plant cell and animal cell

MT301 FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY
END OF CHAPTER 1 & 2
TOPIC : ELABORATE ABOUT PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL
LECTURER : ENCIK AZHAR
GROUP’S NAME :

2. Mohd Alimi
3. Suraya Hani
4. Norhaswana

CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
3
WHAT IS CELL? 4-5
HISTORY OF CELLS DISCOVERY 6
ANIMAL CELL 7
PLANT CELL 8
COMPARISON BETWEEN ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS 9
CELL PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 10-12
CONCLUSION
13
REFERENCES
14

INTRODUCTION
All living organisms are composed of cells. A cell is a small, membrane-bound compartment that contains all the chemicals and molecules that help support an organism's life. An understanding of the structure of cells is one of the first steps in comprehending the complex cellular interactions that direct and produce life.
Cells can be thought of as building blocks of organisms. Some organisms are composed of a single cell. Others, like ourselves, are composed of millions of cells that work together to perform the more complex functions that make us different from bacteria. It is difficult to imagine that humans are descendants of a single cell, but this is a common belief in the scientific world. Before we can understand how multiple cells can work together to create complex biological functions, it is necessary to understand what biological functions single cells are capable of performing on their own to sustain life.
There are different types of cells with individuated structures. Single-celled organisms have different cell structure than multi-celled organisms and plant cells have different structures from animal cells. These differences reflect differences in the functions that each of these classes of cells is required to perform. While the focus of this guide will be on the structures that compose complex multi-cellular organisms, we will begin our discussion of cell structure with a structure that is universal to all cells, membranes.

WHAT IS CELL?
Cell is the structural and functional unit of living organisms.
It is also known as building blocks of life.
It can be divided into two : unicellular and multicellular organisms.

Examples Of Unicellular Organisms

Amoeba

Paramecium

Examples Of Multicellular Organisms

Hydra (animal)

Spirogyra (plant)

HISTORY OF CELLS DISCOVERY
Most cells are too small to be observed with the naked eye. For this reason, even the existence of cells escaped notice until scientists first learned to harness the magnifying power of lenses in the second half of the seventeenth century. At that time a Dutch clothing dealer named Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) fashioned extraordinarily accurate single-lens microscopes. Gazing into the lens of these microscopes, he discovered single-celled organisms, which he called “animalcules” and which, today, we call bacteria and protists.
Englishman Robert Hooke (1635–1703) expanded on Leeuwenhoek’s observations with the newly developed compound microscope, which uses two or more aligned lenses to increase magnification while reducing blurring. When Hooke turned the microscope on a piece of cork, he noticed that the tiny, boxlike compartments of the wood resembled the cells of a monastery. The term “cell” was born.

ANIMAL CELL

PLANT CELL

COMPARISON OF STRUCTURES BETWEEN ANIMAL CELL AND PLANT CELLS

Typical animal cell
Typical plant cell
Organelles
Nucleolus (within nucleus)
Rough er
Smooth er
80S ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Golgi apparatus
Cytoplasm
Mitochodria vesicles vacuole lysosome centriole
Nucleolus (within nucleus)
Rough er
Smooth er
80S ribosome
Cytoskeleton
Golgi apparatus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Vesicle
Chloroplast tonoplast Additional structures
Flagella
Plasma membrane
Cellulose cell wall plasmodesmata CELL PARTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
Nucleus
- Large Oval body near the centre of the cell.
- The control centre for all activity.
- Surrounded by a nuclear membrane.

Nucleoplasm
- is the protoplasm in the nucleus.
- contains genetic material ---> CHROMOSOMES (DNA)

Nucleolus
- is found in the nucleus.
- contains more genetic information (RNA)

Cell Membrane
- the outer boundary of the cell.
- it separates the cell from other cells.
- it is porous ---> allows molecules to pass through.

Cell Wall ( Plant Cells Only )
- non living structure that surrounds the plant cell.
- protects + supports the cell.
- made up of a tough fibre called cellulose.

Cyto Plasm
- cell material outside the nucleus but within the cell membrane.
- clear thick fluid.
- contains structures called organelles.

Vacuoles
- are clear fluid sacs that act as storage areas for food, minerals, and waste.
- in plant cell the vacuoles are large and mostly filled with water. This gives the plant support.
- in animal cells the vacuoles are much smaller.

Mitochondria
- power house of the cell.
- centre of respiration of the cell.
- they release energy for cell functions.

Chloro Plasts ( Plant cells only )
- contains a green pigment known as chlorophyll which is important for photosynthesis.

Ribosomes
- tiny spherical bodies that help make proteins.
- found in the cyto plasm or attached to the endo plasmic reticulum.

Endo Plasmic Reticulum ( ER )
- systems of membranes throughout the cyto plasm.
- it connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane.
- passageway for material moving though the cell.

Golgi Bodies
- tube like structures that have tiny sacs at their ends.
- they help package protein.

Lysosomes
- " suicide sacs "
- small structures that contain enzymes which are used in digestion.
- if a lysosome were to burst it could destroy the cell.

CONCLUSION
Everyone’s body is made of the same basic stuff. All living things, large or small, plant or animal, are made up of cells. Most living things are made up of one cell and they are called unicellular organisms. Many other living things are made up of a large number of cells that form a larger plant or animal. These living things are known as multicellular organisms. Water makes up about two thirds of the weight of cells.
Different cells have different jobs to do. Each cell has a size and shape that is suited to its job. Cells that do the same job combine together to form body tissue, such as muscle, skin, or bone tissue. Groups of different types of cells make up the organs in your body, such as your heart, liver, or lungs. Each organ has its own job to do, but all organs work together to maintain your body. A group of different organs working together to do a job makes up a system. All the systems in your body are like members of a team whose job it is to keep you alive and healthy.
The different types of cells in your body have different, specialized jobs to do. The specialization of cells depends almost always on the exaggeration of properties common to cells. For example, cells that line the intestine have extended cell membranes. This increases the amount of surface area that is available to absorb food. Nerve cells can be very long, which makes them efficient in sending signals from the brain to the rest of your body. Cells in heart muscle process a lot of energy, so they have a large number of mitochondrion, the part of the cells where energy is made.
Like all living things, cells die. The number of cells that an adult male loses per minute is roughly 96 million. Fortunately, in that same minute, about 96 million cells divided, replacing those that died. Just as you shed dead skin cells, dead cells from internal organs pass through and out of the body with waste products. The length of a cell’s life can vary. For example, white blood cells live for about thirteen days, cells in the top layer of your skin live about 30 days, red blood cells live for about 120 days, and liver cells live about 18 months.

REFERENCE http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/biology/chapter4section2.rhtml http://jpsy2011.blogspot.com/2011/02/unicellular-and-multicellular-organisms.html http://www.biologymad.com/resources/Ch%201%20-%20Cells.pdf http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/animals/cell/ http://jgimp.tripod.com/cells.html http://sciencenetlinks.com/student-teacher-sheets/cells-your-body/