Psychology final study guide

I. Personality Theory and Assessment
A. Theories of personality:
i. Freud (still never the answer
1. 3 levels of consciousness:
2. Structures of personality
a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
3. Defense Mechanisms
a. Repression
b. Projection
c. Denial
d. Rationalization
e. Regression
f. Reaction formation
g. Sublimation
4. Psychosexual stages of development
a. Oral
b. Anal
c. Phallic (Oedipus conflict)
d. Latent
e. Genital
5. Criticisms of Freud ii. Neo-Freudians
1. Carl Jung
a. Collective unconscious
b. archetypes
2. Alfred Adler
a. Inferiority complex
b. Birth order theory
3. Karen Horney
a. 3 selves
b. Focus on culture iii. Humanistic theories of personality
1. Abraham Maslow and the hierarchy of needs
2. Carl Rogers and conditions of worth iv. Trait theories of personality
1. Gordon Allport
a. Cardinal traits
b. Central traits
c. Secondary traits
2. Raymond Cattell
a. Surface traits
b. Source traits
c. 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PFQ)
3. Hans Eysenck’s PEN Model
4. Jung’s four functions of the mind/Myers-Briggs
5. Costa & McCrae’s Five Factor Model – OCEAN
v. Social cognitive theories of personality
1. Bandura’s Reciprocal Determinism
2. Rotter’s Locus of Control
B. Measuring and studying personality
i. Nature vs. Nurture
1. Minnesota twins studies/Jim study
2. Loehlin adoption studies
3. Cultural influence – Hofstede’s world-wide study ii. Personality assessment methods
1. Observation
2. Interviews
3. Personality Inventories
a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
b. California Personality Inventory (CPI)
c. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
4. Projective Tests
a. Rorschach Test
b. Thematic Aperception Test (TAT) II. Stress
A. Sources of stress
i. Life Changes
1. Holmes & Rahe
2. Social Readjustment Rating Scale ii. Daily Hassles
1. Lazarus & DeLongis
2. Kanner Hassle Scale
3. Lazarus’ Uplift Scale iii. Decision making
1. Stress of having no choices
2. Stress of choosing
a. Approach-approach
b. Avoidance-avoidance
c. Approach-avoidance
d. Double approach-avoidance iv. Stress in the workplace
1. Albrecht’s 9 factors for job satisfaction
2. Burn out
B. Responding to Stress
i. Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
1. Alarm stage
2. Resistance stage
3. Exhaustion stage ii. Lazarus’ Cognitive Theory of Stress
1. Primary appraisal
2. Secondary appraisal iii. Coping strategies
1. Problem-focused
2. Emotion-focused iv. Stress and health/illness
1. Coronary heart disease
2. Cancer
3. Diabetes
4. Immune system changes
v. Reducing stress/ resiliency & hardiness
1. Commitment
2. Control
3. Challenge