Influenzae Research Paper
TOPIC | : | HEAMOPHILUS INFLUENZA TYPE B VACCINE | PREPARED BY | : | A : - MOHD HABROL AFZAM BIN ABD WAHAB ( 06 – 6 – 091 ) | | : | B : - MUHAMAD ARIFF BIN MOHD RANDZAN ( 06 – 6 – 109 ) |
INTRODUCTION
Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) is a bacterial infection that can cause a number of serious illnesses such as pneumonia or meningitis, especially in young children. Hib infections are preventable by vaccination.
SEROTYPES
In 1930, two major categories of H. influenzae were defined: the unencapsulated strains and the encapsulated strains. Encapsulated strains were classified on the basis of their distinct capsular antigens. There are six generally recognized types of encapsulated H. influenzae: a, b, c, d, e, and f.
Genetic …show more content…
CONFIRMATORY DIAGNOSIS
Clinical diagnosis is confirmed in the laboratory by: * isolation of Hib from a normally sterile site such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid, typing should be confirmed by an approved reference laboratory * detection of Hib antigen in CSF when other laboratory parameters are consistent with bacterial meningitis, and when there has been no Hib vaccination within 21 days of onset. * Body fluids and urine may give positive antigen reactions for Hib for up to 21 days after vaccination.
DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEAMOPHILUS INFLUENZA TYPE B * Place * Before vaccines became available, invasive Hib disease was a leading infectious illness among children worldwide. Hib vaccine is routine in the Americas, most of Europe, and a few countries in Africa and the Middle East. * In the 1990s, frequency decreased remarkably, and even developing countries reported a frequency of only 2-3 cases per 100,000 of the population younger than 5 years. * Overall mortality from Hib meningitis is approximately 5%. Morbidity rates from meningitis, however, are high. * Person * …show more content…
Hib vaccine is recommended as part of the Australian Standard Vaccination Schedule for all children at two, four and 12 months of age and for older persons with asplenia.
Before and after splenectomy
Hib is an uncommon cause of post-splenectomy sepsis in adults and children. Children over two years of age who are fully immunised do not require a Hib booster following splenectomy. A single dose is recommended for any other individuals (regardless of age) if incompletely or unvaccinated who have close contact with children less than five years. No booster doses are required.
If possible the vaccine should be given at least two weeks before splenectomy.
Control of case
Intravenous cefotaxime or ceftriaxone may be used for empirical therapy until antibiotic sensitivities are known. Consult the current version of Therapeutic guidelines: antibiotic (Therapeutic Guidelines Limited) and seek expert infectious disease
INTRODUCTION
Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) is a bacterial infection that can cause a number of serious illnesses such as pneumonia or meningitis, especially in young children. Hib infections are preventable by vaccination.
SEROTYPES
In 1930, two major categories of H. influenzae were defined: the unencapsulated strains and the encapsulated strains. Encapsulated strains were classified on the basis of their distinct capsular antigens. There are six generally recognized types of encapsulated H. influenzae: a, b, c, d, e, and f.
Genetic …show more content…
CONFIRMATORY DIAGNOSIS
Clinical diagnosis is confirmed in the laboratory by: * isolation of Hib from a normally sterile site such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid, typing should be confirmed by an approved reference laboratory * detection of Hib antigen in CSF when other laboratory parameters are consistent with bacterial meningitis, and when there has been no Hib vaccination within 21 days of onset. * Body fluids and urine may give positive antigen reactions for Hib for up to 21 days after vaccination.
DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEAMOPHILUS INFLUENZA TYPE B * Place * Before vaccines became available, invasive Hib disease was a leading infectious illness among children worldwide. Hib vaccine is routine in the Americas, most of Europe, and a few countries in Africa and the Middle East. * In the 1990s, frequency decreased remarkably, and even developing countries reported a frequency of only 2-3 cases per 100,000 of the population younger than 5 years. * Overall mortality from Hib meningitis is approximately 5%. Morbidity rates from meningitis, however, are high. * Person * …show more content…
Hib vaccine is recommended as part of the Australian Standard Vaccination Schedule for all children at two, four and 12 months of age and for older persons with asplenia.
Before and after splenectomy
Hib is an uncommon cause of post-splenectomy sepsis in adults and children. Children over two years of age who are fully immunised do not require a Hib booster following splenectomy. A single dose is recommended for any other individuals (regardless of age) if incompletely or unvaccinated who have close contact with children less than five years. No booster doses are required.
If possible the vaccine should be given at least two weeks before splenectomy.
Control of case
Intravenous cefotaxime or ceftriaxone may be used for empirical therapy until antibiotic sensitivities are known. Consult the current version of Therapeutic guidelines: antibiotic (Therapeutic Guidelines Limited) and seek expert infectious disease