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Commodifying Tourism

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Commodifying Tourism
Commodifying Tourism

Ekaterina Dogodkina Elizaveta Medvedeva Shahriyar Humbatov

Assignment paper in International Tourism Management Master Program for the course International Tourism Management held by Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Georg Arlt

|25746, Heide |1st semester ITM |
| | |
|Germany |28 January 2013 |
Contents

I. Abbreviations and Acronyms 2
II. Tables and Figures 4

1. Introduction 5
2. Shopping and Tourism 12
3. Commodification of cultures 18
4. Commodification of Mass Tourism 25
5. Hyper-real commodified spaces 29 5.1. Simulation and hyper-reality phenomenon 29 5.2. American’s hyper-real places 32 5.3. Hyper-real Orient 37
6. Conclusions 41

III. References 42
IV. Eidesstattliche Erklärung 48

I. Abbreviations and Acronyms

MENA Middle East and North Africa
NGO Non-governmental organization
SME Small-Medium enterprises
UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization
WHO World Health Organization

II. Tables and Figures

Figure 1. RSA - critical evaluation…………………………………………………23

1. Introduction

There is a very close connection between the tourism industry and a process of commodification which, by-turn relates to the cultural issues rather tightly. Claire Bougot (2011) states that ‘in most cases, culture is staged to satisfy tourists in order to create an income for host populations; it is therefore commodified’. Cohen (1988 cited in Bougot, 2011)


References: Books and articles Coles, T., 2004 Davis, M. and Monk, D., 2007. Evil Paradises: Dreamworlds of Neoliberalism. Knox, D. and Hannam, K., 2010. Understanding Tourism: A critical introduction. London. Ivanovic, M., 2008. Cultural Tourism. [e-book] Cape Town. Available at: [Accessed 24 January 2013]. MacCannell, D., 2011. The Ethics of Sightseeing. [e-book] Los Angles. Available at: [Accessed 17 January 2013]. Mohammed, S. N., 2011. Communication and globalization of culture. Beyond tradition and borders. [e-book] Plymouth. Available at: [Accessed 17 January 2013]. PDF Clifford, J., 1992 Cohen, E., 1988. Authenticity and commoditization in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 15(3). [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 17 January 2013]. Davis, J., 2003. The Commodification of Self. The Commodification of Everything. The Hedgehog Review. 5 (2). [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 24 January 2013]. Fainstein, S., 2007. Tourism and Commodification of Urban Culture. The Urban Reinventors, Issue 2. [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 24 January 2013]. Friedrich, W. and Sattler, K., 2005. Shopping Tourism in Germany. Impulses in the development of tourism and retail commerce in Germany. [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 9 January 2013]. George, W., 2005. Commodifying local culture for rural community tourism development: theorizing the commodification process. [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 24 January 2013]. Greenwood, D., 1977. Culture by the Pound: An Anthropological Perspective on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization. In V. Smith (ed.) Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. [pdf] Philadelphia. Available at: [Accessed 17 January 2013]. Hook, B., 1992. Black Looks: Race and Representation. [pdf] Boston. Available at: [Accessed 24 January 2013].  Keat, R., 1999 Maccarrone-Eaglen, A., 2009. An Analysis of Culture as a Tourism Commodity. Tourism, Culture & Communication, 9. [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 24 January 2013]. Mairesse, J., 2007-2008. Environmental consciousness in mass tourism: Awareness of mass tourists regarding environmental impacts and alternative forms of tourism? [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 24 January 2013]. Minn, M., 2009. Tourist-Local Interaction on Pulau Tioman: Controlling the Borderzone. [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 26 January 2013]. Shepherd, R., 2002. Commodification, culture and tourism. Tourist Studies, 2 (2). [online] Available at: [Accessed 4 January 2013]. Steiner, C., 2009. From Heritage to Hyperreality? [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 18 January 2013]. The Hedgehog review, 2003. The Commodification of Everything. 5 (2). [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 24 January 2013]. Tubridy, M. and Nair, B., 2000. Tourism and Shopping centers. [online] Available at: [Accessed 4 January 2013]. Tömöri, M., 2010. Investigation shopping tourism along the borders of Hungary – A theoretical perspective. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 2 (6). [online] Available at: [Accessed 9 January 2013]. UNESCO Framework for Cultural Statistics, 2009. [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 24 January 2013]. Zion, S. and Kozleski, E., 2005. Understanding Culture. [pdf] Available at: [Accessed 24 January 2013]. Web sites Baudrillard, J., 1988 Bougot, C., 2011. Authenticity and commodification in changing tourism trends, Tourism Issues & Development. [online] Available at: [Accessed 4 January 2013]. Bruno, P., 2012. How mass tourism is destroying Bali and its culture. Le Monde [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 January 2013]. Corn, R., 2010. Commodification of Culture. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 January 2013]. Davey, A., 2013. The Meaning of Culture. [online] Available at: [Accessed 24 January 2013]. Eco, U., 1986. Travels in hyperreality. [online] Available at: [Accessed 20 January 2013]. MacCannell, D., 1973. Staged authenticity: Arrangements of social space in tourist settings. American Journal of Sociology, 79(3). [online] Available at: < http://www.jstor.org/stable/2776259> [Accessed 4 January 2013]. Prinz, J., 2011. Culture and Cognitive Science. [online] Available at: [Accessed 26 January 2013]. Robinson, P., 2008. The Role of Shopping in Tourism Destinations. Tourism Insights. [online] Available at: [Accessed 4 January 2013]. Shearer, J., 2005. Life in Dubai – a Modern Babylon, The Epoch Times, [online] 13 August. Available at: [Accessed 20 January 2013].
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