Describe The Basic Structure Of Penicillins
The basic structure of all the penicillins consists of a thiazolidine ring fused with a beta-lactam ring, creating a fundamental nucleus (also known as 6-amino penicillanic acid) crucial for their antibacterial activity. A wide variety of semisynthetic penicillins are produced by altering the composition of the side chains attached to this nucleus.The molecular formula of penicillin is C16H18N2O4S and weight of 334.39 g/mol, each base with a variable side chain, “R” that differentiates the penicillins from one another. The term "penam" is used to describe the common core skeleton of a member of the penicillins (Stewart, 1994).
The key structural feature of the penicillins is the four-membered β-lactam ring. This structural moiety is essential …show more content…
Penicillin, once it is taken orally, spreads throughout the body. It is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to the plasma (the bloodstream). Once it has reached the plasma, it is distributed throughout the body. Penicillin can be inactivated in three ways: protein binding, metabolism, or excretion. The liver metabolizes penicillin into an inactive compound which is excreted. Large proteins which are normally circulating in the plasma can bind to penicillin and inactivate it. Penicillin is also filtered out of the body through the …show more content…
In general, penicillin these can be given in doses very much larger than those of any comparable biologically-active substance to some animals and to man without disturbing organic function or causing any signs or symptoms suggestive of damage to essential tissue. The dose of intravenous or oral penicillin does have to be quite high to begin damaging functional tissues of the body, but this does not mean that it is impossible to overdose. It has been found that direct injection to highly sensitive areas such as carotid arterial areas and chambers of the eye can be highly toxic. The way it is metabolized in various patients can also have an effect on toxicity, as well as the sensitivity of the patient. As a whole, penicillins as a class are non-toxic (Stewart, 1994). They may acquire direct toxicity from their cations and from substituents such as benzathine or procaine if very large doses are given, though allergies of individuals should always be
The key structural feature of the penicillins is the four-membered β-lactam ring. This structural moiety is essential …show more content…
Penicillin, once it is taken orally, spreads throughout the body. It is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to the plasma (the bloodstream). Once it has reached the plasma, it is distributed throughout the body. Penicillin can be inactivated in three ways: protein binding, metabolism, or excretion. The liver metabolizes penicillin into an inactive compound which is excreted. Large proteins which are normally circulating in the plasma can bind to penicillin and inactivate it. Penicillin is also filtered out of the body through the …show more content…
In general, penicillin these can be given in doses very much larger than those of any comparable biologically-active substance to some animals and to man without disturbing organic function or causing any signs or symptoms suggestive of damage to essential tissue. The dose of intravenous or oral penicillin does have to be quite high to begin damaging functional tissues of the body, but this does not mean that it is impossible to overdose. It has been found that direct injection to highly sensitive areas such as carotid arterial areas and chambers of the eye can be highly toxic. The way it is metabolized in various patients can also have an effect on toxicity, as well as the sensitivity of the patient. As a whole, penicillins as a class are non-toxic (Stewart, 1994). They may acquire direct toxicity from their cations and from substituents such as benzathine or procaine if very large doses are given, though allergies of individuals should always be