civil military
DEFINE THE CONCEPT OF CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS. COMPARE CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS BETWEEN MALAYSIA AND ANOTHER STATES
Introduction
Civil Military Relations (CMR) describes the military and its relationship with the political system and society which it part is of.1 Other scholar such as Huntington in his book Soldier and States dictate CMR as military security policy which together with internal and situational security policies is an aspect of national security policy, working at both the operational and institutional levels. In the laymen word, it describes the relationship between the civil authority of a given society and its military authority. Studies of CMR often rest on a normative assumption that civilian control of the military or military control of the state.2
Civilian government control of the military basically happen in the countries that have developed political culture. Meanwhile, military will use is power to control the government and the state when society’s respect for civilian government are low. In other situation is when high level of external threat creates a massive destruction to the state or people, military will intervention is more likely.
This essay will compare the CMR between Malaysia and Myanmar in order to differentiate and give clear understanding between civilian controls the military or military control the civilian.
Civil – Military Relations in Malaysia
Since independence, the Malaysian elites were determined to put the military under firm civilian control by limiting its role to a servant of the state and shaping the CMR in accordance with the democratic system.3 CMR between Military Armed Forces (MAF) and the civilian authorities has been predetermined by the federal constitution of 1952. The constitution is very clear about the distribution of power between armed forces and the civilian leadership. Article 132 states that the armed forces are part and parcel of the public service.4
The role
Introduction
Civil Military Relations (CMR) describes the military and its relationship with the political system and society which it part is of.1 Other scholar such as Huntington in his book Soldier and States dictate CMR as military security policy which together with internal and situational security policies is an aspect of national security policy, working at both the operational and institutional levels. In the laymen word, it describes the relationship between the civil authority of a given society and its military authority. Studies of CMR often rest on a normative assumption that civilian control of the military or military control of the state.2
Civilian government control of the military basically happen in the countries that have developed political culture. Meanwhile, military will use is power to control the government and the state when society’s respect for civilian government are low. In other situation is when high level of external threat creates a massive destruction to the state or people, military will intervention is more likely.
This essay will compare the CMR between Malaysia and Myanmar in order to differentiate and give clear understanding between civilian controls the military or military control the civilian.
Civil – Military Relations in Malaysia
Since independence, the Malaysian elites were determined to put the military under firm civilian control by limiting its role to a servant of the state and shaping the CMR in accordance with the democratic system.3 CMR between Military Armed Forces (MAF) and the civilian authorities has been predetermined by the federal constitution of 1952. The constitution is very clear about the distribution of power between armed forces and the civilian leadership. Article 132 states that the armed forces are part and parcel of the public service.4
The role
Bibliography: Book Huntington, Samuel P., The Soldier and The States: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations, Belknap Press, 1957. James Burk.Theories of Democratic Civil-Military Relations, Armed Forces & Society Fall 29(7), 2002. K.S. Nathan and Geetha Govindasamy, Malaysia: A Congruence of Interest, Muthiah Alagappa, Coercion And Governance, Stanford University Press, 2001. Maung Maung, Burma’s Constitution, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1995. Muthiah Alagappa. Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the military in Asia. Stanford University Press, 2001. N. Ganesan and Kyaw Yin Hlaing, Myanmar: State, Society and Ethnicity. Singapore: ISEAS, 2007. Zakaria Ahmad, Malaysia in Military-Civilian Relations in Southeast Asia, eds., Zakaria Haji Ahmad and Harold Crouch, New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.