History 101

Chapters 5 and 6 Study Guide

1. For the Romans, ___________________ geography made Rome a natural crossroads and an area easy to defend. P114

2. Rome was established in the first millennium B.C. on the plain of _____________________. P114

3. All of the following about the Etruscans are correct p.114-115
a.
settled north of Rome.
b.
adopted alphabetic language from the Greeks before 600 B.C.
c.
had begun to decline by 480 B.C.
d.
"civilized" Rome by turning it into a true city.

4. __________________________ set a precedent for treating its vanquished foes after forming the Roman Confederation by offering the most favored "allied" peoples full Roman citizenship, thus giving them a stake in successful Roman expansion. p. 120

5. ___________________’s conquest of the Italian peninsula by 264 B.C. can be attributed in part to superb diplomacy. p. 121

6. In defeating the _______________________ city-states in southern Italy, Rome had to fight the soldiers of King Pyrrhus, sent against them by the Greeks p. 120

7. The Roman _________________________ was a temporary executive during the period of the Republic and exercised unlimited power for a period of usually six months. p. 117

8. Executive authority or ______________________ during the Roman Republic was held by the consuls and praetors. p. 117

9. As Rome expanded, it became Roman policy to govern the provinces with officials known as ________________________ and propraetors. p. 117

10. The ___________________ in Roman society was the male head of the household. p. 118

11. Originally the Roman __________________ could only advise the magistrates in legal matters. p.117

12. In their struggle with the patricians, Roman ______________________employed which of the following tactics: a physical withdrawal from the state undercutting its military manpower and the formation of popular assemblies to lobby for more political reforms. p. 118

13. The ______________ Tables was/were the first formal codification of Roman law and customs. p. 118-119

14. The following statements about the Roman armies in the early Republic are correct. p.125
a.
All soldiers were citizens.
b.
Most soldiers were farmers.
c.
Soldiers were enrolled for only a year.
d.
In the fourth century BCE there were four legions, each consisting of 4,000 to 5,000 men.

15. The ___________________originated from Phoenician Tyre. p. 121

16. The immediate cause of the First Punic War was Rome sending an army to___________________. p. 122

17. As a result of the First Punic War the Carthaginians were forced to withdraw from ________________________ and pay an indemnity to Rome. p. 122

18. During the Second Punic War , ___________________________ expelled the Carthaginians from Spain and later won the decisive Battle of Zama. p. 124

19. The Second Punic War saw Carthage carry a land war to Rome by crossing the __________________. p. 123

20. The Roman senator who led the movement for the complete destruction of Carthage was _______________________. P.124

21. The result of the _____________________ Punic War was the complete destruction and subjugation of Carthage. p. 124

22. It can best be said that _______________________ imperial expansion was highly opportunistic, responding to unanticipated military threats and possibilities for glory. p.124

23. The head of the Roman religious observances was______________________________. p. 127

24. In Roman ________________________, a right relationship with the gods was achieved by accurate performance of rituals and festivals. p. 127

25. Roman religious practices included:
a.
a college of priests to carry out rituals correctly.
b.
the adoption of certain Greek gods like Apollo.
p. 127

26. With regards to Roman schooling, education stressed training in _________________________ and mastery of rhetoric, or persuasive public speaking. p. 128

27. By the latter Republic, Roman slaves often worked on the Roman __________________. p. 129

28. Roman ________________-class women typically had some independent legal rights and property. p. 131

29. In Rome, the male family head, the paterfamilias, could p.129
a.
sell his children.
b.
put his children to death.
c.
arrange the marriages of all offspring.
d.
divorce his wife.

30. The Romans' most noticeable innovations in art and culture were found in _______________________ and _______________________. p. 133

31. The reforms of Gaius and Tiberius _______________________________resulted in further instability and violence as they polarized various social groups. p. 136

32. The ______________________were a wealthy and ambitious class of Romans who appeared in the late Republic. p. 135

33. _________________________'s legacy and importance was that he employed his personal army in political disputes, paving the way toward Roman civil war. p. 137

34. Among the dangerous military innovations of ______________________threatening the Republic, one finds he recruited destitute volunteers who swore an oath of allegiance only to him. p. 136

35. Cicero:
a.
believed in a "concord of the orders."
b.
was a "new man" of the equestrian order.
c.
was a great orator and capable lawyer.
d.
advocated a balanced government of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.
p. 138

36. Julius __________________________led military commands in Spain and especially Gaul that enhanced his popularity. p. 138

37. The First Triumvirate included___________________________, ___________________________, and _________________________________. p. 138 Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey.

38. By crossing the_______________________, Caesar showed that he was willing to disobey the direct orders of the Senate. p. 139

39. The Roman Senate under ___________________________was retained as the chief deliberative body of the Roman state. p. 148

40. The absolute monarchical powers of Augustus as princeps led to
a.
the usual victory of his candidates in official elections.
b.
the decline of popular participation in elections.
c.
his great popularity, as he followed proper legal forms for his power.
p. 149

41. Augustus held the titles of imperator, ________________________, tribune, and prineps.
p. 148-149

42. The Roman _______________________ guards were elite troops given the task of protecting the emperor. p. 150

43. Under the rule of___________________________, the Roman Empire turned towards an absolute monarchy, with the princeps overshadowing the Senate. p. 148

44. The event that curtailed _____________________________’sexpansionist policies was the defeat by Varus in the Teutoburg Forest. p. 151

45. Romanization in Roman empire occurred quickly in the _________________________. P.158 west

46. Among Augustus' most important actions in the area of Roman religion was his creation of an imperial __________________________. p. 152

47. The city on the Tiber that was Rome's chief port was_______________________. p. 158

48. Livy was best known in the Augustan Age for his _____________________ in 142 books. p.153

49. Ovid's ____________________________ caused great displeasure to Augustus and led to Ovid's eventual exile. p. 152-153

50. The "golden age" historian _________________________is well known for his perceiving history in terms of sharp moral lessons. p. 153

51. The successor to Augustus and first of the Julio-Claudian rulers was_____________________. p. 154

52. The Julio-Claudian emperors varied in ability and effectiveness. p. 154

53. During the reigns of the _________________________ emperors, Emperors took more and more actual ruling power away from the old Senate. p. 154

54. The first of the Flavian emperors was__________________________. p. 154

55. The correct order of the five "good emperors" is ___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________. p.155

56. All of the following occurred during the reigns of the five "good emperors"
a.
being a period of peace for 100 years.
b.
the establishment of educational programs for the poor.
c.
extensive building programs.
d.
being an era of prosperity.
p. 155

57. Trade and commerce in the Early Empire stimulated manufacturing, concentrated some industries in certain areas, was secondary in importance to ________________. p. 160

58. The "good emperor" Marcus Aurelius was regarded as a philosopher king deeply influenced by the principles of ____________________________. p. 155

59. The largest area of Roman innovation in architecture was the use of _______________________on a massive scale. p. 162

60. Imperial Rome's ___________________________shows were government-backed spectacles used to content the masses. p. 164

61. The two Roman cities that destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D. were Pompeii and __________________________. p. 166

62. Among the upper classes of the Early Empire _____________________ had considerable freedom and independence. p. 167

63. The early values of___________________________________, as exemplified in Jesus' "sermon on the mount," emphasized devotion to the values of humility, charity, and true brotherly love. p.171

64. Early ___________________ was molded into a broader religious movement by Paul of Tarsus. p.171 65. The emperor who said, "Live in harmony, make the soldiers rich, and don't give a damn for anything else" was__________________________________. p. 169

66. The late third century emperor who reconquered and reestablished order in the east and along the Danube and who was known as the "restorer of the world" was__________________. p. 169

67. The two Roman emperors who notably persecuted the Christian minority were _____________________ and ________________________. p. 176

NOTE: The correct answers are provided for numbers 3, 14, 25, 29, 35, 40, 52, and 56.

Chapters 7, 8 and 9 Study Guide

1. The Edict of __________________________ was Constantine's document officially tolerating the existence of Christianity. P182

2. The Council of _____________________________ in 325 defined Christ as being "of the same substance" as God. P183

3. The heresy of Arianism questioned the divinity of ____________________. P183

4. In the late fourth century, the Visigoths and other Germanic tribes, were pushed into the Balkans region of the Eastern Roman Empire because of pressure from the ______________________. P184

5. __________________________________, the Ostrogothic king who took control of Italy, was determined to maintain Roman customs and practices in Italy. P188

6. After the death of ___________________________, the Ostrogothic kingdom was defeated by the Byzantines, reducing Rome as a center of Mediterranean culture. P188

7. The Frankish palace official, Charles Martel, successfully defended the civilization of the new western European kingdoms in 732 by defeating Muslim armies in 732 and driving them back to Spain. P189

8. Guilt under Germanic customary law was determined by compurgation and ordeal. P190

9. Frankish marriage customs placed strong sanctions (sometimes death) on adulterous _____________________________. P191

10. The pope who supposedly caused Attila and the Huns to turn away from Rome was _______________. P194

11. The Petrine Doctrine was the belief that the bishops of Rome held a preeminent position in the church. P193

12. Augustine did all of the following: P192-193
a.
write Confessions.
b.
use pagan culture in the service of Christianity.
c.
advocate marriage for the procreation of children as a good alternative for Christians incapable of upholding the ideal of celibacy as a means to holiness.
d.
author The City of God.

13. Augustine's Confessions was written as an account of his own miraculous personal conversion. P192

14. Saint Jerome, is known for all of the following: P193
a.
his mastery of Latin prose.
b.
his skills as a linguist.
c.
his translations of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin.
d.
becoming one of the Latin Fathers of the Church.

15. The father of hermit monasticism was ___________________________. P195

16. The basic rule for western monastic living was developed by ___________________________. P195

17. Benedictine monasticism is characterized by: P196
a.
an ideal of moderation.
b.
the communal life.
c.
isolated, self-sustaining communities.
d.
vows and rules.

18. The "Apostle to the Germans" and the most famous churchman in Europe in the eighth century was ___________________________. P198

19. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent the monk, ____, to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons. P197

20. Pope Gregory the Great was responsible for all of the following: P194
a.
creating the Papal States.
b.
recognizing the Byzantine emperor as the rightful ruler of Italy.
c.
supporting the work of Christian missionaries in England.
d.
becoming Bishop of Rome.

21. The primary instrument of Pope Gregory for converting the Germanic peoples of Europe was___________________________. P195

22. The greatest difference between Irish Christianity and Roman Christianity was in Irish church organization, giving Irish abbots more power than bishops. P197

23. One of the greatest nuns of the seventh monastery, and founder of the Whitby monastery was ___________________________. P198

24. The great Christian scholar of late antiquity, ___________________________________, divided the seven liberal arts into the trivium and quadrivium. According to Cassiodorus, the trivium includes grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic. P200

25. Justinian's military conquests under the general, Belisarius, were ___________________________. P201

26. Justinian's most important contribution to Western civilization was his_________________________. P202

27. The Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) compiled under Justinian was the last Byzantine contribution to the west to be written in Latin. P202

28. The woman whose support put down the Nika Revolt against Justinian's rule in 532 was___________________________. P203

29. The following are great buildings in the city of Constantinople: P204
a.
Hagia Sophia
b.
Hippodrome
c.
Royal Palace
d.
b and d

30. During the period of the Roman Empire, the Arabian Peninsula was dominated by the ___________________________. P206

31. The cardinal principle of the Islamic faith is that there is only God and his prophet is ___________________________________. P207

32. Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 is known as the ____________________. P207

33. The following are similarities between Christianity and Islam: P207
a.
Each of the faiths had a holy book.
b.
Both religions were monotheistic.
c.
Both religions had as part of their scriptures divine revelation.
d.
Both religions envisioned heaven or paradise for believers.

34. The successors to Muhammad's leadership of the Muslims were known as________________________. P208

35. Muslim societies abide by a strict code of law, much of it derived from the holy book Qur'an, and regulating all aspects of Muslim life. This law code is called ____________________________. P207-208

36. The Muslim dynasty that assumed power after the assassination of Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, and moved the capital to Damascus was the ___________________________. P 209

37. In the Early Middle Ages, the cultivation of new land was hard because the forests of Europe were so thick and crude tools of the era made land clearing arduous. P214

38. In the early Middle Ages, Germanic tribes newly converted to Christianity still held pagan beliefs such as trees were sacred beings and could not be cut down. P214

39. The first Frankish king to be anointed in holy ceremony by an agent of the pope was ___________________________. P214

40. Charlemagne's most disappointing military campaign came against the ___________________________. P215

41. The coronation of ______________________________________ in 800 as emperor of the Romans symbolized the fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultures. P218

42. Regarding sexuality, the Catholic Church in the Early Middle Ages could not enforce clerical celibacy. P220

43. Socially and culturally, the church's advocacy of indissoluble marriage resulted in the development of the nuclear family at the expense of the extended family. P220

44. Medicine in the Early Middle Ages and medicine in earlier pagan times used ____________________________________________________________________. P223

45. Carolingian society was marked by all of the following: P222
a.
the use of bleeding to cure illness.
b.
different patterns of consumption of foodstuffs among rich and poor.
c.
the vices of gluttony and drunkenness.
d.
considerable violence.

46. What was the name of the treaty that divided the Carolingian Empire in 843? P224 __________________________________________

47. The division of Europe into three kingdoms after the death of Louis the Pious led to an incessant struggle between Louis the German, Charles the Bald, and their heirs over disputed territories. P224

48. The following statements are true of the Vikings: P226-227
a.
Their iron weapons and superior shipbuilding were largely responsible for their successful raids.
b.
Their raids and settlements aided the growth of fief-holding.
c.
Christianity assimilated them into European civilization.
d.
They came from Scandinavia.

49. One of the most famous Vikings, who discovered Greenland, was ____________________________. P228

50. In Western Europe, the chief political repercussion of frequent Viking raids was an increase in the power of local aristocrats to whom threatened populations turned for effective protection. P228

51. Feudalism of medieval Europe was primarily a complex system of vassalage by which the weak sought protection and sustenance from powerful local nobles. P228

52. The "hierarchical" fief-holding system in which vassals in turn had vassals owing them services was known as ___________________________. P229

53. The major obligation of the lord to the ____________________________________ was economic support and protection either militarily or through grants of land. P229

54. Under ______________________________of the Early Middle Ages the major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to provide military service. P229

55. The _______________________ were originally a single people in central Europe. P236

56. The Swedish Vikings-the Varangians-became known or assimilated with which of the following groups: ___________________________. P237

57. The ruthless Russian leader responsible for tying Russian political and religious ideals to the Byzantine Empire was ___________________________. P237

58. The Islamic city in Spain that served as the Umayyad capital was _______________________. P239

59. The capital city of the Umayyad Caliphate and center of an Islamic empire was ____________________. P237

60. The major socio-political change associated with the ________________________ Caliphate is promotion of judges, merchants, and government officials over warriors as ideal citizens. P238

61. The Abbasids broke down the distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims. P237

62. One consequence of the new agriculture of the Early Middle Ages was the destruction of the ___________________________. P244

63. The "agricultural revolution" of the High Middle Ages was in part brought about by a change from the two-field to the three-field system. P246

64. New technological developments in agriculture improving productivity of foodstuffs included all of the following:
a.
iron hoes.
b.
the use of horse shoes.
c.
the heavy-wheeled, iron-tipped plow (carruca).
d.
watermills and windmills. P245-246

65. List sources of power by medieval farmers? ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________. P245-246 66. The peasant's life during the Middle Ages was largely determined by ________________________. P246 67. The basic staple of the peasant diet was ___________________________. P246

68. The village church was led by local priests who were often barely literate. P247

69. The high number of fights and accidents described in medieval court records may plausibly be attributed to the high consumption of ____________________________. P247

70. Male _____________ of the High Middle Ages were almost solely preoccupied with warfare. P247

71. In medieval thought, women were considered by nature subservient and lesser beings than ___________. P249

72. The main part of the medieval castle was called the ___________________________. P248

73. The knightly code of ethics known as chivalry included all of the following requirements: P250
a.
knights were to fight to defend the church.
b.
knights were to protect the weak and defenseless.
c.
winning glory should be the knight's highest aim and motivating force.
d.
knights should fight for their overlords.

74. Combative tournaments involving knights were considered excellent and necessary training for warfare. P250

75. Marriages among the aristocracy of the High Middle Ages were expected to establish political alliances between families and increase their wealth. P250

76. By the twelfth century, ________________________________ among nobles was not possible except through official recognition that a marriage had never been valid. P251

77. The term "burg" or "borough" referred to a ___________________________. P254

78. To protect their interests against nobles, townspeople often formed ________________________. P255

79. A major motive contributing to the revolutionary political behavior of European townspeople was their great need for unfettered mobility to conduct trade efficiently. P255

80. On the whole, medieval cities tended to be relatively undemocratic; the wealthy usually ruled and voted in civic elections. P255

81. Medieval cities had skylines dominated by the towers of churches, castles, and town halls . P255-257

82. A major cause of pollution in medieval cities was the smell and waste of animals and humans. P257-258

83. The guild system of medieval European cities did all of the following: P259
a.
enforce standards and methods of production for various articles.
b.
fix prices at which finished goods could be sold.
c.
set the numbers of people who could enter key trades and the procedures by which they could do so.
d.
maintain monopolies of production and sales.

84. Drinking water in the cities of the Middle Ages usually came from _______________. P259

85. The first university to be founded in Europe appeared in ___________________________. P260

86. The first university in northern Europe was ___________________________. P260

87. Due to its many cathedral schools, the intellectual center of Europe by the twelfth century was ___________________________. P260

88. Students in medieval universities often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with townspeople. P261-262

89. Concerning the curriculum of the medieval university students studied the trivium and quadrivium. P260-261

90. The renaissance of the twelfth century was primarily caused by circulation in the west in Latin translation of many ancient philosophical and scientific works previously saved by _____________________ scholars. P262-263

91. The renaissance of the twelfth century saw all of the following: P262-263
a.
Muslim scientific discoveries made available to the west.
b.
scholarly receptiveness to the works of Jewish thinkers.
c.
a great influx of Aristotle's writings previously available only to Arab scholars.
d.
Islamic Spain being a conduit of scholarly works from ancient Greece and from the Muslim world.

92. The primary preoccupation of _____________________ was the reconciliation of faith with reason. P263

93. The medieval theological debate between the scholastic realists and nominalists centered around the problem of universals and the nature of reality. P263

94. The Summa Theologica of Thomas _____________________________ raised questions concerning theology and solved them by the dialectical method. P264-265

95. The Song of ___________________ is one of the finest examples of the medieval chanson de geste. P265

96. The dominant style of the church architecture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was ___________________________. P266

97. The following are characteristics of Romanesque architecture: P266-267
a.
churches in this style were built in rectangular shape
b.
massive pillars and walls were required for support
c.
heavy barrel vaults with rounded stone roofs replaced flat wooden roofs
d.
few windows.

98. Gothic cathedrals seem to soar upward as light and airy constructions due to all of the following innovations:
a.
ribbed vaults.
b.
flying buttresses.
c.
thin walls pierced by huge stained glass windows.
d.
pointed arches. P267

99. The Gothic style of architecture emerged and was perfected in ___________________________. P268