Testicular Cancer Research Paper
1. Testicular cancer is a common disease associated with the male reproductive system. The major symptoms associated with the disease are lumps and/or enlargements of either testicle, aches in the groin or abdomen area and collection of fluids in the scrotum. Other symptoms include enlargement or tenderness of the breasts and back pain. This cancer is diagnosed typically after the discovery of a lump or swelling in the testicles. The swelling or lump is usually discovered when a man gives himself a testicular self-examination. After the lump is discovered, an ultrasound can be done to image the testicles and determine if the lumps are cancerous or not. Also a blood test may be administered to determine the level of tumor markers present in
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It functions to help control the amount of water that is permeable to the walls of the collecting duct, meaning the hormone helps make urine more concentrated. The main factor stimulating the release of ADH is the osmolarity in the blood; which is the concentration of solutes outside of cells. Typically, ADH is released under conditions of elevated osmolarity above a certain level and not under lower osmolarity conditions. This increase in osmolarity is detected by pressure receptors (osmoreceptors) in the hypothalamus. Once released, ADH makes its way to the kidneys where it is able to bind to receptor proteins on cells in the collecting ducts of nephrons. ADH allows water to leave the collecting duct and be put back into circulation. On the cellular level, ADH promotes more aquaporins to be put into the membrane of the collecting duct. This occurs when ADH binds to the receptors mentioned earlier. This binding sends a signal for the cell to produce more aquaporin-2 (AQP-2), a protein known as an ADH-regulated water channel. With more channels available in the apical membrane, water is able to diffuse out of the cell to reduce osmolarity. The overall effect of this hormone is to put water back into circulation to lower the osmolarity of the blood to return the body to homeostasis. The increased osmolarity may be caused dehydration (also increases heart rate) or other things. In that case, ADH helps to return heart rate, water and ion levels to homeostatic
It functions to help control the amount of water that is permeable to the walls of the collecting duct, meaning the hormone helps make urine more concentrated. The main factor stimulating the release of ADH is the osmolarity in the blood; which is the concentration of solutes outside of cells. Typically, ADH is released under conditions of elevated osmolarity above a certain level and not under lower osmolarity conditions. This increase in osmolarity is detected by pressure receptors (osmoreceptors) in the hypothalamus. Once released, ADH makes its way to the kidneys where it is able to bind to receptor proteins on cells in the collecting ducts of nephrons. ADH allows water to leave the collecting duct and be put back into circulation. On the cellular level, ADH promotes more aquaporins to be put into the membrane of the collecting duct. This occurs when ADH binds to the receptors mentioned earlier. This binding sends a signal for the cell to produce more aquaporin-2 (AQP-2), a protein known as an ADH-regulated water channel. With more channels available in the apical membrane, water is able to diffuse out of the cell to reduce osmolarity. The overall effect of this hormone is to put water back into circulation to lower the osmolarity of the blood to return the body to homeostasis. The increased osmolarity may be caused dehydration (also increases heart rate) or other things. In that case, ADH helps to return heart rate, water and ion levels to homeostatic