Case Study: Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple
Sclerosis
Presentation
Overview
History and Background of MS
Description of Nervous System
Courses of the disease
Detailed Information on central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Pathophysiology of the disease
Prognosis
Remission
Treatments and Medications Used
Interview With MS patient (Jason)
Bibliography
History
First case of Multiple Sclerosis was found in
England in 1848.
The case itself seems to have began in 1822.
The only documentation that allowed to diagnose this patient was his personal journal. The mans name was Augustus D’Esté.
Born in 1794 and died in 1848
Background
Considered to be an autoimmune disorder, MS attacks the myelin sheaths which surround and protect the nerve fibers. The affected myelin …show more content…
The more amount
•
The mechanism of demyelination in multiple sclerosis may be activation of myelin-reactive T cells in the periphery, which then express adhesion molecules, allowing their entry through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). T cells are activated following antigen presentation by antigenpresenting cells such as macrophages and microglia, or B cells. Perivascular T cells can secrete proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Antibodies against myelin also may be generated in the periphery or intrathecally.
Ongoing inflammation leads to epitope spread and recruitment of other inflammatory cells (ie, bystander activation). The T cell receptor recognizes antigen in the context of human leukocyte antigen molecule presentation and also requires a second event (ie, co-stimulatory signal via the B7-CD28 pathway, not shown) for T cell activation to occur. Activated microglia may release free radicals, nitric oxide, and proteases that may contribute to tissue damage.
Prognosis
MS is not a fatal disease except in rare cases where the stage …show more content…
WebMD, 18 Apr. 0003. Web. 20 July 2012.
•
Numbness, Balance, and More."WebMD. Ed. Brunilda
<http://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/guide/recognizing-multiple-sclerosis>.
Fox, Robert J. "Multiple Sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis. Cleveland
Clinic, 1 Aug. 2010. Web. 20 July
2012.<http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/neurology/multiple_sclerosis/>.
•
Luzzio, Christopher. "Multiple Sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis. Ed.
July 2012.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1146199-
•
Smith, Kenneth J., and W. I. McDonald. "The Pathophysiology of
B. M. Keegan. Medscape Reference, 16 Feb. 2012. Web. 22 overview>. Multiple Sclerosis: The Mechanisms Underlying the
Production of Symtoms and the Natural History of the Disease." The Royal Society 354.1390 (1999): 1649673. JSTOR. Web. 20 July
2012.<http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/56965?searchUrl=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DPathophysiology
%2Bof%2BMultiple%2BSclerosis%253A%2BThe
%2Bmech anisms%2Bunderlying%2Bthe%2Bproduction%2Bof%2Bsy
Sclerosis
Presentation
Overview
History and Background of MS
Description of Nervous System
Courses of the disease
Detailed Information on central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
Pathophysiology of the disease
Prognosis
Remission
Treatments and Medications Used
Interview With MS patient (Jason)
Bibliography
History
First case of Multiple Sclerosis was found in
England in 1848.
The case itself seems to have began in 1822.
The only documentation that allowed to diagnose this patient was his personal journal. The mans name was Augustus D’Esté.
Born in 1794 and died in 1848
Background
Considered to be an autoimmune disorder, MS attacks the myelin sheaths which surround and protect the nerve fibers. The affected myelin …show more content…
The more amount
•
The mechanism of demyelination in multiple sclerosis may be activation of myelin-reactive T cells in the periphery, which then express adhesion molecules, allowing their entry through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). T cells are activated following antigen presentation by antigenpresenting cells such as macrophages and microglia, or B cells. Perivascular T cells can secrete proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Antibodies against myelin also may be generated in the periphery or intrathecally.
Ongoing inflammation leads to epitope spread and recruitment of other inflammatory cells (ie, bystander activation). The T cell receptor recognizes antigen in the context of human leukocyte antigen molecule presentation and also requires a second event (ie, co-stimulatory signal via the B7-CD28 pathway, not shown) for T cell activation to occur. Activated microglia may release free radicals, nitric oxide, and proteases that may contribute to tissue damage.
Prognosis
MS is not a fatal disease except in rare cases where the stage …show more content…
WebMD, 18 Apr. 0003. Web. 20 July 2012.
•
Numbness, Balance, and More."WebMD. Ed. Brunilda
<http://www.webmd.com/multiple-sclerosis/guide/recognizing-multiple-sclerosis>.
Fox, Robert J. "Multiple Sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis. Cleveland
Clinic, 1 Aug. 2010. Web. 20 July
2012.<http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/neurology/multiple_sclerosis/>.
•
Luzzio, Christopher. "Multiple Sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis. Ed.
July 2012.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1146199-
•
Smith, Kenneth J., and W. I. McDonald. "The Pathophysiology of
B. M. Keegan. Medscape Reference, 16 Feb. 2012. Web. 22 overview>. Multiple Sclerosis: The Mechanisms Underlying the
Production of Symtoms and the Natural History of the Disease." The Royal Society 354.1390 (1999): 1649673. JSTOR. Web. 20 July
2012.<http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/56965?searchUrl=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DPathophysiology
%2Bof%2BMultiple%2BSclerosis%253A%2BThe
%2Bmech anisms%2Bunderlying%2Bthe%2Bproduction%2Bof%2Bsy