Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric, Hybrid
INVITED PAPER
Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles
Induction and switched-reluctance machines can provide the needed characteristics, but permanent magnet brushless machines offer a higher efficiency and torque density.
By Z. Q. Zhu, Senior Member IEEE, and David Howe
ABSTRACT | This paper reviews the relative merits of induction, switched reluctance, and permanent-magnet (PM) brushless machines and drives for application in electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles, with particular emphasis on PM brushless machines. The basic operational characteristics and design requirements, viz. a high torque/power density, high efficiency over a wide operating range, and a high maximum speed capability, as well as the latest developments, are described. Permanent-magnet brushless dc and ac machines and drives are compared in terms of their constant torque and constant power capabilities, and various PM machine topologies and their performance are reviewed. Finally, methods for enhancing the PM excitation torque and reluctance torque components and, thereby, improving the torque and power capability, are described. KEYWORDS
|
Brushless drives; electric vehicles; electrical
machines; hybrid vehicles; induction machines; permanentmagnet machines; switched reluctance machines
I. INTRODUCTION
Electrical machines and drives are a key enabling technology for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. The basic characteristics which are required of an electrical machine for traction applications include the following [1]–[3]. • High torque density and power density. • High torque for starting, at low speeds and hill climbing, and high power for high-speed cruising.
Manuscript received June 10, 2006; revised November 11, 2006. The authors are with the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, S1 3JD Sheffield, U.K. (e-mail: Z.Q.Zhu@sheffield.ac.uk; D.Howe@sheffield.ac.uk). Digital Object
Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles
Induction and switched-reluctance machines can provide the needed characteristics, but permanent magnet brushless machines offer a higher efficiency and torque density.
By Z. Q. Zhu, Senior Member IEEE, and David Howe
ABSTRACT | This paper reviews the relative merits of induction, switched reluctance, and permanent-magnet (PM) brushless machines and drives for application in electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles, with particular emphasis on PM brushless machines. The basic operational characteristics and design requirements, viz. a high torque/power density, high efficiency over a wide operating range, and a high maximum speed capability, as well as the latest developments, are described. Permanent-magnet brushless dc and ac machines and drives are compared in terms of their constant torque and constant power capabilities, and various PM machine topologies and their performance are reviewed. Finally, methods for enhancing the PM excitation torque and reluctance torque components and, thereby, improving the torque and power capability, are described. KEYWORDS
|
Brushless drives; electric vehicles; electrical
machines; hybrid vehicles; induction machines; permanentmagnet machines; switched reluctance machines
I. INTRODUCTION
Electrical machines and drives are a key enabling technology for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles. The basic characteristics which are required of an electrical machine for traction applications include the following [1]–[3]. • High torque density and power density. • High torque for starting, at low speeds and hill climbing, and high power for high-speed cruising.
Manuscript received June 10, 2006; revised November 11, 2006. The authors are with the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, S1 3JD Sheffield, U.K. (e-mail: Z.Q.Zhu@sheffield.ac.uk; D.Howe@sheffield.ac.uk). Digital Object