Automation: The Use Of Control Systems And Information Technologies
Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience.
Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries beyond manufacturing (where it began). Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems. Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st centuries.[1]
Contents
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• 1 Advantages and disadvantages
• 2 Relationship to unemployment o 2.1 Multivariate effect o 2.2 Timeline of concerns about automation's relationship to unemployment
2.2.1 Early in the Industrial Revolution
2.2.2 Later in the Industrial Revolution
2.2.3 During the Machine Age
2.2.4 During the 1950s through 1990s
2.2.4.1 Post-market musings
2.2.5 During the 2000s and 2010s
2.2.5.1 New-market engineering
2.2.5.1.1 Wage-recapture market variant
2.2.5.1.2 Mirror-image market variant
2.2.5.1.3 Implementations
• 3 Other goals of automation (beyond productivity gains and cost reduction) o 3.1 Reliability and precision o 3.2 Health and environment o 3.3 Convertibility and turnaround time
• 4 Automation
Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries beyond manufacturing (where it began). Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by automated systems. Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st centuries.[1]
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Advantages and disadvantages
• 2 Relationship to unemployment o 2.1 Multivariate effect o 2.2 Timeline of concerns about automation's relationship to unemployment
2.2.1 Early in the Industrial Revolution
2.2.2 Later in the Industrial Revolution
2.2.3 During the Machine Age
2.2.4 During the 1950s through 1990s
2.2.4.1 Post-market musings
2.2.5 During the 2000s and 2010s
2.2.5.1 New-market engineering
2.2.5.1.1 Wage-recapture market variant
2.2.5.1.2 Mirror-image market variant
2.2.5.1.3 Implementations
• 3 Other goals of automation (beyond productivity gains and cost reduction) o 3.1 Reliability and precision o 3.2 Health and environment o 3.3 Convertibility and turnaround time
• 4 Automation