Essentially the central dogma describes the following pathway: DNA makes RNA makes Proteins makes Cell. This suggests that
Essentially the central dogma describes the following pathway: DNA makes RNA makes Proteins makes Cell. This suggests that
4) RNA was the molecule that did it all. Everything started with those molecules. Nothing consisted more than RNA molecules. Like the chicken and the egg example, the RNA could act as either the chicken or the egg and replicate itself. It evolved in the DNA protein…
The flow of information starts with transcription. Within transcription, the DNA molecule holds a nucleotide sequence called the promoter that the RNA polymerase attaches to and begins the RNA synthesis. Through the process of transcription, the RNA strand becomes longer and finally detaches from the DNA strand, wherein the two DNA strands come back together forming the previously continuous strand. At this point the RNA turns…
The first stage in the flow of information is DNA. It stores the necessary instructions for the building of protein. DNA is can be viewed as the blueprints required to start the process. The next stage in the flow of information is the RNA.…
* Transcription: DNA information is transcribed into mRNA giving it its codon structure. Occurs in Nucleus.…
How are self-replicating molecules, such as RNA molecules in the “RNA World” hypothesis, essential to the most popular hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth?…
How are self-replicating molecules, such as RNA molecules in the “RNA World” hypothesis, essential to the most popular hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth?…
Protein Synthesis • Start with primer • New strand is 5’ to 3’ • TATA Box - TTAATTAA • RNA Polymerase - Reads and matches bases (One recipe; only reads leading strand) • Single strand produced; mRNA • Now produced pre-mRNA (You need exon, not intron) • Introns create spaces, need ligase to connect exons to make true mRNA. • Adds a poly A tail (on 3’ side) and 5’ (prime) cap (on 5’ side) used for defense • Leaves through pore to ribosome. • Messenger RNA will attach to ribosome • Transfer RNA comes in (reads in sets of 3) (mRNA - Codon; tRNA - Anticodon = amino acid) • Peptide bonds connect the amino acids (GDP energy used) Creates primary structure H2O is released since it is dehydration • Turns into secondary by alpha beta • Turns into tertiary by H, hydrophobic • S-S, Covalent, ionic bonds • Turns into quaternary structure at Golgi Apparatus. Goes through protein synthesis twice before becoming quaternary structure; both proteins sent to Golgi apparatus to be glued together. Chapter 17 - From Gene to Protein I. History: Genes Specify Proteins ! A. Garrod - Inborn errors of metabolism ! ! 1. Said that genes dictate the production of a specific enzyme. ! B. Beadle and Tatum ! ! 1. One gene-one enzyme hypothesis ! ! 2. Says that each gene produces its effects by controlling the synthesis of ! ! a single enzyme. ! ! 3. AKA: One gene-one polypeptide - pg 311 II. Genetic Code ! A. Triplet Code - Set of three nucleotide long words that specify amino acids for ! polypeptide chains ! B. Codon - Each group of three bases specifying an amino acid. ! C. Nirenberg - Deciphered first codon ! D. There is redundancy (multiple codons for one amino acid) but not ambiguity ! (one code specifies for two amino acids) ! E. Polyribosome - Clusters of ribosomes on same mRNA. III. Protein Synthesis ! A. DNA directs protein synthesis through RNA ! B. mRNA carries blueprint for a particular protein out of the nucleus. ! ! 1. Transcription - Copying of the genetic…
Many don’t know that this information is false. DNA was actually first discovered in the late 1860s by Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss chemist. He found a new compound he called “nuclein” from the nuclei of cells. This is now called nucleic acid, which is the “NA” part of DNA (deoxyribo-nucleic-acid). Earlier, a monk Gregor Mendel conducted a series of experiments with peas, and “his observations turned out to be closely connected to the finding of nuclein,” according to the “Noble Prize” website. He proved that certain traits we inherited in different “packages”, what we now call genes. Watson and Crick were attempting to discover the structure of DNA in the early 1950s at Cambridge University, racing against Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at King’s College. Wilkins and Franklin used an experimental approach to the study, according to nobelprize.org, “using x-ray diffraction to understand the physical structure of the DNA molecule.” Most scientists studying the structure of DNA were using similar methods. However, Watson and Crick used stick-and-ball models, physically building them, to “test their ideas on the possible structure of DNA.” They wasted much time and work at one point, after being misled from Watson remembering a few specific numbers from Franklin’s speech about her new discoveries on DNA. Later, they took a crucial step, and suggested that “the molecule was…
Studying DNA can be extremely tedious and overwhelming. When Francis Crick and James Watson introduced the double helix, it was easy, for scientist, to comprehend the system, but it was rather difficult to understand how the DNA genes made proteins, which is the vital part. To fully grasp this concept scientist had to not only examine DNA, but they had to study RNA as well. The dispute, however, with DNA is that it actually is an elaborate and intricate code where these codes conceal its instructions.…
In this paper I will discuss the three philosophies explaining differences of income in America. The three philosophies I will be discussing is Utilitarianism, Liberalism and Libertarianism. These philosophies are important because it help shows what should the government do about economic inequality. For instance, it helps us understand if the government should give to those in need or let the individuals who work hard keep what they earn. Income in America is very important because it helps build society as a whole. It has been many policies to reduce poverty in America and to reduce income inequality.…
As we in become more evolved as a nation one of the problem that needs to be address is how to response to diverse faith within our healthcare practices. This essay serves to compare these three different religious philosophies: Yoruba, Hinduism (karma) and Buddhism, to a Christian’s perspective. These religions have wide perspectives but one will key in on health management and what to expect from healthcare point of view while caring for these patients.…
In McCloskey’s article his argument starts with the “proofs” that are nonexistent and we should simply abandon our theistic ways and what we consider our “proofs” to be that God does exist. According to McCloskey our world does not reveal the work of an all knowing all perfect being. I don’t know how one who is a Christian cannot get a little worked up when reading this article. That being said, I felt that when I watched the presentation it made way more sense to me than the article did. When McCloskey says that there cannot be evil and good, I disagree very much. How do we know for sure what is moral and what is evil and how do we describe this? As put in the presentation “you know it when you see it”. God is the standard of good. We are given the choice of free will, like Adam we are to be “god like” we have the value and are in god’s likeness but we can misuse our human freedom. Free will teaches us how to learn to react to things in our natural environment and that helps us evolve spiritually.…
Following Confederation in 1867 and into the turn of the century Canada was divided among three competing ideologies. The first being Imperialism, a belief favoured by English speaking Canadians and the Conservative government, that strong British ties held a better future for Canada. Within Imperialism, French-speaking Canadians who preferred Canada to be self-governing and bi-lingual nation within the British Empire favoured a Nationalist ideology. Continentalism was the third philosophy held mainly by Liberal English speaking rural Canadians, which recommended strong continental ties with the United States. The division caused by these competing ideologies is evident in 3 heavily debated events faced by Canada in the late 1800s: the South African war, the naval crisis and the reciprocity agreements with the United States.…
The religion of Buddhism originated in the country of India, however it is now practiced in many different parts of the world. Buddhism is becoming a vastly popular religion throughout the western continents. Buddhist follow a number of beliefs which are outlined in a number of different doctrines out into motion by the Buddha who lived more than 2,500 years ago. The instructions provided in this doctrine illustrate a life of selfless consciousness, void of negative actions. Although, Buddhism encompasses similar religious principles, the foundation of this religion is unlike any other. Through discussion with practicing Buddhists, it is possible to understand…
The Earth has a plethora of organisms that live and reproduce all throughout its surface. Depending on what kind of organism, they go through some processes that others life-forms do not need to do. However, the molecules DNA and RNA, which are found in all living creatures, work together in a certain process that is crucial to existence: the formation of proteins. Although all species differ from each other in various ways, the processes by which proteins are synthesized are the same in all.…