Turkey............................................3.3
Bulgaria .........................................3.3
Benin .............................................3.2
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.2
Austria ...........................................3.2
Ethiopia..........................................3.2
El Salvador.....................................3.2
Latvia .............................................3.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 ..............3.1
Iceland ...........................................3.0
Jamaica .........................................3.0
Uruguay .........................................3.0
Lithuania ........................................3.0
Spain .............................................3.0
Russian Federation ........................3.0
Colombia .......................................2.9
Mali ................................................2.9
Egypt .............................................2.8
Yemen ...........................................2.8
France ...........................................2.8
Denmark ........................................2.8
Burundi ..........................................2.8
Serbia ............................................2.7
Slovak Republic .............................2.7
Hungary .........................................2.7
Czech Republic .............................2.7
Slovenia .........................................2.7
Dominican Republic .......................2.7
Moldova .........................................2.6
Greece ...........................................2.5
Brazil..............................................2.5
Portugal .........................................2.4
Ukraine ..........................................2.4
Mauritania ......................................2.3
Belgium .........................................2.3
Croatia ...........................................2.3
Chad..............................................2.2
Honduras .......................................2.1
Romania ........................................2.1
Argentina .......................................2.1
Italy ................................................2.0

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

For those economies for which the data from the 2012 edition of the Survey are used, the results of the general question on the extent and effect of taxation are used for the computation and reported above. For more details, refer to Chapter 1.3 of this Report.

492 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

7

2.2: Data Tables

7.06 Pay and productivity
In your country, to what extent is pay related to worker productivity? [1 = not related to worker productivity; 7 = strongly related to worker productivity] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Hong Kong SAR ............................5.5
Malaysia.........................................5.2
Switzerland ....................................5.2
Singapore ......................................5.2
Qatar .............................................5.2
Taiwan, China ................................5.2
United Arab Emirates .....................5.0
Estonia...........................................4.9
Kazakhstan ....................................4.9
Lao PDR ........................................4.8
United Kingdom .............................4.8
United States .................................4.8
Japan ............................................4.7
Lithuania ........................................4.7
Vietnam .........................................4.7
New Zealand .................................4.7
China .............................................4.7
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.6
Czech Republic .............................4.6
Latvia .............................................4.6
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.6
Slovak Republic .............................4.6
Azerbaijan ......................................4.6
Albania...........................................4.5
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.5
Ukraine ..........................................4.5
Puerto Rico....................................4.5
Canada ..........................................4.5
Indonesia .......................................4.4
Mongolia ........................................4.4
Thailand .........................................4.4
Cambodia ......................................4.4
Chile ..............................................4.4
Moldova .........................................4.4
Kyrgyz Republic .............................4.3
Armenia .........................................4.3
Bahrain ..........................................4.3
Ireland............................................4.3
Sri Lanka .......................................4.3
Oman ............................................4.3
Gambia, The ..................................4.3
Germany ........................................4.3
Malta .............................................4.3
Philippines .....................................4.2
Poland ...........................................4.2
Russian Federation ........................4.2
Luxembourg ..................................4.2
Bulgaria .........................................4.2
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.2
Guatemala .....................................4.2
Bhutan ...........................................4.2
Denmark ........................................4.1
Costa Rica .....................................4.1
Madagascar ...................................4.1
Jordan ...........................................4.1
Lebanon ........................................4.1
Finland ...........................................4.1
India...............................................4.1
Iceland ...........................................4.1
Georgia ..........................................4.1
Turkey............................................4.1
Rwanda .........................................4.1
Kenya ............................................4.1
Israel ..............................................4.0
Mauritius ........................................4.0
Malawi ...........................................4.0
Morocco ........................................4.0
Seychelles......................................4.0
Austria ...........................................3.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.9
Guyana ..........................................3.9
Ghana ............................................3.9
Botswana ......................................3.9
Sweden .........................................3.9

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.9

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.9

7

Cyprus ...........................................3.9
Peru ...............................................3.9
Nigeria ...........................................3.8
France ...........................................3.8
Netherlands ...................................3.8
Montenegro ...................................3.8
Ecuador .........................................3.8
Croatia ...........................................3.8
Bolivia ............................................3.8
Norway ..........................................3.8
Hungary .........................................3.8
Pakistan .........................................3.8
Liberia ............................................3.8
Mexico ...........................................3.8
Myanmar........................................3.7
Nicaragua ......................................3.7
Zambia ..........................................3.7
Belgium .........................................3.7
Swaziland ......................................3.7
Romania ........................................3.7
Jamaica .........................................3.6
Yemen ...........................................3.6
Gabon ...........................................3.6
Kuwait ...........................................3.6
Brazil..............................................3.6
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.6
Bangladesh....................................3.6
Colombia .......................................3.6
Namibia .........................................3.6
Barbados .......................................3.5
Senegal .........................................3.5
Slovenia .........................................3.5
Dominican Republic .......................3.5
Tunisia ...........................................3.5
Sierra Leone ..................................3.5
Paraguay .......................................3.5
Panama .........................................3.5
Suriname .......................................3.5
Australia .........................................3.5
El Salvador.....................................3.4
Mali ................................................3.4
Haiti ...............................................3.4
Tanzania ........................................3.4
Serbia ............................................3.4
Timor-Leste ...................................3.4
Lesotho .........................................3.4
Portugal .........................................3.4
Honduras .......................................3.3
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.3
Cameroon......................................3.3
Ethiopia..........................................3.3
Libya ..............................................3.3
Uganda ..........................................3.2
Cape Verde ...................................3.2
Greece ...........................................3.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.1
Egypt .............................................3.1
Spain .............................................3.1
Burkina Faso..................................3.1
Benin .............................................3.0
Nepal .............................................2.9
Angola ...........................................2.9
Chad..............................................2.9
Mozambique ..................................2.8
Guinea ...........................................2.8
Algeria ...........................................2.8
Venezuela ......................................2.8
South Africa ...................................2.8
Italy ................................................2.8
Argentina .......................................2.8
Mauritania ......................................2.6
Zimbabwe ......................................2.6
Burundi ..........................................2.5
Uruguay .........................................2.4

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 493

2.2: Data Tables

7.07

Reliance on professional management

In your country, who holds senior management positions? [1 = usually relatives or friends without regard to merit; 7 = mostly professional managers chosen for merit and qualifications] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

New Zealand .................................6.3
Finland ...........................................6.3
Norway ..........................................6.2
Sweden .........................................6.1
Netherlands ...................................6.1
Denmark ........................................6.0
Switzerland ....................................5.9
Singapore ......................................5.9
United Kingdom .............................5.9
Canada ..........................................5.9
Australia .........................................5.7
South Africa ...................................5.7
Ireland............................................5.7
Qatar .............................................5.6
United States .................................5.6
Luxembourg ..................................5.6
Japan ............................................5.5
Puerto Rico....................................5.5
Germany ........................................5.5
Belgium .........................................5.5
Malaysia.........................................5.4
Austria ...........................................5.4
Taiwan, China ................................5.3
Iceland ...........................................5.3
United Arab Emirates .....................5.3
Estonia...........................................5.2
Oman ............................................5.2
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.2
Barbados .......................................5.0
Botswana ......................................5.0
Zimbabwe ......................................5.0
Philippines .....................................5.0
Sri Lanka .......................................5.0
Indonesia .......................................4.9
Gambia, The ..................................4.9
Chile ..............................................4.8
France ...........................................4.8
Brazil..............................................4.8
Rwanda .........................................4.8
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.8
Costa Rica .....................................4.7
Latvia .............................................4.7
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.7
China .............................................4.6
Peru ...............................................4.6
India...............................................4.6
Zambia ..........................................4.6
Lithuania ........................................4.6
Bahrain ..........................................4.5
Israel ..............................................4.5
Spain .............................................4.5
Jamaica .........................................4.5
Mauritius ........................................4.5
Kenya ............................................4.5
Nigeria ...........................................4.4
Seychelles......................................4.4
Thailand .........................................4.4
Ghana ............................................4.4
Venezuela ......................................4.4
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.4
Czech Republic .............................4.4
Argentina .......................................4.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.4
Lao PDR ........................................4.3
Turkey............................................4.3
Sierra Leone ..................................4.3
Swaziland ......................................4.3
Colombia .......................................4.3
Kazakhstan ....................................4.3
Malawi ...........................................4.2
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.2
Portugal .........................................4.2
Guatemala .....................................4.2

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.3

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

494 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Namibia .........................................4.2
Mexico ...........................................4.2
Slovak Republic .............................4.2
Cambodia ......................................4.1
Poland ...........................................4.1
Suriname .......................................4.1
Montenegro ...................................4.1
Georgia ..........................................4.1
Ecuador .........................................4.0
Madagascar ...................................4.0
Uruguay .........................................4.0
Jordan ...........................................4.0
Senegal .........................................4.0
Bhutan ...........................................4.0
El Salvador.....................................4.0
Morocco ........................................4.0
Gabon ...........................................4.0
Guyana ..........................................4.0
Cameroon......................................3.9
Slovenia .........................................3.9
Albania...........................................3.9
Armenia .........................................3.9
Uganda ..........................................3.9
Tunisia ...........................................3.9
Malta .............................................3.9
Azerbaijan ......................................3.9
Croatia ...........................................3.8
Pakistan .........................................3.8
Tanzania ........................................3.8
Greece ...........................................3.8
Russian Federation ........................3.8
Bolivia ............................................3.8
Lesotho .........................................3.8
Honduras .......................................3.7
Panama .........................................3.7
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.7
Moldova .........................................3.7
Bulgaria .........................................3.7
Kuwait ...........................................3.6
Hungary .........................................3.6
Dominican Republic .......................3.6
Nicaragua ......................................3.6
Cyprus ...........................................3.6
Bangladesh....................................3.6
Vietnam .........................................3.6
Mongolia ........................................3.6
Italy ................................................3.5
Liberia ............................................3.5
Lebanon ........................................3.5
Cape Verde ...................................3.5
Mozambique ..................................3.4
Nepal .............................................3.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.4
Ukraine ..........................................3.3
Libya ..............................................3.3
Burkina Faso..................................3.3
Romania ........................................3.3
Paraguay .......................................3.3
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.2
Haiti ...............................................3.2
Serbia ............................................3.1
Timor-Leste ...................................3.1
Egypt .............................................3.1
Ethiopia..........................................3.1
Benin .............................................3.1
Mali ................................................3.1
Myanmar........................................2.9
Guinea ...........................................2.8
Yemen ...........................................2.8
Burundi ..........................................2.5
Algeria ...........................................2.3
Mauritania ......................................2.3
Angola ...........................................2.2
Chad..............................................2.1

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.3

7

2.2: Data Tables

7.08 Country capacity to retain talent
Does your country retain talented people? [1 = the best and brightest leave to pursue opportunities in other countries; 7 = the best and brightest stay and pursue opportunities in the country] | 2013
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

SOURCE:
1

VALUE

1

Qatar .............................................6.0
Finland ...........................................5.8
Switzerland ....................................5.8
United States .................................5.7
Norway ..........................................5.6
United Arab Emirates 1 ...................5.5
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.4
Singapore ......................................5.1
Germany ........................................5.1
Sweden .........................................5.1
Luxembourg ..................................5.1
Chile ..............................................5.0
United Kingdom .............................5.0
Netherlands ...................................4.8
Costa Rica .....................................4.8
Oman 1...........................................4.8
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.7
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.6
Canada ..........................................4.6
Malaysia.........................................4.6
Panama .........................................4.6
Bahrain ..........................................4.6
Austria ...........................................4.5
Iceland ...........................................4.4
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.4
Belgium .........................................4.4
Thailand .........................................4.3
Rwanda .........................................4.3
Japan ............................................4.3
Barbados .......................................4.3
China .............................................4.3
Malta .............................................4.2
Cyprus ...........................................4.2
Lao PDR ........................................4.2
Bhutan ...........................................4.2
Guyana ..........................................4.2
Australia .........................................4.1
Brazil..............................................4.1
Indonesia .......................................4.1
Ireland............................................4.1
Ecuador .........................................4.0
Peru ...............................................4.0
Denmark ........................................4.0
Cambodia ......................................3.9
Bolivia ............................................3.9
Guatemala .....................................3.9
Kenya ............................................3.9
Taiwan, China ................................3.9
Israel ..............................................3.8
India...............................................3.8
South Africa ...................................3.8
Ghana ............................................3.7
Jordan 1 .........................................3.7
Morocco ........................................3.6
Botswana ......................................3.6
Mexico ...........................................3.6
France ...........................................3.6
Timor-Leste ...................................3.6
Cape Verde ...................................3.6
Albania...........................................3.5
Mali ................................................3.5
Zambia ..........................................3.5
Colombia .......................................3.5
Azerbaijan ......................................3.5
Montenegro ...................................3.5
Kuwait ...........................................3.5
Angola ...........................................3.5
Senegal .........................................3.5
El Salvador.....................................3.5
Namibia .........................................3.5
Philippines .....................................3.4
Dominican Republic .......................3.4
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.4
Tunisia ...........................................3.4

MEAN 3.5

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.5

7

Malawi ...........................................3.3
Tanzania ........................................3.3
Uruguay .........................................3.3
Turkey............................................3.3
New Zealand .................................3.3
Kazakhstan ....................................3.3
Nicaragua ......................................3.3
Mozambique ..................................3.2
Gambia, The ..................................3.2
Argentina .......................................3.2
Seychelles......................................3.2
Greece ...........................................3.1
Libya ..............................................3.1
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.1
Liberia ............................................3.1
Paraguay .......................................3.1
Gabon ...........................................3.1
Mauritius ........................................3.1
Georgia ..........................................3.1
Lesotho .........................................3.1
Vietnam .........................................3.0
Madagascar ...................................3.0
Estonia...........................................3.0
Latvia .............................................3.0
Zimbabwe ......................................3.0
Jamaica .........................................3.0
Suriname .......................................3.0
Nigeria ...........................................2.9
Sri Lanka .......................................2.9
Puerto Rico....................................2.9
Pakistan .........................................2.9
Cameroon......................................2.9
Slovenia .........................................2.9
Spain .............................................2.9
Czech Republic .............................2.8
Guinea ...........................................2.8
Portugal .........................................2.8
Russian Federation ........................2.8
Ethiopia..........................................2.8
Sierra Leone ..................................2.7
Lebanon ........................................2.7
Uganda ..........................................2.7
Italy ................................................2.7
Mongolia ........................................2.7
Poland ...........................................2.7
Burkina Faso..................................2.6
Armenia .........................................2.6
Honduras .......................................2.6
Macedonia, FYR ............................2.6
Bangladesh....................................2.6
Swaziland ......................................2.6
Hungary .........................................2.6
Lithuania ........................................2.5
Benin .............................................2.5
Nepal .............................................2.5
Slovak Republic .............................2.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................2.3
Haiti ...............................................2.3
Egypt .............................................2.3
Croatia ...........................................2.3
Chad..............................................2.2
Mauritania ......................................2.1
Algeria ...........................................2.1
Romania ........................................2.1
Yemen ...........................................2.1
Ukraine ..........................................2.0
Burundi ..........................................1.9
Bulgaria .........................................1.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 ..............1.9
Kyrgyz Republic .............................1.9
Moldova .........................................1.9
Serbia ............................................1.8
Venezuela ......................................1.8
Myanmar........................................1.7

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

For those economies for which the data from the 2012 edition of the Survey are used, the results of the general question on the capacity to attract and retain talent are used for the computation and reported above. For more details, refer to Chapter 1.3 of this Report.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 495

2.2: Data Tables

7.09 Country capacity to attract talent
Does your country attract talented people from abroad? [1 = not at all; 7 = attracts the best and brightest from around the world] | 2013

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

SOURCE:
1

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................6.1
Singapore ......................................6.0
Qatar .............................................6.0
United Kingdom .............................5.8
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.7
United States .................................5.7
United Arab Emirates 1 ...................5.5
Luxembourg ..................................5.4
Canada ..........................................5.1
Panama .........................................5.1
Norway ..........................................5.1
Ireland............................................5.0
Bahrain ..........................................5.0
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.9
Oman 1...........................................4.8
Seychelles......................................4.7
Australia .........................................4.7
Netherlands ...................................4.7
Malta .............................................4.7
Germany ........................................4.7
Barbados .......................................4.7
Malaysia.........................................4.6
Rwanda .........................................4.6
Chile ..............................................4.5
Sweden .........................................4.4
China .............................................4.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.4
Indonesia .......................................4.3
New Zealand .................................4.3
Austria ...........................................4.2
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.1
Thailand .........................................4.1
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.1
Azerbaijan ......................................4.1
Ecuador .........................................4.1
Liberia ............................................4.1
Peru ...............................................4.1
Costa Rica .....................................4.0
Guyana ..........................................3.9
Ghana ............................................3.9
Kazakhstan ....................................3.9
Mauritius ........................................3.9
Morocco ........................................3.9
France ...........................................3.9
Kuwait ...........................................3.9
Belgium .........................................3.9
Angola ...........................................3.8
Nigeria ...........................................3.8
El Salvador.....................................3.8
Kenya ............................................3.8
Cambodia ......................................3.8
Denmark ........................................3.8
Brazil..............................................3.7
India...............................................3.7
South Africa ...................................3.7
Mozambique ..................................3.7
Jordan 1 .........................................3.7
Bhutan ...........................................3.7
Taiwan, China ................................3.6
Malawi ...........................................3.6
Gabon ...........................................3.6
Senegal .........................................3.6
Albania...........................................3.6
Gambia, The ..................................3.6
Zambia ..........................................3.6
Suriname .......................................3.5
Israel ..............................................3.5
Finland ...........................................3.5
Vietnam .........................................3.5
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.5
Cape Verde ...................................3.5
Namibia .........................................3.5
Iceland ...........................................3.4
Lao PDR ........................................3.4

MEAN 3.4

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.4

Mali ................................................3.4
Cyprus ...........................................3.4
Botswana ......................................3.3
Nicaragua ......................................3.3
Mexico ...........................................3.3
Japan ............................................3.3
Sierra Leone ..................................3.3
Bolivia ............................................3.3
Dominican Republic .......................3.3
Lesotho .........................................3.3
Puerto Rico....................................3.3
Philippines .....................................3.2
Czech Republic .............................3.2
Portugal .........................................3.2
Turkey............................................3.2
Tanzania ........................................3.1
Colombia .......................................3.1
Montenegro ...................................3.1
Swaziland ......................................3.1
Guatemala .....................................3.1
Madagascar ...................................3.0
Estonia...........................................3.0
Russian Federation ........................3.0
Uganda ..........................................3.0
Jamaica .........................................3.0
Zimbabwe ......................................2.9
Timor-Leste ...................................2.9
Spain .............................................2.9
Tunisia ...........................................2.8
Cameroon......................................2.8
Georgia ..........................................2.8
Guinea ...........................................2.7
Paraguay .......................................2.7
Chad..............................................2.7
Honduras .......................................2.7
Haiti ...............................................2.7
Pakistan .........................................2.7
Latvia .............................................2.7
Uruguay .........................................2.6
Benin .............................................2.6
Hungary .........................................2.6
Armenia .........................................2.6
Sri Lanka .......................................2.5
Ethiopia..........................................2.5
Slovak Republic .............................2.5
Slovenia .........................................2.5
Poland ...........................................2.4
Myanmar........................................2.4
Bangladesh....................................2.4
Lebanon ........................................2.4
Argentina .......................................2.4
Italy ................................................2.4
Greece ...........................................2.3
Burkina Faso..................................2.2
Libya ..............................................2.2
Mongolia ........................................2.2
Egypt .............................................2.2
Romania ........................................2.2
Yemen ...........................................2.2
Macedonia, FYR ............................2.1
Lithuania ........................................2.1
Ukraine ..........................................2.1
Mauritania ......................................2.1
Nepal .............................................2.0
Algeria ...........................................2.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 ..............1.9
Kyrgyz Republic .............................1.9
Burundi ..........................................1.9
Croatia ...........................................1.9
Bulgaria .........................................1.9
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................1.8
Moldova .........................................1.7
Serbia ............................................1.6
Venezuela ......................................1.5

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

For those economies for which the data from the 2012 edition of the Survey are used, the results of the general question on the capacity to attract and retain talent are used for the computation and reported above. For more details, refer to Chapter 1.3 of this Report.

496 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

7

2.2: Data Tables

7.10

Female participation in labor force

Ratio of women to men in the labor force* | 2010

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Malawi .........................................1.06
Mozambique ................................1.05
Burundi ........................................1.03
Rwanda .......................................1.02
Tanzania ......................................0.99
Lao PDR ......................................0.99
Sierra Leone ................................0.97
Uganda ........................................0.96
Madagascar .................................0.95
Lithuania ......................................0.95
Ghana ..........................................0.95
Finland .........................................0.95
Iceland .........................................0.94
Nepal ...........................................0.94
Norway ........................................0.94
Cambodia ....................................0.93
Latvia ...........................................0.93
Sweden .......................................0.93
Zimbabwe ....................................0.93
Myanmar......................................0.93
Vietnam .......................................0.92
Estonia.........................................0.92
Azerbaijan ....................................0.92
Denmark ......................................0.92
Liberia ..........................................0.92
Kazakhstan ..................................0.91
Canada ........................................0.91
Moldova .......................................0.91
Botswana ....................................0.90
Barbados .....................................0.90
Slovenia .......................................0.89
Portugal .......................................0.89
Israel ............................................0.89
Ethiopia........................................0.89
France .........................................0.88
China ...........................................0.88
Gambia, The ................................0.88
Burkina Faso................................0.88
Bulgaria .......................................0.88
Bhutan .........................................0.88
Russian Federation ......................0.87
Benin ...........................................0.87
Haiti .............................................0.87
Netherlands .................................0.87
Switzerland ..................................0.86
Seychelles....................................0.86
United States ...............................0.86
Gabon .........................................0.86
New Zealand ...............................0.86
Kenya ..........................................0.86
Austria .........................................0.86
Germany ......................................0.86
Ukraine ........................................0.86
Zambia ........................................0.85
United Kingdom ...........................0.85
Cameroon....................................0.85
Cyprus .........................................0.85
Mongolia ......................................0.85
Namibia .......................................0.84
Australia .......................................0.84
Croatia .........................................0.84
Belgium .......................................0.84
Guinea .........................................0.84
Hungary .......................................0.83
Thailand .......................................0.82
Angola .........................................0.82
Spain ...........................................0.82
Jamaica .......................................0.82
Poland .........................................0.81
Chad............................................0.81
Peru .............................................0.81
Slovak Republic ...........................0.81
Lesotho .......................................0.81
Ireland..........................................0.80

75
76
77
78
79
80
80
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Bolivia ..........................................0.80
Luxembourg ................................0.79
Romania ......................................0.78
Uruguay .......................................0.78
Czech Republic ...........................0.78
Montenegro .................................0.77
Serbia ..........................................0.77
Georgia ........................................0.77
Nigeria .........................................0.76
Singapore ....................................0.76
Hong Kong SAR ..........................0.76
Brazil............................................0.76
Taiwan, China ..............................0.75
South Africa .................................0.75
Senegal .......................................0.75
Japan ..........................................0.74
Armenia .......................................0.74
Greece .........................................0.73
Brunei Darussalam .......................0.73
Trinidad and Tobago....................0.73
Albania.........................................0.72
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................0.72
Korea, Rep. .................................0.72
Colombia .....................................0.72
Italy ..............................................0.69
Bangladesh..................................0.69
Puerto Rico..................................0.68
Paraguay .....................................0.68
Argentina .....................................0.67
Ecuador .......................................0.67
Dominican Republic .....................0.66
Chile ............................................0.66
Venezuela ....................................0.66
Macedonia, FYR ..........................0.65
Côte d’Ivoire ................................0.64
Cape Verde .................................0.64
Philippines ...................................0.63
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............0.63
Swaziland ....................................0.63
El Salvador...................................0.62
Indonesia .....................................0.62
Panama .......................................0.62
Suriname .....................................0.60
Mauritius ......................................0.60
Costa Rica ...................................0.60
Nicaragua ....................................0.59
Malaysia.......................................0.59
Guatemala ...................................0.56
Mexico .........................................0.56
Qatar ...........................................0.55
Malta ...........................................0.55
Mali ..............................................0.53
Kuwait .........................................0.53
Guyana ........................................0.53
Timor-Leste .................................0.53
Honduras .....................................0.52
United Arab Emirates ...................0.48
Sri Lanka .....................................0.47
Bahrain ........................................0.46
Turkey..........................................0.40
Libya ............................................0.40
Tunisia .........................................0.37
India.............................................0.36
Mauritania ....................................0.36
Oman ..........................................0.36
Yemen .........................................0.35
Morocco ......................................0.34
Lebanon ......................................0.33
Egypt ...........................................0.32
Pakistan .......................................0.27
Saudi Arabia ................................0.24
Jordan .........................................0.24
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................0.23
Algeria .........................................0.21

SOURCES: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Markets (accessed June 27, 2013); national sources

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 497

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Data Tables

Pillar 8
Financial market development

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

8.01 Availability of financial services
In your country, to what extent does the financial sector provide a wide range of financial products and services to businesses? [1 = not at all; 7 = provides a wide variety]
| 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................6.4
South Africa ...................................6.4
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.3
Luxembourg ..................................6.1
Singapore ......................................6.1
United Kingdom .............................6.1
United States .................................6.1
Finland ...........................................6.1
Canada ..........................................6.1
Panama .........................................6.0
Norway ..........................................6.0
Netherlands ...................................6.0
Sweden .........................................5.8
Qatar .............................................5.8
Belgium .........................................5.8
Austria ...........................................5.7
Germany ........................................5.7
New Zealand .................................5.7
Bahrain ..........................................5.7
Chile ..............................................5.6
Australia .........................................5.6
Malaysia.........................................5.5
Puerto Rico....................................5.5
Taiwan, China ................................5.5
United Arab Emirates .....................5.4
Thailand .........................................5.4
Malta .............................................5.4
Turkey............................................5.4
Sri Lanka .......................................5.3
Brazil..............................................5.3
Japan ............................................5.3
Guatemala .....................................5.3
Mauritius ........................................5.2
France ...........................................5.2
Dominican Republic .......................5.2
Denmark ........................................5.1
Spain .............................................5.1
Estonia...........................................5.1
Oman ............................................5.1
Philippines .....................................5.1
Slovak Republic .............................5.0
Israel ..............................................5.0
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.0
Cyprus ...........................................5.0
India...............................................5.0
Honduras .......................................5.0
Latvia .............................................5.0
Portugal .........................................5.0
Peru ...............................................4.9
Barbados .......................................4.9
Indonesia .......................................4.9
Colombia .......................................4.9
Poland ...........................................4.9
Jamaica .........................................4.8
Namibia .........................................4.8
Kenya ............................................4.8
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.8
Lithuania ........................................4.8
Czech Republic .............................4.7
Kazakhstan ....................................4.6
Mexico ...........................................4.6
Lebanon ........................................4.6
Armenia .........................................4.6
Morocco ........................................4.6
Hungary .........................................4.6
Rwanda .........................................4.6
Ireland............................................4.6
Jordan ...........................................4.6
Swaziland ......................................4.5
China .............................................4.5
Italy ................................................4.5
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.5
Guyana ..........................................4.5
Costa Rica .....................................4.4

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.5

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

500 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Kuwait ...........................................4.4
Ghana ............................................4.4
Zambia ..........................................4.4
Botswana ......................................4.4
Lao PDR ........................................4.4
Paraguay .......................................4.3
Cambodia ......................................4.3
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.3
Gambia, The ..................................4.2
Uganda ..........................................4.2
Croatia ...........................................4.2
Montenegro ...................................4.2
Ecuador .........................................4.2
Pakistan .........................................4.1
Uruguay .........................................4.1
Nepal .............................................4.1
Russian Federation ........................4.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.0
Vietnam .........................................4.0
Seychelles......................................4.0
El Salvador.....................................4.0
Georgia ..........................................4.0
Iceland ...........................................4.0
Nigeria ...........................................4.0
Serbia ............................................3.9
Tunisia ...........................................3.9
Bangladesh....................................3.9
Romania ........................................3.9
Cameroon......................................3.9
Senegal .........................................3.9
Zimbabwe ......................................3.8
Greece ...........................................3.8
Bulgaria .........................................3.8
Azerbaijan ......................................3.8
Ukraine ..........................................3.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.8
Suriname .......................................3.8
Egypt .............................................3.8
Slovenia .........................................3.8
Liberia ............................................3.8
Bhutan ...........................................3.8
Malawi ...........................................3.7
Bolivia ............................................3.7
Moldova .........................................3.7
Tanzania ........................................3.7
Sierra Leone ..................................3.7
Mozambique ..................................3.7
Cape Verde ...................................3.7
Venezuela ......................................3.7
Mongolia ........................................3.6
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.6
Madagascar ...................................3.6
Mali ................................................3.6
Nicaragua ......................................3.6
Albania...........................................3.5
Gabon ...........................................3.5
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.5
Lesotho .........................................3.4
Ethiopia..........................................3.4
Benin .............................................3.3
Burkina Faso..................................3.2
Argentina .......................................3.1
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.1
Guinea ...........................................3.1
Mauritania ......................................3.1
Haiti ...............................................3.1
Algeria ...........................................3.0
Myanmar........................................2.9
Yemen ...........................................2.9
Timor-Leste ...................................2.8
Chad..............................................2.6
Burundi ..........................................2.5
Libya ..............................................2.5
Angola ...........................................2.4

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.5

7

2.2: Data Tables

8.02 Affordability of financial services
In your country, to what extent are financial services affordable for businesses? [1 = not affordable at all; 7 = affordable] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Hong Kong SAR ............................6.1
Luxembourg ..................................6.0
Qatar .............................................5.9
Singapore ......................................5.9
Switzerland ....................................5.8
Finland ...........................................5.8
Panama .........................................5.8
Norway ..........................................5.7
Bahrain ..........................................5.6
United States .................................5.6
Canada ..........................................5.6
Taiwan, China ................................5.5
South Africa ...................................5.5
New Zealand .................................5.4
Malaysia.........................................5.4
Oman ............................................5.4
Puerto Rico....................................5.3
United Kingdom .............................5.3
Belgium .........................................5.3
Germany ........................................5.3
Austria ...........................................5.3
Sweden .........................................5.3
Netherlands ...................................5.3
United Arab Emirates .....................5.3
Japan ............................................5.2
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.2
Malta .............................................5.1
Turkey............................................5.1
Guatemala .....................................5.0
Chile ..............................................5.0
Philippines .....................................5.0
Thailand .........................................5.0
Sri Lanka .......................................5.0
Mauritius ........................................4.9
France ...........................................4.9
Australia .........................................4.9
Slovak Republic .............................4.8
India...............................................4.8
Denmark ........................................4.7
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.7
Estonia...........................................4.7
Latvia .............................................4.7
Indonesia .......................................4.6
Poland ...........................................4.6
Lao PDR ........................................4.5
Cyprus ...........................................4.5
Lithuania ........................................4.5
Brazil..............................................4.5
Jordan ...........................................4.4
Armenia .........................................4.4
China .............................................4.4
Swaziland ......................................4.4
Spain .............................................4.4
Barbados .......................................4.4
Kuwait ...........................................4.3
Lebanon ........................................4.3
Gambia, The ..................................4.3
Kazakhstan ....................................4.3
Peru ...............................................4.3
Uruguay .........................................4.2
Namibia .........................................4.2
Costa Rica .....................................4.2
Ireland............................................4.2
Guyana ..........................................4.2
Rwanda .........................................4.2
Honduras .......................................4.2
Morocco ........................................4.2
Kenya ............................................4.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.1
Botswana ......................................4.1
Cambodia ......................................4.1
Ghana ............................................4.1
Azerbaijan ......................................4.1
Israel ..............................................4.1

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.2

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.2

7

Jamaica .........................................4.1
Dominican Republic .......................4.1
Portugal .........................................4.1
Montenegro ...................................4.1
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.1
Zambia ..........................................4.0
Paraguay .......................................4.0
Ecuador .........................................4.0
Georgia ..........................................4.0
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.0
Mexico ...........................................4.0
Czech Republic .............................4.0
Tunisia ...........................................3.9
Nepal .............................................3.9
Seychelles......................................3.9
Croatia ...........................................3.9
Romania ........................................3.9
Bhutan ...........................................3.9
Bolivia ............................................3.8
Nigeria ...........................................3.8
Russian Federation ........................3.8
Venezuela ......................................3.8
Vietnam .........................................3.8
Suriname .......................................3.8
Nicaragua ......................................3.8
Pakistan .........................................3.8
Colombia .......................................3.8
Iceland ...........................................3.7
El Salvador.....................................3.7
Mali ................................................3.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.7
Egypt .............................................3.7
Cameroon......................................3.7
Liberia ............................................3.7
Bangladesh....................................3.7
Hungary .........................................3.7
Senegal .........................................3.6
Serbia ............................................3.6
Italy ................................................3.6
Moldova .........................................3.6
Mongolia ........................................3.6
Uganda ..........................................3.6
Cape Verde ...................................3.6
Greece ...........................................3.6
Slovenia .........................................3.6
Tanzania ........................................3.6
Malawi ...........................................3.5
Lesotho .........................................3.5
Sierra Leone ..................................3.5
Bulgaria .........................................3.5
Ethiopia..........................................3.4
Ukraine ..........................................3.4
Albania...........................................3.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.3
Mozambique ..................................3.3
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.3
Gabon ...........................................3.3
Benin .............................................3.2
Madagascar ...................................3.2
Zimbabwe ......................................3.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.1
Mauritania ......................................3.1
Angola ...........................................3.1
Myanmar........................................3.0
Guinea ...........................................3.0
Haiti ...............................................3.0
Burkina Faso..................................3.0
Argentina .......................................2.9
Timor-Leste ...................................2.8
Algeria ...........................................2.7
Chad..............................................2.7
Yemen ...........................................2.6
Burundi ..........................................2.6
Libya ..............................................2.3

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 501

2.2: Data Tables

8.03 Financing through local equity market
In your country, how easy is it for companies to raise money by issuing shares on the stock market? [1 = extremely difficult; 7 = extremely easy] | 2012–13 weighted average RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Hong Kong SAR ............................5.8
South Africa ...................................5.6
Taiwan, China ................................5.5
Sri Lanka .......................................5.2
United States .................................5.1
Qatar .............................................5.0
Singapore ......................................5.0
Australia .........................................5.0
Malaysia.........................................4.9
New Zealand .................................4.9
Sweden .........................................4.8
United Kingdom .............................4.8
Norway ..........................................4.8
Thailand .........................................4.7
Canada ..........................................4.7
Japan ............................................4.7
Finland ...........................................4.7
India...............................................4.6
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.6
Switzerland ....................................4.5
United Arab Emirates .....................4.5
Panama .........................................4.5
Oman ............................................4.5
Chile ..............................................4.5
Malta .............................................4.4
Luxembourg ..................................4.4
Philippines .....................................4.4
France ...........................................4.4
Indonesia .......................................4.3
Netherlands ...................................4.3
Jamaica .........................................4.3
Bahrain ..........................................4.3
Ghana ............................................4.2
Germany ........................................4.2
Kenya ............................................4.2
Turkey............................................4.2
Mauritius ........................................4.1
China .............................................4.0
Morocco ........................................4.0
Tunisia ...........................................3.9
Bangladesh....................................3.9
Zambia ..........................................3.9
Jordan ...........................................3.9
Kuwait ...........................................3.9
Austria ...........................................3.9
Egypt .............................................3.9
Belgium .........................................3.9
Brazil..............................................3.8
Botswana ......................................3.8
Israel ..............................................3.7
Nigeria ...........................................3.7
Malawi ...........................................3.7
Nepal .............................................3.7
Ecuador .........................................3.7
Colombia .......................................3.7
Peru ...............................................3.6
Vietnam .........................................3.6
Pakistan .........................................3.6
Estonia...........................................3.6
Poland ...........................................3.6
Denmark ........................................3.5
Rwanda .........................................3.5
Zimbabwe ......................................3.5
Puerto Rico....................................3.5
Mexico ...........................................3.5
Bolivia ............................................3.5
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.5
Namibia .........................................3.4
Paraguay .......................................3.4
Iceland ...........................................3.4
Guyana ..........................................3.4
El Salvador.....................................3.4
Lithuania ........................................3.4
Montenegro ...................................3.4

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.4

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

502 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Korea, Rep. ...................................3.4
Gambia, The ..................................3.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.4
Azerbaijan ......................................3.4
Nicaragua ......................................3.3
Bhutan ...........................................3.3
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.3
Uganda ..........................................3.3
Swaziland ......................................3.2
Seychelles......................................3.2
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.2
Ireland............................................3.1
Italy ................................................3.1
Tanzania ........................................3.1
Russian Federation ........................3.1
Gabon ...........................................3.1
Barbados .......................................3.1
Czech Republic .............................3.0
Bulgaria .........................................3.0
Ethiopia..........................................3.0
Cameroon......................................3.0
Cape Verde ...................................3.0
Romania ........................................3.0
Latvia .............................................2.9
Kazakhstan ....................................2.9
Spain .............................................2.9
Senegal .........................................2.9
Lao PDR ........................................2.9
Suriname .......................................2.8
Croatia ...........................................2.8
Dominican Republic .......................2.8
Cyprus ...........................................2.8
Portugal .........................................2.7
Mali ................................................2.7
Hungary .........................................2.7
Burkina Faso..................................2.7
Slovak Republic .............................2.7
Cambodia ......................................2.6
Benin .............................................2.6
Armenia .........................................2.5
Mozambique ..................................2.5
Liberia ............................................2.5
Costa Rica .....................................2.5
Moldova .........................................2.5
Lesotho .........................................2.5
Slovenia .........................................2.4
Guatemala .....................................2.4
Mongolia ........................................2.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................2.4
Mauritania ......................................2.4
Georgia ..........................................2.4
Ukraine ..........................................2.4
Madagascar ...................................2.3
Lebanon ........................................2.3
Argentina .......................................2.3
Timor-Leste ...................................2.3
Sierra Leone ..................................2.3
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.2
Uruguay .........................................2.2
Greece ...........................................2.2
Serbia ............................................2.1
Chad..............................................2.1
Algeria ...........................................2.1
Yemen ...........................................2.1
Haiti ...............................................2.0
Honduras .......................................2.0
Libya ..............................................1.9
Guinea ...........................................1.8
Burundi ..........................................1.8
Venezuela ......................................1.8
Albania...........................................1.7
Myanmar........................................1.7
Angola ...........................................1.4

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.4

7

2.2: Data Tables

8.04 Ease of access to loans
In your country, how easy is it to obtain a bank loan with only a good business plan and no collateral? [1 = extremely difficult; 7 = extremely easy] | 2012–13 weighted average RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Qatar .............................................4.9
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.7
United Arab Emirates .....................4.6
Singapore ......................................4.5
Malaysia.........................................4.4
Oman ............................................4.4
Bahrain ..........................................4.4
Panama .........................................4.4
New Zealand .................................4.2
Sweden .........................................4.2
Norway ..........................................4.2
Finland ...........................................4.2
Luxembourg ..................................4.2
Taiwan, China ................................4.0
Malta .............................................3.9
Indonesia .......................................3.9
United States .................................3.9
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.8
Bolivia ............................................3.8
Switzerland ....................................3.7
Chile ..............................................3.6
South Africa ...................................3.6
Thailand .........................................3.6
Saudi Arabia ..................................3.6
Seychelles......................................3.6
Canada ..........................................3.6
Mauritius ........................................3.5
Australia .........................................3.5
Belgium .........................................3.5
Peru ...............................................3.5
Ecuador .........................................3.4
China .............................................3.4
Japan ............................................3.4
Jordan ...........................................3.3
Montenegro ...................................3.3
Rwanda .........................................3.3
Philippines .....................................3.3
India...............................................3.3
Bulgaria .........................................3.3
Lao PDR ........................................3.3
France ...........................................3.2
Nicaragua ......................................3.2
Botswana ......................................3.2
Kenya ............................................3.2
Guyana ..........................................3.2
Germany ........................................3.2
Netherlands ...................................3.2
Estonia...........................................3.1
Slovak Republic .............................3.1
Lesotho .........................................3.1
Guatemala .....................................3.1
Turkey............................................3.1
Austria ...........................................3.0
Azerbaijan ......................................3.0
Puerto Rico....................................3.0
Cambodia ......................................3.0
Dominican Republic .......................3.0
Czech Republic .............................3.0
Paraguay .......................................2.9
Namibia .........................................2.9
Kazakhstan ....................................2.9
Lebanon ........................................2.9
Macedonia, FYR ............................2.9
Brazil..............................................2.9
Denmark ........................................2.9
Israel ..............................................2.9
Tunisia ...........................................2.9
Russian Federation ........................2.9
Morocco ........................................2.8
Swaziland ......................................2.8
Colombia .......................................2.8
Pakistan .........................................2.8
Iceland ...........................................2.8
Mali ................................................2.8

SOURCE:

MEAN 2.8

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 2.8

7

Kuwait ...........................................2.8
El Salvador.....................................2.8
Zambia ..........................................2.7
Romania ........................................2.7
Gabon ...........................................2.7
Cyprus ...........................................2.7
Madagascar ...................................2.7
United Kingdom .............................2.7
Tanzania ........................................2.7
Uruguay .........................................2.7
Honduras .......................................2.7
Algeria ...........................................2.7
Uganda ..........................................2.6
Armenia .........................................2.6
Barbados .......................................2.6
Sri Lanka .......................................2.6
Malawi ...........................................2.6
Liberia ............................................2.5
Trinidad and Tobago......................2.5
Mexico ...........................................2.5
Bhutan ...........................................2.5
Latvia .............................................2.5
Poland ...........................................2.5
Georgia ..........................................2.5
Gambia, The ..................................2.5
Egypt .............................................2.4
Cameroon......................................2.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.4
Ghana ............................................2.4
Moldova .........................................2.4
Croatia ...........................................2.4
Costa Rica .....................................2.4
Nepal .............................................2.4
Timor-Leste ...................................2.4
Lithuania ........................................2.4
Senegal .........................................2.4
Suriname .......................................2.4
Venezuela ......................................2.3
Vietnam .........................................2.3
Bangladesh....................................2.3
Cape Verde ...................................2.3
Ukraine ..........................................2.3
Benin .............................................2.2
Korea, Rep. ...................................2.2
Guinea ...........................................2.2
Serbia ............................................2.2
Portugal .........................................2.1
Zimbabwe ......................................2.1
Hungary .........................................2.1
Ethiopia..........................................2.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................2.0
Haiti ...............................................2.0
Ireland............................................1.9
Jamaica .........................................1.9
Kyrgyz Republic .............................1.9
Libya ..............................................1.9
Chad..............................................1.9
Mauritania ......................................1.9
Yemen ...........................................1.9
Nigeria ...........................................1.9
Albania...........................................1.9
Sierra Leone ..................................1.8
Slovenia .........................................1.8
Spain .............................................1.8
Mozambique ..................................1.8
Angola ...........................................1.7
Burundi ..........................................1.7
Mongolia ........................................1.7
Argentina .......................................1.7
Burkina Faso..................................1.6
Italy ................................................1.6
Greece ...........................................1.6
Myanmar........................................1.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................1.5

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 503

2.2: Data Tables

8.05 Venture capital availability
In your country, how easy is it for entrepreneurs with innovative but risky projects to find venture capital? [1 = extremely difficult; 7 = extremely easy] | 2012–13 weighted average RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Hong Kong SAR ............................4.6
Qatar .............................................4.5
United States .................................4.3
Norway ..........................................4.3
Sweden .........................................4.3
Singapore ......................................4.2
Malaysia.........................................4.2
Israel ..............................................4.2
Taiwan, China ................................4.1
United Arab Emirates .....................4.1
Finland ...........................................4.0
Panama .........................................4.0
Luxembourg ..................................4.0
Oman ............................................3.9
Bahrain ..........................................3.8
China .............................................3.8
Indonesia .......................................3.7
New Zealand .................................3.6
Australia .........................................3.6
United Kingdom .............................3.5
Netherlands ...................................3.5
Switzerland ....................................3.4
Canada ..........................................3.4
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.4
Saudi Arabia ..................................3.4
Belgium .........................................3.3
India...............................................3.3
South Africa ...................................3.3
Nicaragua ......................................3.3
Estonia...........................................3.3
Chile ..............................................3.3
Bolivia ............................................3.2
Germany ........................................3.2
Ecuador .........................................3.2
Rwanda .........................................3.2
Montenegro ...................................3.2
Malta .............................................3.2
Guyana ..........................................3.2
Japan ............................................3.1
Philippines .....................................3.1
Thailand .........................................3.1
Seychelles......................................3.1
Cambodia ......................................3.0
Tunisia ...........................................3.0
Jordan ...........................................3.0
Mauritius ........................................3.0
Kenya ............................................3.0
Puerto Rico....................................2.9
France ...........................................2.9
Peru ...............................................2.9
Egypt .............................................2.9
Azerbaijan ......................................2.9
Swaziland ......................................2.8
Cyprus ...........................................2.8
Austria ...........................................2.8
Morocco ........................................2.8
Botswana ......................................2.8
Latvia .............................................2.8
El Salvador.....................................2.8
Guatemala .....................................2.8
Brazil..............................................2.7
Lebanon ........................................2.7
Liberia ............................................2.7
Slovak Republic .............................2.7
Bulgaria .........................................2.7
Lao PDR ........................................2.7
Ghana ............................................2.7
Iceland ...........................................2.7
Ireland............................................2.7
Russian Federation ........................2.6
Kuwait ...........................................2.6
Kazakhstan ....................................2.6
Tanzania ........................................2.6
Czech Republic .............................2.6

SOURCE:

MEAN 2.7

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

504 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Colombia .......................................2.6
Mexico ...........................................2.6
Pakistan .........................................2.6
Vietnam .........................................2.6
Zambia ..........................................2.5
Uruguay .........................................2.5
Lesotho .........................................2.5
Honduras .......................................2.5
Turkey............................................2.5
Lithuania ........................................2.5
Gambia, The ..................................2.5
Dominican Republic .......................2.5
Timor-Leste ...................................2.5
Namibia .........................................2.5
Madagascar ...................................2.5
Macedonia, FYR ............................2.5
Sri Lanka .......................................2.5
Romania ........................................2.4
Armenia .........................................2.4
Uganda ..........................................2.4
Denmark ........................................2.4
Malawi ...........................................2.4
Paraguay .......................................2.4
Barbados .......................................2.4
Mali ................................................2.3
Cape Verde ...................................2.3
Nigeria ...........................................2.3
Nepal .............................................2.3
Costa Rica .....................................2.3
Poland ...........................................2.3
Spain .............................................2.3
Georgia ..........................................2.3
Bhutan ...........................................2.2
Senegal .........................................2.2
Portugal .........................................2.2
Croatia ...........................................2.2
Trinidad and Tobago......................2.2
Cameroon......................................2.2
Benin .............................................2.2
Ethiopia..........................................2.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................2.1
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.1
Venezuela ......................................2.1
Moldova .........................................2.1
Angola ...........................................2.1
Ukraine ..........................................2.1
Mozambique ..................................2.1
Hungary .........................................2.1
Algeria ...........................................2.0
Gabon ...........................................2.0
Bangladesh....................................2.0
Suriname .......................................2.0
Slovenia .........................................2.0
Libya ..............................................2.0
Serbia ............................................1.9
Jamaica .........................................1.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................1.9
Mauritania ......................................1.9
Kyrgyz Republic .............................1.9
Yemen ...........................................1.9
Haiti ...............................................1.9
Albania...........................................1.9
Burundi ..........................................1.9
Italy ................................................1.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................1.8
Zimbabwe ......................................1.8
Guinea ...........................................1.8
Argentina .......................................1.7
Chad..............................................1.7
Mongolia ........................................1.7
Sierra Leone ..................................1.7
Greece ...........................................1.7
Burkina Faso..................................1.7
Myanmar........................................1.5

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 2.7

7

2.2: Data Tables

8.06 Soundness of banks
In your country, how would you assess the soundness of banks? [1 = extremely low—banks may require recapitalization; 7 = extremely high—banks are generally healthy with sound balance sheets] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Canada ..........................................6.7
New Zealand .................................6.7
South Africa ...................................6.6
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.6
Singapore ......................................6.5
Finland ...........................................6.5
Panama .........................................6.5
Norway ..........................................6.4
Australia .........................................6.4
Chile ..............................................6.3
Barbados .......................................6.3
Brazil..............................................6.3
Qatar .............................................6.3
Malta .............................................6.3
Saudi Arabia ..................................6.1
Mauritius ........................................6.1
Guatemala .....................................6.1
Oman ............................................6.0
Sweden .........................................6.0
Turkey............................................6.0
Luxembourg ..................................6.0
Israel ..............................................5.9
Namibia .........................................5.9
Costa Rica .....................................5.9
Switzerland ....................................5.9
Colombia .......................................5.9
Peru ...............................................5.8
Sri Lanka .......................................5.8
Lebanon ........................................5.8
Mexico ...........................................5.8
Honduras .......................................5.8
Slovak Republic .............................5.8
Czech Republic .............................5.8
Dominican Republic .......................5.8
Estonia...........................................5.7
Philippines .....................................5.7
Trinidad and Tobago......................5.7
United Arab Emirates .....................5.7
Thailand .........................................5.7
Malaysia.........................................5.7
Morocco ........................................5.7
Paraguay .......................................5.6
Japan ............................................5.6
Bahrain ..........................................5.6
Kuwait ...........................................5.6
Botswana ......................................5.5
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.5
Taiwan, China ................................5.5
India...............................................5.5
Jamaica .........................................5.5
Suriname .......................................5.4
Uruguay .........................................5.4
Armenia .........................................5.3
Poland ...........................................5.3
Macedonia, FYR ............................5.3
Zambia ..........................................5.3
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................5.3
United States .................................5.2
Jordan ...........................................5.2
Austria ...........................................5.2
Guyana ..........................................5.2
France ...........................................5.2
Senegal .........................................5.2
Germany ........................................5.1
Gambia, The ..................................5.1
Swaziland ......................................5.1
Kenya ............................................5.1
Malawi ...........................................5.1
Puerto Rico....................................5.1
Indonesia .......................................5.0
Pakistan .........................................5.0
China .............................................5.0
Ghana ............................................5.0
Netherlands ...................................4.9

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.9

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.9

7

Croatia ...........................................4.9
Gabon ...........................................4.9
Mozambique ..................................4.9
Uganda ..........................................4.8
Seychelles......................................4.8
Latvia .............................................4.8
Cameroon......................................4.8
Georgia ..........................................4.8
Rwanda .........................................4.8
Cambodia ......................................4.8
Lao PDR ........................................4.8
Bulgaria .........................................4.8
Venezuela ......................................4.7
Italy ................................................4.7
Hungary .........................................4.7
Ecuador .........................................4.7
Liberia ............................................4.6
Cape Verde ...................................4.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.6
Sierra Leone ..................................4.6
Denmark ........................................4.5
Benin .............................................4.5
Nicaragua ......................................4.5
Ethiopia..........................................4.5
Argentina .......................................4.4
Kazakhstan ....................................4.4
Romania ........................................4.4
El Salvador.....................................4.4
Bangladesh....................................4.3
Montenegro ...................................4.3
United Kingdom .............................4.3
Nigeria ...........................................4.3
Bhutan ...........................................4.3
Madagascar ...................................4.3
Belgium .........................................4.3
Mongolia ........................................4.3
Lithuania ........................................4.2
Azerbaijan ......................................4.2
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.2
Tanzania ........................................4.2
Lesotho .........................................4.2
Haiti ...............................................4.2
Serbia ............................................4.2
Moldova .........................................4.1
Mali ................................................4.1
Portugal .........................................4.1
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.1
Nepal .............................................4.1
Burkina Faso..................................4.1
Russian Federation ........................4.0
Egypt .............................................4.0
Bolivia ............................................4.0
Spain .............................................4.0
Angola ...........................................3.9
Albania...........................................3.9
Guinea ...........................................3.9
Tunisia ...........................................3.9
Iceland ...........................................3.9
Timor-Leste ...................................3.8
Vietnam .........................................3.7
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.6
Mauritania ......................................3.5
Zimbabwe ......................................3.4
Myanmar........................................3.4
Chad..............................................3.4
Algeria ...........................................3.3
Cyprus ...........................................3.3
Yemen ...........................................3.1
Ukraine ..........................................3.0
Burundi ..........................................3.0
Libya ..............................................2.8
Ireland............................................2.5
Slovenia .........................................2.4
Greece ...........................................2.3

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 505

2.2: Data Tables

8.07 Regulation of securities exchanges
In your country, how effective are the regulation and supervision of securities exchanges? [1 = not at all effective; 7 = extremely effective] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

South Africa ...................................6.6
Finland ...........................................6.2
Luxembourg ..................................6.0
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.0
Singapore ......................................5.9
Qatar .............................................5.8
Brazil..............................................5.8
Norway ..........................................5.7
New Zealand .................................5.7
Oman ............................................5.6
Australia .........................................5.5
Puerto Rico....................................5.5
Sweden .........................................5.5
Taiwan, China ................................5.4
Switzerland ....................................5.4
Canada ..........................................5.4
Malta .............................................5.4
Malaysia.........................................5.3
United Arab Emirates .....................5.3
Denmark ........................................5.3
Bahrain ..........................................5.3
Mauritius ........................................5.3
Netherlands ...................................5.2
United Kingdom .............................5.2
Barbados .......................................5.2
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.1
India...............................................5.1
Jamaica .........................................5.1
Japan ............................................5.0
United States .................................5.0
Thailand .........................................5.0
Belgium .........................................4.9
France ...........................................4.9
Turkey............................................4.9
Poland ...........................................4.9
Chile ..............................................4.9
Germany ........................................4.8
Philippines .....................................4.8
Sri Lanka .......................................4.8
Estonia...........................................4.7
Panama .........................................4.7
Hungary .........................................4.7
Namibia .........................................4.6
Ghana ............................................4.6
Israel ..............................................4.6
Morocco ........................................4.6
Austria ...........................................4.5
Pakistan .........................................4.5
Zambia ..........................................4.4
Czech Republic .............................4.4
Mexico ...........................................4.4
Portugal .........................................4.4
Uruguay .........................................4.4
Peru ...............................................4.4
Kenya ............................................4.4
Ireland............................................4.4
Indonesia .......................................4.4
Jordan ...........................................4.4
Costa Rica .....................................4.3
Iceland ...........................................4.3
Seychelles......................................4.3
Botswana ......................................4.3
China .............................................4.3
Latvia .............................................4.2
Lithuania ........................................4.2
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.2
Montenegro ...................................4.2
Ecuador .........................................4.1
Zimbabwe ......................................4.1
Rwanda .........................................4.1
Tunisia ...........................................4.1
Nigeria ...........................................4.0
Nicaragua ......................................4.0
Colombia .......................................4.0

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.1

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

506 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Cyprus ...........................................4.0
Dominican Republic .......................4.0
Kuwait ...........................................4.0
Croatia ...........................................4.0
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.0
Gambia, The ..................................3.9
Malawi ...........................................3.9
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.9
El Salvador.....................................3.9
Slovenia .........................................3.9
Guatemala .....................................3.9
Bolivia ............................................3.9
Lao PDR ........................................3.9
Spain .............................................3.9
Paraguay .......................................3.9
Kazakhstan ....................................3.8
Swaziland ......................................3.8
Greece ...........................................3.8
Slovak Republic .............................3.8
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.8
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.8
Italy ................................................3.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.7
Azerbaijan ......................................3.7
Ethiopia..........................................3.7
Uganda ..........................................3.7
Guyana ..........................................3.6
Russian Federation ........................3.6
Cape Verde ...................................3.6
Honduras .......................................3.6
Egypt .............................................3.6
Bhutan ...........................................3.6
Lebanon ........................................3.6
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.5
Senegal .........................................3.5
Armenia .........................................3.5
Tanzania ........................................3.5
Argentina .......................................3.5
Cambodia ......................................3.5
Nepal .............................................3.4
Romania ........................................3.4
Bulgaria .........................................3.4
Venezuela ......................................3.3
Vietnam .........................................3.2
Georgia ..........................................3.2
Gabon ...........................................3.2
Serbia ............................................3.2
Sierra Leone ..................................3.2
Mozambique ..................................3.1
Moldova .........................................3.1
Bangladesh....................................3.0
Cameroon......................................3.0
Suriname .......................................3.0
Burkina Faso..................................3.0
Ukraine ..........................................2.9
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.9
Lesotho .........................................2.8
Benin .............................................2.7
Mongolia ........................................2.7
Liberia ............................................2.6
Madagascar ...................................2.6
Mauritania ......................................2.6
Timor-Leste ...................................2.5
Mali ................................................2.5
Guinea ...........................................2.2
Libya ..............................................2.1
Chad..............................................2.1
Algeria ...........................................2.0
Haiti ...............................................2.0
Myanmar........................................2.0
Burundi ..........................................1.9
Albania...........................................1.9
Yemen ...........................................1.5
Angola ...........................................1.3

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.1

7

2.2: Data Tables

8.08 Legal rights index
Degree of legal protection of borrowers’ and lenders’ rights on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2012

RANK

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Australia ..........................................10
Hong Kong SAR .............................10
Kenya .............................................10
Kyrgyz Republic ..............................10
Latvia ..............................................10
Malaysia..........................................10
Montenegro ....................................10
New Zealand ..................................10
Singapore .......................................10
South Africa ....................................10
United Kingdom ..............................10
Albania..............................................9
Barbados ..........................................9
Cyprus ..............................................9
Denmark ...........................................9
Georgia .............................................9
Ireland...............................................9
Israel .................................................9
Nigeria ..............................................9
Poland ..............................................9
Puerto Rico.......................................9
Romania ...........................................9
Slovak Republic ................................9
Trinidad and Tobago.........................9
Ukraine .............................................9
United States ....................................9
Zambia .............................................9
Bulgaria ............................................8
Cambodia .........................................8
Finland ..............................................8
Ghana ...............................................8
Guatemala ........................................8
Honduras ..........................................8
India..................................................8
Jamaica ............................................8
Korea, Rep. ......................................8
Moldova ............................................8
Namibia ............................................8
Sweden ............................................8
Switzerland .......................................8
Vietnam ............................................8
Austria ..............................................7
Bangladesh.......................................7
Botswana .........................................7
Brunei Darussalam ............................7
Canada .............................................7
Croatia ..............................................7
Estonia..............................................7
France ..............................................7
Germany ...........................................7
Hungary ............................................7
Iceland ..............................................7
Japan ...............................................7
Liberia ...............................................7
Macedonia, FYR ...............................7
Malawi ..............................................7
Nepal ................................................7
Peru ..................................................7
Rwanda ............................................7
Serbia ...............................................7
Sierra Leone .....................................7
Tanzania ...........................................7
Uganda .............................................7
Zimbabwe .........................................7
Armenia ............................................6
Azerbaijan .........................................6
Belgium ............................................6
Benin ................................................6
Burkina Faso.....................................6
Cameroon.........................................6
Chad.................................................6
Chile .................................................6
China ................................................6
Côte d’Ivoire .....................................6

65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
65
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
118
141
141
141
141
145
145
n/a n/a SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Czech Republic ................................6
Gabon ..............................................6
Guinea ..............................................6
Lesotho ............................................6
Mali ...................................................6
Mauritius ...........................................6
Mexico ..............................................6
Mongolia ...........................................6
Netherlands ......................................6
Norway .............................................6
Pakistan ............................................6
Senegal ............................................6
Spain ................................................6
Swaziland .........................................6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ...................5
Colombia ..........................................5
El Salvador........................................5
Gambia, The .....................................5
Lithuania ...........................................5
Luxembourg .....................................5
Panama ............................................5
Saudi Arabia .....................................5
Sri Lanka ..........................................5
Suriname ..........................................5
Taiwan, China ...................................5
Thailand ............................................5
Argentina ..........................................4
Bahrain .............................................4
Ethiopia.............................................4
Greece ..............................................4
Guyana .............................................4
Iran, Islamic Rep. ..............................4
Kazakhstan .......................................4
Kuwait ..............................................4
Lao PDR ...........................................4
Oman ...............................................4
Philippines ........................................4
Qatar ................................................4
Seychelles.........................................4
Slovenia ............................................4
Turkey...............................................4
United Arab Emirates ........................4
Uruguay ............................................4
Algeria ..............................................3
Angola ..............................................3
Bhutan ..............................................3
Brazil.................................................3
Burundi .............................................3
Cape Verde ......................................3
Costa Rica ........................................3
Dominican Republic ..........................3
Ecuador ............................................3
Egypt ................................................3
Haiti ..................................................3
Indonesia ..........................................3
Italy ...................................................3
Lebanon ...........................................3
Malta ................................................3
Mauritania .........................................3
Morocco ...........................................3
Mozambique .....................................3
Nicaragua .........................................3
Paraguay ..........................................3
Portugal ............................................3
Russian Federation ...........................3
Tunisia ..............................................3
Jordan ..............................................2
Madagascar ......................................2
Timor-Leste ......................................2
Yemen ..............................................2
Bolivia ...............................................1
Venezuela .........................................1
Libya ..............................................n/a
Myanmar........................................n/a

World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size Enterprises; authors’ calculations

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 507

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Data Tables

Pillar 9
Technological readiness

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

9.01 Availability of latest technologies
In your country, to what extent are the latest technologies available? [1 = not available at all; 7 = widely available] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Finland ...........................................6.5
Sweden .........................................6.5
Norway ..........................................6.5
Switzerland ....................................6.4
United Kingdom .............................6.4
United States .................................6.4
Iceland ...........................................6.4
United Arab Emirates .....................6.4
Netherlands ...................................6.4
Luxembourg ..................................6.3
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.3
Belgium .........................................6.3
Germany ........................................6.3
Japan ............................................6.3
Portugal .........................................6.2
Singapore ......................................6.2
Israel ..............................................6.2
France ...........................................6.1
Canada ..........................................6.1
Qatar .............................................6.1
New Zealand .................................6.1
Malta .............................................6.1
Australia .........................................6.1
Austria ...........................................6.1
Puerto Rico....................................6.0
Bahrain ..........................................6.0
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.9
Barbados .......................................5.9
Denmark ........................................5.9
Ireland............................................5.9
Panama .........................................5.9
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.8
Spain .............................................5.8
Chile ..............................................5.8
Estonia...........................................5.8
Jordan ...........................................5.7
Malaysia.........................................5.7
Lithuania ........................................5.7
Slovenia .........................................5.6
South Africa ...................................5.6
Cyprus ...........................................5.5
Jamaica .........................................5.5
Taiwan, China ................................5.5
Turkey............................................5.4
Latvia .............................................5.3
Mauritius ........................................5.3
Philippines .....................................5.3
Guatemala .....................................5.3
Costa Rica .....................................5.3
Brunei Darussalam .........................5.2
Dominican Republic .......................5.2
Namibia .........................................5.2
Czech Republic .............................5.2
Senegal .........................................5.2
Trinidad and Tobago......................5.2
Oman ............................................5.2
Hungary .........................................5.2
India...............................................5.2
Croatia ...........................................5.1
Indonesia .......................................5.1
Mexico ...........................................5.1
Rwanda .........................................5.1
Brazil..............................................5.1
Kuwait ...........................................5.0
Azerbaijan ......................................5.0
Morocco ........................................5.0
Greece ...........................................5.0
Seychelles......................................5.0
Italy ................................................5.0
Slovak Republic .............................5.0
Kenya ............................................5.0
Sri Lanka .......................................4.9
Guyana ..........................................4.9
Gambia, The ..................................4.9

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.9

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

510 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Thailand .........................................4.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.9
Tunisia ...........................................4.8
Cape Verde ...................................4.8
Pakistan .........................................4.8
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.7
Ghana ............................................4.7
Cambodia ......................................4.7
Montenegro ...................................4.7
Mali ................................................4.6
Peru ...............................................4.6
Lebanon ........................................4.6
Nigeria ...........................................4.6
Kazakhstan ....................................4.6
Ecuador .........................................4.6
Mongolia ........................................4.6
Botswana ......................................4.6
Uruguay .........................................4.5
Honduras .......................................4.5
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.5
Zambia ..........................................4.5
Colombia .......................................4.5
Armenia .........................................4.5
Mauritania ......................................4.5
Bulgaria .........................................4.4
Georgia ..........................................4.4
Bangladesh....................................4.4
Poland ...........................................4.4
Zimbabwe ......................................4.4
Mozambique ..................................4.4
China .............................................4.4
Ukraine ..........................................4.3
Romania ........................................4.3
Uganda ..........................................4.3
Madagascar ...................................4.3
Suriname .......................................4.3
Cameroon......................................4.2
Lao PDR ........................................4.2
El Salvador.....................................4.1
Paraguay .......................................4.1
Venezuela ......................................4.1
Moldova .........................................4.1
Egypt .............................................4.1
Serbia ............................................4.1
Albania...........................................4.1
Nepal .............................................4.0
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.0
Swaziland ......................................4.0
Argentina .......................................4.0
Russian Federation ........................4.0
Tanzania ........................................3.9
Ethiopia..........................................3.9
Malawi ...........................................3.9
Haiti ...............................................3.9
Gabon ...........................................3.9
Bolivia ............................................3.8
Benin .............................................3.8
Lesotho .........................................3.7
Nicaragua ......................................3.7
Vietnam .........................................3.7
Bhutan ...........................................3.7
Liberia ............................................3.6
Sierra Leone ..................................3.6
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.6
Angola ...........................................3.5
Guinea ...........................................3.5
Libya ..............................................3.4
Yemen ...........................................3.4
Burundi ..........................................3.2
Algeria ...........................................3.2
Burkina Faso..................................3.2
Timor-Leste ...................................3.1
Chad..............................................2.9
Myanmar........................................2.5

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.9

7

2.2: Data Tables

9.02 Firm-level technology absorption
In your country, to what extent do businesses adopt new technology? [1 = not at all; 7 = adopt extensively] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Sweden .........................................6.2
Iceland ...........................................6.2
Switzerland ....................................6.1
United Arab Emirates .....................6.1
Israel ..............................................6.1
Japan ............................................6.1
Finland ...........................................6.0
Norway ..........................................6.0
United States .................................6.0
Qatar .............................................5.9
Luxembourg ..................................5.9
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.9
Singapore ......................................5.8
Australia .........................................5.8
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.8
Germany ........................................5.8
Austria ...........................................5.8
Taiwan, China ................................5.8
New Zealand .................................5.7
Denmark ........................................5.7
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.7
Netherlands ...................................5.7
Puerto Rico....................................5.7
United Kingdom .............................5.7
Ireland............................................5.6
Belgium .........................................5.6
Jordan ...........................................5.6
Panama .........................................5.6
Portugal .........................................5.5
Bahrain ..........................................5.5
Malta .............................................5.5
France ...........................................5.5
Malaysia.........................................5.5
Canada ..........................................5.4
South Africa ...................................5.4
Estonia...........................................5.4
Turkey............................................5.3
Cyprus ...........................................5.2
Senegal .........................................5.2
Philippines .....................................5.2
Guatemala .....................................5.2
Lithuania ........................................5.2
Costa Rica .....................................5.2
Barbados .......................................5.2
Chile ..............................................5.1
Indonesia .......................................5.1
Sri Lanka .......................................5.1
India...............................................5.0
Spain .............................................5.0
Thailand .........................................5.0
Brazil..............................................5.0
Mauritius ........................................5.0
Oman ............................................5.0
Czech Republic .............................4.9
Seychelles......................................4.9
Dominican Republic .......................4.9
Kuwait ...........................................4.9
Namibia .........................................4.9
Azerbaijan ......................................4.9
Gambia, The ..................................4.9
Rwanda .........................................4.8
Slovenia .........................................4.8
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.8
Mexico ...........................................4.8
Jamaica .........................................4.8
Kenya ............................................4.8
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.7
Latvia .............................................4.7
Guyana ..........................................4.7
Tunisia ...........................................4.7
China .............................................4.7
Slovak Republic .............................4.7
Hungary .........................................4.7
Honduras .......................................4.7

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.7

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.7

7

Trinidad and Tobago......................4.7
Croatia ...........................................4.7
Zambia ..........................................4.6
Kazakhstan ....................................4.6
Mongolia ........................................4.6
Nigeria ...........................................4.6
Pakistan .........................................4.6
Cambodia ......................................4.6
Peru ...............................................4.6
Mali ................................................4.5
Cape Verde ...................................4.5
Lebanon ........................................4.5
Ecuador .........................................4.5
Greece ...........................................4.5
Montenegro ...................................4.5
Lao PDR ........................................4.5
Ghana ............................................4.4
Uruguay .........................................4.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.4
Cameroon......................................4.4
Morocco ........................................4.4
Gabon ...........................................4.4
Colombia .......................................4.4
Armenia .........................................4.4
Zimbabwe ......................................4.3
Ukraine ..........................................4.3
Botswana ......................................4.3
El Salvador.....................................4.3
Paraguay .......................................4.3
Romania ........................................4.3
Suriname .......................................4.3
Madagascar ...................................4.3
Mozambique ..................................4.3
Albania...........................................4.2
Mauritania ......................................4.2
Egypt .............................................4.2
Bangladesh....................................4.2
Italy ................................................4.2
Bulgaria .........................................4.2
Poland ...........................................4.1
Argentina .......................................4.1
Uganda ..........................................4.1
Georgia ..........................................4.1
Venezuela ......................................4.1
Yemen ...........................................4.1
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.0
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.0
Benin .............................................4.0
Swaziland ......................................4.0
Moldova .........................................4.0
Bolivia ............................................3.9
Russian Federation ........................3.9
Tanzania ........................................3.9
Nepal .............................................3.9
Guinea ...........................................3.9
Nicaragua ......................................3.9
Ethiopia..........................................3.8
Haiti ...............................................3.8
Malawi ...........................................3.8
Sierra Leone ..................................3.8
Vietnam .........................................3.8
Liberia ............................................3.8
Serbia ............................................3.7
Bhutan ...........................................3.7
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.7
Burkina Faso..................................3.7
Lesotho .........................................3.7
Libya ..............................................3.6
Burundi ..........................................3.5
Chad..............................................3.4
Angola ...........................................3.3
Timor-Leste ...................................3.3
Algeria ...........................................3.2
Myanmar........................................2.7

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 511

2.2: Data Tables

9.03 FDI and technology transfer
To what extent does foreign direct investment (FDI) bring new technology into your country? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent—FDI is a key source of new technology] |
2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Ireland............................................6.3
United Arab Emirates .....................5.9
Panama .........................................5.8
Qatar .............................................5.8
Singapore ......................................5.8
Costa Rica .....................................5.7
Luxembourg ..................................5.5
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.5
Lithuania ........................................5.3
Bahrain ..........................................5.3
Dominican Republic .......................5.3
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.3
Malaysia.........................................5.3
Israel ..............................................5.3
Hungary .........................................5.3
Mexico ...........................................5.3
Australia .........................................5.2
Malta .............................................5.2
Uruguay .........................................5.2
Chile ..............................................5.2
New Zealand .................................5.2
United Kingdom .............................5.2
Peru ...............................................5.2
Belgium .........................................5.1
Brazil..............................................5.1
Slovak Republic .............................5.1
Czech Republic .............................5.1
Jordan ...........................................5.1
Taiwan, China ................................5.1
Portugal .........................................5.1
Estonia...........................................5.1
India...............................................5.0
Sweden .........................................5.0
Rwanda .........................................5.0
Barbados .......................................5.0
Thailand .........................................5.0
Puerto Rico....................................5.0
Netherlands ...................................5.0
Indonesia .......................................5.0
South Africa ...................................5.0
Mauritius ........................................4.9
Philippines .....................................4.9
Lao PDR ........................................4.9
Cambodia ......................................4.9
Mozambique ..................................4.9
United States .................................4.9
Turkey............................................4.9
Oman ............................................4.9
Honduras .......................................4.9
Armenia .........................................4.9
Guatemala .....................................4.8
Canada ..........................................4.8
Spain .............................................4.8
Norway ..........................................4.8
Japan ............................................4.8
Switzerland ....................................4.8
Sri Lanka .......................................4.8
Germany ........................................4.8
Uganda ..........................................4.8
Denmark ........................................4.7
Morocco ........................................4.7
Cape Verde ...................................4.7
Austria ...........................................4.7
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.7
Azerbaijan ......................................4.7
Kenya ............................................4.7
Mongolia ........................................4.7
Cyprus ...........................................4.7
Cameroon......................................4.6
Tunisia ...........................................4.6
Gambia, The ..................................4.6
Colombia .......................................4.6
France ...........................................4.6
Montenegro ...................................4.6

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.5

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

512 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Poland ...........................................4.6
Zambia ..........................................4.6
Tanzania ........................................4.6
China .............................................4.5
Nigeria ...........................................4.5
Namibia .........................................4.5
Senegal .........................................4.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.5
Jamaica .........................................4.5
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.5
Latvia .............................................4.5
Finland ...........................................4.4
Ghana ............................................4.4
Gabon ...........................................4.4
Romania ........................................4.4
Seychelles......................................4.4
Albania...........................................4.4
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.4
Kazakhstan ....................................4.4
Sierra Leone ..................................4.3
Angola ...........................................4.3
Guyana ..........................................4.3
Mali ................................................4.3
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.2
Burkina Faso..................................4.2
Egypt .............................................4.2
Georgia ..........................................4.1
Botswana ......................................4.1
Vietnam .........................................4.1
Madagascar ...................................4.1
Nicaragua ......................................4.1
Paraguay .......................................4.1
Bulgaria .........................................4.1
Swaziland ......................................4.1
Moldova .........................................4.1
Pakistan .........................................4.0
Greece ...........................................4.0
Croatia ...........................................4.0
Ecuador .........................................4.0
Guinea ...........................................3.9
Serbia ............................................3.9
Slovenia .........................................3.9
Suriname .......................................3.9
Ethiopia..........................................3.9
Bangladesh....................................3.9
El Salvador.....................................3.9
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.9
Liberia ............................................3.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.8
Iceland ...........................................3.8
Russian Federation ........................3.7
Nepal .............................................3.7
Italy ................................................3.7
Algeria ...........................................3.6
Lebanon ........................................3.6
Malawi ...........................................3.6
Ukraine ..........................................3.6
Zimbabwe ......................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.6
Haiti ...............................................3.6
Timor-Leste ...................................3.6
Benin .............................................3.6
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.6
Myanmar........................................3.5
Bhutan ...........................................3.5
Yemen ...........................................3.5
Lesotho .........................................3.4
Burundi ..........................................3.4
Venezuela ......................................3.3
Kuwait ...........................................3.2
Mauritania ......................................3.2
Chad..............................................3.2
Argentina .......................................3.1
Libya ..............................................3.0

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.5

7

2.2: Data Tables

9.04 Internet users
Percentage of individuals using the Internet | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
25
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
34
36
36
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Iceland .........................................96.0
Norway ........................................95.0
Sweden .......................................94.0
Denmark ......................................93.0
Netherlands .................................93.0
Luxembourg ................................92.0
Finland .........................................91.0
New Zealand ...............................89.5
Qatar ...........................................88.1
Bahrain ........................................88.0
United Kingdom ...........................87.0
Canada ........................................86.8
Switzerland ..................................85.2
United Arab Emirates ...................85.0
Korea, Rep. .................................84.1
Germany ......................................84.0
France .........................................83.0
Australia .......................................82.3
Belgium .......................................82.0
United States ...............................81.0
Austria .........................................81.0
Slovak Republic ...........................80.0
Kuwait .........................................79.2
Japan ..........................................79.1
Estonia.........................................79.0
Ireland..........................................79.0
Taiwan, China ..............................76.0
Czech Republic ...........................75.0
Singapore ....................................74.2
Latvia ...........................................74.0
Israel ............................................73.4
Barbados .....................................73.3
Hong Kong SAR ..........................72.8
Hungary .......................................72.0
Spain ...........................................72.0
Malta ...........................................70.0
Slovenia .......................................70.0
Lithuania ......................................68.0
Malaysia.......................................65.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............65.4
Poland .........................................65.0
Portugal .......................................64.0
Macedonia, FYR ..........................63.1
Croatia .........................................63.0
Chile ............................................61.4
Lebanon ......................................61.2
Cyprus .........................................61.0
Brunei Darussalam .......................60.3
Oman ..........................................60.0
Trinidad and Tobago....................59.5
Italy ..............................................58.0
Montenegro .................................56.8
Greece .........................................56.0
Argentina .....................................55.8
Bulgaria .......................................55.1
Uruguay .......................................55.1
Morocco ......................................55.0
Albania.........................................54.7
Azerbaijan ....................................54.2
Saudi Arabia ................................54.0
Kazakhstan ..................................53.3
Russian Federation ......................53.3
Puerto Rico..................................51.4
Romania ......................................50.0
Brazil............................................49.8
Colombia .....................................49.0
Serbia ..........................................48.1
Costa Rica ...................................47.5
Seychelles....................................47.1
Jamaica .......................................46.5
Georgia ........................................45.5
Panama .......................................45.2
Turkey..........................................45.1
Dominican Republic .....................45.0

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
81
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Egypt ...........................................44.1
Venezuela ....................................44.0
Moldova .......................................43.4
China ...........................................42.3
Tunisia .........................................41.4
Mauritius ......................................41.4
Jordan .........................................41.0
South Africa .................................41.0
Vietnam .......................................39.5
Armenia .......................................39.2
Mexico .........................................38.4
Peru .............................................38.2
Philippines ...................................36.2
Ecuador .......................................35.1
Cape Verde .................................34.7
Suriname .....................................34.7
Guyana ........................................34.3
Bolivia ..........................................34.2
Ukraine ........................................33.7
Nigeria .........................................32.9
Kenya ..........................................32.1
Paraguay .....................................27.1
Thailand .......................................26.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. .........................26.0
El Salvador...................................25.5
Bhutan .........................................25.4
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................21.7
Swaziland ....................................20.8
Libya ............................................19.9
Senegal .......................................19.2
Sri Lanka .....................................18.3
Honduras .....................................18.1
Yemen .........................................17.4
Ghana ..........................................17.1
Zimbabwe ....................................17.1
Angola .........................................16.9
Mongolia ......................................16.4
Guatemala ...................................16.0
Indonesia .....................................15.4
Algeria .........................................15.2
Uganda ........................................14.7
Nicaragua ....................................13.5
Zambia ........................................13.5
Tanzania ......................................13.1
Namibia .......................................12.9
India.............................................12.6
Gambia, The ................................12.4
Botswana ....................................11.5
Nepal ...........................................11.1
Haiti .............................................10.9
Lao PDR ......................................10.7
Pakistan .......................................10.0
Gabon ...........................................8.6
Rwanda .........................................8.0
Bangladesh....................................6.3
Cameroon......................................5.7
Mauritania ......................................5.4
Cambodia ......................................4.9
Mozambique ..................................4.8
Lesotho .........................................4.6
Malawi ...........................................4.4
Benin .............................................3.8
Liberia ............................................3.8
Burkina Faso..................................3.7
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.4
Mali ................................................2.2
Chad..............................................2.1
Madagascar ...................................2.1
Guinea ...........................................1.5
Ethiopia..........................................1.5
Sierra Leone ..................................1.3
Burundi ..........................................1.2
Myanmar........................................1.1
Timor-Leste ...................................0.9

International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2013 (June 2013 edition)

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 513

2.2: Data Tables

9.05 Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 population | 2012 or most recent year available

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Switzerland ..................................41.9
Netherlands .................................39.4
Denmark ......................................38.2
France .........................................37.8
Korea, Rep. .................................37.6
Norway ........................................36.9
Iceland .........................................34.5
Belgium .......................................34.1
Germany ......................................34.0
United Kingdom ...........................34.0
Canada ........................................32.9
Luxembourg ................................32.6
Sweden .......................................32.2
Malta ...........................................31.7
Hong Kong SAR ..........................31.6
Finland .........................................30.4
United States ...............................28.0
Japan ..........................................27.9
New Zealand ...............................27.8
Singapore ....................................26.1
Estonia.........................................25.7
Austria .........................................25.2
Australia .......................................25.1
Slovenia .......................................24.6
Spain ...........................................24.3
Taiwan, China ..............................23.9
Barbados .....................................23.8
Greece .........................................23.5
Hungary .......................................22.9
Ireland..........................................22.7
Portugal .......................................22.3
Israel ............................................22.2
Italy ..............................................22.1
Latvia ...........................................21.5
Croatia .........................................20.3
Lithuania ......................................19.5
Cyprus .........................................19.2
Bulgaria .......................................17.6
Poland .........................................16.6
Uruguay .......................................16.6
Czech Republic ...........................16.6
Romania ......................................15.9
Puerto Rico..................................14.9
Macedonia, FYR ..........................14.6
Slovak Republic ...........................14.6
Russian Federation ......................14.5
Azerbaijan ....................................13.8
Trinidad and Tobago....................13.6
China ...........................................13.0
Bahrain ........................................12.7
Chile ............................................12.4
Moldova .......................................11.9
United Arab Emirates ...................11.7
Seychelles....................................11.7
Lebanon ......................................11.7
Mexico .........................................10.9
Argentina .....................................10.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............10.8
Mauritius ......................................10.6
Turkey..........................................10.5
Serbia ..........................................10.2
Costa Rica ...................................10.0
Kazakhstan ....................................9.7
Brazil..............................................9.2
Georgia ..........................................9.1
Malaysia.........................................8.4
Colombia .......................................8.4
Montenegro ...................................8.3
Panama .........................................8.2
Qatar .............................................8.2
Ukraine ..........................................8.1
Saudi Arabia ..................................6.8
Venezuela ......................................6.7
Armenia .........................................6.6

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

SOURCE:
1

2008

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2013 (June 2013 edition)
2

2011

514 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Thailand .........................................6.2
Suriname .......................................5.7
Ecuador .........................................5.4
Albania...........................................5.0
Vietnam .........................................5.0
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.8
Tunisia ...........................................4.8
Peru ...............................................4.8
Dominican Republic .......................4.4
Jamaica .........................................4.3
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.1
El Salvador.....................................3.9
Guyana ..........................................3.9
Cape Verde ...................................3.8
Mongolia ........................................3.6
Algeria ...........................................3.0
Jordan ...........................................3.0
Namibia .........................................2.8
Egypt .............................................2.7
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.6
Oman ............................................2.5
Bhutan ...........................................2.2
Philippines .....................................2.2
South Africa ...................................2.2
Morocco ........................................2.1
Sri Lanka .......................................2.0
Guatemala 2 ...................................1.8
Nicaragua ......................................1.7
Kuwait ...........................................1.6
Lao PDR ........................................1.5
Indonesia .......................................1.2
India...............................................1.1
Paraguay .......................................1.1
Bolivia ............................................1.1
Libya ..............................................1.0
Botswana ......................................0.8
Honduras .......................................0.8
Senegal .........................................0.7
Yemen ...........................................0.7
Zimbabwe ......................................0.5
Pakistan .........................................0.5
Nepal .............................................0.4
Bangladesh....................................0.3
Gabon ...........................................0.3
Swaziland ......................................0.3
Ghana ............................................0.3
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................0.2
Cambodia ......................................0.2
Mauritania ......................................0.2
Haiti ...............................................0.2
Chad..............................................0.2
Angola ...........................................0.2
Lesotho .........................................0.1
Uganda ..........................................0.1
Zambia ..........................................0.1
Kenya ............................................0.1
Mozambique ..................................0.1
Burkina Faso..................................0.1
Benin .............................................0.1
Timor-Leste ...................................0.1
Ethiopia..........................................0.0
Madagascar ...................................0.0
Gambia, The ..................................0.0
Rwanda .........................................0.0
Mali ................................................0.0
Myanmar........................................0.0
Nigeria ...........................................0.0
Tanzania ........................................0.0
Malawi ...........................................0.0
Guinea ...........................................0.0
Cameroon......................................0.0
Burundi ..........................................0.0
Liberia ............................................0.0
Sierra Leone 1 ................................0.0

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

9.06 Internet bandwidth
International Internet bandwidth (kb/s) per Internet user | 2012 or most recent year available

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Luxembourg ...........................4,091.4
Hong Kong SAR .....................1,239.8
Malta .........................................638.5
Singapore ..................................391.1
Iceland .......................................371.2
Switzerland ................................322.7
Sweden .....................................279.8
Portugal .....................................193.8
Norway ......................................189.1
United Kingdom .........................188.9
Belgium .....................................184.9
Denmark ....................................175.0
Netherlands ...............................172.9
Finland .......................................159.5
Puerto Rico 2 ..............................135.4
Romania ....................................116.0
Austria .......................................108.5
Canada ......................................101.0
Czech Republic .........................101.0
Ireland..........................................97.0
Slovenia .......................................95.9
Bulgaria .......................................94.4
Moldova .......................................94.0
Mongolia ......................................91.9
France .........................................84.6
Spain ...........................................81.3
Italy ..............................................76.2
Germany ......................................75.5
Serbia ..........................................70.5
Poland .........................................70.4
Lithuania ......................................70.1
Cyprus .........................................69.7
Barbados .....................................69.5
Australia .......................................69.5
United States ...............................62.3
Montenegro .................................59.5
Israel ............................................55.8
Greece .........................................54.7
Latvia ...........................................54.4
Georgia ........................................54.2
Taiwan, China ..............................44.3
Uruguay .......................................40.7
Chile ............................................40.6
Turkey..........................................40.3
Azerbaijan ....................................40.1
Brunei Darussalam .......................39.9
Armenia .......................................38.6
United Arab Emirates ...................36.8
Saudi Arabia ................................35.9
Ecuador .......................................33.1
Japan ..........................................33.0
Russian Federation ......................32.9
Panama .......................................32.3
Kazakhstan ..................................31.8
Macedonia, FYR ..........................31.4
New Zealand ...............................31.1
Costa Rica ...................................30.0
Croatia .........................................28.2
Qatar ...........................................28.1
Korea, Rep. .................................26.0
Brazil............................................25.1
Thailand .......................................25.0
Nicaragua ....................................24.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............24.5
Kenya ..........................................24.0
Estonia.........................................23.6
Lebanon ......................................22.8
Argentina .....................................22.0
Jamaica .......................................20.2
Tunisia .........................................19.0
South Africa .................................18.7
Trinidad and Tobago....................18.3
Bahrain ........................................17.6
Indonesia .....................................17.2

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

SOURCE:
1

2004

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Albania.........................................17.0
Timor-Leste .................................16.4
Malaysia.......................................16.4
Côte d’Ivoire ................................16.3
Seychelles....................................16.3
Mexico .........................................16.3
Hungary .......................................15.4
Morocco ......................................14.8
Mauritius ......................................14.6
Ukraine ........................................14.3
Philippines ...................................14.3
Cambodia ....................................14.0
Vietnam .......................................13.5
Peru .............................................13.2
Colombia .....................................12.2
Paraguay .....................................11.6
Slovak Republic ...........................11.4
Dominican Republic .....................11.3
Venezuela ....................................10.9
Myanmar......................................10.2
Oman ..........................................10.2
Lesotho .........................................9.8
Libya ..............................................9.3
Suriname .......................................9.2
Guyana ..........................................8.5
Algeria ...........................................8.1
Pakistan .........................................7.3
El Salvador.....................................6.9
Rwanda .........................................6.7
Guatemala .....................................6.6
Botswana ......................................6.4
Cape Verde ...................................6.2
Kuwait 2..........................................6.0
Sri Lanka .......................................5.9
Gabon ...........................................5.8
Jordan ...........................................5.7
Senegal .........................................5.4
Bolivia ............................................5.3
India...............................................5.2
Ethiopia..........................................5.1
Mali ................................................4.8
Uganda ..........................................4.8
Honduras .......................................4.2
China .............................................4.2
Egypt .............................................4.1
Burundi ..........................................3.9
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.9
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.8
Benin .............................................3.5
Namibia .........................................3.4
Zimbabwe ......................................3.3
Bhutan ...........................................3.2
Mauritania ......................................3.2
Bangladesh....................................2.9
Malawi ...........................................2.8
Zambia ..........................................2.8
Yemen ...........................................2.6
Guinea ...........................................2.2
Gambia, The ..................................2.1
Swaziland ......................................2.0
Liberia ............................................2.0
Sierra Leone ..................................1.9
Lao PDR ........................................1.8
Burkina Faso..................................1.7
Mozambique ..................................1.7
Nepal .............................................1.4
Tanzania ........................................1.2
Angola ...........................................0.6
Madagascar ...................................0.5
Chad..............................................0.5
Nigeria ...........................................0.3
Cameroon......................................0.3
Ghana ............................................0.2
Haiti 1 .............................................0.2

International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2013 (June 2013 edition)
2

2010

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 515

2.2: Data Tables

9.07 Mobile broadband subscriptions
Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 population | 2012 or most recent year available

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Singapore ..................................123.3
Japan ........................................113.1
Finland .......................................106.5
Korea, Rep. ...............................106.0
Sweden .....................................101.3
Australia .......................................96.2
Denmark ......................................87.5
Norway ........................................84.6
United States ...............................74.7
Hong Kong SAR ..........................73.5
Luxembourg ................................72.6
Estonia.........................................72.5
Qatar ...........................................72.1
United Kingdom ...........................72.0
Iceland .........................................71.7
Bahrain ........................................67.1
Israel ............................................65.5
New Zealand ...............................65.2
Ireland..........................................64.2
Netherlands .................................61.0
Malta ...........................................57.6
Oman ..........................................56.7
Austria .........................................55.5
Spain ...........................................53.2
Russian Federation ......................52.9
Croatia .........................................52.3
France .........................................52.2
Italy ..............................................51.8
Latvia ...........................................51.2
United Arab Emirates ...................50.9
Canada ........................................50.0
Poland .........................................49.3
Taiwan, China ..............................46.1
Greece .........................................44.5
Czech Republic ...........................44.0
Saudi Arabia ................................42.8
Kazakhstan ..................................42.0
Switzerland ..................................41.4
Germany ......................................41.0
Bulgaria .......................................40.3
Serbia ..........................................40.2
Slovenia .......................................37.1
Brazil............................................36.6
Barbados .....................................36.4
Slovak Republic ...........................34.9
Sierra Leone 2 ..............................34.1
Cyprus .........................................33.8
Belgium .......................................33.7
Ghana ..........................................33.3
Azerbaijan ....................................33.3
Portugal .......................................32.5
Uruguay .......................................32.0
Indonesia .....................................31.9
Zimbabwe ....................................29.7
Namibia .......................................28.8
Chile ............................................28.0
Armenia .......................................27.6
Montenegro .................................27.0
Egypt ...........................................26.9
Mongolia ......................................26.7
South Africa .................................26.0
Romania ......................................23.7
Hungary .......................................23.1
Cape Verde .................................22.5
Georgia ........................................22.4
Ecuador .......................................22.2
Macedonia, FYR ..........................21.6
Mauritius ......................................21.5
Vietnam .......................................19.0
Albania.........................................18.4
China ...........................................17.2
Botswana ....................................16.6
Turkey..........................................16.3
Dominican Republic .....................15.4

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
136
136 n/a SOURCE:
1

2010

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

International Telecommunication Union, ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (June 2013 edition)
2

2011

516 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Panama .......................................15.0
Puerto Rico 2 ................................14.7
Costa Rica ...................................14.5
Libya ............................................13.8
Malaysia.......................................13.5
Argentina .....................................12.4
Swaziland ....................................12.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............10.9
Jordan .........................................10.7
Nigeria .........................................10.2
Morocco ......................................10.0
Mexico ...........................................9.7
Seychelles......................................8.7
Lithuania ........................................8.6
Brunei Darussalam .........................7.6
Uganda ..........................................7.6
Cambodia ......................................6.9
Bolivia ............................................6.7
El Salvador.....................................5.5
Ukraine ..........................................5.5
Paraguay .......................................5.5
Tunisia ...........................................5.2
Moldova .........................................5.1
Colombia .......................................4.9
India...............................................4.9
Venezuela ......................................4.7
Guatemala .....................................4.5
Sri Lanka .......................................4.4
Honduras .......................................4.2
Philippines .....................................3.8
Senegal .........................................3.8
Malawi ...........................................3.5
Rwanda .........................................3.2
Mauritania ......................................3.2
Peru ...............................................2.8
Bhutan ...........................................2.5
Kenya ............................................2.2
Mozambique ..................................1.8
Lesotho 1........................................1.7
Jamaica .........................................1.6
Angola ...........................................1.5
Tanzania ........................................1.5
Trinidad and Tobago......................1.5
Gambia, The ..................................1.2
Nicaragua ......................................1.0
Lao PDR ........................................0.8
Mali ................................................0.7
Zambia ..........................................0.7
Ethiopia..........................................0.4
Timor-Leste 2 .................................0.4
Benin .............................................0.3
Pakistan .........................................0.3
Lebanon ........................................0.3
Bangladesh....................................0.2
Yemen ...........................................0.2
Haiti ...............................................0.2
Thailand .........................................0.1
Nepal 1 ...........................................0.1
Madagascar 2 .................................0.1
Myanmar........................................0.0
Liberia 2 ..........................................0.0
Algeria ...........................................0.0
Burkina Faso..................................0.0
Burundi ..........................................0.0
Cameroon 2 ....................................0.0
Chad..............................................0.0
Côte d’Ivoire 2 ................................0.0
Gabon ...........................................0.0
Guinea ...........................................0.0
Guyana ..........................................0.0
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................0.0
Kyrgyz Republic 1 ...........................0.0
Suriname 2 .....................................0.0
Kuwait ...........................................n/a

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Data Tables

Pillar 10
Market size

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

10.01 Domestic market size index
Sum of gross domestic product plus value of imports of goods and services, minus value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

United States .................................7.0
China .............................................6.8
India...............................................6.2
Japan ............................................6.2
Germany ........................................5.8
United Kingdom .............................5.7
Brazil..............................................5.7
Russian Federation ........................5.7
France ...........................................5.7
Italy ................................................5.5
Mexico ...........................................5.5
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.4
Canada ..........................................5.4
Spain .............................................5.3
Indonesia .......................................5.2
Turkey............................................5.2
Australia .........................................5.1
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................5.0
Taiwan, China ................................5.0
Poland ...........................................4.9
Argentina .......................................4.9
Thailand .........................................4.8
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.8
South Africa ...................................4.8
Netherlands ...................................4.8
Egypt .............................................4.8
Pakistan .........................................4.7
Colombia .......................................4.6
Malaysia.........................................4.5
Philippines .....................................4.5
Belgium .........................................4.5
Nigeria ...........................................4.4
Venezuela ......................................4.4
Sweden .........................................4.4
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.4
Ukraine ..........................................4.4
Austria ...........................................4.4
Bangladesh....................................4.3
Vietnam .........................................4.3
Peru ...............................................4.3
Chile ..............................................4.3
Switzerland ....................................4.3
Romania ........................................4.2
Greece ...........................................4.2
Singapore ......................................4.2
Czech Republic .............................4.2
Israel ..............................................4.1
Portugal .........................................4.1
Algeria ...........................................4.1
United Arab Emirates .....................4.1
Norway ..........................................4.1
Morocco ........................................4.0
Finland ...........................................4.0
Denmark ........................................4.0
Kazakhstan ....................................3.9
Hungary .........................................3.9
Ecuador .........................................3.8
Sri Lanka .......................................3.8
Ireland............................................3.7
New Zealand .................................3.7
Slovak Republic .............................3.7
Ethiopia..........................................3.7
Tunisia ...........................................3.6
Bulgaria .........................................3.6
Qatar .............................................3.6
Dominican Republic .......................3.6
Angola ...........................................3.5
Serbia ............................................3.5
Ghana ............................................3.5
Myanmar........................................3.4
Guatemala .....................................3.4
Kenya ............................................3.4
Tanzania ........................................3.4
Kuwait ...........................................3.4

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

Authors’ calculations. For more details, refer to the appendix of Chapter 1.1 of this Report.

518 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Croatia ...........................................3.3
Lebanon ........................................3.3
Azerbaijan ......................................3.3
Oman ............................................3.2
Lithuania ........................................3.2
Libya ..............................................3.2
Panama .........................................3.2
Costa Rica .....................................3.2
Puerto Rico....................................3.2
Uganda ..........................................3.2
Yemen ...........................................3.2
Cameroon......................................3.1
Uruguay .........................................3.1
El Salvador.....................................3.1
Slovenia .........................................3.1
Jordan ...........................................3.1
Bolivia ............................................3.1
Nepal .............................................3.0
Paraguay .......................................3.0
Honduras .......................................3.0
Cambodia ......................................2.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................2.9
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.9
Latvia .............................................2.9
Nicaragua ......................................2.8
Botswana ......................................2.8
Senegal .........................................2.8
Georgia ..........................................2.8
Mozambique ..................................2.8
Jamaica .........................................2.7
Albania...........................................2.7
Estonia...........................................2.7
Macedonia, FYR ............................2.6
Luxembourg ..................................2.6
Burkina Faso..................................2.6
Armenia .........................................2.6
Cyprus ...........................................2.6
Madagascar ...................................2.5
Chad..............................................2.5
Mauritius ........................................2.5
Zambia ..........................................2.5
Bahrain ..........................................2.5
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.4
Mali ................................................2.4
Mongolia ........................................2.4
Trinidad and Tobago......................2.4
Namibia .........................................2.4
Lao PDR ........................................2.4
Rwanda .........................................2.4
Benin .............................................2.3
Gabon ...........................................2.3
Moldova .........................................2.3
Malawi ...........................................2.3
Haiti ...............................................2.3
Guinea ...........................................2.2
Timor-Leste ...................................2.1
Sierra Leone ..................................2.1
Iceland ...........................................2.1
Malta .............................................2.0
Brunei Darussalam .........................1.9
Montenegro ...................................1.9
Zimbabwe ......................................1.8
Mauritania ......................................1.8
Guyana ..........................................1.8
Barbados .......................................1.7
Burundi ..........................................1.7
Swaziland ......................................1.7
Lesotho .........................................1.7
Bhutan ...........................................1.6
Suriname .......................................1.6
Gambia, The ..................................1.3
Liberia ............................................1.2
Cape Verde ...................................1.0
Seychelles......................................1.0

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

10.02 Foreign market size index
Value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

China .............................................7.0
United States .................................6.7
Germany ........................................6.6
India...............................................6.4
Korea, Rep. ...................................6.3
Hong Kong SAR ............................6.2
Russian Federation ........................6.1
Japan ............................................6.1
Netherlands ...................................6.1
United Kingdom .............................6.1
France ...........................................6.1
Taiwan, China ................................6.1
Singapore ......................................6.0
Mexico ...........................................6.0
Italy ................................................6.0
Thailand .........................................5.9
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.9
Belgium .........................................5.9
Spain .............................................5.8
Malaysia.........................................5.8
Canada ..........................................5.8
Poland ...........................................5.7
Indonesia .......................................5.6
Vietnam .........................................5.6
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................5.6
Brazil..............................................5.6
Turkey............................................5.6
Czech Republic .............................5.5
United Arab Emirates .....................5.5
Ireland............................................5.4
Austria ...........................................5.4
Australia .........................................5.4
Nigeria ...........................................5.4
Hungary .........................................5.3
Sweden .........................................5.3
Switzerland ....................................5.3
Ukraine ..........................................5.3
South Africa ...................................5.2
Argentina .......................................5.2
Qatar .............................................5.2
Slovak Republic .............................5.1
Philippines .....................................5.1
Norway ..........................................5.1
Kazakhstan ....................................5.1
Denmark ........................................5.1
Chile ..............................................5.0
Romania ........................................5.0
Egypt .............................................5.0
Algeria ...........................................5.0
Kuwait ...........................................5.0
Venezuela ......................................5.0
Israel ..............................................5.0
Portugal .........................................4.9
Colombia .......................................4.9
Angola ...........................................4.9
Peru ...............................................4.9
Finland ...........................................4.8
Greece ...........................................4.8
Bulgaria .........................................4.8
Luxembourg ..................................4.7
Bangladesh....................................4.7
Oman ............................................4.7
Pakistan .........................................4.7
Morocco ........................................4.7
Lithuania ........................................4.6
Azerbaijan ......................................4.6
Tunisia ...........................................4.6
Slovenia .........................................4.6
Ecuador .........................................4.6
Lebanon ........................................4.5
Puerto Rico....................................4.5
Libya ..............................................4.5
Panama .........................................4.4
New Zealand .................................4.4

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Croatia ...........................................4.3
Serbia ............................................4.3
Ghana ............................................4.3
Bahrain ..........................................4.3
Estonia...........................................4.3
Sri Lanka .......................................4.3
Cambodia ......................................4.2
Dominican Republic .......................4.2
Latvia .............................................4.2
Bolivia ............................................4.1
Costa Rica .....................................4.1
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.1
Tanzania ........................................4.1
Yemen ...........................................4.1
Guatemala .....................................4.0
Kenya ............................................4.0
Honduras .......................................4.0
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.0
Ethiopia..........................................4.0
Myanmar........................................4.0
Gabon ...........................................3.9
Jordan ...........................................3.9
Paraguay .......................................3.9
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.9
Uruguay .........................................3.8
El Salvador.....................................3.8
Zambia ..........................................3.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.7
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.7
Cameroon......................................3.7
Malta .............................................3.7
Botswana ......................................3.7
Mauritius ........................................3.7
Cyprus ...........................................3.6
Uganda ..........................................3.6
Chad..............................................3.6
Mozambique ..................................3.6
Nicaragua ......................................3.6
Albania...........................................3.5
Georgia ..........................................3.5
Mongolia ........................................3.5
Iceland ...........................................3.5
Jamaica .........................................3.4
Namibia .........................................3.4
Senegal .........................................3.4
Burkina Faso..................................3.4
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.4
Lao PDR ........................................3.4
Madagascar ...................................3.3
Mauritania ......................................3.3
Moldova .........................................3.3
Mali ................................................3.2
Armenia .........................................3.2
Suriname .......................................3.1
Malawi ...........................................3.1
Benin .............................................3.1
Nepal .............................................3.1
Guyana ..........................................3.0
Swaziland ......................................3.0
Guinea ...........................................3.0
Barbados .......................................3.0
Zimbabwe ......................................3.0
Montenegro ...................................2.9
Seychelles......................................2.8
Lesotho .........................................2.7
Rwanda .........................................2.7
Haiti ...............................................2.6
Bhutan ...........................................2.6
Sierra Leone ..................................2.5
Liberia ............................................2.5
Gambia, The ..................................2.3
Cape Verde ...................................2.1
Burundi ..........................................1.7
Timor-Leste ...................................1.0

Authors’ calculations. For more details, refer to the appendix of Chapter 1.1 of this Report.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 519

2.2: Data Tables

10.03 GDP (PPP)
Gross domestic product valued at purchasing power parity in billions of international dollars | 2012

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

United States ........................15,684.8
China ....................................12,405.7
India........................................4,684.4
Japan .....................................4,627.9
Germany .................................3,197.1
Russian Federation .................2,513.3
Brazil.......................................2,355.6
United Kingdom ......................2,336.3
France ....................................2,254.1
Italy .........................................1,832.9
Mexico ....................................1,758.9
Korea, Rep. ............................1,613.9
Canada ...................................1,488.3
Spain ......................................1,410.6
Indonesia ................................1,216.7
Turkey.....................................1,123.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. .......................999.2
Australia .....................................970.8
Saudi Arabia ..............................906.8
Taiwan, China ............................903.5
Poland .......................................800.9
Argentina ...................................743.1
Netherlands ...............................707.0
Thailand .....................................651.9
South Africa ...............................582.4
Egypt .........................................540.0
Pakistan .....................................515.4
Colombia ...................................502.9
Malaysia.....................................498.5
Nigeria .......................................448.1
Philippines .................................424.4
Belgium .....................................420.3
Venezuela ..................................401.9
Sweden .....................................393.0
Hong Kong SAR ........................369.4
Switzerland ................................363.4
Austria .......................................359.0
Ukraine ......................................335.2
Peru ...........................................326.7
Singapore ..................................326.5
Vietnam .....................................320.7
Chile ..........................................320.5
Bangladesh................................306.0
Czech Republic .........................287.0
Norway ......................................277.1
Greece .......................................276.9
Romania ....................................273.4
Algeria .......................................272.9
United Arab Emirates .................271.3
Israel ..........................................248.7
Portugal .....................................246.5
Kazakhstan ................................231.8
Denmark ....................................210.1
Finland .......................................197.5
Hungary .....................................195.6
Ireland........................................192.2
Qatar .........................................187.9
Morocco ....................................171.2
Ecuador .....................................153.2
Kuwait .......................................151.0
New Zealand .............................132.0
Slovak Republic .........................131.9
Angola .......................................128.3
Sri Lanka ...................................126.3
Tunisia .......................................105.3
Bulgaria .....................................103.8
Ethiopia......................................103.3
Dominican Republic .....................98.7
Azerbaijan ....................................96.8
Oman ..........................................90.1
Myanmar......................................89.5
Ghana ..........................................82.4
Serbia ..........................................78.7
Guatemala ...................................78.7

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

SOURCES: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources

520 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Croatia .........................................78.4
Libya ............................................77.4
Kenya ..........................................75.9
Tanzania ......................................73.9
Puerto Rico..................................69.5
Lithuania ......................................65.0
Lebanon ......................................63.2
Yemen .........................................59.1
Costa Rica ...................................58.8
Slovenia .......................................58.0
Panama .......................................57.1
Bolivia ..........................................55.2
Uruguay .......................................53.8
Cameroon....................................50.8
Uganda ........................................50.4
El Salvador...................................46.3
Luxembourg ................................42.2
Paraguay .....................................40.9
Nepal ...........................................40.6
Côte d’Ivoire ................................40.3
Jordan .........................................38.7
Honduras .....................................37.8
Latvia ...........................................37.3
Cambodia ....................................36.6
Bahrain ........................................33.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............31.9
Botswana ....................................31.5
Estonia.........................................29.1
Trinidad and Tobago....................26.7
Georgia ........................................26.7
Nicaragua ....................................26.7
Senegal .......................................26.6
Mozambique ................................26.3
Albania.........................................26.1
Gabon .........................................25.5
Jamaica .......................................25.2
Burkina Faso................................24.3
Zambia ........................................24.0
Cyprus .........................................23.6
Macedonia, FYR ..........................21.9
Brunei Darussalam .......................21.7
Madagascar .................................21.4
Chad............................................20.7
Mauritius ......................................20.2
Armenia .......................................19.6
Lao PDR ......................................19.2
Mali ..............................................18.0
Namibia .......................................16.8
Benin ...........................................15.6
Rwanda .......................................15.5
Mongolia ......................................15.2
Malawi .........................................14.3
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................13.3
Haiti .............................................12.9
Iceland .........................................12.8
Guinea .........................................12.2
Moldova .......................................12.2
Malta ...........................................11.3
Timor-Leste .................................11.0
Sierra Leone ..................................8.3
Mauritania ......................................7.7
Montenegro ...................................7.3
Zimbabwe ......................................7.2
Barbados .......................................7.1
Suriname .......................................6.8
Swaziland ......................................6.2
Guyana ..........................................6.2
Burundi ..........................................5.5
Bhutan ...........................................5.0
Lesotho .........................................4.1
Gambia, The ..................................3.4
Liberia ............................................2.7
Seychelles......................................2.3
Cape Verde ...................................2.2

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

10.04 Exports as a percentage of GDP
Exports of goods and services as a percentage of gross domestic product | 2012 or most recent year available

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Hong Kong SAR ........................235.5
Singapore ..................................195.8
Luxembourg ..............................158.3
Belgium .....................................111.4
Ireland........................................110.0
Seychelles..................................102.0
Netherlands ...............................101.2
Malta .........................................100.4
Estonia.........................................98.1
Hungary .......................................97.3
Slovak Republic ...........................96.1
Czech Republic ...........................90.9
Vietnam .......................................89.7
Bahrain 3 ......................................87.7
Malaysia.......................................87.4
United Arab Emirates 3 .................86.9
Slovenia .......................................84.7
Brunei Darussalam 3 .....................83.7
Lithuania ......................................83.6
Cambodia ....................................76.2
Thailand .......................................76.1
Qatar ...........................................74.6
Taiwan, China ..............................73.8
Oman 3.........................................70.4
Kuwait 3........................................70.1
Mauritania 3 ..................................68.1
Panama .......................................67.3
Bulgaria .......................................66.4
Latvia ...........................................65.2
Angola 3 .......................................65.1
Lebanon 3 ....................................65.0
Gabon 3........................................64.6
Iceland .........................................59.0
Puerto Rico..................................58.3
Trinidad and Tobago 2 ..................57.5
Austria .........................................57.0
Korea, Rep. .................................56.8
Suriname .....................................56.8
Guyana 3 ......................................54.9
Saudi Arabia ................................54.5
Denmark ......................................54.3
Swaziland 3 ..................................54.0
Côte d’Ivoire ................................53.6
Mauritius ......................................53.5
Macedonia, FYR ..........................52.6
Azerbaijan ....................................52.3
Libya 3 ..........................................52.0
Mongolia ......................................50.1
Honduras .....................................49.7
Ukraine ........................................49.7
Switzerland ..................................49.6
Kazakhstan ..................................49.4
Germany ......................................48.9
Zambia 3.......................................48.8
Lesotho 3......................................48.3
Kyrgyz Republic ...........................48.0
Tunisia .........................................48.0
Liberia 3 ........................................47.6
Sweden .......................................47.2
Barbados .....................................46.3
Poland .........................................45.4
Zimbabwe 3 ..................................43.4
Nigeria .........................................43.2
Chad 1 ..........................................42.7
Bolivia ..........................................42.7
Jordan .........................................42.6
Croatia .........................................42.2
Moldova .......................................42.1
Norway ........................................42.0
Cyprus .........................................41.2
Serbia ..........................................41.0
Finland .........................................40.2
Namibia .......................................40.2
Romania ......................................39.8

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

SOURCE:
1

2009

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Paraguay 3 ...................................39.6
Algeria 3........................................38.8
Portugal .......................................38.7
Israel ............................................38.5
Montenegro .................................38.3
Ghana 3 ........................................37.8
Costa Rica ...................................37.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina ..............36.2
Botswana 3...................................35.8
Yemen 3 .......................................35.2
Morocco ......................................35.1
Chile ............................................34.1
Cape Verde .................................33.3
Lao PDR 3 ....................................33.0
Mexico .........................................32.9
Mozambique ................................32.8
Spain ...........................................31.9
Albania.........................................31.8
Ecuador .......................................31.7
Nicaragua ....................................31.5
Bhutan .........................................31.3
United Kingdom ...........................30.6
Georgia ........................................30.2
Italy ..............................................30.0
France .........................................29.8
Canada ........................................29.3
Russian Federation ......................29.1
Tanzania ......................................28.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. 3 .......................28.1
New Zealand ...............................27.9
Philippines ...................................27.8
Jamaica .......................................27.8
Guinea .........................................27.6
El Salvador...................................27.6
Greece .........................................27.5
Gambia, The 3 ..............................27.4
China ...........................................27.2
Malawi 3 .......................................26.7
Burkina Faso 3 ..............................26.6
South Africa .................................26.6
Madagascar 3 ...............................26.1
Mali 3 ............................................26.0
Venezuela ....................................25.9
Peru .............................................25.4
Senegal .......................................24.9
Guatemala ...................................24.8
Dominican Republic .....................24.8
Kenya ..........................................24.8
Turkey..........................................24.5
Uruguay .......................................24.4
India.............................................24.2
Indonesia .....................................24.0
Benin ...........................................23.8
Cameroon 3 ..................................22.5
Sri Lanka 3....................................22.5
Armenia .......................................22.1
Bangladesh..................................21.7
Argentina .....................................20.1
Australia .......................................20.1
Egypt ...........................................19.7
Myanmar 3....................................19.1
Uganda ........................................18.7
Colombia .....................................18.0
Sierra Leone 3 ..............................17.6
Ethiopia 3 ......................................17.3
Japan ..........................................15.7
United States ...............................13.8
Haiti .............................................12.9
Rwanda 3 .....................................12.3
Pakistan .......................................11.9
Brazil............................................11.7
Nepal 3 ...........................................8.9
Burundi 3 ........................................6.1
Timor-Leste 3 .................................0.9

World Trade Organization, Online Statistics Database (accessed June 12, 2013); International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources 2

2010

3

2011

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 521

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Data Tables

Pillar 11
Business sophistication

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

11.01 Local supplier quantity
In your country, how numerous are local suppliers? [1 = largely nonexistent; 7 = extremely numerous] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Japan ............................................6.2
India...............................................5.7
Taiwan, China ................................5.7
Belgium .........................................5.6
Germany ........................................5.6
Austria ...........................................5.5
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.5
Switzerland ....................................5.5
United Kingdom .............................5.5
United States .................................5.5
Netherlands ...................................5.4
Malta .............................................5.4
United Arab Emirates .....................5.4
Italy ................................................5.4
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.3
Brazil..............................................5.3
Malaysia.........................................5.3
Turkey............................................5.3
Spain .............................................5.3
France ...........................................5.2
Sri Lanka .......................................5.2
Qatar .............................................5.2
Thailand .........................................5.2
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.2
Czech Republic .............................5.2
Denmark ........................................5.1
Yemen ...........................................5.1
Kuwait ...........................................5.1
Libya ..............................................5.1
Vietnam .........................................5.0
China .............................................5.0
Poland ...........................................5.0
Colombia .......................................5.0
Guatemala .....................................5.0
Lithuania ........................................5.0
Canada ..........................................5.0
Portugal .........................................5.0
Bahrain ..........................................4.9
Kenya ............................................4.9
Oman ............................................4.9
Mauritius ........................................4.9
South Africa ...................................4.9
Sweden .........................................4.9
Senegal .........................................4.9
Mali ................................................4.9
Tunisia ...........................................4.9
Ireland............................................4.9
Mexico ...........................................4.9
Israel ..............................................4.9
Lebanon ........................................4.9
Indonesia .......................................4.9
Jordan ...........................................4.9
Dominican Republic .......................4.8
Philippines .....................................4.8
Guyana ..........................................4.8
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.8
Singapore ......................................4.8
Zambia ..........................................4.8
Peru ...............................................4.8
Norway ..........................................4.8
Puerto Rico....................................4.8
Estonia...........................................4.8
Uganda ..........................................4.8
Madagascar ...................................4.7
Costa Rica .....................................4.7
Slovenia .........................................4.7
Croatia ...........................................4.7
Slovak Republic .............................4.7
Gambia, The ..................................4.7
Paraguay .......................................4.7
Australia .........................................4.7
Nigeria ...........................................4.7
Armenia .........................................4.7

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.6

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

524 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

New Zealand .................................4.7
Bangladesh....................................4.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.7
Pakistan .........................................4.7
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.6
Chile ..............................................4.6
Ukraine ..........................................4.6
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.6
Barbados .......................................4.6
Morocco ........................................4.6
Egypt .............................................4.6
Ghana ............................................4.6
Cyprus ...........................................4.6
Azerbaijan ......................................4.6
Greece ...........................................4.5
El Salvador.....................................4.5
Mauritania ......................................4.5
Sierra Leone ..................................4.5
Chad..............................................4.5
Malawi ...........................................4.5
Finland ...........................................4.5
Panama .........................................4.4
Cameroon......................................4.4
Ecuador .........................................4.4
Jamaica .........................................4.4
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.4
Hungary .........................................4.4
Romania ........................................4.4
Seychelles......................................4.4
Suriname .......................................4.3
Kazakhstan ....................................4.3
Lao PDR ........................................4.3
Honduras .......................................4.3
Bulgaria .........................................4.3
Russian Federation ........................4.3
Luxembourg ..................................4.2
Cambodia ......................................4.2
Argentina .......................................4.2
Rwanda .........................................4.2
Latvia .............................................4.2
Nepal .............................................4.1
Iceland ...........................................4.1
Serbia ............................................4.1
Burkina Faso..................................4.1
Liberia ............................................4.1
Tanzania ........................................4.1
Kyrgyz Republic .............................4.0
Swaziland ......................................4.0
Algeria ...........................................4.0
Ethiopia..........................................4.0
Zimbabwe ......................................3.9
Mozambique ..................................3.9
Moldova .........................................3.9
Montenegro ...................................3.9
Uruguay .........................................3.9
Botswana ......................................3.9
Cape Verde ...................................3.9
Guinea ...........................................3.8
Bolivia ............................................3.8
Namibia .........................................3.7
Albania...........................................3.7
Georgia ..........................................3.7
Mongolia ........................................3.6
Bhutan ...........................................3.6
Haiti ...............................................3.5
Nicaragua ......................................3.5
Timor-Leste ...................................3.5
Benin .............................................3.4
Lesotho .........................................3.3
Gabon ...........................................3.3
Burundi ..........................................3.2
Myanmar........................................3.2
Angola ...........................................3.0
Venezuela ......................................3.0

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 4.6

7

2.2: Data Tables

11.02 Local supplier quality
In your country, how would you assess the quality of local suppliers? [1 = extremely poor quality; 7 = extremely high quality] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................6.2
Japan ............................................6.1
Austria ...........................................6.1
Germany ........................................6.0
Belgium .........................................5.8
Netherlands ...................................5.8
Finland ...........................................5.7
Sweden .........................................5.6
Taiwan, China ................................5.6
United States .................................5.5
New Zealand .................................5.5
Canada ..........................................5.5
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.5
Denmark ........................................5.5
Norway ..........................................5.5
Qatar .............................................5.4
France ...........................................5.4
United Kingdom .............................5.4
Puerto Rico....................................5.4
United Arab Emirates .....................5.3
Czech Republic .............................5.3
Australia .........................................5.3
Luxembourg ..................................5.3
Ireland............................................5.2
Estonia...........................................5.1
Spain .............................................5.1
Italy ................................................5.1
Singapore ......................................5.1
Iceland ...........................................5.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.0
Malaysia.........................................5.0
South Africa ...................................5.0
Slovenia .........................................5.0
Lithuania ........................................5.0
Guatemala .....................................4.9
Oman ............................................4.9
Sri Lanka .......................................4.9
Colombia .......................................4.9
Mexico ...........................................4.9
Portugal .........................................4.9
Slovak Republic .............................4.9
Thailand .........................................4.9
Costa Rica .....................................4.9
Chile ..............................................4.8
Barbados .......................................4.8
Cyprus ...........................................4.8
Israel ..............................................4.8
Senegal .........................................4.8
Brazil..............................................4.8
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.8
Poland ...........................................4.8
Guyana ..........................................4.8
Latvia .............................................4.7
Malta .............................................4.7
Mauritius ........................................4.7
Turkey............................................4.7
Bahrain ..........................................4.6
Peru ...............................................4.6
Panama .........................................4.6
Gambia, The ..................................4.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.6
Croatia ...........................................4.5
Greece ...........................................4.5
El Salvador.....................................4.5
Kenya ............................................4.5
Indonesia .......................................4.5
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.5
Philippines .....................................4.5
China .............................................4.5
Hungary .........................................4.5
Morocco ........................................4.4
Bulgaria .........................................4.4
Ukraine ..........................................4.4
Jordan ...........................................4.4

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.4

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.4

7

Dominican Republic .......................4.4
India...............................................4.4
Lebanon ........................................4.4
Jamaica .........................................4.4
Ecuador .........................................4.3
Zambia ..........................................4.3
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.3
Honduras .......................................4.3
Namibia .........................................4.2
Tunisia ...........................................4.2
Armenia .........................................4.2
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.2
Kuwait ...........................................4.2
Uruguay .........................................4.2
Vietnam .........................................4.2
Mali ................................................4.2
Nigeria ...........................................4.2
Pakistan .........................................4.2
Ghana ............................................4.2
Azerbaijan ......................................4.2
Bangladesh....................................4.1
Montenegro ...................................4.1
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.1
Swaziland ......................................4.1
Rwanda .........................................4.1
Egypt .............................................4.1
Lao PDR ........................................4.0
Kazakhstan ....................................4.0
Madagascar ...................................4.0
Romania ........................................4.0
Burkina Faso..................................4.0
Paraguay .......................................4.0
Sierra Leone ..................................4.0
Seychelles......................................4.0
Liberia ............................................3.9
Cameroon......................................3.9
Russian Federation ........................3.9
Argentina .......................................3.9
Cambodia ......................................3.9
Malawi ...........................................3.9
Moldova .........................................3.8
Suriname .......................................3.8
Serbia ............................................3.8
Cape Verde ...................................3.8
Bolivia ............................................3.8
Tanzania ........................................3.8
Gabon ...........................................3.7
Nicaragua ......................................3.7
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.7
Botswana ......................................3.7
Zimbabwe ......................................3.7
Bhutan ...........................................3.7
Albania...........................................3.7
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.6
Georgia ..........................................3.6
Uganda ..........................................3.6
Ethiopia..........................................3.6
Benin .............................................3.5
Guinea ...........................................3.5
Mozambique ..................................3.4
Venezuela ......................................3.4
Mongolia ........................................3.4
Nepal .............................................3.4
Haiti ...............................................3.3
Lesotho .........................................3.3
Algeria ...........................................3.3
Mauritania ......................................3.2
Libya ..............................................3.2
Timor-Leste ...................................3.1
Myanmar........................................3.0
Yemen ...........................................3.0
Chad..............................................3.0
Burundi ..........................................2.9
Angola ...........................................2.8

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 525

2.2: Data Tables

11.03 State of cluster development
In your country, how widespread are well-developed and deep clusters (geographic concentrations of firms, suppliers, producers of related products and services, and specialized institutions in a particular field)? [1 = nonexistent; 7 = widespread in many fields] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Taiwan, China ................................5.6
Italy ................................................5.5
United Arab Emirates .....................5.5
Germany ........................................5.4
Switzerland ....................................5.3
United States .................................5.2
Japan ............................................5.2
Singapore ......................................5.2
Netherlands ...................................5.2
Qatar .............................................5.2
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.1
Finland ...........................................5.1
United Kingdom .............................5.1
Malaysia.........................................5.0
Norway ..........................................5.0
India...............................................4.9
Austria ...........................................4.8
Canada ..........................................4.8
Sweden .........................................4.8
Belgium .........................................4.8
Ireland............................................4.8
Luxembourg ..................................4.7
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.7
China .............................................4.6
Puerto Rico....................................4.5
Brazil..............................................4.5
Jordan ...........................................4.5
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.5
Indonesia .......................................4.4
Turkey............................................4.4
France ...........................................4.4
Bahrain ..........................................4.3
Thailand .........................................4.3
Denmark ........................................4.3
Mexico ...........................................4.3
Oman ............................................4.3
Australia .........................................4.3
Lao PDR ........................................4.3
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.2
Israel ..............................................4.2
Portugal .........................................4.2
Spain .............................................4.2
South Africa ...................................4.2
Cambodia ......................................4.1
Czech Republic .............................4.1
Guatemala .....................................4.1
Costa Rica .....................................4.1
Zambia ..........................................4.1
Egypt .............................................4.1
Chile ..............................................4.1
El Salvador.....................................4.1
Cyprus ...........................................4.1
Kenya ............................................4.1
Mauritius ........................................4.0
Philippines .....................................4.0
Iceland ...........................................4.0
Jamaica .........................................4.0
Panama .........................................4.0
Guyana ..........................................4.0
Morocco ........................................4.0
Sri Lanka .......................................4.0
Pakistan .........................................3.9
Honduras .......................................3.9
Malta .............................................3.9
Nigeria ...........................................3.9
Bangladesh....................................3.9
Seychelles......................................3.9
Vietnam .........................................3.9
Ecuador .........................................3.9
Rwanda .........................................3.8
Slovak Republic .............................3.8
Gambia, The ..................................3.8
New Zealand .................................3.8
Colombia .......................................3.8

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.8

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

526 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Azerbaijan ......................................3.8
Barbados .......................................3.8
Liberia ............................................3.7
Tunisia ...........................................3.7
Mali ................................................3.7
Estonia...........................................3.7
Malawi ...........................................3.7
Namibia .........................................3.6
Ghana ............................................3.6
Armenia .........................................3.6
Swaziland ......................................3.6
Dominican Republic .......................3.6
Lesotho .........................................3.6
Botswana ......................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.5
Kuwait ...........................................3.5
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.5
Tanzania ........................................3.5
Cameroon......................................3.5
Slovenia .........................................3.5
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.5
Romania ........................................3.5
Bhutan ...........................................3.5
Uruguay .........................................3.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.4
Nicaragua ......................................3.4
Mozambique ..................................3.4
Peru ...............................................3.4
Latvia .............................................3.4
Poland ...........................................3.4
Senegal .........................................3.4
Uganda ..........................................3.4
Nepal .............................................3.4
Bulgaria .........................................3.3
Lithuania ........................................3.3
Mauritania ......................................3.3
Hungary .........................................3.3
Cape Verde ...................................3.3
Suriname .......................................3.2
Croatia ...........................................3.2
Sierra Leone ..................................3.2
Georgia ..........................................3.2
Argentina .......................................3.2
Lebanon ........................................3.2
Algeria ...........................................3.2
Guinea ...........................................3.2
Montenegro ...................................3.2
Paraguay .......................................3.2
Angola ...........................................3.1
Russian Federation ........................3.1
Ethiopia..........................................3.1
Kazakhstan ....................................3.1
Madagascar ...................................3.0
Greece ...........................................3.0
Serbia ............................................3.0
Zimbabwe ......................................3.0
Gabon ...........................................2.9
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.9
Timor-Leste ...................................2.9
Benin .............................................2.9
Chad..............................................2.9
Ukraine ..........................................2.9
Burkina Faso..................................2.9
Yemen ...........................................2.8
Libya ..............................................2.8
Mongolia ........................................2.8
Burundi ..........................................2.8
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.7
Venezuela ......................................2.7
Haiti ...............................................2.6
Albania...........................................2.5
Myanmar........................................2.5
Moldova .........................................2.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................2.0

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.8

7

2.2: Data Tables

11.04 Nature of competitive advantage
What is the competitive advantage of your country’s companies in international markets based upon? [1 = low-cost labor or natural resources; 7 = unique products and processes] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................6.4
Japan ............................................6.3
Finland ...........................................6.2
Germany ........................................6.0
Denmark ........................................6.0
Israel ..............................................6.0
Austria ...........................................6.0
United Kingdom .............................5.9
Netherlands ...................................5.9
Belgium .........................................5.9
Italy ................................................5.8
Sweden .........................................5.7
Singapore ......................................5.6
Luxembourg ..................................5.6
France ...........................................5.5
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.5
United States .................................5.4
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.4
Ireland............................................5.4
Taiwan, China ................................5.2
Puerto Rico....................................5.2
Norway ..........................................5.1
Barbados .......................................4.9
Qatar .............................................4.7
Seychelles......................................4.6
United Arab Emirates .....................4.6
Malaysia.........................................4.6
Costa Rica .....................................4.5
Cyprus ...........................................4.5
Panama .........................................4.4
Malta .............................................4.3
Jordan ...........................................4.3
Spain .............................................4.2
Australia .........................................4.2
Slovenia .........................................4.2
New Zealand .................................4.1
Mauritius ........................................4.1
Czech Republic .............................4.1
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.0
Sri Lanka .......................................4.0
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.0
Bhutan ...........................................4.0
Thailand .........................................3.9
Oman ............................................3.9
Iceland ...........................................3.9
Jamaica .........................................3.9
Lebanon ........................................3.9
Greece ...........................................3.8
Croatia ...........................................3.8
Ghana ............................................3.8
Zambia ..........................................3.8
Canada ..........................................3.8
China .............................................3.8
El Salvador.....................................3.8
Armenia .........................................3.8
Guyana ..........................................3.7
Portugal .........................................3.7
Rwanda .........................................3.7
Lithuania ........................................3.7
Estonia...........................................3.6
Indonesia .......................................3.6
Cape Verde ...................................3.6
Latvia .............................................3.6
Tunisia ...........................................3.5
Ecuador .........................................3.5
Egypt .............................................3.5
Philippines .....................................3.5
Botswana ......................................3.5
Bahrain ..........................................3.5
Swaziland ......................................3.5
Montenegro ...................................3.5
Mexico ...........................................3.5
Mongolia ........................................3.5
Gambia, The ..................................3.4

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.7

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.7

7

Azerbaijan ......................................3.4
Kenya ............................................3.4
Colombia .......................................3.4
Guatemala .....................................3.4
Uruguay .........................................3.4
India...............................................3.4
South Africa ...................................3.4
Timor-Leste ...................................3.4
Liberia ............................................3.3
Pakistan .........................................3.3
Namibia .........................................3.3
Bolivia ............................................3.3
Turkey............................................3.3
Hungary .........................................3.3
Nigeria ...........................................3.3
Chile ..............................................3.3
Georgia ..........................................3.3
Lao PDR ........................................3.2
Lesotho .........................................3.2
Morocco ........................................3.2
Poland ...........................................3.2
Nicaragua ......................................3.2
Cambodia ......................................3.2
Kuwait ...........................................3.1
Senegal .........................................3.1
Peru ...............................................3.1
Benin .............................................3.1
Russian Federation ........................3.1
Romania ........................................3.1
Suriname .......................................3.1
Mauritania ......................................3.0
Uganda ..........................................3.0
Dominican Republic .......................3.0
Brazil..............................................3.0
Nepal .............................................3.0
Honduras .......................................3.0
Angola ...........................................3.0
Ukraine ..........................................3.0
Bulgaria .........................................3.0
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.0
Malawi ...........................................3.0
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.0
Madagascar ...................................2.9
Kazakhstan ....................................2.9
Mali ................................................2.9
Tanzania ........................................2.9
Burundi ..........................................2.9
Sierra Leone ..................................2.9
Gabon ...........................................2.9
Yemen ...........................................2.9
Cameroon......................................2.8
Slovak Republic .............................2.8
Moldova .........................................2.8
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.8
Albania...........................................2.8
Vietnam .........................................2.7
Guinea ...........................................2.7
Algeria ...........................................2.7
Haiti ...............................................2.6
Argentina .......................................2.6
Libya ..............................................2.6
Ethiopia..........................................2.6
Venezuela ......................................2.6
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.6
Chad..............................................2.5
Mozambique ..................................2.5
Paraguay .......................................2.5
Burkina Faso..................................2.5
Macedonia, FYR ............................2.5
Zimbabwe ......................................2.5
Serbia ............................................2.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................2.4
Bangladesh....................................2.3
Myanmar........................................2.1

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 527

2.2: Data Tables

11.05 Value chain breadth
In your country, do companies have a narrow or broad presence in the value chain? [1 = narrow, primarily involved in individual steps of the value chain (e.g., resource extraction or production); 7 = broad, present across the entire value chain (e.g., including production and marketing, distribution, design, etc.)] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Germany ........................................6.1
Japan ............................................6.0
Austria ...........................................5.7
Switzerland ....................................5.7
France ...........................................5.5
Sweden .........................................5.5
Finland ...........................................5.4
United States .................................5.3
Netherlands ...................................5.3
Qatar .............................................5.2
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.2
United Kingdom .............................5.2
Belgium .........................................5.0
Singapore ......................................5.0
Denmark ........................................5.0
Luxembourg ..................................5.0
Malaysia.........................................5.0
United Arab Emirates .....................4.9
Ireland............................................4.9
Italy ................................................4.9
Taiwan, China ................................4.8
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.7
Spain .............................................4.7
Czech Republic .............................4.6
Costa Rica .....................................4.6
Israel ..............................................4.5
Mauritius ........................................4.5
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.5
Norway ..........................................4.4
Thailand .........................................4.4
Puerto Rico....................................4.4
Indonesia .......................................4.4
Malta .............................................4.3
Panama .........................................4.3
Sri Lanka .......................................4.3
Mexico ...........................................4.2
Lithuania ........................................4.2
Iceland ...........................................4.2
Cyprus ...........................................4.2
India...............................................4.2
Lebanon ........................................4.1
Turkey............................................4.1
China .............................................4.1
Senegal .........................................4.1
Guatemala .....................................4.0
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.0
Seychelles......................................4.0
Portugal .........................................4.0
Oman ............................................3.9
El Salvador.....................................3.9
Jordan ...........................................3.9
Poland ...........................................3.9
Bahrain ..........................................3.9
Guyana ..........................................3.9
Kenya ............................................3.9
Barbados .......................................3.9
Canada ..........................................3.9
New Zealand .................................3.8
Chile ..............................................3.8
Philippines .....................................3.8
Tunisia ...........................................3.8
Zambia ..........................................3.8
Lao PDR ........................................3.8
Dominican Republic .......................3.8
Cameroon......................................3.8
Ghana ............................................3.8
Pakistan .........................................3.8
Brazil..............................................3.7
Azerbaijan ......................................3.7
Ecuador .........................................3.7
Cambodia ......................................3.7
Latvia .............................................3.7
Slovak Republic .............................3.7
Colombia .......................................3.7

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.8

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

528 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Nigeria ...........................................3.7
Morocco ........................................3.7
Peru ...............................................3.7
Slovenia .........................................3.6
Egypt .............................................3.6
Benin .............................................3.6
Honduras .......................................3.6
Rwanda .........................................3.6
Uganda ..........................................3.6
Greece ...........................................3.6
Montenegro ...................................3.6
Estonia...........................................3.6
Ukraine ..........................................3.6
Armenia .........................................3.6
Gambia, The ..................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.6
Swaziland ......................................3.5
Jamaica .........................................3.5
Argentina .......................................3.5
Uruguay .........................................3.5
South Africa ...................................3.5
Georgia ..........................................3.5
Romania ........................................3.5
Tanzania ........................................3.5
Liberia ............................................3.5
Croatia ...........................................3.5
Hungary .........................................3.4
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.4
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.4
Nicaragua ......................................3.4
Australia .........................................3.4
Bangladesh....................................3.3
Madagascar ...................................3.3
Bhutan ...........................................3.2
Kazakhstan ....................................3.2
Botswana ......................................3.2
Mauritania ......................................3.2
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.2
Yemen ...........................................3.2
Russian Federation ........................3.2
Vietnam .........................................3.2
Bulgaria .........................................3.2
Mali ................................................3.2
Moldova .........................................3.2
Suriname .......................................3.1
Nepal .............................................3.1
Kuwait ...........................................3.1
Serbia ............................................3.1
Cape Verde ...................................3.1
Paraguay .......................................3.0
Lesotho .........................................3.0
Malawi ...........................................3.0
Ethiopia..........................................3.0
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.0
Burundi ..........................................3.0
Namibia .........................................3.0
Myanmar........................................3.0
Chad..............................................3.0
Timor-Leste ...................................3.0
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.9
Mongolia ........................................2.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................2.9
Zimbabwe ......................................2.8
Guinea ...........................................2.8
Mozambique ..................................2.8
Haiti ...............................................2.8
Sierra Leone ..................................2.8
Venezuela ......................................2.8
Libya ..............................................2.7
Angola ...........................................2.7
Algeria ...........................................2.6
Burkina Faso..................................2.6
Albania...........................................2.6
Gabon ...........................................2.6

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.8

7

2.2: Data Tables

11.06 Control of international distribution
To what extent are international distribution and marketing from your country owned and controlled by domestic companies? [1 = not at all—they take place through foreign companies; 7 = to a great extent—they are primarily owned and controlled by domestic companies] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Qatar .............................................5.6
Japan ............................................5.6
United Arab Emirates .....................5.3
Germany ........................................5.2
Switzerland ....................................5.2
United States .................................5.2
Iceland ...........................................5.1
Austria ...........................................5.0
Saudi Arabia ..................................5.0
Oman ............................................5.0
Malaysia.........................................5.0
Finland ...........................................5.0
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.0
Sweden .........................................4.9
Lebanon ........................................4.9
United Kingdom .............................4.8
Cyprus ...........................................4.8
Netherlands ...................................4.8
Malta .............................................4.8
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.8
Taiwan, China ................................4.8
Mauritius ........................................4.7
Sri Lanka .......................................4.7
Denmark ........................................4.7
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.6
South Africa ...................................4.6
Kuwait ...........................................4.6
Turkey............................................4.6
Israel ..............................................4.6
Norway ..........................................4.6
Lithuania ........................................4.5
Guatemala .....................................4.5
Bahrain ..........................................4.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.4
France ...........................................4.4
Indonesia .......................................4.4
New Zealand .................................4.4
India...............................................4.4
Italy ................................................4.4
Panama .........................................4.4
Philippines .....................................4.3
Chile ..............................................4.3
Thailand .........................................4.3
Canada ..........................................4.3
Spain .............................................4.3
Jordan ...........................................4.3
Brazil..............................................4.3
China .............................................4.3
Belgium .........................................4.3
Puerto Rico....................................4.3
Slovenia .........................................4.3
Singapore ......................................4.3
El Salvador.....................................4.3
Dominican Republic .......................4.2
Australia .........................................4.2
Azerbaijan ......................................4.2
Luxembourg ..................................4.2
Costa Rica .....................................4.1
Ecuador .........................................4.1
Ukraine ..........................................4.1
Guyana ..........................................4.1
Latvia .............................................4.1
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.1
Colombia .......................................4.1
Ethiopia..........................................4.1
Kenya ............................................4.1
Peru ...............................................4.1
Barbados .......................................4.1
Estonia...........................................4.1
Gambia, The ..................................4.0
Mexico ...........................................4.0
Yemen ...........................................4.0
Seychelles......................................4.0
Albania...........................................4.0

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.0

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.0

7

Uruguay .........................................4.0
Montenegro ...................................3.9
Egypt .............................................3.9
Greece ...........................................3.9
Tunisia ...........................................3.9
Cambodia ......................................3.9
Rwanda .........................................3.9
Paraguay .......................................3.9
Zambia ..........................................3.9
Portugal .........................................3.9
Armenia .........................................3.9
Argentina .......................................3.9
Vietnam .........................................3.9
Honduras .......................................3.9
Bangladesh....................................3.8
Jamaica .........................................3.8
Nigeria ...........................................3.8
Pakistan .........................................3.8
Libya ..............................................3.8
Ireland............................................3.8
Bulgaria .........................................3.8
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.8
Croatia ...........................................3.8
Uganda ..........................................3.8
Bolivia ............................................3.8
Poland ...........................................3.8
Kazakhstan ....................................3.8
Ghana ............................................3.8
Georgia ..........................................3.7
Swaziland ......................................3.7
Russian Federation ........................3.7
Venezuela ......................................3.7
Malawi ...........................................3.7
Romania ........................................3.7
Suriname .......................................3.7
Moldova .........................................3.7
Mali ................................................3.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.7
Morocco ........................................3.7
Nicaragua ......................................3.6
Senegal .........................................3.6
Serbia ............................................3.6
Tanzania ........................................3.6
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.5
Namibia .........................................3.5
Czech Republic .............................3.5
Hungary .........................................3.5
Botswana ......................................3.5
Mauritania ......................................3.5
Liberia ............................................3.5
Lao PDR ........................................3.5
Zimbabwe ......................................3.4
Bhutan ...........................................3.4
Haiti ...............................................3.4
Madagascar ...................................3.4
Cape Verde ...................................3.3
Cameroon......................................3.3
Mozambique ..................................3.3
Myanmar........................................3.3
Guinea ...........................................3.3
Nepal .............................................3.2
Slovak Republic .............................3.2
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.2
Angola ...........................................3.2
Lesotho .........................................3.2
Burundi ..........................................3.1
Timor-Leste ...................................3.1
Sierra Leone ..................................3.1
Burkina Faso..................................3.0
Benin .............................................3.0
Mongolia ........................................3.0
Algeria ...........................................3.0
Chad..............................................2.9
Gabon ...........................................2.7

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 529

2.2: Data Tables

11.07 Production process sophistication
In your country, how sophisticated are production processes? [1 = not at all—labor-intensive or old technology; 7 = highly technology- and knowledge-intensive] | 2012–
13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Japan ............................................6.5
Switzerland ....................................6.4
Germany ........................................6.3
Finland ...........................................6.2
Netherlands ...................................6.0
Austria ...........................................5.9
United States .................................5.9
Norway ..........................................5.9
Sweden .........................................5.9
Ireland............................................5.8
Puerto Rico....................................5.8
Belgium .........................................5.8
Qatar .............................................5.7
United Kingdom .............................5.6
Israel ..............................................5.5
Denmark ........................................5.5
France ...........................................5.5
Luxembourg ..................................5.5
Singapore ......................................5.5
Taiwan, China ................................5.3
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.3
Iceland ...........................................5.2
Canada ..........................................5.1
Australia .........................................5.1
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.1
Malaysia.........................................5.0
Italy ................................................4.9
New Zealand .................................4.9
United Arab Emirates .....................4.8
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.8
Costa Rica .....................................4.7
Czech Republic .............................4.6
Turkey............................................4.6
Malta .............................................4.5
Brazil..............................................4.5
Spain .............................................4.5
Oman ............................................4.5
South Africa ...................................4.4
Chile ..............................................4.4
Mauritius ........................................4.4
Indonesia .......................................4.3
Slovak Republic .............................4.3
Portugal .........................................4.3
Bahrain ..........................................4.2
Lithuania ........................................4.2
Mexico ...........................................4.2
Thailand .........................................4.2
Panama .........................................4.2
Sri Lanka .......................................4.1
Azerbaijan ......................................4.1
Poland ...........................................4.1
India...............................................4.1
Estonia...........................................4.1
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.1
Cyprus ...........................................4.1
Jordan ...........................................4.1
Philippines .....................................4.0
China .............................................4.0
Slovenia .........................................4.0
Guatemala .....................................4.0
Barbados .......................................4.0
Guyana ..........................................3.9
Kazakhstan ....................................3.8
Kenya ............................................3.8
Ecuador .........................................3.8
Latvia .............................................3.8
El Salvador.....................................3.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.8
Argentina .......................................3.8
Hungary .........................................3.8
Seychelles......................................3.7
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.7
Albania...........................................3.7
Dominican Republic .......................3.7

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.9

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

530 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Uruguay .........................................3.7
Lebanon ........................................3.6
Colombia .......................................3.6
Swaziland ......................................3.6
Greece ...........................................3.6
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.6
Namibia .........................................3.6
Peru ...............................................3.6
Jamaica .........................................3.6
Nigeria ...........................................3.6
Zambia ..........................................3.6
Pakistan .........................................3.6
Tunisia ...........................................3.5
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.5
Honduras .......................................3.5
Rwanda .........................................3.5
Gambia, The ..................................3.5
Armenia .........................................3.5
Lao PDR ........................................3.5
Montenegro ...................................3.5
Cambodia ......................................3.5
Ghana ............................................3.4
Ukraine ..........................................3.4
Nicaragua ......................................3.4
Bolivia ............................................3.4
Senegal .........................................3.4
Bulgaria .........................................3.4
Romania ........................................3.4
Croatia ...........................................3.4
Cameroon......................................3.3
Russian Federation ........................3.3
Kuwait ...........................................3.3
Egypt .............................................3.3
Benin .............................................3.3
Cape Verde ...................................3.3
Bangladesh....................................3.3
Vietnam .........................................3.2
Madagascar ...................................3.2
Paraguay .......................................3.2
Mongolia ........................................3.2
Suriname .......................................3.2
Tanzania ........................................3.2
Botswana ......................................3.2
Liberia ............................................3.2
Georgia ..........................................3.2
Mali ................................................3.1
Bhutan ...........................................3.1
Morocco ........................................3.1
Uganda ..........................................3.1
Venezuela ......................................3.0
Moldova .........................................2.9
Gabon ...........................................2.9
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.9
Nepal .............................................2.9
Malawi ...........................................2.9
Serbia ............................................2.8
Mauritania ......................................2.8
Mozambique ..................................2.8
Yemen ...........................................2.8
Libya ..............................................2.8
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.7
Ethiopia..........................................2.7
Lesotho .........................................2.7
Angola ...........................................2.7
Sierra Leone ..................................2.7
Zimbabwe ......................................2.6
Timor-Leste ...................................2.5
Algeria ...........................................2.5
Guinea ...........................................2.4
Myanmar........................................2.3
Burkina Faso..................................2.3
Chad..............................................2.3
Haiti ...............................................2.3
Burundi ..........................................2.3

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.9

7

2.2: Data Tables

11.08 Extent of marketing
In your country, to what extent do companies use sophisticated marketing tools and techniques? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

United Kingdom .............................6.0
United States .................................6.0
Puerto Rico....................................5.9
Netherlands ...................................5.8
Sweden .........................................5.7
Germany ........................................5.7
Switzerland ....................................5.7
Qatar .............................................5.6
Japan ............................................5.6
Hong Kong SAR ............................5.6
Norway ..........................................5.6
Austria ...........................................5.5
France ...........................................5.5
Australia .........................................5.4
United Arab Emirates .....................5.4
Finland ...........................................5.4
Luxembourg ..................................5.3
Taiwan, China ................................5.3
South Africa ...................................5.3
Belgium .........................................5.3
Ireland............................................5.3
Singapore ......................................5.2
Canada ..........................................5.2
New Zealand .................................5.2
Denmark ........................................5.2
Israel ..............................................5.2
Iceland ...........................................5.1
Sri Lanka .......................................5.1
Brazil..............................................5.1
Malaysia.........................................5.1
Korea, Rep. ...................................5.0
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.9
Panama .........................................4.8
Indonesia .......................................4.8
Chile ..............................................4.8
Spain .............................................4.7
Turkey............................................4.7
Lithuania ........................................4.7
Malta .............................................4.6
Lebanon ........................................4.6
Philippines .....................................4.6
Costa Rica .....................................4.6
Czech Republic .............................4.5
Thailand .........................................4.5
Slovak Republic .............................4.5
Poland ...........................................4.5
Cyprus ...........................................4.5
Dominican Republic .......................4.5
Guatemala .....................................4.5
China .............................................4.4
Portugal .........................................4.4
India...............................................4.4
Argentina .......................................4.4
Estonia...........................................4.4
Mauritius ........................................4.4
Mexico ...........................................4.4
Oman ............................................4.4
Barbados .......................................4.3
El Salvador.....................................4.3
Italy ................................................4.3
Bahrain ..........................................4.3
Jordan ...........................................4.3
Latvia .............................................4.3
Peru ...............................................4.3
Hungary .........................................4.2
Jamaica .........................................4.2
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.2
Azerbaijan ......................................4.1
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.1
Greece ...........................................4.1
Kazakhstan ....................................4.1
Guyana ..........................................4.1
Slovenia .........................................4.1
Uruguay .........................................4.1

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.2

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.2

7

Montenegro ...................................4.1
Ecuador .........................................4.1
Ukraine ..........................................4.1
Paraguay .......................................4.0
Cambodia ......................................4.0
Lao PDR ........................................4.0
Albania...........................................4.0
Pakistan .........................................4.0
Kenya ............................................4.0
Macedonia, FYR ............................4.0
Tunisia ...........................................4.0
Kuwait ...........................................4.0
Colombia .......................................4.0
Nigeria ...........................................4.0
Senegal .........................................3.9
Russian Federation ........................3.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.9
Seychelles......................................3.9
Romania ........................................3.9
Croatia ...........................................3.9
Gambia, The ..................................3.9
Namibia .........................................3.8
Venezuela ......................................3.8
Honduras .......................................3.8
Zambia ..........................................3.8
Armenia .........................................3.8
Mongolia ........................................3.7
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.7
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.7
Vietnam .........................................3.7
Moldova .........................................3.7
Bulgaria .........................................3.7
Georgia ..........................................3.6
Ghana ............................................3.6
Egypt .............................................3.6
Morocco ........................................3.6
Cameroon......................................3.6
Swaziland ......................................3.6
Nicaragua ......................................3.6
Bolivia ............................................3.6
Cape Verde ...................................3.5
Rwanda .........................................3.5
Mozambique ..................................3.5
Suriname .......................................3.4
Bangladesh....................................3.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.4
Botswana ......................................3.4
Tanzania ........................................3.3
Liberia ............................................3.3
Madagascar ...................................3.3
Zimbabwe ......................................3.3
Benin .............................................3.2
Angola ...........................................3.2
Malawi ...........................................3.2
Bhutan ...........................................3.2
Uganda ..........................................3.2
Burkina Faso..................................3.1
Mali ................................................3.1
Myanmar........................................3.1
Nepal .............................................3.1
Serbia ............................................3.1
Lesotho .........................................2.9
Gabon ...........................................2.9
Ethiopia..........................................2.9
Yemen ...........................................2.8
Sierra Leone ..................................2.8
Libya ..............................................2.7
Mauritania ......................................2.7
Haiti ...............................................2.7
Guinea ...........................................2.6
Timor-Leste ...................................2.5
Algeria ...........................................2.4
Chad..............................................2.4
Burundi ..........................................2.3

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 531

2.2: Data Tables

11.09 Willingness to delegate authority
In your country, how do you assess the willingness to delegate authority to subordinates? [1 = not willing at all—senior management takes all important decisions; 7 = very willing—authority is mostly delegated to business unit heads and other lower-level managers] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Denmark ........................................6.0
Sweden .........................................5.9
Norway ..........................................5.9
Finland ...........................................5.7
Netherlands ...................................5.6
New Zealand .................................5.5
Qatar .............................................5.5
Switzerland ....................................5.3
United States .................................5.2
Iceland ...........................................5.1
Canada ..........................................5.0
Ireland............................................5.0
Malaysia.........................................5.0
United Kingdom .............................4.9
Australia .........................................4.9
Germany ........................................4.9
Belgium .........................................4.8
Puerto Rico....................................4.8
United Arab Emirates .....................4.8
Luxembourg ..................................4.7
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.6
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.6
Singapore ......................................4.6
Oman ............................................4.6
Austria ...........................................4.6
Philippines .....................................4.6
Costa Rica .....................................4.5
South Africa ...................................4.5
Estonia...........................................4.5
Japan ............................................4.5
Taiwan, China ................................4.5
Indonesia .......................................4.4
Israel ..............................................4.4
Brazil..............................................4.3
Jordan ...........................................4.2
Zambia ..........................................4.1
Montenegro ...................................4.1
Kuwait ...........................................4.1
Sri Lanka .......................................4.1
Egypt .............................................4.1
Gambia, The ..................................4.0
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.0
Barbados .......................................4.0
Guatemala .....................................4.0
Thailand .........................................4.0
Latvia .............................................4.0
Seychelles......................................3.9
Rwanda .........................................3.9
Lao PDR ........................................3.9
Guyana ..........................................3.9
Slovenia .........................................3.9
Lithuania ........................................3.9
Colombia .......................................3.9
Korea, Rep. ...................................3.9
Kazakhstan ....................................3.9
Cyprus ...........................................3.9
Czech Republic .............................3.9
India...............................................3.9
Mauritius ........................................3.9
China .............................................3.9
Kenya ............................................3.8
Ecuador .........................................3.8
Yemen ...........................................3.8
Mexico ...........................................3.8
El Salvador.....................................3.8
Chile ..............................................3.8
Bahrain ..........................................3.8
Poland ...........................................3.8
Botswana ......................................3.8
Spain .............................................3.8
Albania...........................................3.8
Dominican Republic .......................3.7
Cambodia ......................................3.7
Zimbabwe ......................................3.7

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.8

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

532 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Malta .............................................3.7
France ...........................................3.7
Azerbaijan ......................................3.7
Peru ...............................................3.7
Namibia .........................................3.7
Bolivia ............................................3.7
Swaziland ......................................3.6
Ghana ............................................3.6
Panama .........................................3.6
Turkey............................................3.6
Nigeria ...........................................3.6
Honduras .......................................3.6
Madagascar ...................................3.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.6
Bhutan ...........................................3.6
Nicaragua ......................................3.6
Argentina .......................................3.5
Tanzania ........................................3.5
Jamaica .........................................3.5
Slovak Republic .............................3.5
Liberia ............................................3.5
Russian Federation ........................3.5
Cameroon......................................3.4
Malawi ...........................................3.4
Portugal .........................................3.4
Romania ........................................3.4
Croatia ...........................................3.4
Libya ..............................................3.4
Greece ...........................................3.4
Tunisia ...........................................3.4
Vietnam .........................................3.4
Uruguay .........................................3.4
Morocco ........................................3.4
Moldova .........................................3.4
Venezuela ......................................3.3
Uganda ..........................................3.3
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.3
Senegal .........................................3.3
Myanmar........................................3.3
Sierra Leone ..................................3.3
Armenia .........................................3.3
Cape Verde ...................................3.3
Lesotho .........................................3.3
Lebanon ........................................3.3
Timor-Leste ...................................3.2
Suriname .......................................3.2
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.2
Pakistan .........................................3.2
Bulgaria .........................................3.2
Ukraine ..........................................3.1
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.1
Mali ................................................3.1
Georgia ..........................................3.1
Mongolia ........................................3.1
Italy ................................................3.1
Ethiopia..........................................3.1
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.1
Benin .............................................3.1
Nepal .............................................3.0
Gabon ...........................................3.0
Kyrgyz Republic .............................3.0
Mozambique ..................................3.0
Hungary .........................................2.9
Paraguay .......................................2.9
Burundi ..........................................2.8
Angola ...........................................2.7
Serbia ............................................2.7
Bangladesh....................................2.7
Mauritania ......................................2.7
Algeria ...........................................2.6
Guinea ...........................................2.6
Haiti ...............................................2.4
Chad..............................................2.3
Burkina Faso..................................2.0

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.8

7

Data Tables

Pillar 12
Innovation

© 2013 World Economic Forum

2.2: Data Tables

12.01 Capacity for innovation
In your country, to what extent do companies have the capacity to innovate? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................5.8
Finland ...........................................5.7
Germany ........................................5.6
Israel ..............................................5.6
United States .................................5.6
Japan ............................................5.6
Sweden .........................................5.5
United Kingdom .............................5.2
Netherlands ...................................5.1
Belgium .........................................5.1
Luxembourg ..................................5.1
Norway ..........................................5.0
Denmark ........................................5.0
Austria ...........................................5.0
Malaysia.........................................4.9
France ...........................................4.8
Qatar .............................................4.8
Singapore ......................................4.8
Taiwan, China ................................4.8
Ireland............................................4.6
New Zealand .................................4.6
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.5
Australia .........................................4.5
Indonesia .......................................4.4
Puerto Rico....................................4.4
Czech Republic .............................4.3
Canada ..........................................4.3
Estonia...........................................4.3
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.2
China .............................................4.2
Italy ................................................4.2
Iceland ...........................................4.1
South Africa ...................................4.1
Kenya ............................................4.1
Azerbaijan ......................................4.1
Brazil..............................................4.0
Costa Rica .....................................4.0
Guyana ..........................................4.0
United Arab Emirates .....................4.0
Lithuania ........................................4.0
India...............................................4.0
Portugal .........................................3.9
Saudi Arabia ..................................3.9
Sri Lanka .......................................3.8
Turkey............................................3.8
Lao PDR ........................................3.8
Malta .............................................3.8
Philippines .....................................3.8
Pakistan .........................................3.7
Panama .........................................3.7
Guatemala .....................................3.7
Zambia ..........................................3.7
Ecuador .........................................3.7
Slovenia .........................................3.7
Ghana ............................................3.7
El Salvador.....................................3.7
Spain .............................................3.7
Seychelles......................................3.6
Montenegro ...................................3.6
Jamaica .........................................3.6
Oman ............................................3.6
Poland ...........................................3.6
Chile ..............................................3.5
Russian Federation ........................3.5
Gambia, The ..................................3.5
Latvia .............................................3.5
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.5
Liberia ............................................3.5
Jordan ...........................................3.5
Bolivia ............................................3.5
Cambodia ......................................3.5
Mauritius ........................................3.5
Madagascar ...................................3.5
Kazakhstan ....................................3.5

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.6

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

534 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Mexico ...........................................3.5
Rwanda .........................................3.5
Armenia .........................................3.4
Bhutan ...........................................3.4
Nicaragua ......................................3.4
Nigeria ...........................................3.4
Barbados .......................................3.4
Bahrain ..........................................3.4
Colombia .......................................3.4
Namibia .........................................3.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.4
Vietnam .........................................3.4
Thailand .........................................3.4
Uruguay .........................................3.4
Lebanon ........................................3.4
Romania ........................................3.4
Argentina .......................................3.3
Senegal .........................................3.3
Cyprus ...........................................3.3
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.2
Swaziland ......................................3.2
Slovak Republic .............................3.2
Hungary .........................................3.2
Dominican Republic .......................3.2
Tunisia ...........................................3.2
Ukraine ..........................................3.2
Tanzania ........................................3.2
Botswana ......................................3.2
Bulgaria .........................................3.2
Mali ................................................3.2
Cameroon......................................3.1
Peru ...............................................3.1
Mongolia ........................................3.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.1
Uganda ..........................................3.1
Croatia ...........................................3.1
Egypt .............................................3.1
Honduras .......................................3.1
Suriname .......................................3.1
Benin .............................................3.0
Paraguay .......................................3.0
Malawi ...........................................3.0
Greece ...........................................3.0
Georgia ..........................................3.0
Burkina Faso..................................3.0
Bangladesh....................................3.0
Albania...........................................3.0
Zimbabwe ......................................2.9
Trinidad and Tobago......................2.9
Timor-Leste ...................................2.9
Nepal .............................................2.9
Cape Verde ...................................2.9
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.9
Venezuela ......................................2.8
Morocco ........................................2.8
Lesotho .........................................2.8
Sierra Leone ..................................2.8
Mozambique ..................................2.8
Serbia ............................................2.8
Moldova .........................................2.7
Myanmar........................................2.7
Kuwait ...........................................2.6
Mauritania ......................................2.6
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.6
Chad..............................................2.6
Haiti ...............................................2.6
Ethiopia..........................................2.6
Yemen ...........................................2.6
Libya ..............................................2.5
Gabon ...........................................2.5
Guinea ...........................................2.5
Angola ...........................................2.5
Algeria ...........................................2.3
Burundi ..........................................2.2

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.6

7

2.2: Data Tables

12.02 Quality of scientific research institutions
In your country, how would you assess the quality of scientific research institutions? [1 = extremely poor—among the worst in the world; 7 = extremely good—among the best in the world] | 2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Israel ..............................................6.4
Switzerland ....................................6.3
United Kingdom .............................6.2
Belgium .........................................6.0
United States .................................6.0
Germany ........................................5.8
Netherlands ...................................5.8
Australia .........................................5.7
Japan ............................................5.7
Finland ...........................................5.7
Singapore ......................................5.6
Qatar .............................................5.6
France ...........................................5.6
Ireland............................................5.6
Sweden .........................................5.5
Canada ..........................................5.5
Denmark ........................................5.3
New Zealand .................................5.3
Taiwan, China ................................5.2
Portugal .........................................5.2
Hungary .........................................5.2
Norway ..........................................5.1
Austria ...........................................5.0
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.9
Estonia...........................................4.9
Czech Republic .............................4.9
Malaysia.........................................4.9
Iceland ...........................................4.9
Slovenia .........................................4.9
Luxembourg ..................................4.9
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.9
Lithuania ........................................4.8
Costa Rica .....................................4.8
United Arab Emirates .....................4.8
South Africa ...................................4.8
Spain .............................................4.6
India...............................................4.5
Puerto Rico....................................4.5
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.5
Italy ................................................4.4
China .............................................4.3
Brazil..............................................4.3
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.2
Panama .........................................4.2
Barbados .......................................4.2
Indonesia .......................................4.1
Chile ..............................................4.1
Jamaica .........................................4.1
Argentina .......................................4.0
Cyprus ...........................................4.0
Kenya ............................................4.0
Croatia ...........................................4.0
Sri Lanka .......................................4.0
Mexico ...........................................4.0
Poland ...........................................4.0
Montenegro ...................................4.0
Malta .............................................4.0
Latvia .............................................3.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.9
Thailand .........................................3.8
Ghana ............................................3.8
Jordan ...........................................3.8
Turkey............................................3.7
Romania ........................................3.7
Russian Federation ........................3.7
Serbia ............................................3.7
Rwanda .........................................3.7
Bulgaria .........................................3.6
Ukraine ..........................................3.6
Slovak Republic .............................3.6
Oman ............................................3.6
Greece ...........................................3.6
Uruguay .........................................3.6
Lao PDR ........................................3.6

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.8

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.8

7

Pakistan .........................................3.6
Senegal .........................................3.6
Uganda ..........................................3.6
Azerbaijan ......................................3.6
Seychelles......................................3.6
Gambia, The ..................................3.5
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.5
Namibia .........................................3.5
Guyana ..........................................3.5
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.4
Ecuador .........................................3.4
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.4
Mali ................................................3.4
Zambia ..........................................3.4
Vietnam .........................................3.4
Tanzania ........................................3.4
Philippines .....................................3.4
Mauritius ........................................3.4
Cameroon......................................3.3
Tunisia ...........................................3.3
Colombia .......................................3.3
Burkina Faso..................................3.3
Bolivia ............................................3.3
Botswana ......................................3.3
Mongolia ........................................3.3
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.3
Cambodia ......................................3.2
Kazakhstan ....................................3.2
Morocco ........................................3.2
Malawi ...........................................3.2
Madagascar ...................................3.2
Armenia .........................................3.1
Guatemala .....................................3.1
Ethiopia..........................................3.1
Zimbabwe ......................................3.1
Kuwait ...........................................3.1
Nigeria ...........................................3.1
Nicaragua ......................................3.1
Gabon ...........................................3.0
Bahrain ..........................................3.0
Cape Verde ...................................3.0
El Salvador.....................................3.0
Swaziland ......................................2.9
Benin .............................................2.9
Peru ...............................................2.9
Honduras .......................................2.8
Albania...........................................2.8
Liberia ............................................2.8
Mozambique ..................................2.8
Georgia ..........................................2.8
Venezuela ......................................2.7
Dominican Republic .......................2.7
Egypt .............................................2.7
Suriname .......................................2.6
Lebanon ........................................2.6
Bangladesh....................................2.6
Bhutan ...........................................2.6
Moldova .........................................2.6
Algeria ...........................................2.5
Mauritania ......................................2.5
Sierra Leone ..................................2.5
Lesotho .........................................2.4
Nepal .............................................2.4
Burundi ..........................................2.4
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.3
Guinea ...........................................2.3
Timor-Leste ...................................2.3
Chad..............................................2.2
Myanmar........................................2.2
Libya ..............................................2.1
Haiti ...............................................2.1
Angola ...........................................2.1
Paraguay .......................................2.0
Yemen ...........................................2.0

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 535

2.2: Data Tables

12.03 Company spending on R&D
In your country, to what extent do companies spend on research and development (R&D)? [1 = do not spend on R&D; 7 = spend heavily on R&D] | 2012–13 weighted average RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................6.0
Japan ............................................5.7
Finland ...........................................5.6
Germany ........................................5.5
United States .................................5.4
Israel ..............................................5.4
Sweden .........................................5.3
Singapore ......................................5.0
Qatar .............................................4.9
Denmark ........................................4.8
Taiwan, China ................................4.8
United Kingdom .............................4.7
Luxembourg ..................................4.7
Austria ...........................................4.7
France ...........................................4.7
Belgium .........................................4.6
Malaysia.........................................4.6
Netherlands ...................................4.6
Norway ..........................................4.6
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.6
Ireland............................................4.5
China .............................................4.2
Indonesia .......................................4.1
United Arab Emirates .....................4.1
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.0
Panama .........................................3.9
Saudi Arabia ..................................3.9
Kenya ............................................3.8
Canada ..........................................3.8
Australia .........................................3.8
Guyana ..........................................3.8
Czech Republic .............................3.8
Lao PDR ........................................3.7
New Zealand .................................3.7
Iceland ...........................................3.7
Ecuador .........................................3.6
Brazil..............................................3.6
Italy ................................................3.6
India...............................................3.6
Puerto Rico....................................3.5
Costa Rica .....................................3.5
El Salvador.....................................3.5
South Africa ...................................3.5
Bolivia ............................................3.5
Estonia...........................................3.5
Zambia ..........................................3.5
Oman ............................................3.5
Portugal .........................................3.5
Malta .............................................3.4
Spain .............................................3.4
Philippines .....................................3.4
Sri Lanka .......................................3.3
Seychelles......................................3.3
Montenegro ...................................3.3
Tanzania ........................................3.3
Azerbaijan ......................................3.3
Cambodia ......................................3.2
Chile ..............................................3.2
Vietnam .........................................3.2
Thailand .........................................3.2
Mexico ...........................................3.2
Slovenia .........................................3.2
Lithuania ........................................3.1
Mauritius ........................................3.1
Croatia ...........................................3.1
Ghana ............................................3.1
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.1
Turkey............................................3.1
Russian Federation ........................3.1
Latvia .............................................3.1
Madagascar ...................................3.1
Uruguay .........................................3.1
Colombia .......................................3.1
Cyprus ...........................................3.1

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.3

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

536 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Pakistan .........................................3.1
Guatemala .....................................3.1
Kazakhstan ....................................3.0
Barbados .......................................3.0
Mauritania ......................................3.0
Namibia .........................................3.0
Rwanda .........................................3.0
Albania...........................................3.0
Nicaragua ......................................3.0
Swaziland ......................................3.0
Senegal .........................................3.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.0
Jamaica .........................................2.9
Gambia, The ..................................2.9
Cameroon......................................2.9
Jordan ...........................................2.9
Macedonia, FYR ............................2.9
Botswana ......................................2.9
Nigeria ...........................................2.9
Slovak Republic .............................2.9
Liberia ............................................2.9
Dominican Republic .......................2.9
Mali ................................................2.9
Honduras .......................................2.9
Bahrain ..........................................2.9
Mongolia ........................................2.8
Tunisia ...........................................2.8
Uganda ..........................................2.8
Poland ...........................................2.8
Romania ........................................2.8
Argentina .......................................2.8
Bhutan ...........................................2.8
Bulgaria .........................................2.8
Hungary .........................................2.8
Armenia .........................................2.8
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................2.7
Paraguay .......................................2.7
Ukraine ..........................................2.7
Malawi ...........................................2.7
Suriname .......................................2.7
Nepal .............................................2.7
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.7
Trinidad and Tobago......................2.7
Benin .............................................2.7
Chad..............................................2.6
Burkina Faso..................................2.6
Cape Verde ...................................2.6
Greece ...........................................2.6
Egypt .............................................2.5
Peru ...............................................2.5
Morocco ........................................2.5
Kuwait ...........................................2.5
Serbia ............................................2.5
Georgia ..........................................2.5
Venezuela ......................................2.5
Mozambique ..................................2.4
Lesotho .........................................2.4
Guinea ...........................................2.4
Zimbabwe ......................................2.4
Bangladesh....................................2.4
Timor-Leste ...................................2.4
Lebanon ........................................2.4
Sierra Leone ..................................2.3
Gabon ...........................................2.3
Burundi ..........................................2.2
Myanmar........................................2.2
Ethiopia..........................................2.2
Moldova .........................................2.1
Haiti ...............................................2.1
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.1
Angola ...........................................2.0
Libya ..............................................2.0
Algeria ...........................................2.0
Yemen ...........................................1.9

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.3

7

2.2: Data Tables

12.04 University-industry collaboration in R&D
In your country, to what extent do business and universities collaborate on research and development (R&D)? [1 = do not collaborate at all; 7 = collaborate extensively] |
2012–13 weighted average
RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Switzerland ....................................5.8
Finland ...........................................5.8
United States .................................5.7
Singapore ......................................5.6
United Kingdom .............................5.6
Belgium .........................................5.5
Qatar .............................................5.5
Israel ..............................................5.4
Germany ........................................5.4
Sweden .........................................5.3
Taiwan, China ................................5.3
Netherlands ...................................5.3
Ireland............................................5.2
Norway ..........................................5.1
Australia .........................................5.1
Malaysia.........................................5.0
Japan ............................................5.0
Canada ..........................................4.9
Luxembourg ..................................4.9
New Zealand .................................4.9
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.9
Denmark ........................................4.8
Austria ...........................................4.8
United Arab Emirates .....................4.8
Iceland ...........................................4.8
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.7
Portugal .........................................4.6
Lithuania ........................................4.6
South Africa ...................................4.5
Indonesia .......................................4.5
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.5
France ...........................................4.5
China .............................................4.4
Costa Rica .....................................4.4
Czech Republic .............................4.4
Estonia...........................................4.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.3
Kenya ............................................4.3
Barbados .......................................4.3
Chile ..............................................4.3
Hungary .........................................4.3
Panama .........................................4.2
Puerto Rico....................................4.2
Mexico ...........................................4.1
Oman ............................................4.0
Montenegro ...................................4.0
India...............................................4.0
Spain .............................................4.0
Brazil..............................................4.0
Ecuador .........................................3.9
Thailand .........................................3.9
Turkey............................................3.9
Colombia .......................................3.8
Cyprus ...........................................3.8
Malta .............................................3.8
Slovenia .........................................3.8
Guatemala .....................................3.8
Uganda ..........................................3.7
Italy ................................................3.7
Rwanda .........................................3.7
Argentina .......................................3.7
Guyana ..........................................3.7
Gambia, The ..................................3.7
Russian Federation ........................3.6
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.6
Uruguay .........................................3.6
Latvia .............................................3.6
Jamaica .........................................3.6
Philippines .....................................3.6
Zambia ..........................................3.5
Bolivia ............................................3.5
Poland ...........................................3.5
Namibia .........................................3.5
Tanzania ........................................3.5

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.7

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 3.7

7

Ethiopia..........................................3.5
Croatia ...........................................3.5
Ukraine ..........................................3.4
Ghana ............................................3.4
Kazakhstan ....................................3.4
Seychelles......................................3.4
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.4
Venezuela ......................................3.4
Lao PDR ........................................3.4
Azerbaijan ......................................3.4
Jordan ...........................................3.4
Honduras .......................................3.3
Vietnam .........................................3.3
Romania ........................................3.3
Nicaragua ......................................3.3
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.3
Dominican Republic .......................3.3
Nigeria ...........................................3.3
Slovak Republic .............................3.3
Mauritius ........................................3.3
Mozambique ..................................3.3
Madagascar ...................................3.3
El Salvador.....................................3.2
Pakistan .........................................3.2
Burkina Faso..................................3.2
Senegal .........................................3.2
Botswana ......................................3.2
Trinidad and Tobago......................3.2
Cape Verde ...................................3.2
Serbia ............................................3.2
Cambodia ......................................3.2
Swaziland ......................................3.2
Armenia .........................................3.2
Suriname .......................................3.2
Peru ...............................................3.1
Lebanon ........................................3.1
Malawi ...........................................3.1
Zimbabwe ......................................3.1
Tunisia ...........................................3.1
Mongolia ........................................3.0
Cameroon......................................3.0
Morocco ........................................3.0
Bulgaria .........................................3.0
Sri Lanka .......................................3.0
Greece ...........................................3.0
Kuwait ...........................................3.0
Bahrain ..........................................2.9
Liberia ............................................2.9
Mali ................................................2.9
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................2.8
Timor-Leste ...................................2.8
Paraguay .......................................2.8
Nepal .............................................2.8
Lesotho .........................................2.7
Moldova .........................................2.7
Bhutan ...........................................2.7
Benin .............................................2.7
Georgia ..........................................2.7
Egypt .............................................2.6
Bangladesh....................................2.6
Albania...........................................2.6
Burundi ..........................................2.5
Sierra Leone ..................................2.5
Chad..............................................2.5
Gabon ...........................................2.3
Mauritania ......................................2.3
Haiti ...............................................2.2
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.2
Guinea ...........................................2.2
Angola ...........................................2.2
Yemen ...........................................2.1
Algeria ...........................................2.1
Myanmar........................................2.1
Libya ..............................................2.0

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 537

2.2: Data Tables

12.05 Government procurement of advanced technology products
In your country, to what extent do government purchasing decisions foster innovation? [1 = not at all; 7 = to a great extent] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Qatar .............................................5.6
Singapore ......................................5.1
United Arab Emirates .....................5.1
Malaysia.........................................4.8
Rwanda .........................................4.7
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.6
Panama .........................................4.5
Taiwan, China ................................4.5
Israel ..............................................4.5
Brunei Darussalam .........................4.5
Luxembourg ..................................4.4
Oman ............................................4.4
China .............................................4.4
Azerbaijan ......................................4.4
United States .................................4.3
Sri Lanka .......................................4.3
Germany ........................................4.3
Gambia, The ..................................4.2
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.2
Norway ..........................................4.2
Finland ...........................................4.2
Sweden .........................................4.2
Turkey............................................4.1
Bahrain ..........................................4.1
Indonesia .......................................4.1
Netherlands ...................................4.1
Chile ..............................................4.0
Zambia ..........................................4.0
Ecuador .........................................4.0
Vietnam .........................................4.0
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.0
Montenegro ...................................3.9
Seychelles......................................3.9
Estonia...........................................3.9
Malta .............................................3.9
Switzerland ....................................3.9
Japan ............................................3.9
Cameroon......................................3.9
Guyana ..........................................3.8
Liberia ............................................3.8
Cape Verde ...................................3.8
Senegal .........................................3.8
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................3.8
Lao PDR ........................................3.7
Belgium .........................................3.7
Cambodia ......................................3.7
Austria ...........................................3.7
Bhutan ...........................................3.7
Colombia .......................................3.7
Portugal .........................................3.7
Jordan ...........................................3.7
Albania...........................................3.7
Iceland ...........................................3.7
Barbados .......................................3.6
Canada ..........................................3.6
United Kingdom .............................3.6
Australia .........................................3.6
Kazakhstan ....................................3.6
Mali ................................................3.6
France ...........................................3.6
Ethiopia..........................................3.6
Georgia ..........................................3.6
Mexico ...........................................3.6
Ghana ............................................3.6
New Zealand .................................3.6
Costa Rica .....................................3.5
Botswana ......................................3.5
Uganda ..........................................3.5
Brazil..............................................3.5
Ireland............................................3.5
El Salvador.....................................3.5
Cyprus ...........................................3.5
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................3.5
Bolivia ............................................3.5

SOURCE:

MEAN 3.5

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

538 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

VALUE

Mauritius ........................................3.5
Tanzania ........................................3.5
Nigeria ...........................................3.4
Nicaragua ......................................3.4
Kenya ............................................3.4
Dominican Republic .......................3.4
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.4
Puerto Rico....................................3.4
Malawi ...........................................3.4
Sierra Leone ..................................3.4
Philippines .....................................3.4
Madagascar ...................................3.4
Denmark ........................................3.4
Timor-Leste ...................................3.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................3.4
Bulgaria .........................................3.3
Gabon ...........................................3.3
India...............................................3.3
Uruguay .........................................3.2
Burkina Faso..................................3.2
Mozambique ..................................3.2
Morocco ........................................3.2
Namibia .........................................3.2
Peru ...............................................3.2
Romania ........................................3.2
Benin .............................................3.2
Latvia .............................................3.2
Spain .............................................3.2
Poland ...........................................3.1
Mauritania ......................................3.1
Thailand .........................................3.1
Mongolia ........................................3.1
Swaziland ......................................3.1
Russian Federation ........................3.1
Lithuania ........................................3.0
Pakistan .........................................3.0
Armenia .........................................3.0
Guinea ...........................................3.0
Guatemala .....................................3.0
Hungary .........................................3.0
Tunisia ...........................................3.0
Egypt .............................................3.0
Suriname .......................................3.0
Ukraine ..........................................3.0
South Africa ...................................2.9
Kuwait ...........................................2.9
Slovenia .........................................2.9
Paraguay .......................................2.9
Serbia ............................................2.8
Czech Republic .............................2.8
Honduras .......................................2.8
Chad..............................................2.8
Algeria ...........................................2.7
Jamaica .........................................2.7
Italy ................................................2.7
Trinidad and Tobago......................2.7
Lesotho .........................................2.7
Nepal .............................................2.7
Angola ...........................................2.6
Slovak Republic .............................2.6
Haiti ...............................................2.6
Croatia ...........................................2.6
Zimbabwe ......................................2.6
Burundi ..........................................2.6
Moldova .........................................2.5
Argentina .......................................2.5
Greece ...........................................2.4
Bangladesh....................................2.4
Libya ..............................................2.3
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.3
Myanmar........................................2.2
Lebanon ........................................2.2
Yemen ...........................................2.1
Venezuela ......................................1.9

© 2013 World Economic Forum

1

MEAN 3.5

7

2.2: Data Tables

12.06 Availability of scientists and engineers
In your country, to what extent are scientists and engineers available? [1 = not at all; 7 = widely available] | 2012–13 weighted average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

Finland ...........................................6.3
Qatar .............................................5.6
Puerto Rico....................................5.6
Japan ............................................5.5
Greece ...........................................5.4
United States .................................5.3
Jordan ...........................................5.3
Israel ..............................................5.3
Canada ..........................................5.2
Sweden .........................................5.2
Spain .............................................5.2
Taiwan, China ................................5.2
United Arab Emirates .....................5.1
Singapore ......................................5.0
India...............................................5.0
Portugal .........................................5.0
Germany ........................................4.9
Switzerland ....................................4.9
Malaysia.........................................4.9
Ireland............................................4.9
Costa Rica .....................................4.8
Tunisia ...........................................4.8
United Kingdom .............................4.8
France ...........................................4.8
Chile ..............................................4.7
Sri Lanka .......................................4.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................4.7
Iceland ...........................................4.7
Italy ................................................4.7
Belgium .........................................4.6
Saudi Arabia ..................................4.6
Hong Kong SAR ............................4.6
Korea, Rep. ...................................4.6
Australia .........................................4.6
Lebanon ........................................4.6
Denmark ........................................4.6
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................4.6
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................4.5
Morocco ........................................4.5
Indonesia .......................................4.5
Netherlands ...................................4.5
Malta .............................................4.5
Cyprus ...........................................4.5
China .............................................4.5
Norway ..........................................4.5
Ukraine ..........................................4.5
Austria ...........................................4.4
Trinidad and Tobago......................4.4
Azerbaijan ......................................4.4
Senegal .........................................4.4
Cameroon......................................4.4
Pakistan .........................................4.4
Turkey............................................4.4
Egypt .............................................4.4
Madagascar ...................................4.4
Thailand .........................................4.4
Kenya ............................................4.3
New Zealand .................................4.3
Benin .............................................4.3
Hungary .........................................4.3
Lithuania ........................................4.3
Luxembourg ..................................4.3
Barbados .......................................4.3
Czech Republic .............................4.2
Mali ................................................4.2
Poland ...........................................4.2
Zambia ..........................................4.2
Algeria ...........................................4.1
Bahrain ..........................................4.1
Mongolia ........................................4.1
Guyana ..........................................4.1
Oman ............................................4.1
Ecuador .........................................4.1
Armenia .........................................4.0

SOURCE:

MEAN 4.0

7

RANK

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

1

MEAN 4.0

7

Ghana ............................................4.0
Croatia ...........................................4.0
Mexico ...........................................4.0
Montenegro ...................................4.0
Kuwait ...........................................4.0
Nigeria ...........................................4.0
Rwanda .........................................3.9
Slovak Republic .............................3.9
Argentina .......................................3.9
Panama .........................................3.9
Serbia ............................................3.9
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.8
Philippines .....................................3.8
Vietnam .........................................3.8
Slovenia .........................................3.8
Russian Federation ........................3.8
Bangladesh....................................3.8
Macedonia, FYR ............................3.8
Bolivia ............................................3.8
Guatemala .....................................3.7
Estonia...........................................3.7
Bulgaria .........................................3.7
Colombia .......................................3.7
Kazakhstan ....................................3.6
Romania ........................................3.6
Uganda ..........................................3.6
Malawi ...........................................3.6
Mauritius ........................................3.6
Jamaica .........................................3.6
Nicaragua ......................................3.6
Latvia .............................................3.5
Albania...........................................3.5
Tanzania ........................................3.5
South Africa ...................................3.5
Zimbabwe ......................................3.5
Cambodia ......................................3.4
Guinea ...........................................3.4
Brazil..............................................3.4
Peru ...............................................3.4
Nepal .............................................3.4
Burkina Faso..................................3.4
Uruguay .........................................3.3
Libya ..............................................3.3
Chad..............................................3.3
Burundi ..........................................3.3
Botswana ......................................3.3
Venezuela ......................................3.3
Cape Verde ...................................3.3
Suriname .......................................3.3
El Salvador.....................................3.3
Dominican Republic .......................3.2
Georgia ..........................................3.2
Gambia, The ..................................3.2
Honduras .......................................3.2
Myanmar........................................3.1
Yemen ...........................................3.1
Moldova .........................................3.1
Gabon ...........................................3.0
Haiti ...............................................3.0
Seychelles......................................3.0
Lao PDR ........................................3.0
Ethiopia..........................................3.0
Sierra Leone ..................................3.0
Bhutan ...........................................3.0
Mauritania ......................................2.9
Namibia .........................................2.9
Lesotho .........................................2.9
Liberia ............................................2.8
Mozambique ..................................2.8
Swaziland ......................................2.8
Paraguay .......................................2.8
Kyrgyz Republic .............................2.8
Timor-Leste ...................................2.6
Angola ...........................................2.5

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 539

2.2: Data Tables

12.07 PCT patent applications
Number of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) per million population | 2009–10 average

RANK

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

RANK

Sweden .....................................302.7
Switzerland ................................290.1
Finland .......................................283.8
Japan ........................................258.4
Israel ..........................................218.8
Germany ....................................214.6
Denmark ....................................203.3
Netherlands ...............................184.7
Korea, Rep. ...............................183.4
Austria .......................................157.7
Norway ......................................149.7
United States .............................141.1
Singapore ..................................124.4
Belgium .....................................109.6
France .......................................109.2
Luxembourg ..............................101.4
Iceland .........................................95.9
United Kingdom ...........................90.6
Australia .......................................81.7
Canada ........................................81.3
Ireland..........................................79.4
New Zealand ...............................74.2
Slovenia .......................................63.1
Italy ..............................................51.6
Spain ...........................................39.2
Estonia.........................................35.2
Seychelles....................................31.8
Hungary .......................................23.3
Czech Republic ...........................15.3
Portugal .......................................12.7
Malaysia.......................................12.1
Barbados .....................................11.3
Croatia .........................................10.2
Latvia ...........................................10.0
Malta .............................................9.9
China .............................................9.2
Greece ...........................................8.8
Cyprus ...........................................8.1
Slovak Republic .............................7.3
Poland ...........................................6.9
Turkey............................................6.6
South Africa ...................................6.2
Russian Federation ........................6.1
Chile ..............................................5.7
Lithuania ........................................4.7
United Arab Emirates .....................4.2
Bulgaria .........................................3.7
Saudi Arabia ..................................3.3
Montenegro ...................................3.2
Brunei Darussalam .........................3.1
Brazil..............................................2.9
Ukraine ..........................................2.9
Serbia ............................................2.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina ................2.0
Romania ........................................2.0
Bahrain ..........................................1.9
Mexico ...........................................1.7
Armenia .........................................1.7
Costa Rica .....................................1.7
Qatar .............................................1.6
Lebanon ........................................1.4
Georgia ..........................................1.4
Trinidad and Tobago......................1.4
India...............................................1.4
Oman ............................................1.3
Argentina .......................................1.2
Kazakhstan ....................................1.2
Tunisia ...........................................1.1
Uruguay .........................................1.1
Colombia .......................................1.1
Thailand .........................................1.0
Macedonia, FYR ............................0.7
Suriname .......................................0.7
Egypt .............................................0.6

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126
126 n/a n/a n/a SOURCE:

COUNTRY/ECONOMY

VALUE

Sri Lanka .......................................0.6
Jamaica .........................................0.6
Morocco ........................................0.6
Panama .........................................0.5
Azerbaijan ......................................0.4
Bhutan ...........................................0.4
Moldova .........................................0.4
Libya ..............................................0.4
Dominican Republic .......................0.3
Philippines .....................................0.3
Peru ...............................................0.2
Kuwait ...........................................0.2
Jordan ...........................................0.2
Venezuela ......................................0.2
Cameroon......................................0.2
Gabon ...........................................0.2
Albania...........................................0.2
Vietnam .........................................0.1
Guatemala .....................................0.1
Kyrgyz Republic .............................0.1
Paraguay .......................................0.1
Kenya ............................................0.1
Ecuador .........................................0.1
Zimbabwe ......................................0.1
Algeria ...........................................0.1
Bolivia ............................................0.1
Sierra Leone ..................................0.1
El Salvador.....................................0.1
Indonesia .......................................0.1
Namibia .........................................0.1
Mauritius ........................................0.1
Mongolia ........................................0.1
Iran, Islamic Rep. ...........................0.1
Botswana ......................................0.0
Chad..............................................0.0
Yemen ...........................................0.0
Senegal .........................................0.0
Benin .............................................0.0
Côte d’Ivoire ..................................0.0
Madagascar ...................................0.0
Burkina Faso..................................0.0
Pakistan .........................................0.0
Ghana ............................................0.0
Tanzania ........................................0.0
Angola ...........................................0.0
Bangladesh....................................0.0
Nigeria ...........................................0.0
Malawi ...........................................0.0
Nepal .............................................0.0
Uganda ..........................................0.0
Ethiopia..........................................0.0
Burundi ..........................................0.0
Cambodia ......................................0.0
Cape Verde ...................................0.0
Gambia, The ..................................0.0
Guinea ...........................................0.0
Guyana ..........................................0.0
Haiti ...............................................0.0
Honduras .......................................0.0
Lao PDR ........................................0.0
Lesotho .........................................0.0
Liberia ............................................0.0
Mali ................................................0.0
Mauritania ......................................0.0
Mozambique ..................................0.0
Myanmar........................................0.0
Nicaragua ......................................0.0
Rwanda .........................................0.0
Swaziland ......................................0.0
Timor-Leste ...................................0.0
Zambia ..........................................0.0
Hong Kong SAR ............................n/a
Puerto Rico....................................n/a
Taiwan, China ................................n/a

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Patent Database, as of June 2013; World Bank, World Development Indicators Online (retrieved April 21,
2013); Authors’ calculations. For more details, refer to the section “Technical Notes and Sources.”

540 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Technical Notes and Sources

This section complements the data tables by providing additional information for those indicators that are not derived from the World Economic Forum’s Executive
Opinion Survey. The number next to the indicator corresponds to the number of the data table that shows the ranks and scores for all countries/economies on this particular indicator. Indicators in Pillars 1 through
12 enter the composition of the Global Competitiveness
Index 2013–2014. The data used in this Report represent the best available estimates at the time the Report was prepared. It is possible that some data will have been updated or revised after publication.
We acknowledge all the organizations that provide us with data listed below. A special thanks goes to Andrea Navares Juanco and Julie Perovic from the International Air Transport Association; Kerfalla
Conte, Mondher Mimouni, and Xavier Pichot from the International Trade Centre; Hélène Dernis from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development, and Richard E. Cibulskis and Ryan O’Neil
Williams from the World Health Organization.

Pillar 1: Institutions
1.21 Strength of investor protection
Strength of Investor Protection Index on a 0–10 (best) scale |
2012
This indicator is a combination of the Extent of disclosure index
(transparency of transactions), the Extent of director liability index
(liability for self-dealing), and the Ease of shareholder suit index
(shareholders’ ability to sue officers and directors for misconduct).
For more details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www. doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/. Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing
Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size
Enterprises

Pillar 2: Infrastructure
2.06 Available airline seat kilometers
Scheduled available airline seat kilometers per week originating in country (in millions) | Jan 2013–Jul 2013
This indicator measures the total passenger-carrying capacity of all scheduled flights, including domestic flights, originating in a country. It is computed by taking the number of seats available on each flight multiplied by the flight distance in kilometers, summing the result across all scheduled flights in a week during January
(winter schedule) and July (summer schedule) 2013, and taking the average capacity of the two weeks.

Key indicators

Source: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser

0.01 Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product in billions of current US dollars | 2012

2.08 Mobile telephone subscriptions

Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database (April 2013 edition); national sources

0.02 Population
Total population in millions | 2011
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April
2013 edition); national sources

0.03 GDP per capita
Gross domestic product per capita in current US dollars | 2012
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database (April 2013 edition); national sources

0.04 GDP as a share of world GDP

Number of mobile telephone subscriptions per 100 population
| 2012
A mobile telephone subscription refers to a subscription to a public mobile telephone service that provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) using cellular technology, including the number of pre-paid SIM cards active during the past three months. This includes both analog and digital cellular systems (IMT-2000, Third Generation, 3G) and 4G subscriptions, but excludes mobile broadband subscriptions via data cards or USB modems. Subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint or radio paging, and telemetry services are also excluded. It includes all mobile cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, ITU World
Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (June 2013 edition) Gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity as a percentage of world GDP | 2012
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database (April 2013 edition); national sources

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 541

Technical Notes and Sources

2.09 Fixed telephone lines

3.04 Government debt

Number of active fixed telephone lines per 100 population |
2012
A fixed telephone line is an active line connecting the subscriber’s terminal equipment to the public switched telephone network
(PSTN) that has a dedicated port in the telephone exchange equipment. Active lines are those that have registered an activity in the past three months.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, ITU World
Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (June 2013 edition) Pillar 3: Macroeconomic environment
3.01 Government budget balance
General government budget balance as a percentage of GDP
| 2012
Net lending (+)/borrowing (–) is calculated as general government revenue minus total expenditure. This is a core Government
Finance Statistics (GFS) balance that measures the extent to which the general government is either putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy and nonresidents
(net lending) or utilizing the financial resources generated by other sectors and nonresidents (net borrowing). This balance may be viewed as an indicator of the financial impact of general government activity on the rest of the economy and nonresidents.
Revenue consists of taxes, social contributions, grants receivable, and other revenue. Revenue increases a government’s net worth, which is the difference between its assets and liabilities. General government total expenditure consists of total expenses and the net acquisition of nonfinancial assets.
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database (April 2013 edition); national sources

Gross general government debt as a percentage of GDP | 2012
Gross debt consists of all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future. This includes debt liabilities in the form of special drawing rights, currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, insurance, pensions and standardized guarantee schemes, and other accounts payable. Thus, all liabilities in the
Government Finance Statistics Manual (GFSM) 2001 system are debt, except for equity and investment fund shares, financial derivatives, and employee stock options. For Australia, Belgium,
Canada, Hong Kong SAR, Iceland, New Zealand, and Sweden, government debt coverage also includes insurance technical reserves, following the GFSM 2001 definition.
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database (April 2013 edition) and Public Information Notices
(various issues); national sources

3.05 Country credit rating
Institutional Investor’s Country Credit Ratings™ based on expert assessment of the probability of sovereign debt default on a 0–100 (lowest probability) scale | March 2013
Institutional Investor’s Country Credit Ratings™ are based on information provided by senior economists and sovereign-debt analysts at leading global banks and money management and security firms. Twice a year, the respondents grade each country on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 representing the least chance of default. No further copying or transmission of the Country Credit
Ratings data is allowed without the express written permission of
Institutional Investor. Contact [e-mail] for any further information.
Source: Institutional Investor.

Pillar 4: Health and basic education

3.02 Gross national savings
4.02 Malaria incidence

Gross national savings as a percentage of GDP | 2012
Aggregate national savings is defined as public- and privatesector savings as a percentage of nominal GDP. National savings equals gross domestic investment plus the current-account balance. Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database (April 2013 edition); national sources

3.03 Inflation
Annual percent change in consumer price index (year average)
| 2012
In order to capture the idea that both high inflation and deflation are detrimental, inflation enters the model in a U-shaped manner as follows: for values of inflation between 0.5 and 2.9 percent, a country receives the highest possible score of 7. Outside this range, scores decrease linearly as they move away from these values. Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database (April 2013 edition)

Number of malaria cases per 100,000 population | 2010
Data are estimates and are provided only for economies in which malaria is considered to be endemic. In the corresponding data table, “(NE)” denotes an economy where malaria is not endemic.
For an explanation of the way this indicator is combined with the related Survey question to estimate the impact of malaria, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Source: The World Health Organization, World Malaria Report
2012

4.04 Tuberculosis incidence
Number of tuberculosis cases per 100,000 population | 2011
Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new pulmonary, smear positive, and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases. For an explanation of the way this indicator is combined with the related Survey question to estimate the impact of tuberculosis, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April
2013 edition); national sources

4.06 HIV prevalence
HIV prevalence as a percentage of adults aged 15–49 years |
2011
HIV prevalence refers to the percentage of people aged 15–49 who are infected with HIV at a particular point in time, no matter when infection occurred. For an explanation of the way this indicator is combined with the related Survey question to estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April
2013 edition); UNAIDS, Global Report on the Global AIDS
Epidemic (2008 edition); national sources

542 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Technical Notes and Sources

Pillar 6: Goods market efficiency

4.07 Infant mortality
Infant (children aged 0–12 months) mortality per 1,000 live births | 2011

6.05 Total tax rate

Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

This indicator is a combination of profit tax (% of profits), labor tax and contributions (% of profits), and other taxes (% of profits) | 2012

Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April
2013 edition); national sources

The total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions payable by a business in the second year of operation, expressed as a share of commercial profits. The total amount of taxes is the sum of five different types of taxes and contributions payable after accounting for deductions and exemptions: profit or corporate income tax, social contributions and labor taxes paid by the employer, property taxes, turnover taxes, and other small taxes. For more details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, please visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/ methodologysurveys/. 4.08 Life expectancy
Life expectancy at birth (years) | 2011
Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators (April
2013 edition); national sources

4.10 Primary education enrollment rate

Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing
Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size
Enterprises

Net primary education enrollment rate | 2011
The reported value corresponds to the ratio of children of official school age (as defined by the national education system) who are enrolled in school to the population of the corresponding official school age. Primary education (ISCED level 1) provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed June 21,
2013); The Asian Development Bank, Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012; The World Bank, EdStats Database (accessed
June 27, 2012): Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD), UNICEF Education at a Glance 2011;
UNESCO Country Programming Document; national sources

6.06 Number of procedures required to start a business
Number of procedures required to start a business | 2012
For details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www. doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/. Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing
Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size
Enterprises

6.07 Time required to start a business
Number of days required to start a business | 2012
For details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www. doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/. Pillar 5: Higher education and training
5.01 Secondary education enrollment rate

Source: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing
Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size
Enterprises

Gross secondary education enrollment rate | 2011
The reported value corresponds to the ratio of total secondary enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the secondary education level. Secondary education (ISCED levels 2 and 3) completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level and aims to lay the foundations for lifelong learning and human development by offering more subject- or skills-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.

6.10 Trade tariffs
Trade-weighted average tariff rate | 2012
This indicator is calculated as a weighted average of all the applied tariff rates, including preferential rates that a country applies to the rest of the world. The weights are the trade patterns of the importing country’s reference group (2011 data).
An applied tariff is a customs duty that is levied on imports of merchandise goods.

Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed June 21,
2013, and April 21, 2013); ChildInfo.org Country Profiles; national sources 5.02 Tertiary education enrollment rate

Source: International Trade Centre

6.14 Imports as a percentage of GDP

Gross tertiary education enrollment rate | 2011
The reported value corresponds to the ratio of total tertiary enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the tertiary education level. Tertiary education (ISCED levels 5 and 6), whether or not leading to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.
Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (accessed June 21,
2013); national sources

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Imports of goods and services as a percentage of gross domestic product | 2012
Total imports is the sum of total imports of merchandise and commercial services.
Sources: World Trade Organization, Statistical Database: Time
Series on Merchandise and Commercial Services (accessed June
12, 1013); International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database (April 2013 edition); national sources

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 543

Technical Notes and Sources

Pillar 7: Labor market efficiency

9.06 Internet bandwidth
International Internet bandwidth (kb/s) per Internet user | 2012

7.04 Redundancy costs
Redundancy costs in weeks of salary | 2012
This indicator estimates the cost of advance notice requirements, severance payments, and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weekly wages. For more details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/ methodologysurveys/. Sources: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing
Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size
Enterprises; authors’ calculations

7.10 Female participation in labor force
Ratio of women to men in the labor force* | 2010
This measure is the percentage of women aged 15–64 participating in the labor force divided by the percentage of men aged 15–64 participating in the labor force.
Sources: International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the
Labour Markets (accessed June 27, 2013); national sources

International Internet bandwidth is the sum of capacity of all
Internet exchanges offering international bandwidth measured in kilobits per second (kb/s).
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2013 (June 2013 edition)

9.07 Mobile broadband subscriptions
Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 population | 2012
Mobile broadband subscriptions refers to active SIM cards or, on CDMA networks, connections accessing the Internet at consistent broadband speeds of over 512 kb/s, including cellular technologies such as HSPA, EV-DO, and above. This includes connections being used in any type of device able to access mobile broadband networks, including smartphones,
USB modems, mobile hotspots, and other mobile-broadband connected devices.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, ITU World
Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database 2013 (June 2013 edition) Pillar 10: Market size

Pillar 8: Financial market development

10.01 Domestic market size index

8.08 Legal rights index
Degree of legal protection of borrowers’ and lenders’ rights on a 0–10 (best) scale | 2012
This index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect borrowers’ and lenders’ rights and thus facilitate lending. For more details about the methodology employed and the assumptions made to compute this indicator, visit http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodologysurveys/.
Sources: World Bank/International Finance Corporation, Doing
Business 2013: Smarter Regulations for Small and Medium-Size
Enterprises; authors’ calculations

Sum of gross domestic product plus value of imports of goods and services, minus value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 (best) scale | 2012
The size of the domestic market is calculated as the natural log of the sum of the gross domestic product valued at PPP plus the total value (PPP estimates) of imports of goods and services, minus the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services. Data are then normalized on a 1–7 scale. PPP estimates of imports and exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP and GDP valued at PPP. For more details, refer to the appendix in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Source: Authors’ calculations.

Pillar 9: Technological readiness

10.02 Foreign market size index

9.04 Internet users
Percentage of individuals using the Internet | 2012
Internet users refers to people using the Internet from any device
(including mobile phones) in the last 12 months. Data are based on surveys generally carried out by national statistical offices or estimated based on the number of Internet subscriptions.
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2013 (June 2013 edition)

Value of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7
(best) scale | 2012
The size of the foreign market is estimated as the natural log of the total value (PPP estimates) of exports of goods and services, normalized on a 1–7 scale. PPP estimates of exports are obtained by taking the product of exports as a percentage of GDP and
GDP valued at PPP. For more details, refer to the appendix in
Chapter 1.1 of this Report.
Source: Authors’ calculations

9.05 Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions
Fixed broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 population |
2012
This refers to total fixed (wired) broadband Internet subscriptions
(that is, subscriptions to high-speed access to the public
Internet—a TCP/IP connection—at downstream speeds equal to or greater than 256 kb/s).
Source: International Telecommunication Union, World
Telecommunication/ICT Indicators 2013 (June 2013 edition)

10.03 GDP (PPP)
Gross domestic product valued at purchasing power parity in billions of international dollars | 2012
Sources: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook
Database (April 2013 edition); national sources

10.04 Exports as a percentage of GDP
Exports of goods and services as a percentage of gross domestic product | 2012
Total exports is the sum of total exports of merchandise and commercial services.
Sources: World Trade Organization, Online Statistics Database
(accessed June 12, 2013); International Monetary Fund, World
Economic Outlook Database (April 2013 edition); national sources

544 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Technical Notes and Sources

Pillar 12: Innovation
12.07 PCT patent applications
Number of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation
Treaty (PCT) per million population | 2009-2010
This indicator measures the total count of applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) by priority date and inventor nationality, using a fractional count if an application is filed by multiple inventors. The average count of applications filed in 2009 and 2010 is divided by population figures for 2010. For Taiwan
(China) and Hong Kong SAR, two advanced economies, we use estimates in the absence of reliable data on PCT applications.
First, we compute the average number of all patent applications filed with the United States Patents and Trademarks Office
(USPTO) in 2009–10. We then compute the average number of PCT applications for 2009 and 2010, before computing the ratio of the two averages (1.56). Only economies with a two-year average number of at least 100 USPTO applications and 50 PCT are considered for the computation of the two averages, and
Taiwan (China) and Hong Kong SAR are excluded. We then divide the average number of applications filed by residents of Taiwan and residents of Hong Kong at the USPTO in 2009 and 2010, respectively, by the ratio above in order to produce an estimate for PCT applications. As a final step, we compute the estimates per million population—that is, 537.5 for Taiwan (China) and 85.3 for Hong Kong SAR. The estimates are used to compute the respective Innovation pillar score of the two economies.
Sources: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD), Patent Database, as of June 2013; The
World Bank, World Development Indicators Online (retrieved April
21, 2013); authors’ calculations

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 545

© 2013 World Economic Forum

About the Authors

Paola Annoni
Paola Annoni is the Scientific Officer at the European
Commission - Joint Research Centre. She conducts and coordinates methodological activity in the fields of socioeconomic indicators for policymaking and mathematical modeling for impact assessment. She has been involved in various international projects for the assessment of indexes such as the Web Index (World
Wide Web Foundation), the Global Competitiveness Index
(World Economic Forum), and the Ibrahim Index of African
Governance (Mo Ibrahim Foundation and Kennedy School of Government). Her experience is in applied statistics, numerical modeling, sensitivity analysis, and partial order theory for multi-criteria analysis. She has an MSc in
Physics and a PhD in Statistics.
Beñat Bilbao-Osorio
Beñat Bilbao-Osorio is an Associate Director and Senior
Economist with The Global Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum. In this capacity, he carries out research on national competitiveness issues with a special focus on Latin America and Iberia. In addition, he analyzes the role of innovation and information and communication technologies in fostering competitiveness, and is coeditor of The Global Information Technology Report.
Prior to joining the Forum, Dr Bilbao-Osorio worked at the Directorate-General for Research & Innovation of the
European Commission, where he was responsible for the economic analysis of European Innovation Policy; at the Directorates of Science, Technology and Industry, and Education of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on innovation-related topics; and at the International Trade Centre (UNCTAD/
WTO) on international trade competitiveness analysis. His main research fields are innovation, skills, and economic development, where he has published extensively. Dr
Bilbao-Osorio holds a degree in Economics from the
Universidad Comercial de Deusto (Spain), a Master in
European Studies from the Université Catholique de
Louvain (Belgium), and a PhD in Economic Geography from the London School of Economic and Political
Science (UK).

Jennifer Blanke
Jennifer Blanke is Chief Economist and Head of
The Global Competitiveness Network at the World
Economic Forum. Since joining the team in 2002, she has written and lectured extensively on issues related to national competitiveness and has edited a number of competitiveness reports, with a particular regional focus on Western Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. From 1998 to
2002, she was Senior Programme Manager responsible for developing the business, management, and technology sections of the World Economic Forum’s Annual Meeting in Davos. Before joining the Forum, Dr Blanke worked for a number of years as a management consultant for
Eurogroup, Mazars Group in Paris, France, where she specialized in banking and financial market organizations.
Dr Blanke obtained a Master of International Affairs from
Columbia University and an MA and a PhD in International
Economics from the Graduate Institute of International
Studies (Geneva).
Ciara Browne
Ciara Browne is an Associate Director of The Global
Competitiveness Network, where her responsibilities include managing the network of Partner Institutes worldwide and coordinating the Executive Opinion Survey process. Ms Browne is also involved in the production of the The Global Competitiveness Report and the
Network’s other benchmarking studies. She works closely with the Forum’s media team in conveying the findings of the various competitiveness reports to the media and the public. Ms Browne is further responsible for the organization and management of a series of competitiveness workshops in sub-Saharan Africa. Before joining the Forum, she served for several years with the
International Organization for Migration, where she worked for a mass claims processing program. She has a BA
(Hons) degree from the University of Manchester (UK).

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 547

About the Authors

Edoardo Campanella
Edoardo Campanella is a Fulbright Scholar at the Harvard
Kennedy School, where he is pursuing a Master in Public
Administration. He spent the summer of 2013 working at the World Economic Forum on the conceptualization of sustainable competitiveness. In the past, he worked as an economist at the World Trade Organization, contributing to its flagship publication The World Trade Report, and at the Italian Parliament, working on the sustainability of
Italy’s public finances during the euro crisis. His op-ed pieces on European economic and political issues have appeared in several international media outlets, such as
Project Syndicate, Voxeu.org, Eurointelligence, and many others. Mr Campanella holds a degree in Economics from the University of Turin and an MSc in International Trade and Development from the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in
Barcelona.
Roberto Crotti
Roberto Crotti is a Quantitative Economist with The Global
Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum.
His responsibilities include the computation of a range of indexes as well as data analysis for various projects and studies. His main areas of expertise are quantitative research, forecasting, macroeconomics, and public economics. Prior to joining the Forum, he worked as an
Analyst in the private consulting and forecasting sector.
Mr Crotti holds an undergraduate degree in Economics/
Economic Policy from Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Milan, Italy, and an MA in Economics from Boston
University in the United States.
Lewis Dijkstra
Lewis Dijkstra is the Deputy Head of the Economic
Analysis Unit in the Directorate-General for Regional and
Urban Policy of the European Commission. In this role, he is responsible for developing new analysis on what promotes and hinders regional and urban development and for increasing the availability of relevant regional and urban indicators. He has written and lectured on issues such as regional quality of government, entrepreneurship, regional competitiveness, labor mobility, metropolitan regions, patterns of economic growth, and urbanization.
He is the lead editor of the Cohesion Reports. He holds a PhD in Urban and Regional Planning from Rutgers
University and an MSc in Urban and Regional Planning from the London School of Economics and Political
Science.

548 | The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014

Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz is Director, Lead Economist, and Head of Competitiveness Research with The Global
Competitiveness Network at the World Economic
Forum, where she oversees the competitiveness-related research. She researches and writes on issues of national competitiveness, especially those related to the Arab world, Eastern Europe, and international trade, and is lead author or editor of a number of regional and topical reports and papers, including The Global Enabling Trade Report and The Arab World Competitiveness Report. Before joining The Global Competitiveness Network, Dr Drzeniek
Hanouz worked with the International Trade Centre in
Geneva, where she was in charge of relations with Central and Eastern European countries. Dr Drzeniek Hanouz received a Diploma in Economics from the University of
Münster and holds a PhD in International Economics from the University of Bochum, both in Germany.
Thierry Geiger
Thierry Geiger is an Economist and Associate Director with The Global Competitiveness Network at the World
Economic Forum. He leads the competitiveness research on Asia, supervises the development and computation of a wide range of composite indicators, and is responsible for the Network’s technical assistance and capacitybuilding activities. His areas of expertise are privatesector development, international trade, and applied economics. Mr Geiger is a co-author of the Forum’s flagship publications The Global Competitiveness Report,
The Global Information Technology Report, and The
Global Enabling Trade Report. He is the lead author of several regional and country studies. A Swiss national,
Mr Geiger holds a BA in Economics from the University of Geneva, an MA in Economics from the University of
British Columbia, and was a Fellow of the Forum’s Global
Leadership Programme. Prior to joining the Forum, he worked for the World Trade Organization and Caterpillar
Inc. He is Co-Founder of Procab Studio, a Geneva-based
IT company.
Tania Gutknecht
Tania Gutknecht is Community Manager with The Global
Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum.
Her responsibilities include managing the network of
Partner Institutes worldwide and driving the Executive
Opinion Survey process. She also is responsible for the production of The Global Competitiveness Report and related benchmarking studies. She collaborates closely with the Forum’s media and digital content teams in conveying the findings of the competitiveness reports to the public through press, web, and social media. Prior to joining the Global Competitiveness Network team,
Ms Gutknecht worked with the Centre for Business
Engagement at the World Economic Forum, where she designed high-profile events and projects to address the challenges of inclusive social and economic growth; built relationships with C-suite executives of partner companies; and oversaw the operation-management responsibilities of a team of coordinators. Ms Gutknecht holds an MA in International Relations from the Graduate Institute of International Studies (Geneva) as well as an MSc in
International Management from the University of Geneva.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

About the Authors

Caroline Ko
Caroline Ko is an Economist with The Global
Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum.
She works on national competitiveness issues in subSaharan Africa and Europe and manages The Africa
Competitiveness Report and The Europe 2020 Report.
Her responsibilities further include the computation of various indexes and research for various projects and studies, and she is co-author of The Global
Competitiveness Report. Prior to joining the Forum, she worked for an economic policy consultancy in the United
Kingdom, where she analyzed economic and financial policies in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
She also worked for the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs of the European Commission, where she assessed financial development in the 2004 accession
Member States. She holds an undergraduate degree in
Economics from the University of Groningen and an MSc in Economics and Finance from the University of Tilburg, both in the Netherlands.
Xavier Sala-i-Martín
Xavier Sala-i-Martín is a Professor in the Department of
Economics at Columbia University. He was previously an Associate Professor at the Department of Economics at Yale University and a Visiting Professor at Universitat
Pompeum Fabra. His research interests include economic growth, macroeconomics, public finance and social security, health and population economics, monetary economics, poverty, inequality, estimation of the world distribution of income, and measuring competitiveness.
He is a consultant on growth and competitiveness for a number of countries, international institutions, and corporations. Professor Sala-i-Martín is a Research
Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research.
He earned his MA and PhD, both in Economics, from
Harvard University. He collaborates closely with the World
Economic Forum in his capacity as Chief Advisor to The
Global Competitiveness Network.
Cecilia Serin
Cecilia Serin is a Senior Associate with The Global
Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum.
Her responsibilities include supporting the team through the production of the various reports, coordinating the
Sustainable Competitiveness project, and managing the
Global Agenda Council on Measuring Sustainability. Prior to joining the Forum, she worked at the United Nations
Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI) where she was responsible for organizing the bi-annual
Global Roundtable on Sustainable Finance. She also worked at the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) on various sustainability issues.
Ms Serin holds a BSc in Business Administration from the International University of Monaco and an MSc in
Development Management from the London School of
Economics and Political Science (UK).

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 549

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The World Economic Forum would like to thank the Africa
Commission for providing invaluable support to this Report.

The Africa Commission was launched by the Prime Minister of Denmark in 2008 to help Africa benefit more from globalization. The Commission consisted of Heads of State and governments, politicians, experts, and representatives from international and regional organizations as well as the business community, civil society and the academic world. The majority of the
Commissioners were from Africa, which reflected the Commission’s overriding commitment to ensure African ownership of its recommendations and initiatives.
The Africa Commission presented its findings in the report Realising the Potential of Africa’s
Youth, which was published in May 2009. Drawing on existing analyses and best practices, the
Africa Commission presented specific policy recommendations and launched five international initiatives aimed at creating jobs for young men and women in Africa through private sector–led growth and improved competitiveness of African economies. Special emphasis was given to creating decent jobs, fostering entrepreneurship, and providing greater opportunities through education, skills development and access to finance.

© 2013 World Economic Forum

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 | 551

© 2013 World Economic Forum

Over more than three decades, The Global Competitiveness Report series has evolved into the world’s most comprehensive assessment of national competitiveness. This 34th edition is being released at a time when the global economy is undergoing significant shifts. The global financial crisis and the ensuing developments have heightened the role of emerging economies in the global economy. This has accelerated the major economic transformations already underway, which have fueled rapid growth and pulled millions of people out of poverty. Yet, although the global economy’s prospects are more positive than they were when we released last year’s
Report, growth has begun to slow across many emerging economies, and advanced economies in Europe and elsewhere continue to struggle.
In the current context, policymakers must avoid complacency and press ahead with the structural reforms and critical investments required to ensure that their countries can continue to strive to provide rising prosperity and employment for their citizens. The current situation highlights how important it is for nations to recognize and strengthen the fundamentals of competitiveness as drivers for economic recovery and growth. The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 aims to support policymakers, business executives, and academics as well as the public at large in identifying areas of concern that may be addressed in a collaborative approach.
Produced in collaboration with leading academics and a global network of Partner Institutes, The
Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 offers users a unique dataset on a broad array of competitiveness indicators for a record number of 148 economies. The data used in the Report are obtained from leading international sources as well as from the World Economic Forum’s annual Executive Opinion Survey, a unique source that captures the perspectives of more than
13,000 thousand business leaders on topics related to national competitiveness.
The Report presents the rankings of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI). The GCI is based on
12 pillars of competitiveness, providing a comprehensive picture of the competitiveness landscape in countries around the world at different stages of economic development. The Report contains detailed profiles highlighting competitive strengths and weaknesses for each of the 148 economies featured, as well as an extensive section of data tables displaying relative rankings for more than 100 variables.
The Report and an interactive data platform are available at www.weforum.org/gcr.

World Economic Forum
91-93 route de la Capite
CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva
Switzerland
Tel [phone]
Fax [phone] [e-mail] www.weforum.org
© 2013 World Economic Forum

References: 7 See, for example, Barbier 1997 and Yandle et al. 2000. 15 Brink et al. 2012. 16 See, for example, Marshal et al. 1997. 22 Alpay et al. 2002. 48 Wang et al. 2004. 29 Spedding et al. 2013. 30 Sexton et al. 2008.