Unit 8 - Phychological Perspectives

Psychodynamic Approach

What is the Psychodynamic Approach?
The Psychodynamic approach was first introduced by a gentleman called Sigmund Freud. He believed that how we behave and think is all done through the unconscious mind through experiences we have gone through mainly in childhood.
Conjecture Corporation. (2003-2013). what is the Psychodynamic Approach. Available: http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-the-psychodynamic-perspective.htm#. Last accessed 17/03/2013.

Freud
Freud’s psychosexual stages, the age they develop and the body part:
ORAL; Freud’s oral stage he believed came about around the age of 0-1½ years, baby, birth to walking. This stage consists of a baby experiencing things through their mouths, from biting, teething, feeding and crying.
ANAL; this stage comes at between the ages of 1 -3 years of age. It is focused on us learning to control our bladder and bowel movements (toilet training). Learning to be able to control these movements as children can help make them feel that they have accomplished something, especially if the parents praise them for doing so. However if the parents ignore the child or punish them for not being able to hold it in then the child may grow up developing a fear from going to the toilet, and/ or disappointing others. A child’s experiences at this age can affect them later in the unconscious mind later on in life effecting any behaviour or preferences.
Alan Chapman. (2006-2013) Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, Available: http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm#freud's_psychosexual_stages. Last accessed 16/04/2013

PHALLIC STAGE; this comes to children between the ages of 3-6 years of age. This is not just aimed at boys but girls as well; the phallic stage is all about reproductive issues. Not being able to understand and ask questions like “why do only I and daddy have willies and not mummy?”
LATENCY: this stage develops around the ages of children between 5-12 years. Although this does not really come under Freud’s psycho-sexual development as the phallic stage covers most of this and then the child does not need to think about sex/sexual needs more until the next stage. Alan Chapman. (2006-2013) Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, Available: http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm#freud's_psychosexual_stages. Last accessed 16/04/2013

GENITAILA: this is Freud’s final stage, puberty. This stage is different age for everybody, but on average starts between 11-18 years of age and occasionally earlier for girls. Males may start to challenge their fathers more and treat their mums as maids there to wait on them hand and foot. Daughters may start arguing with their mums more and some may unintentionally flirt with the fathers. Dating, hanging out with friends and fondling will take a higher role during this stage as well as anything to undermine authorities’ figures.

According to Sigmund Freud we have three different parts of our personalities present with one of them being there from birth; he divided them into the stages the ID, the Ego and the Superego. He described them to be like an iceberg. Meaning that we may only be able to reach the very tip but underneath there is a lot more to see like the human personality, we may only remember small amount of information but if you dig deep enough you can recall information from years ago but because it is not that important like a meal your mind pushes it down out of the way to make room for more important information. FREUD QUOTE’ the mind is like an ice berg, it floats with one seventh of its bulk above the water’
ID: the Id is the only part that is present from birth; this area consists of our primitive and instinctive behaviours. Freud believed that it is the primary component of the personality. The id is also driven primarily by our pleasure principle being out wants and needs to have something. We have this need with us from birth so that our needs are met to keep us alive, for example when we became hungry or thirsty our id’s pleasure principle made us cry because our want for it becomes so strong that we cry out for it. However as we get older we cannot just cry out or grab what we want to relieve our wanting straight away all the time so we develop the ability to picture it through the primary process created by the id otherwise we could find us grabbing and taking the thing we want from anyone and everyone which is disruptive and socially unacceptable. The id is part of our unconscious mind.

EGO: The Ego is part of the personality that is responsible for dealing with the real world. According to Freud the Ego is developed from the Id so that our wants and needs can be expressed in a socially acceptable way. The Ego works on the basis of reality principles and strives to please the id’s needs but only in socially acceptable and realistic ways. This decision in made after the weighing up of the pros and cons, and only at the appropriate times and place. The Ego is present in all three states of the mind from the conscious, pre-conscious and the unconscious segments.

THE SUPEREGO: This stage is the last to develop of the personalities. This stage according to Freud starts to develop around the age of five after we learn what’s right and wrong from our parents and what’s acceptable in social areas. This area holds all of our moral standards and intentions. This area is about helping us to make the right judgements in situations. There are two parts to the superego, that being; the ego ideal – this area deals with rules and the feeling of value, pride and accomplishment from parents/ authority figures when we do things that they approve of. The conscience – this deals with the things that are seen as bad and socially unacceptable. Because we see them as wrong we do not do them from fear of being punished, guilt and remorse.

Erikson
Erikson’s eight psychosocial stages
Erikson's psychosocial crisis stages
(syntonic v dystonic) Freudian psycho- sexual stages life stage / relationships / issues basic virtue and second named strength (potential positive outcomes from each crisis) Mal-adaptation / malignancy(potential negative outcome - one or the other - from unhelpful experience during each crisis)
1. Trust v Mistrust Oral infant / mother / feeding and being comforted, teething, sleeping Hope and Drive Sensory Distortion / Withdrawal
2. Autonomy v Shame & Doubt Anal toddler / parents / bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking Willpower and Self-Control Impulsivity / Compulsion
3. Initiative v Guilt Phallic preschool / family / exploration and discovery, adventure and play Purpose and Direction Ruthlessness / Inhibition
4. Industry v Inferiority Latency schoolchild / school, teachers, friends, neighbourhood /achievement and accomplishment Competence and Method Narrow Virtuosity / Inertia
5. Identity v Role Confusion Puberty and Geniality adolescent / peers, groups, influences / resolving identity and direction, becoming a grown-up Fidelity and Devotion Fanaticism / Repudiation
6. Intimacy v Isolation (Geniality) young adult / lovers, friends, work connections / intimate relationships, work and social life Love and Affiliation Promiscuity / Exclusivity
7. Generatively v Stagnation n/a mid-adult / children, community / 'giving back', helping, contributing Care and Production Overextension / Rejectivity
8. Integrity v Despair n/a late adult / society, the world, life / meaning and purpose, life achievements Wisdom and Renunciation Presumption / Disdain
Alan Chapman. (2006-2013) Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, Available: http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm#freud's_psychosexual_stages. Last accessed 16/04/2013

Trust Vs Mistrust:
Erikson believed that this stage developed at around the ages of 0-1 ½ years. He believed that infants will develop a sense of trust and mistrust from experiences at this age. This linked in with Freud’s oral theory; Erikson stated that if a child does not get the right experience of this then they are more likely to as adults to develop sensory distortion and/or withdrawal from others. Alan Chapman. (2006-2013) Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, Available: http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm#freud's_psychosexual_stages. Last accessed 20/04/13
Autonomy Vs Shame and Doubt:
This stage is linked in with Freud’s anal stage. Autonomy is all about self reliance, and being independent in being able to go by one’s self. When toilet training is being done, the effects of this stage will come into play later on in life as to how they feel about going to the toilet and how they act about it. According to Freud’s psychosexual stage of anal it comes down to how the parents react to the child going. If the child see’s the parent(s) happy about them going then they are more likely to develop with a happy sense about it all and to be more confident, but if the child see’s the parents as not being happy with them then the child tends to grow with a ‘shame’ about going again as the experience from early childhood kicks in. This come in with their behaviour also as Freud would say if the child was applauded for ‘letting go’ then they are likely to be more out spoken with their actions and more quiet with their opinions if they felt it was a bad thing to go toilet. Alan Chapman. (2006-2013) Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, Available: http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm#freud's_psychosexual_stages. Last accessed 23/05/13

Initiative Vs Guilt:
This stage is formed throughout our lives mainly more in childhood from once again how our parents react to different situations. For example in later life an adult who was allowed as a child to go and explore with the exception of the parents will be more out-going and willing to take chances without the fear of being riddled with guilt or fear of disapproval from others. Whereas adults who as children were penalised for doing something more adventurous such as climbing trees or not allowed to explore those different options are more likely to as adults be less willingly to join in, in more adventurous/ daring situations because the experience as a child will kick into play filling them with doubt and/or even a slight fear of being frowned upon for the actions they are wanting to do. This stage from Erik Erikson links into that of Freud’s phallic stage in psychosexual as he talked about the fascination with the genitals and that if we as children get a negative attitude about exploring them then we as adults will become more conscious about them. Alan Chapman. (2006-2013) Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, Available: http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm#freud's_psychosexual_stages. Last accessed 23/05/13

Industry Vs Inferiority:
Erik believed that this stage children who do not get a good response from work in schools and are kept being told, they are not working hard enough, you’re going to fail, then they grow up with believing and thinking that, that is all they can achieve no matter the effort they put into it, it will never be good enough. Leaving them to believe they are not good enough. The development of skills and the competency to be able to do different things such as mathematics and/or playing an instrument comes from support from family/friends and teachers at this age and children who get that develop more abilities as they have been given the encouragement to go through with it and push for what they want.

Identity v Role Confusion:
Identity is all about how one see’s themselves, in relation to their surroundings. Role confusion on the other hand is more of a negative experience as the person is seemed as ‘lost’ in being confused on who they are, whether it’s to do with what their purpose in life is and also to what their role is in society or relationships for some. Identity Erik found mainly came through during adolescence/ puberty. As all the new hormones running through their system’s causing a sense of confusion, he later decided to call this Identity Diffusion. Because as we try and cope with trying to be accepted by others we are also trying to find ourselves and who we want to be and who we are, along with trying to be like others we admire.
Alan Chapman. (2006-2013) Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, Available: http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm#freud's_psychosexual_stages. Last accessed 06/06/13
Intimacy Vs Isolation:
Intimacy is about sexual maturity; Erik explained it like this as it linked closely with Freud’s geniality sexual stage, and that it was about the need for physical and emotional with others such as marital partners in which we associate as children in happy healthy adults. The intimacy comes from us having an in-built need/want to be with others, to build relationships with family and marital partners. Isolation as Erik put it is a feeling of loneliness and withdrawal from others in society and ‘normal’ life experiences with mating and dating and loving relationships. This stage comes into play around the ages of a young adult at 18 until the age of 40.
Alan Chapman. (2006-2013) Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, Available: http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm#freud's_psychosexual_stages. Last accessed 06/06/13

Generativity Vs Stagnation:
Generativity comes from the word generation meaning parents and children. This stage comes into play in adulthood on average between the ages of 30-45. Given the fact that in this stage Erik mainly focused on the childhood development he said and believed that this stage coincided with Freudian’s theory, and that it would be focused more in adults at the age of child bearing age and the parental influence made on their own children and other around them, effectively shaping the future generations.

Integrity v Despair:
Integrity comes from the Ego Integrity, however Erik dropped the integrity. The word Integrity means being at peace with yourself and the world. The link between all the stages is mostly seen here. Erik said that older people are more likely to look back on their life with no regrets and find it happy because they will be leaving the world better than when they entered no matter how small of a difference that may be. Despair is the complete opposite and people who despair their lives from not taking advantage of new opportunities and regrets on not doing something at the time are more likely to pass on wishing they could have a second chance at life and to do all the things they didn’t do the first time round. This is why Erik believed that this stage come to us around the ages of 50 years plus.
Alan Chapman. (2006-2013) Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, Available: http://www.businessballs.com/erik_erikson_psychosocial_theory.htm#freud's_psychosexual_stages. Last accessed 06/06/13

Humanistic Approach:
The hierarchy of needs was developed in the 1940’s-1950 by Abraham Maslow. Even in the twenty first century people still use his hierarchy of needs model to help them understand human motivation, personal development and management training.
The hierarchy of needs is based like a pyramid. Showing that without a good foundation the rest of it cannot be built upon properly. The first steps of the needs pyramid is a good solid foundation built upon the physiological needs of life; food, water, sleep and warmth. When we have fully established all of our physiological needs we can then go on to learn more about our safety needs and comfort, we rely on safety and security for our survival, they include a want and desire of shelter from the environment, health insurance, steady employment and safe neighbourhoods for us to allow ourselves to relax and feel stable and safe. Social needs sit above the need for security as our social needs include; the feeling of belonging and love.
Stretch B, Whitehouse M (Heinemann, 2010)
These needs come above physiological and security as they are not a need for us to survive as we can live without them. The social needs depend on us longing for companionship and acceptance from others so therefore has to come after security as we would find it difficult to feel safe in social situations if we didn’t feel we had a family or friends to help us if things go wrong. When the first three needs have been satisfied we can then start to build upon our self esteems, which is supported by our feelings of accomplishment, social recognition and the feeling of being worth something. Self-actualisation is at the very top of Maslow’s hierarchy as we are not able to get to this stage without having fulfilled all of the other concepts. This is when you become more self aware and less concerned with what other people have to say and their opinions about different situations and when we become more determined to fulfilling any and all potentials within our lives.
Stretch B, Whitehouse M (Heinemann, 2010)
Carl Rogers was born in 1902 and passed away in 1987; he based his work round his interest in the concept of one’s’ self, in which there are two of. The first is self concept in which is formed from an early age made from the judgements of others such as ‘you are a pretty little girl’ or ‘you are a naughty boy’. What we are told when we are younger can become a self fulfilling prophecy for when we are older, as we just give in and give people exactly what they are saying, so if a child is told they are naughty all the time then they are most likely to become more deviant as they become older as that is what people have been stating. On the other hand if a child is always encouraged to do well and succeed in everything that they strive to do then they will develop what is known as a positive self concept and will most likely live up to that expectation. The second self concept is that of our self esteem, in which refers to how we view ourselves. Someone with a high self esteem will feel like that are more valued and have a feeling of importunacy. Someone with a low self-esteem then they are going to feel unvalued and unimportant.
Stretch B, Whitehouse M (Heinemann, 2010)

RELATING TO HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE
Maslow’s work is used in health and social care areas to help with the nursing of people and their basic needs to survive.
The relationship needed between doctors and patients must be at the up most highest it can be to be able to help the patient feel that they are wanted and their feelings valued, this links in with the need for emotional stability, for example if a patient had an embarrassing problem and then get the courage to talk to someone, if the doctor did not hold a professional appearance and laughed at the patients problem then they may not want to go to the doctors ever again which could result in more problematic health problems down the line. Stretch B, Whitehouse M (Heinemann, 2010)
If a person’s basic needs like hunger and thirst are not being met then in areas such as schools they are not going to be able to focus and take in all of what the teachers are trying to teach them because that one major need is not being satisfied so in a way takes over everything else causing a distraction until it is met and satisfied.
Stretch B, Whitehouse M (Heinemann, 2010)