“In 1857, the highest court in the United States held that blacks in America possessed no rights, could never become citizens of the United States, and that Congress was powerless to abolish slavery.” (Kaczorowski, p. 45) Was this true? Could slavery really never be abolished? In his article “To Begin the Nation Anew: Congress, Citizenship, and Civil Rights after the Civil War”, Robert J. Kaczorowski shows the process of the abolishing of slavery in the United States. Kaczorowski discussed the reactions of the Republicans, Democrats, and the Federal Judges on the major political issues of the Civil War, specifically: slavery, civil rights, and who had authority to enforce a solution? While providing information on these topics, he describes the different roles of 13th Amendment, 14th Amendment, and the Civil Rights Bill of 1866, some of the many decisions that helped form an exceptional nation.…