Psych Chapter 4 Outline Ap
Chapter 4- Sensation and Perception * Sensation vs. Perception * Sensation- Basic processes by which sensory receptors and the nervous system: Receive and represent stimulus energies from environment, and entails basic psychological experiences. * Bottom-Up Processing- Sensory detection and encoding; construction of whole from parts. * This includes Lines, shapes, angels, colors, items/events that grab our attention * Perception- Interpretation and integration * “Top Down” processing- conceptually driven organization & interpretation of info * Experiences * Expectations * Absolute vs. Difference Thresholds * Absolute threshold- Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
Smallest detectable level of a stimulus * Difference Thresholds- Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
The measure of how different two stimuli have to be in order for the subject to notice that they are not the same.
Signal-to-noise Ratio & Signal detection Theory
Signal detection theory- Predicts how and when we detect presence of a faint stimulus (signal) among background noise.
Signal-to-noise ratio- It becomes harder to detect a signal as background noise increases. This depends on…
Experience
Expectations
Motivation
Level of fatigue Sensory Adaptation
Activation is greatest when a stimulus is first detected
Sensitivity diminishes as a consequence of constant stimulation
(my socks are on, my socks are on…)
Sensory interactions * The principle that one sensory system may affect another (cross-modal processing)
Ex. Smell of food influences taste
When Visual information influences auditory perception (McGurk effect)
McGurk effect- Demonstrates that we integrate visual and auditory information when processing spoken language, and our brains automatically calculate the most probable sound given the info from the two sources.
Smallest detectable level of a stimulus * Difference Thresholds- Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
The measure of how different two stimuli have to be in order for the subject to notice that they are not the same.
Signal-to-noise Ratio & Signal detection Theory
Signal detection theory- Predicts how and when we detect presence of a faint stimulus (signal) among background noise.
Signal-to-noise ratio- It becomes harder to detect a signal as background noise increases. This depends on…
Experience
Expectations
Motivation
Level of fatigue Sensory Adaptation
Activation is greatest when a stimulus is first detected
Sensitivity diminishes as a consequence of constant stimulation
(my socks are on, my socks are on…)
Sensory interactions * The principle that one sensory system may affect another (cross-modal processing)
Ex. Smell of food influences taste
When Visual information influences auditory perception (McGurk effect)
McGurk effect- Demonstrates that we integrate visual and auditory information when processing spoken language, and our brains automatically calculate the most probable sound given the info from the two sources.