Final exam 2012
PSY100Y5Y
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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO MISSISSAUGA
APRIL 2012 FINAL EXAMINATION
PSY100Y5Y
Introductory Psychology
Dax Urbszat
Duration - 3 hours
Aids: None
The University of Toronto Mississauga and you, as a student, share a commitment to academic integrity. You are reminded that you may be charged with an academic offence for possessing any unauthorized aids during the writing of an exam, including but not limited to any electronic devices with storage, such as cell phones, pagers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), iPods, and MP3 players. Unauthorized calculators and notes are also not permitted. Do not have any of these items in your possession in the area of your desk.
Please turn the electronics off and put all unauthorized aids with your belongings at the front of the room before the examination begins. If any of these items are kept with you during the writing of your exam, you may be charged with an academic offence. A typical penalty may cause you to fail the course.
Please note, you CANNOT petition to re-write an examination once the exam has begun.
This is FORM
A
DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE
UNTIL THE PRESIDING OFFICER TELLS YOU TO BEGIN.
Complete the identification portion of your Scantron answer sheet.
A
1. Fill in in the FORM box upper center.
2. Print student number and fill in corresponding bubbles below.
3. Print name and sign upper right.
There are 160 equally weighted questions totaling 160 points. For each question, select the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question and indicate your choice on the Scantron answer sheet. Make sure all intended marks are dark and erasures complete. There is no penalty for guessing. exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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FORM A
____
1) What types of events are included on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?
A. events related to the disruption of personal and social relationships
B. a wide range of events that are generally perceived by most people as aversive
C. work and responsibility related events
D. positive and negative events of varying magnitudes
____
2) Which of the following is NOT a critical property of language?
A. Language is structured.
B. Language is orderly.
C. Language is symbolic.
D. Language is generative.
____
3) Walking through the forest you see a bear. All at once, your heart starts pounding, you feel fear, and you run. Which theory of emotion is illustrated by this example?
A. common-sense
B. Cannon-Bard
C. James-Lange
D. Schachter two-factor
____
4) Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine eating a large, juicy sour pickle. If just thinking about the pickles causes your mouth to water, then what is the term for your salivation?
A. conditioned stimulus
B. conditioned response
C. unconditioned stimulus
D. unconditioned response
____
5) According to drive theory of motivation, if you drink water when you are thirsty, then what is the result of drinking?
A. drive production and an incentive
B. drive reduction and physiological equilibrium
C. need production and an incentive
D. need reduction and physiological equilibrium
____
6) Which of the following appears NOT to be a risk of ecstacy use?
A. It may cause memory deficits.
B. It can cause heart attacks and strokes.
C. It is associated with depression and anxiety.
D. It leads to rapid physiological dependence.
____
7) Chad is an excellent golfer, very good at basketball, competent at tennis, and just started to play rugby. For playing which sport should Chad’s optimal level of arousal be LOWEST?
A. golf
B. basketball
C. tennis
D. rugby
____
8) Which structure of the eye focuses light rays on the retina?
A. pupil
B. cornea
C. optic disk
D. Lens exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
____
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9) Which of the following is a focus of a recent approach to describing variations in schizophrenic disorders?
A. the presence or absence of irrational thought
B. the presence or absence of maladaptive behaviour
C. the presence or absence of disturbed emotions
D. the presence of positive or negative symptoms
____ 10) Sigmund Freud believed that conflicts involving which two areas are especially important and often have far-reaching consequences?
A. sex and aggression
B. sex and self-actualization
C. aggression and security
D. self-actualization and security
____ 11) What was the topic of groundbreaking research conducted by Masters and Johnson?
A. sexual orientation
B. sexual preferences
C. the psychology of the human sexual response
D. the physiology of the human sexual response
____ 12) Which neural pathway has been characterized as a “reward pathway” that is believed to be responsible for the reinforcing effects of most abused drugs?
A. cortical
B. medulla-pons
C. mesolimbic dopamine
D. hypothalamus dopamine
____ 13) Which nervous system is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
A. central
B. skeletal
C. peripheral
D. sympathetic
____ 14) Which area of the brain is associated with the consolidation of long-term memories?
A. hippocampal region
B. hypothalamus
C. cerebral cortex
D. medulla
____ 15) Which of the following are sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioural activity?
A. opiates
B. stimulants
C. sedatives
D. cannabis
____ 16) Two short, fat glasses with the same amount of water are placed in front of a group of children. The children watch as water is poured from one short, fat glass into a tall, skinny glass. The children are then asked, “Does the tall, skinny glass have the same, more, or less water than the short, fat glass?” At what stage of development would a child
FIRST be able to correctly answer that the glasses have equal amounts?
A. sensorimotor
B. formal operational
C. preoperational
D. concrete operational exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 17) What processes is the medulla involved in?
A. sleep and arousal
B. relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex
C. coordinating body movements and balance
D. controlling essential functions such as breathing, circulation, and muscle tone
____ 18) Dr. Santiago is investigating the effect of warm room temperature on aggressive behaviour in preschoolers. Half of the children are in a classroom where the temperature is a warm 88 degrees and half are in a classroom where the temperature is a normal 77 degrees. Dr. Santiago measures the number of hitting incidents that occur in each classroom. In this study, what is the term for the number of hitting incidents?
A. dependent variable
B. experimental group
C. independent variable
D. control group
____ 19) Which research method allows researchers to most easily isolate the effect of both genetics and experience on specific traits? A. family studies
B. twin studies
C. adoption studies
D. survey studies
____ 20) The question “How many uses can you think of for a paper clip?” would be most likely found on what type of test?
A. a problem-solving test
B. a creativity test
C. an intelligence test
D. a reasoning test
____ 21) What is the term used to describe largely unconscious defensive manoeuvres by a client intended to hinder the progress of therapy?
A. resistance
B. transference
C. therapeutic obstacles
D. maladaptive behaviours
____ 22) Which of the following individuals provided a significant influence for William James’s perspective on psychology?
A. Aristotle
B. Plato
C. Sigmund Freud
D. Charles Darwin
____ 23) What is the minimum stimulus intensity that an organism can detect?
A. the just noticeable threshold
B. the detection threshold
C. the absolute threshold
D. the signal-detection threshold
____ 24) According to Sigmund Freud, what differs between conscious and unconscious processes?
A. levels of reality
B. levels of awareness
C. streams of awareness
D. streams of consciousness exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 25) What are you doing if you are using semantic slanting?
A. using an ethnic slur
B. labelling and categorizing other groups of people
C. attempting to persuade an overconfident individual of an alternative solution
D. deliberately choosing words to create a specific emotional response
____ 26) In a fixed interval schedule, when is the reinforcement given?
A. for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed
B. after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
C. for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed
D. after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
____ 27) What is the term used to describe an operantly conditioned response that is very durable and relatively hard to extinguish? A. high resistance to extinction
B. low resistance to extinction
C. high association with reinforcement
D. low association with reinforcement
____ 28) If you were to develop a psychological test to measure an abstract personal quality such as intelligence or extraversion, which type of validity should you be MOST concerned with?
A. criterion-related validity
B. category validity
C. construct validity
D. content validity
____ 29) What is the term used to describe unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events?
A. episodic memories
B. flashbulb memories
C. tip-of-the-tongue memories
D. long-term memories
____ 30) We may forget information because of experiences we have either before or after learning the information. Which of the following is consistent with this statement?
A. decay theory
B. interference theory
C. retrieval failure
D. ineffective encoding
____ 31) In habituation-dishabituation studies examining infant cognitive abilities, how did researchers present the addition or subtraction “problems” to the infants?
A. by showing the infants groups of objects that are covered and uncovered by a screen
B. by showing the infants objects on a table-top
C. handing the infant objects one at a time
D. mathematical statements of the problem (for example “5 + 5 = 10”)
____ 32) What is the key dependent variable measured in operant conditioning studies?
A. the strength of the CR
B. the strength of the UCR
C. the organism’s reinforcement rate
D. the organism’s response rate
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____ 33) During which decade did a major shift in the treatment of individuals with psychological disorders from the public mental hospital system to the community mental health movement take place?
A. 1950s
B. 1960s
C. 1970s
D. 1980s
____ 34) Which of the following is associated with Type A personality?
A. an increased risk of developing cancer
B. a decreased risk of developing cancer
C. an increased risk of developing heart disease
D. a decreased risk of developing heart disease
____ 35) While visiting the art museum, Laura stared at a black and white photograph in a red frame for over a minute. When she looked away from the photograph she saw an afterimage of a rectangle. Consistent with the opponent process theory, what colour was the rectangle?
A. green
B. red
C. blue
D. yellow
____ 36) What is the term for personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behaviour? A. behavioural personality profiles
B. objective tests
C. self-report inventories
D. projective tests
____ 37) Sophia is very worried about development of her daughter, especially with regard to major changes like rolling over, sitting up, and walking. Sophia has been given a list by her pediatrician indicating the median age at which children typically exhibit such abilities. Sophia’s daughter typically exhibits the various abilities approximately 1 month after the ages noted on the list. What should Sophia’s pediatrician tell her about her concerns?
A. Her daughter may have some developmental disabilities.
B. Her daughter is perfectly normal, because the milestones are estimated for males.
C. Her daughter is still developing at a rate that is within the range of normal.
D. Her daughter may be slightly delayed, but so long as she develops each of the skills, it doesn’t matter if she matures a bit late.
____ 38) Darryl suffers from chronic anxiety. He tends to worry constantly and is uncomfortable in a wide variety of situations.
He decides to seek therapy. Darryl believes that if he learns why he is so anxious he will be better able to cope. Based on Darryl’s beliefs, which type of therapy is he likely to choose?
A. behaviour
B. biomedical
C. insight
D. emotion
____ 39) The double blind procedure was developed by researchers because of which unifying theme in psychology?
A. Psychology is empirical.
B. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
C. Our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage.
D. Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
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____ 40) You have observed your friend Kyle have great success in his relationship because he is very thoughtful. For example, he brings flowers for no reason and he offers foot rubs when he knows that his partner is stressed. You know that these behaviours would be beneficial in your own relationship, because you’ve seen how rewarding it is for Kyle, and yet you do not actually employ these strategies. As a result, your relationship is in trouble. What would Albert
Bandura suggest about this situation?
A. You haven’t actually benefited from observational learning.
B. Kyle is not a very good model in this learning situation.
C. There is a difference between acquisition of learning and performance.
D. You don’t value your relationship enough to reinforce it on a regular basis.
____ 41) What is the range of possible values for a correlation coefficient?
A. between 0% and 100%
B. between -10.00 and +10.00
C. between -1.00 and +1.00
D. between 0 and +1.00
____ 42) If you attempt to improve your memory by focusing on attention, levels of processing, elaboration, and visual imagery, you are focusing on which memory process?
A. retrieval
B. memorization
C. encoding
D. storage
____ 43) Critics suggest that the negative effects of psychiatric drugs are not fully appreciated because the pharmaceutical industry has gained undue influence over which of the following?
A. marketing of psychiatric drugs
B. physicians who prescribe psychiatric drugs
C. publicity concerning psychiatric drugs
D. research concerning psychiatric drugs
____ 44) What is the term for the process of locating and recovering information from your memory store?
A. remembering
B. retrieval
C. storage
D. encoding
____ 45) Which stage of memory is best characterized as a “reconstruction of the past?”
A. sensory memory
B. short-term memory
C. long-term memory
D. working memory
____ 46) Which school of psychology emphasizes unique qualities of people compared to other animals?
A. evolutionary psychology
B. cognitive psychology
C. behaviourism
D. humanism
____ 47) According to Alfred Adler, what is compensation?
A. our ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes
B. bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
C. efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities
D. largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 48) What occurs in classical conditioning?
A. An organism’s response is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
B. A stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
C. Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
D. An event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response.
____ 49) Which psychological disorder is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure?
A. Fugue
B. major depressive disorder
C. generalized anxiety disorder
D. bipolar disorder
____ 50) Which of the following represents the MOST accurate description of the type of circumstances that may be stressful?
A. traumatic events such as being in the middle of a terrorist attack
B. everyday events such as waiting in a long line to renew your driver’s licence
C. traumatic events but not everyday events
D. traumatic events and everyday events
____ 51) Dr. LeBlanc became a psychologist in 1925. Which of the following types of psychologists is Dr. LeBlanc most likely to be?
A. an applied psychologist
B. a clinical psychologist
C. an experimental psychologist
D. a counselling psychologist
____ 52) Which of the following is NOT a common methodological flaw to consider when evaluating scientific research?
A. distortions of self-report
B. sampling bias
C. subject effect
D. placebo effect
____ 53) Which of the following is NOT included in your text’s definition of psychology?
A. Psychology is a profession that solves practical problems.
B. Psychology studies behaviour including physiological and cognitive processes.
C. Psychology studies primarily the unconscious mind.
D. Psychology is a science.
____ 54) If a researcher manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable, what research method is the researcher using?
A. scientific method
B. correlational method
C. descriptive method
D. experimental method
____ 55) In which studies were subjects instructed to administer increasingly strong electric shocks to another subject when the other subject made a mistake?
A. Philip Zimbardo’s prison studies
B. Solomon Asch’s conformity studies
C. Stanly Milgram’s obedience studies
D. Daryl Bem’s dissonance studies
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____ 56) Which of Jean Piaget’s stages is associated with the period of cognitive development that lasts from approximately birth to age two?
A. Sensorimotor
B. formal operational
C. Preoperational
D. concrete operational
____ 57) Martin wakes up hundreds of times each night gasping for air. What does he likely suffer from?
A. sleep apnea
B. respiratory deficiency
C. Insomnia
D. Narcolepsy
____ 58) What is a theory?
A. a statement of fact that describes a set of observations
B. a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations
C. the premise that knowledge should be acquired through logical reasoning
D. the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation
____ 59) Which dissociative disorder is characterized by sudden loss of memory concerning a limited period of time, usually after a particularly stressful or traumatic event?
A. dissociative amnesia
B. dissociative fugue
C. dissociative identity disorder
D. dissociative depressive disorder
____ 60) The person who used to sit next to you in psychology class dropped the course because he was failing. Which of the following coping mechanisms does this illustrate?
A. abandonment
B. blaming himself
C. giving up
D. denial
____ 61) An animal species normally active at night would be expected to have a visual system that consists primarily of which of the following?
A. rods
B. cones
C. bipolar cells
D. ganglion cells
____ 62) Kristine frequently hears her food talking to her. In particular, she hears pickles whispering about her whenever she opens the door of the fridge. What is the term for this symptom?
A. delusion
B. hallucination
C. disturbed emotion
D. irrational thought
____ 63) Which psychological approach is often referred to as stimulus-response (S-R) psychology?
A. psychoanalytic theory
B. behaviourism
C. structuralism
D. evolutionary psychology
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____ 64) Which of the following does NOT characterize REM sleep?
A. minimal bodily movement
B. regular breathing and pulse rate
C. beta waves
D. dreaming
____ 65) Which two types of memories are both considered to be divisions of declarative memory?
A. prospective and episodic
B. prospective and procedural
C. semantic and procedural
D. semantic and episodic
____ 66) Which of the following is NOT suggested by parental investment theory?
A. Human males are required to invest little in the production of offspring.
B. Human males compete with other males for the “commodity” of reproductive opportunities.
C. Human females can optimize their reproductive potential by mating with as many males as possible.
D. Males and females may develop different mating strategies.
____ 67) What has been demonstrated by recent research on the anatomical structure and function of the brain?
A. It is more flexible than previously assumed.
B. It is less flexible than previously assumed.
C. It is more dependent on genetic factors than previously demonstrated.
D. It is less dependent on genetic factors than previously demonstrated.
____ 68) Which of the following is a primary focus of research concerning personality development in adulthood?
A. the search for a sense of identity during adulthood
B. gender differences in personality during adulthood
C. the midlife crisis
D. the stability of personality over the life span
____ 69) Which of the following statements concerning short-term memory is FALSE?
A. Short-term memory is also referred to as working memory.
B. The storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately seven items.
C. Unrehearsed information is usually maintained in short-term memory for approximately five minutes.
D. Information in short-term memory is usually stored according to sounds.
____ 70) In the 1950s, B. F. Skinner argued that psychology should return to a strict interpretation of which of the following schools of psychology?
A. humanism
B. functionalism
C. behaviourism
D. psychoanalysis
____ 71) Which of the following is NOT one of the three phases of prenatal development?
A. embryonic stage
B. fetal stage
C. fertilization stage
D. germinal stage
____ 72) What is the term for the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near each other?
A. proximity
B. similarity
C. continuity
D. common fate exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 73) Which component of emotion includes the subjective conscious experience of an emotion?
A. behavioural
B. cognitive
C. perceptual
D. physiological
____ 74) Klara is mildly mentally retarded. Which of the following would you expect of Klara?
A. She may generally be perceived as normal outside a school environment.
B. She will do well in school until just before the end of high school, which is when difficulties will emerge.
C. She will require assistance with speech development.
D. She may require lifelong supervision in order to care for herself.
____ 75) According to research on the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, which route leads to more enduring attitude change and better predicts future behaviour?
A. peripheral
B. central
C. objective
D. subjective
____ 76) Which of the following is NOT good advice for developing sound study habits?
A. Find a place to study where you can concentrate.
B. Set up a schedule for studying.
C. Avoid taking study breaks while studying.
D. Reward yourself for studying.
____ 77) Which of the following is NOT a common heuristic for problem solving?
A. working backward
B. forming subgoals
C. trial and error
D. searching for analogies
____ 78) How long does it typically take a person to readjust his or her biological clock after experiencing jet lag?
A. one day for each time zone crossed
B. two days for each time zone crossed
C. three days
D. one week
____ 79) Which of the following could be considered the motto for the id?
A. “Mom always liked you best.”
B. “Do the right thing.”
C. “We can work it out.”
D. “If it feels good, do it.”
____ 80) Which approach is common among behavioural genetics, the evolutionary approach, and Hans Eysenck’s theory of personality? A. scientific perspective
B. psychodynamic perspective
C. biological perspective
D. behavioural perspective
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____ 81) Because Pietro is high in his need for achievement, which of the following characteristics is he LEAST likely to exhibit? A. a desire to outperform others
B. a desire to master difficult challenges
C. a desire to help others reach their goals
D. a desire to excel
____ 82) Which pair of classes of psychological disorders listed below both show a WEAK influence of genetic factors on the development of the disorder?
A. somatoform and dissociative disorders
B. anxiety and dissociative disorders
C. schizophrenic and somatoform disorders
D. mood and schizophrenic disorders
____ 83) Which neurotransmitter is released by motor neurons and results in movement of the voluntary muscles?
A. Endorphins
B. Monoamines
C. Acetylcholine
D. Dopamine
____ 84) In studies that correlate the amount of inspection time necessary to make an accurate perceptual judgment with IQ scores, what average correlations are found?
A. + 0.20
B. - 0.30
C. + 0.40
D. - 0.80
____ 85) Since one of the main goals of playing the game Scrabble is to use your letters to form long words (the longer the word, the more points you score), Scrabble can best be described as a game that involves which type of problem?
A. arrangement
B. transformation
C. functional fixedness
D. inducing structure
____ 86) What tends to happen to the IQ scores of children raised in substandard environments?
A. They increase as the child gets older.
B. They change very little as the child gets older.
C. They decrease only after the child reaches adulthood.
D. They decrease as the child gets older.
____ 87) Which of the following could be defined as a “group”?
A. all Canadian females
B. registered members of the Liberal party
C. twenty-five individuals who are travelling on the same bus
D. all members of a university soccer team
____ 88) In the Featured Study on priming effects on self-concept, participants tended to judge themselves more harshly when they had been subliminally exposed to which of the following stimuli?
A. the scowling face of someone they looked up to
B. the smiling face of someone they looked up to
C. any scowling face
D. any smiling face
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____ 89) Which of the following has NOT been described as a language-related behaviour exhibited by Savage-Rumbaugh’s star pupil, the bonobo pygmy chimpanzee Kanzi?
A. Kanzi acquired a vocabulary of hundreds of words and used thousands of word combinations.
B. Kanzi developed comprehension of simple English sentences shown on a computer monitor.
C. Kanzi developed comprehension of spoken English.
D. Kanzi exhibited understanding and use of grammatical rules.
____ 90) Emily always talks out in class, often interrupting the teacher and causing disruptions. In order to deal with these interruptions, Emily’s teacher has started to criticize Emily for her lack of control each time she speaks without raising her hand. If Emily’s disruptive behaviour decreases, then the teacher’s methods constitute which type of contingency? A. positive reinforcement
B. positive punishment
C. negative punishment
D. negative reinforcement
____ 91) Which of the following topics have been studied by social psychologists studying the decision-making process of groups? A. cognitive dissonance and groupthink
B. group polarization and groupthink
C. cognitive dissonance and social loafing
D. group polarization and social loafing
____ 92) Dr. McDougall is a researcher who measures blood alcohol level to determine intoxication. In this example, how is
“blood alcohol level” being used?
A. as an operational definition
B. as an independent variable
C. as a covariant
D. as a hypothetical variable
____ 93) What is the role of the soma or cell body of a neuron?
A. It transmits signals toward other neurons.
B. It receives information from other neurons.
C. It contains the cell nucleus.
D. It releases neurotransmitters.
____ 94) What does Hilgard’s dissociation theory suggests about hypnosis?
A. It is found only in isolated individuals.
B. It is an altered state of consciousness.
C. It is a form of role-playing.
D. It is identical to meditation.
____ 95) Which of the following differs MOST across cultures?
A. How individuals use facial cues to identify basic emotions.
B. How individuals experience autonomic arousal.
C. How individuals categorize or label specific emotions.
D. How individuals use cognitive appraisal of a situation to determine which emotion is being experienced.
____ 96) What is the term for strategies designed to enhance memory through the use of either verbal cues or visual imagery to enrich encoding?
A. acronyms
B. mnemonic devices
C. method of loci
D. serial-position identifiers exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 97) At which level of moral development do individuals tend to use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning and behaviour?
A. postconventional
B. concrete
C. conventional
D. preconventional
____ 98) Which of the following is NOT the name of one of the major groups of drugs used in the treatment of psychological disorders? A. antidepressant drugs
B. antianxiety drugs
C. antischizophrenia drugs
D. mood stabilizers
____ 99) According to the biological perspective, what must psychologists focus on in order to fully understand behaviour?
A. the role of the unconscious
B. internal mental events
C. interrelations among the mind, body, and behaviour
D. the adaptive value of a behaviour
____ 100) Which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder?
A. post-traumatic stress disorder
B. hypochondriasis
C. obsessive-compulsive disorder
D. phobic disorder
____ 101) If a person who had received split-brain surgery briefly views “boatXhouse” while focusing on the X, what would the person say that she saw?
A. She did not see a word.
B. She saw the word “boathouse.”
C. She saw the word “boat.”
D. She saw the word “house.”
____ 102) What is the main function of the middle ear?
A. amplify sounds
B. collect sounds
C. conduct sounds
D. convert sounds into neural impulses
____ 103) What is attribution?
A. positive feelings toward another person
B. widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group
C. the process of forming impressions of others
D. inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behaviour and the behaviour of others
____ 104) Which of the following statements concerning prejudice and stereotypes is FALSE?
A. Stereotypes and prejudice are highly resistant to change.
B. Stereotypes and prejudice often persist because person perception is objective.
C. Behaviour that supports stereotypes and prejudice tends to be better recalled because memory is imperfect.
D. Stereotypes and prejudice are often deeply rooted and activated automatically.
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____ 105) Which of the following statements concerning psychological disorders is FALSE?
A. At first glance, people with psychological disorders usually are indistinguishable from people without psychological disorders.
B. People with psychological disorders usually exhibit at least one of the following: deviance, maladaptive behaviour, or personal distress.
C. People with psychological disorders are often violent and dangerous.
D. People with even the most severe psychological disorders can be treated successfully.
____ 106) Which of the following therapies involves the use of verbal interactions between the client and therapist designed to enhance the client’s self-knowledge and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behaviour?
A. behaviour
B. cognitive-behavioural
C. insight
D. biomedical
____ 107) What is the research method in which a researcher uses questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants’ behaviour?
A. case study method
B. correlation method
C. survey method
D. naturalistic observation method
____ 108) To which type of factors do observers tend to attribute actors’ behaviour?
A. situational
B. dispositional
C. external
D. defensive
____ 109) Which of the following is a primary criticism of behavioural theories of personality?
A. They are unrealistically optimistic about human nature.
B. They overgeneralize from animal behaviour to human behaviour.
C. They generally lack scientific or empirical support.
D. They suggest that unconscious forces influence behaviour.
____ 110) Which cells in the nervous system provide support and insulation for other cells?
A. neurons
B. glial cells
C. synapse cells
D. terminal cells
____ 111) The cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of depressive disorders maintains that there are certain cognitive tendencies among people who are more likely to develop depressive disorders. Which of the following is NOT one of those tendencies?
A. attributing setbacks to personal flaws instead of to situational factors
B. ruminating about, or dwelling on, their depression
C. misinterpreting harmless situations as threatening
D. having a pessimistic explanatory style
____ 112) If a psychologist hopes that his research will help to solve some practical problem, his hope reflects which goal of science? A. application and control
B. construction and revision
C. understanding and prediction
D. measurement and description exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 113) According to research on bilingualism, if a language acquisition device (LAD) exists, then when would the LAD be
MOST effective in allowing a person to easily learn a second language?
A. in early infancy
B. in childhood
C. at any age from infancy through middle adulthood
D. the LAD influences the acquisition of only an individual’s first or native language
____ 114) Why was Phillipe Rushton’s research, including his book, Race, Evolution and Behaviour, condemned by most other researchers? A. The topic of his research was insulting to individuals from visible minorities.
B. The conclusions were based on sloppy reasoning and bad science.
C. The research he conducted was unethical and dangerous.
D. The participants in his study were biased and skewed the results intentionally.
____ 115) What is the term for Albert Bandura’s idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behaviours all influence one another?
A. archetypes
B. self-efficacy
C. reciprocal determinism
D. introversion-extraversion
____ 116) Which of the following BEST summarizes researchers’ views concerning subliminal perception?
A. Subliminal perception has no demonstrated effect on behaviour.
B. Subliminal perception does not influence behaviour, but it appears likely to have practical importance.
C. While subliminal perception may influence behaviour, it appears unlikely to have much practical importance. D. Subliminal perception may influence behaviour and it appears likely to have practical importance.
____ 117) Which of the following is NOT a major factor in people exhibiting health-impairing behaviour?
A. Chronic diseases associated with many health-impairing habits often develop many years in the future.
B. People tend to overestimate the risks of their own health-impairing habits.
C. Many health-impairing habits develop gradually.
D. Many health-impairing habits are quite pleasant at the time.
____ 118) When a psychologist compares the symptoms an individual is experiencing to the symptoms of various disorders to determine the specific disorder the individual has, what is the psychologist concerned with?
A. Etiology
B. Prognosis
C. Diagnosis
D. Treatment
____ 119) Assume research shows there is a gender difference on Trait X and males tend to exhibit more of the trait than females. If the gender difference on Trait X is similar to other traits with gender differences, which of the following conclusions would BEST describe performance on Trait X?
A. A few females exhibit very low levels of the trait.
B. A few males exhibit very high levels of the trait.
C. Most males exhibit higher levels of the trait than most females.
D. The average male exhibits slightly higher levels of the trait than the average female.
____ 120) Which of the following is true of efforts to identify the primary qualities of smell?
A. Only two primary qualities have been identified.
B. Four primary qualities have been identified.
C. More than 100 primary qualities have been identified.
D. Results have been unsatisfactory. exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 121) Which of the following is believed of people who are physically attractive, compared to less attractive people?
A. They are more conceited and insecure and less competent.
B. They are more sociable and poised and less competent.
C. They are more friendly, well adjusted, and competent.
D. They are more arrogant, insecure, and competent.
____ 122) If a psychological test has uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of the test, what do we call that test? A. Reliable
B. Valid
C. Normed
D. Standardized
____ 123) Barriers to effective problem solving, such as functional fixedness and mental sets, BEST reflect which unifying theme in psychology?
A. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage.
B. Psychology is empirical.
C. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour.
D. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective.
____ 124) Joyce was severely malnourished during her pregnancy. Which of the following risks is most likely for her child?
A. malformations of the arms and legs
B. a small head, heart defects, and irritability
C. attention deficit disorder and death from sudden infant death syndrome
D. complications at birth and neurological deficits
____ 125) When your psychology professor is lecturing to your class, your professor can tell which students are sitting in the first, second, third, etc., row, in part because students in the closer rows appear to have more distinct or clearer facial feature than students in more distant rows. Which depth cue is your professor using?
A. texture gradient
B. Interposition
C. linear perspective
D. relative size
____ 126) Which component of attitudes is most directly associated with the application of classical conditioning principles?
A. Affective
B. Negative
C. Cognitive
D. Perceptual
____ 127) While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights, Avneet was awakened whenever he entered
REM sleep. When first allowed an uninterrupted night’s sleep, what would Avneet do?
A. sleep for a longer amount of time than normal
B. sleep for a shorter amount of time than normal
C. spend more time in REM sleep than normal
D. spend less time in REM sleep than normal
____ 128) Which pair of individuals would be expected to be MOST similar in body mass index?
A. a husband and wife
B. an adopted child and the adoptive parent
C. two fraternal twins reared together
D. two identical twins reared apart
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____ 129) Which of the following is an example of a stressful situation that involves conflict?
A. You can’t decide whether to go to Florida or Mexico for spring break.
B. You’re stuck behind a slow-moving car on a one-lane road.
C. You have a term paper due the day after tomorrow and you haven’t started it yet.
D. You just took out a large car loan.
____ 130) Which of the following is a useful effect of the relaxation response?
A. decreasing the passivity of responding
B. decreasing immune reactivity
C. decreasing emotional and physiological arousal
D. decreasing cognitive arousal
____ 131) In research on infant attachment, which of the following has been consistently demonstrated?
A. It is truly seen only between infants and mothers, not other caregivers.
B. It is nearly instantaneous, and infants show a profound preference for their mothers within days of birth.
C. It is not prominent during the early months of life, and during this time infants show little preference for their mothers.
D. It is ambivalent in most mother-infant pairs.
____ 132) In group therapy, who function(s) as the “therapist”?
A. a leader chosen by participants of the group
B. the supervising clinician
C. the participants of the group
D. the clinician, along with the participants of the group
____ 133) What do descriptive/correlational research methods allow researchers to do?
A. manipulate several variables at the same time
B. examine whether there is an association between variables being studied
C. draw conclusions concerning cause-and-effect relationships
D. exert precise control over the variables being studied
____ 134) A rapid-response pathway that quickly results in physiological responses associated with emotion begins with the thalamus. Where does it go from there?
A. medulla
B. amygdala
C. cerebral cortex
D. cerebellum
____ 135) Which of the following theorists has promoted a definition of intelligence that is very broad, encompassing virtually any valued human ability, to the point that some critics argue it makes the term almost meaningless?
A. David Wechsler
B. Alfred Binet
C. Robert Sternberg
D. Howard Gardner
____ 136) Which class of psychological disorders is characterized by extreme, inflexible traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning?
A. dissociate
B. mood
C. personality
D. schizophrenic
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____ 137) Which of the following is NOT a psychodynamic personality theorist?
A. Alfred Adler
B. Carl Rogers
C. Carl Jung
D. Sigmund Freud
____ 138) According to Joseph Renzulli, what are the three overlapping factors required for achieving “eminence” in one’s field? A. exceptional intelligence, exceptional support from family, exceptional creativity
B. exceptional creativity, high levels of extraversion, high levels of practice
C. exceptional motivation, exceptional training, high levels of intelligence
D. exceptional ability, exceptional commitment, exceptional creativity
____ 139) Approximately how much does the brain weigh?
A. 3 kg
B. 2 kg
C. 1.5 kg
D. 900 g
____ 140) What conclusion was drawn from the Featured Study on Babbling in the Manual Mode?
A. Deaf infants will have profound language deficits throughout life.
B. Deaf infants will develop greater language capacity than hearing infants.
C. Babbling does not occur as a result of vocal development, but is tied to general language development and can be expressed in multiple ways.
D. Babbling is a byproduct of the development of the vocal apparatus in children, and serves to strengthen the muscles that will later be necessary for speech.
____ 141) If a sound source is coming from your right side, what will your right ear “hear”?
A. a louder sound than your left ear will “hear”
B. a softer sound than your left ear will “hear”
C. a more complex sound than your left ear will “hear”
D. the sound after your left ear “hears” the sound
____ 142) Which of the following pairs are situations in which an animal will give a conditioned response to a stimulus that has never been associated with the presentation of the original UCS?
A. stimulus generalization and higher-order conditioning
B. stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination
C. stimulus discrimination and higher-order conditioning
D. higher-order conditioning and spontaneous recovery
____ 143) Which of the following scores are calculated separately in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?
A. verbal IQ and mathematical IQ
B. verbal IQ and performance IQ
C. performance IQ and mathematical IQ
D. analytical IQ and practical IQ
____ 144) Which of the following is a conclusion of Martin Seligman’s research comparing the effectiveness of different approaches to psychotherapy?
A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder responds best to psychoanalysis.
B. Depression responds best to client-centred therapy.
C. Specific phobias respond best to antianxiety medications.
D. Panic disorder responds best to insight therapy.
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____ 145) What is a schedule of reinforcement?
A. the reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response
B. a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time
C. a pattern of resistance to extinction
D. a description of whether positive or negative reinforcement is in use
____ 146) Which of the following terms is defined as physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a lowered sense of self-efficacy that can be brought on gradually by chronic work-related stress?
A. stress overload
B. job-induced stress
C. burnout
D. a mental breakdown
____ 147) According to contemporary theories of hunger, which of the following is the main focus of research in the hypothalamus? A. stimulation
B. destruction
C. neural circuits
D. anatomical centres
____ 148) Based on past experience, Sue decides not to take her two five-year-old grandsons to the movies at the same time. Sue is using which decision-making strategy?
A. availability heuristic
B. representiveness heuristic
C. conjunction heuristic
D. gambler’s heuristic
____ 149) Which of the following is a loosely connected network of brain structures involved in memory and emotional experiences such as fear and pleasure?
A. hypothalamus
B. reticular formation
C. thalamus
D. limbic system
____ 150) Having a client construct an anxiety hierarchy is a critical component of which therapy?
A. cognitive therapy
B. psychoanalysis
C. aversion therapy
D. systematic desensitization
____ 151) Leslie tends to engage in sex to reduce her feelings of insecurity and to enhance the closeness of her relationship.
Which type of attachment style does this reflect?
A. secure
B. manipulative
C. avoidant
D. anxious-ambivalent
____ 152) If a college student who is struggling to keep from flunking out of school dreams of winning the “student of the year award,” this dream would be MOST consistent with which theory of dreaming?
A. fantasy
B. activation-synthesis
C. wish fulfillment
D. problem solving
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____ 153) Which of the following is NOT consistent with your text’s definition of personality?
A. a focus on an individual’s “consistent tendencies”
B. a focus on an individual’s “uniqueness or distinctiveness”
C. a focus on an individual’s “main motivations”
D. a focus on an individual’s “behavioural traits”
____ 154) Which of the following reflects the predominant view among learning theorists today?
A. Associations can be conditioned between any stimulus an organism can sense and any response the organism can make.
B. All species are capable of learning all the same responses.
C. There is no such thing as “the” learning process.
D. The basic mechanisms of learning are similar across species.
____ 155) What is the term for the most frequent score in a distribution?
A. medium
B. mean
C. median
D. mode
____ 156) What is the severe side effect associated with antipsychotic drugs, which involves involuntary movements?
A. Parkinson’s disease
B. Tourette’s syndrome
C. serotonin syndrome
D. tardive dyskinesia
____ 157) Upon review of three decades of research on stress and immunity, what does it appear that chronic stress is associated with? A. greater immune suppression than that caused by relatively brief stressors
B. lesser immune suppression than that caused by relatively brief stressors
C. initial suppression but then subsequent strengthening of the immune response
D. longer lifespan, due to the impact of resistance on the aging of immune system cells
____ 158) Which of the following is NOT a commonly used technique to measure forgetting?
A. relearning
B. retention
C. recognition
D. recall
____ 159) Which area of language is concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations?
A. vocabulary
B. syntax
C. grammar
D. semantics
____ 160) Which cells in the visual cortex respond to lines of a specific width and angle of orientation that are located at ANY position in a receptive field?
A. hypercomplex cells
B. ganglion cells
C. simple cells
D. complex cells
Submit your answer sheet. Keep this booklet. Answers will be posted on PSY100Y5 Blackboard exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx
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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO MISSISSAUGA
APRIL 2012 FINAL EXAMINATION
PSY100Y5Y
Introductory Psychology
Dax Urbszat
Duration - 3 hours
Aids: None
The University of Toronto Mississauga and you, as a student, share a commitment to academic integrity. You are reminded that you may be charged with an academic offence for possessing any unauthorized aids during the writing of an exam, including but not limited to any electronic devices with storage, such as cell phones, pagers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), iPods, and MP3 players. Unauthorized calculators and notes are also not permitted. Do not have any of these items in your possession in the area of your desk.
Please turn the electronics off and put all unauthorized aids with your belongings at the front of the room before the examination begins. If any of these items are kept with you during the writing of your exam, you may be charged with an academic offence. A typical penalty may cause you to fail the course.
Please note, you CANNOT petition to re-write an examination once the exam has begun.
This is FORM
A
DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE
UNTIL THE PRESIDING OFFICER TELLS YOU TO BEGIN.
Complete the identification portion of your Scantron answer sheet.
A
1. Fill in in the FORM box upper center.
2. Print student number and fill in corresponding bubbles below.
3. Print name and sign upper right.
There are 160 equally weighted questions totaling 160 points. For each question, select the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question and indicate your choice on the Scantron answer sheet. Make sure all intended marks are dark and erasures complete. There is no penalty for guessing. exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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FORM A
____
1) What types of events are included on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?
A. events related to the disruption of personal and social relationships
B. a wide range of events that are generally perceived by most people as aversive
C. work and responsibility related events
D. positive and negative events of varying magnitudes
____
2) Which of the following is NOT a critical property of language?
A. Language is structured.
B. Language is orderly.
C. Language is symbolic.
D. Language is generative.
____
3) Walking through the forest you see a bear. All at once, your heart starts pounding, you feel fear, and you run. Which theory of emotion is illustrated by this example?
A. common-sense
B. Cannon-Bard
C. James-Lange
D. Schachter two-factor
____
4) Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine eating a large, juicy sour pickle. If just thinking about the pickles causes your mouth to water, then what is the term for your salivation?
A. conditioned stimulus
B. conditioned response
C. unconditioned stimulus
D. unconditioned response
____
5) According to drive theory of motivation, if you drink water when you are thirsty, then what is the result of drinking?
A. drive production and an incentive
B. drive reduction and physiological equilibrium
C. need production and an incentive
D. need reduction and physiological equilibrium
____
6) Which of the following appears NOT to be a risk of ecstacy use?
A. It may cause memory deficits.
B. It can cause heart attacks and strokes.
C. It is associated with depression and anxiety.
D. It leads to rapid physiological dependence.
____
7) Chad is an excellent golfer, very good at basketball, competent at tennis, and just started to play rugby. For playing which sport should Chad’s optimal level of arousal be LOWEST?
A. golf
B. basketball
C. tennis
D. rugby
____
8) Which structure of the eye focuses light rays on the retina?
A. pupil
B. cornea
C. optic disk
D. Lens exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
____
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9) Which of the following is a focus of a recent approach to describing variations in schizophrenic disorders?
A. the presence or absence of irrational thought
B. the presence or absence of maladaptive behaviour
C. the presence or absence of disturbed emotions
D. the presence of positive or negative symptoms
____ 10) Sigmund Freud believed that conflicts involving which two areas are especially important and often have far-reaching consequences?
A. sex and aggression
B. sex and self-actualization
C. aggression and security
D. self-actualization and security
____ 11) What was the topic of groundbreaking research conducted by Masters and Johnson?
A. sexual orientation
B. sexual preferences
C. the psychology of the human sexual response
D. the physiology of the human sexual response
____ 12) Which neural pathway has been characterized as a “reward pathway” that is believed to be responsible for the reinforcing effects of most abused drugs?
A. cortical
B. medulla-pons
C. mesolimbic dopamine
D. hypothalamus dopamine
____ 13) Which nervous system is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
A. central
B. skeletal
C. peripheral
D. sympathetic
____ 14) Which area of the brain is associated with the consolidation of long-term memories?
A. hippocampal region
B. hypothalamus
C. cerebral cortex
D. medulla
____ 15) Which of the following are sleep-inducing drugs that tend to decrease central nervous system activation and behavioural activity?
A. opiates
B. stimulants
C. sedatives
D. cannabis
____ 16) Two short, fat glasses with the same amount of water are placed in front of a group of children. The children watch as water is poured from one short, fat glass into a tall, skinny glass. The children are then asked, “Does the tall, skinny glass have the same, more, or less water than the short, fat glass?” At what stage of development would a child
FIRST be able to correctly answer that the glasses have equal amounts?
A. sensorimotor
B. formal operational
C. preoperational
D. concrete operational exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 17) What processes is the medulla involved in?
A. sleep and arousal
B. relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex
C. coordinating body movements and balance
D. controlling essential functions such as breathing, circulation, and muscle tone
____ 18) Dr. Santiago is investigating the effect of warm room temperature on aggressive behaviour in preschoolers. Half of the children are in a classroom where the temperature is a warm 88 degrees and half are in a classroom where the temperature is a normal 77 degrees. Dr. Santiago measures the number of hitting incidents that occur in each classroom. In this study, what is the term for the number of hitting incidents?
A. dependent variable
B. experimental group
C. independent variable
D. control group
____ 19) Which research method allows researchers to most easily isolate the effect of both genetics and experience on specific traits? A. family studies
B. twin studies
C. adoption studies
D. survey studies
____ 20) The question “How many uses can you think of for a paper clip?” would be most likely found on what type of test?
A. a problem-solving test
B. a creativity test
C. an intelligence test
D. a reasoning test
____ 21) What is the term used to describe largely unconscious defensive manoeuvres by a client intended to hinder the progress of therapy?
A. resistance
B. transference
C. therapeutic obstacles
D. maladaptive behaviours
____ 22) Which of the following individuals provided a significant influence for William James’s perspective on psychology?
A. Aristotle
B. Plato
C. Sigmund Freud
D. Charles Darwin
____ 23) What is the minimum stimulus intensity that an organism can detect?
A. the just noticeable threshold
B. the detection threshold
C. the absolute threshold
D. the signal-detection threshold
____ 24) According to Sigmund Freud, what differs between conscious and unconscious processes?
A. levels of reality
B. levels of awareness
C. streams of awareness
D. streams of consciousness exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 25) What are you doing if you are using semantic slanting?
A. using an ethnic slur
B. labelling and categorizing other groups of people
C. attempting to persuade an overconfident individual of an alternative solution
D. deliberately choosing words to create a specific emotional response
____ 26) In a fixed interval schedule, when is the reinforcement given?
A. for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed
B. after a variable number of nonreinforced responses
C. for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed
D. after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses
____ 27) What is the term used to describe an operantly conditioned response that is very durable and relatively hard to extinguish? A. high resistance to extinction
B. low resistance to extinction
C. high association with reinforcement
D. low association with reinforcement
____ 28) If you were to develop a psychological test to measure an abstract personal quality such as intelligence or extraversion, which type of validity should you be MOST concerned with?
A. criterion-related validity
B. category validity
C. construct validity
D. content validity
____ 29) What is the term used to describe unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events?
A. episodic memories
B. flashbulb memories
C. tip-of-the-tongue memories
D. long-term memories
____ 30) We may forget information because of experiences we have either before or after learning the information. Which of the following is consistent with this statement?
A. decay theory
B. interference theory
C. retrieval failure
D. ineffective encoding
____ 31) In habituation-dishabituation studies examining infant cognitive abilities, how did researchers present the addition or subtraction “problems” to the infants?
A. by showing the infants groups of objects that are covered and uncovered by a screen
B. by showing the infants objects on a table-top
C. handing the infant objects one at a time
D. mathematical statements of the problem (for example “5 + 5 = 10”)
____ 32) What is the key dependent variable measured in operant conditioning studies?
A. the strength of the CR
B. the strength of the UCR
C. the organism’s reinforcement rate
D. the organism’s response rate
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____ 33) During which decade did a major shift in the treatment of individuals with psychological disorders from the public mental hospital system to the community mental health movement take place?
A. 1950s
B. 1960s
C. 1970s
D. 1980s
____ 34) Which of the following is associated with Type A personality?
A. an increased risk of developing cancer
B. a decreased risk of developing cancer
C. an increased risk of developing heart disease
D. a decreased risk of developing heart disease
____ 35) While visiting the art museum, Laura stared at a black and white photograph in a red frame for over a minute. When she looked away from the photograph she saw an afterimage of a rectangle. Consistent with the opponent process theory, what colour was the rectangle?
A. green
B. red
C. blue
D. yellow
____ 36) What is the term for personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behaviour? A. behavioural personality profiles
B. objective tests
C. self-report inventories
D. projective tests
____ 37) Sophia is very worried about development of her daughter, especially with regard to major changes like rolling over, sitting up, and walking. Sophia has been given a list by her pediatrician indicating the median age at which children typically exhibit such abilities. Sophia’s daughter typically exhibits the various abilities approximately 1 month after the ages noted on the list. What should Sophia’s pediatrician tell her about her concerns?
A. Her daughter may have some developmental disabilities.
B. Her daughter is perfectly normal, because the milestones are estimated for males.
C. Her daughter is still developing at a rate that is within the range of normal.
D. Her daughter may be slightly delayed, but so long as she develops each of the skills, it doesn’t matter if she matures a bit late.
____ 38) Darryl suffers from chronic anxiety. He tends to worry constantly and is uncomfortable in a wide variety of situations.
He decides to seek therapy. Darryl believes that if he learns why he is so anxious he will be better able to cope. Based on Darryl’s beliefs, which type of therapy is he likely to choose?
A. behaviour
B. biomedical
C. insight
D. emotion
____ 39) The double blind procedure was developed by researchers because of which unifying theme in psychology?
A. Psychology is empirical.
B. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
C. Our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage.
D. Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
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____ 40) You have observed your friend Kyle have great success in his relationship because he is very thoughtful. For example, he brings flowers for no reason and he offers foot rubs when he knows that his partner is stressed. You know that these behaviours would be beneficial in your own relationship, because you’ve seen how rewarding it is for Kyle, and yet you do not actually employ these strategies. As a result, your relationship is in trouble. What would Albert
Bandura suggest about this situation?
A. You haven’t actually benefited from observational learning.
B. Kyle is not a very good model in this learning situation.
C. There is a difference between acquisition of learning and performance.
D. You don’t value your relationship enough to reinforce it on a regular basis.
____ 41) What is the range of possible values for a correlation coefficient?
A. between 0% and 100%
B. between -10.00 and +10.00
C. between -1.00 and +1.00
D. between 0 and +1.00
____ 42) If you attempt to improve your memory by focusing on attention, levels of processing, elaboration, and visual imagery, you are focusing on which memory process?
A. retrieval
B. memorization
C. encoding
D. storage
____ 43) Critics suggest that the negative effects of psychiatric drugs are not fully appreciated because the pharmaceutical industry has gained undue influence over which of the following?
A. marketing of psychiatric drugs
B. physicians who prescribe psychiatric drugs
C. publicity concerning psychiatric drugs
D. research concerning psychiatric drugs
____ 44) What is the term for the process of locating and recovering information from your memory store?
A. remembering
B. retrieval
C. storage
D. encoding
____ 45) Which stage of memory is best characterized as a “reconstruction of the past?”
A. sensory memory
B. short-term memory
C. long-term memory
D. working memory
____ 46) Which school of psychology emphasizes unique qualities of people compared to other animals?
A. evolutionary psychology
B. cognitive psychology
C. behaviourism
D. humanism
____ 47) According to Alfred Adler, what is compensation?
A. our ability to perform behaviours that should lead to expected outcomes
B. bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
C. efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities
D. largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 48) What occurs in classical conditioning?
A. An organism’s response is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.
B. A stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
C. Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
D. An event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response.
____ 49) Which psychological disorder is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure?
A. Fugue
B. major depressive disorder
C. generalized anxiety disorder
D. bipolar disorder
____ 50) Which of the following represents the MOST accurate description of the type of circumstances that may be stressful?
A. traumatic events such as being in the middle of a terrorist attack
B. everyday events such as waiting in a long line to renew your driver’s licence
C. traumatic events but not everyday events
D. traumatic events and everyday events
____ 51) Dr. LeBlanc became a psychologist in 1925. Which of the following types of psychologists is Dr. LeBlanc most likely to be?
A. an applied psychologist
B. a clinical psychologist
C. an experimental psychologist
D. a counselling psychologist
____ 52) Which of the following is NOT a common methodological flaw to consider when evaluating scientific research?
A. distortions of self-report
B. sampling bias
C. subject effect
D. placebo effect
____ 53) Which of the following is NOT included in your text’s definition of psychology?
A. Psychology is a profession that solves practical problems.
B. Psychology studies behaviour including physiological and cognitive processes.
C. Psychology studies primarily the unconscious mind.
D. Psychology is a science.
____ 54) If a researcher manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable, what research method is the researcher using?
A. scientific method
B. correlational method
C. descriptive method
D. experimental method
____ 55) In which studies were subjects instructed to administer increasingly strong electric shocks to another subject when the other subject made a mistake?
A. Philip Zimbardo’s prison studies
B. Solomon Asch’s conformity studies
C. Stanly Milgram’s obedience studies
D. Daryl Bem’s dissonance studies
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____ 56) Which of Jean Piaget’s stages is associated with the period of cognitive development that lasts from approximately birth to age two?
A. Sensorimotor
B. formal operational
C. Preoperational
D. concrete operational
____ 57) Martin wakes up hundreds of times each night gasping for air. What does he likely suffer from?
A. sleep apnea
B. respiratory deficiency
C. Insomnia
D. Narcolepsy
____ 58) What is a theory?
A. a statement of fact that describes a set of observations
B. a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations
C. the premise that knowledge should be acquired through logical reasoning
D. the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation
____ 59) Which dissociative disorder is characterized by sudden loss of memory concerning a limited period of time, usually after a particularly stressful or traumatic event?
A. dissociative amnesia
B. dissociative fugue
C. dissociative identity disorder
D. dissociative depressive disorder
____ 60) The person who used to sit next to you in psychology class dropped the course because he was failing. Which of the following coping mechanisms does this illustrate?
A. abandonment
B. blaming himself
C. giving up
D. denial
____ 61) An animal species normally active at night would be expected to have a visual system that consists primarily of which of the following?
A. rods
B. cones
C. bipolar cells
D. ganglion cells
____ 62) Kristine frequently hears her food talking to her. In particular, she hears pickles whispering about her whenever she opens the door of the fridge. What is the term for this symptom?
A. delusion
B. hallucination
C. disturbed emotion
D. irrational thought
____ 63) Which psychological approach is often referred to as stimulus-response (S-R) psychology?
A. psychoanalytic theory
B. behaviourism
C. structuralism
D. evolutionary psychology
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____ 64) Which of the following does NOT characterize REM sleep?
A. minimal bodily movement
B. regular breathing and pulse rate
C. beta waves
D. dreaming
____ 65) Which two types of memories are both considered to be divisions of declarative memory?
A. prospective and episodic
B. prospective and procedural
C. semantic and procedural
D. semantic and episodic
____ 66) Which of the following is NOT suggested by parental investment theory?
A. Human males are required to invest little in the production of offspring.
B. Human males compete with other males for the “commodity” of reproductive opportunities.
C. Human females can optimize their reproductive potential by mating with as many males as possible.
D. Males and females may develop different mating strategies.
____ 67) What has been demonstrated by recent research on the anatomical structure and function of the brain?
A. It is more flexible than previously assumed.
B. It is less flexible than previously assumed.
C. It is more dependent on genetic factors than previously demonstrated.
D. It is less dependent on genetic factors than previously demonstrated.
____ 68) Which of the following is a primary focus of research concerning personality development in adulthood?
A. the search for a sense of identity during adulthood
B. gender differences in personality during adulthood
C. the midlife crisis
D. the stability of personality over the life span
____ 69) Which of the following statements concerning short-term memory is FALSE?
A. Short-term memory is also referred to as working memory.
B. The storage capacity of short-term memory is approximately seven items.
C. Unrehearsed information is usually maintained in short-term memory for approximately five minutes.
D. Information in short-term memory is usually stored according to sounds.
____ 70) In the 1950s, B. F. Skinner argued that psychology should return to a strict interpretation of which of the following schools of psychology?
A. humanism
B. functionalism
C. behaviourism
D. psychoanalysis
____ 71) Which of the following is NOT one of the three phases of prenatal development?
A. embryonic stage
B. fetal stage
C. fertilization stage
D. germinal stage
____ 72) What is the term for the perceptual tendency to group together objects that are near each other?
A. proximity
B. similarity
C. continuity
D. common fate exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 73) Which component of emotion includes the subjective conscious experience of an emotion?
A. behavioural
B. cognitive
C. perceptual
D. physiological
____ 74) Klara is mildly mentally retarded. Which of the following would you expect of Klara?
A. She may generally be perceived as normal outside a school environment.
B. She will do well in school until just before the end of high school, which is when difficulties will emerge.
C. She will require assistance with speech development.
D. She may require lifelong supervision in order to care for herself.
____ 75) According to research on the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, which route leads to more enduring attitude change and better predicts future behaviour?
A. peripheral
B. central
C. objective
D. subjective
____ 76) Which of the following is NOT good advice for developing sound study habits?
A. Find a place to study where you can concentrate.
B. Set up a schedule for studying.
C. Avoid taking study breaks while studying.
D. Reward yourself for studying.
____ 77) Which of the following is NOT a common heuristic for problem solving?
A. working backward
B. forming subgoals
C. trial and error
D. searching for analogies
____ 78) How long does it typically take a person to readjust his or her biological clock after experiencing jet lag?
A. one day for each time zone crossed
B. two days for each time zone crossed
C. three days
D. one week
____ 79) Which of the following could be considered the motto for the id?
A. “Mom always liked you best.”
B. “Do the right thing.”
C. “We can work it out.”
D. “If it feels good, do it.”
____ 80) Which approach is common among behavioural genetics, the evolutionary approach, and Hans Eysenck’s theory of personality? A. scientific perspective
B. psychodynamic perspective
C. biological perspective
D. behavioural perspective
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____ 81) Because Pietro is high in his need for achievement, which of the following characteristics is he LEAST likely to exhibit? A. a desire to outperform others
B. a desire to master difficult challenges
C. a desire to help others reach their goals
D. a desire to excel
____ 82) Which pair of classes of psychological disorders listed below both show a WEAK influence of genetic factors on the development of the disorder?
A. somatoform and dissociative disorders
B. anxiety and dissociative disorders
C. schizophrenic and somatoform disorders
D. mood and schizophrenic disorders
____ 83) Which neurotransmitter is released by motor neurons and results in movement of the voluntary muscles?
A. Endorphins
B. Monoamines
C. Acetylcholine
D. Dopamine
____ 84) In studies that correlate the amount of inspection time necessary to make an accurate perceptual judgment with IQ scores, what average correlations are found?
A. + 0.20
B. - 0.30
C. + 0.40
D. - 0.80
____ 85) Since one of the main goals of playing the game Scrabble is to use your letters to form long words (the longer the word, the more points you score), Scrabble can best be described as a game that involves which type of problem?
A. arrangement
B. transformation
C. functional fixedness
D. inducing structure
____ 86) What tends to happen to the IQ scores of children raised in substandard environments?
A. They increase as the child gets older.
B. They change very little as the child gets older.
C. They decrease only after the child reaches adulthood.
D. They decrease as the child gets older.
____ 87) Which of the following could be defined as a “group”?
A. all Canadian females
B. registered members of the Liberal party
C. twenty-five individuals who are travelling on the same bus
D. all members of a university soccer team
____ 88) In the Featured Study on priming effects on self-concept, participants tended to judge themselves more harshly when they had been subliminally exposed to which of the following stimuli?
A. the scowling face of someone they looked up to
B. the smiling face of someone they looked up to
C. any scowling face
D. any smiling face
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____ 89) Which of the following has NOT been described as a language-related behaviour exhibited by Savage-Rumbaugh’s star pupil, the bonobo pygmy chimpanzee Kanzi?
A. Kanzi acquired a vocabulary of hundreds of words and used thousands of word combinations.
B. Kanzi developed comprehension of simple English sentences shown on a computer monitor.
C. Kanzi developed comprehension of spoken English.
D. Kanzi exhibited understanding and use of grammatical rules.
____ 90) Emily always talks out in class, often interrupting the teacher and causing disruptions. In order to deal with these interruptions, Emily’s teacher has started to criticize Emily for her lack of control each time she speaks without raising her hand. If Emily’s disruptive behaviour decreases, then the teacher’s methods constitute which type of contingency? A. positive reinforcement
B. positive punishment
C. negative punishment
D. negative reinforcement
____ 91) Which of the following topics have been studied by social psychologists studying the decision-making process of groups? A. cognitive dissonance and groupthink
B. group polarization and groupthink
C. cognitive dissonance and social loafing
D. group polarization and social loafing
____ 92) Dr. McDougall is a researcher who measures blood alcohol level to determine intoxication. In this example, how is
“blood alcohol level” being used?
A. as an operational definition
B. as an independent variable
C. as a covariant
D. as a hypothetical variable
____ 93) What is the role of the soma or cell body of a neuron?
A. It transmits signals toward other neurons.
B. It receives information from other neurons.
C. It contains the cell nucleus.
D. It releases neurotransmitters.
____ 94) What does Hilgard’s dissociation theory suggests about hypnosis?
A. It is found only in isolated individuals.
B. It is an altered state of consciousness.
C. It is a form of role-playing.
D. It is identical to meditation.
____ 95) Which of the following differs MOST across cultures?
A. How individuals use facial cues to identify basic emotions.
B. How individuals experience autonomic arousal.
C. How individuals categorize or label specific emotions.
D. How individuals use cognitive appraisal of a situation to determine which emotion is being experienced.
____ 96) What is the term for strategies designed to enhance memory through the use of either verbal cues or visual imagery to enrich encoding?
A. acronyms
B. mnemonic devices
C. method of loci
D. serial-position identifiers exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 97) At which level of moral development do individuals tend to use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning and behaviour?
A. postconventional
B. concrete
C. conventional
D. preconventional
____ 98) Which of the following is NOT the name of one of the major groups of drugs used in the treatment of psychological disorders? A. antidepressant drugs
B. antianxiety drugs
C. antischizophrenia drugs
D. mood stabilizers
____ 99) According to the biological perspective, what must psychologists focus on in order to fully understand behaviour?
A. the role of the unconscious
B. internal mental events
C. interrelations among the mind, body, and behaviour
D. the adaptive value of a behaviour
____ 100) Which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder?
A. post-traumatic stress disorder
B. hypochondriasis
C. obsessive-compulsive disorder
D. phobic disorder
____ 101) If a person who had received split-brain surgery briefly views “boatXhouse” while focusing on the X, what would the person say that she saw?
A. She did not see a word.
B. She saw the word “boathouse.”
C. She saw the word “boat.”
D. She saw the word “house.”
____ 102) What is the main function of the middle ear?
A. amplify sounds
B. collect sounds
C. conduct sounds
D. convert sounds into neural impulses
____ 103) What is attribution?
A. positive feelings toward another person
B. widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group
C. the process of forming impressions of others
D. inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behaviour and the behaviour of others
____ 104) Which of the following statements concerning prejudice and stereotypes is FALSE?
A. Stereotypes and prejudice are highly resistant to change.
B. Stereotypes and prejudice often persist because person perception is objective.
C. Behaviour that supports stereotypes and prejudice tends to be better recalled because memory is imperfect.
D. Stereotypes and prejudice are often deeply rooted and activated automatically.
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____ 105) Which of the following statements concerning psychological disorders is FALSE?
A. At first glance, people with psychological disorders usually are indistinguishable from people without psychological disorders.
B. People with psychological disorders usually exhibit at least one of the following: deviance, maladaptive behaviour, or personal distress.
C. People with psychological disorders are often violent and dangerous.
D. People with even the most severe psychological disorders can be treated successfully.
____ 106) Which of the following therapies involves the use of verbal interactions between the client and therapist designed to enhance the client’s self-knowledge and thus promote healthful changes in personality and behaviour?
A. behaviour
B. cognitive-behavioural
C. insight
D. biomedical
____ 107) What is the research method in which a researcher uses questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants’ behaviour?
A. case study method
B. correlation method
C. survey method
D. naturalistic observation method
____ 108) To which type of factors do observers tend to attribute actors’ behaviour?
A. situational
B. dispositional
C. external
D. defensive
____ 109) Which of the following is a primary criticism of behavioural theories of personality?
A. They are unrealistically optimistic about human nature.
B. They overgeneralize from animal behaviour to human behaviour.
C. They generally lack scientific or empirical support.
D. They suggest that unconscious forces influence behaviour.
____ 110) Which cells in the nervous system provide support and insulation for other cells?
A. neurons
B. glial cells
C. synapse cells
D. terminal cells
____ 111) The cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of depressive disorders maintains that there are certain cognitive tendencies among people who are more likely to develop depressive disorders. Which of the following is NOT one of those tendencies?
A. attributing setbacks to personal flaws instead of to situational factors
B. ruminating about, or dwelling on, their depression
C. misinterpreting harmless situations as threatening
D. having a pessimistic explanatory style
____ 112) If a psychologist hopes that his research will help to solve some practical problem, his hope reflects which goal of science? A. application and control
B. construction and revision
C. understanding and prediction
D. measurement and description exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 113) According to research on bilingualism, if a language acquisition device (LAD) exists, then when would the LAD be
MOST effective in allowing a person to easily learn a second language?
A. in early infancy
B. in childhood
C. at any age from infancy through middle adulthood
D. the LAD influences the acquisition of only an individual’s first or native language
____ 114) Why was Phillipe Rushton’s research, including his book, Race, Evolution and Behaviour, condemned by most other researchers? A. The topic of his research was insulting to individuals from visible minorities.
B. The conclusions were based on sloppy reasoning and bad science.
C. The research he conducted was unethical and dangerous.
D. The participants in his study were biased and skewed the results intentionally.
____ 115) What is the term for Albert Bandura’s idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behaviours all influence one another?
A. archetypes
B. self-efficacy
C. reciprocal determinism
D. introversion-extraversion
____ 116) Which of the following BEST summarizes researchers’ views concerning subliminal perception?
A. Subliminal perception has no demonstrated effect on behaviour.
B. Subliminal perception does not influence behaviour, but it appears likely to have practical importance.
C. While subliminal perception may influence behaviour, it appears unlikely to have much practical importance. D. Subliminal perception may influence behaviour and it appears likely to have practical importance.
____ 117) Which of the following is NOT a major factor in people exhibiting health-impairing behaviour?
A. Chronic diseases associated with many health-impairing habits often develop many years in the future.
B. People tend to overestimate the risks of their own health-impairing habits.
C. Many health-impairing habits develop gradually.
D. Many health-impairing habits are quite pleasant at the time.
____ 118) When a psychologist compares the symptoms an individual is experiencing to the symptoms of various disorders to determine the specific disorder the individual has, what is the psychologist concerned with?
A. Etiology
B. Prognosis
C. Diagnosis
D. Treatment
____ 119) Assume research shows there is a gender difference on Trait X and males tend to exhibit more of the trait than females. If the gender difference on Trait X is similar to other traits with gender differences, which of the following conclusions would BEST describe performance on Trait X?
A. A few females exhibit very low levels of the trait.
B. A few males exhibit very high levels of the trait.
C. Most males exhibit higher levels of the trait than most females.
D. The average male exhibits slightly higher levels of the trait than the average female.
____ 120) Which of the following is true of efforts to identify the primary qualities of smell?
A. Only two primary qualities have been identified.
B. Four primary qualities have been identified.
C. More than 100 primary qualities have been identified.
D. Results have been unsatisfactory. exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx PSY100Y5Y
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____ 121) Which of the following is believed of people who are physically attractive, compared to less attractive people?
A. They are more conceited and insecure and less competent.
B. They are more sociable and poised and less competent.
C. They are more friendly, well adjusted, and competent.
D. They are more arrogant, insecure, and competent.
____ 122) If a psychological test has uniform procedures used in the administration and scoring of the test, what do we call that test? A. Reliable
B. Valid
C. Normed
D. Standardized
____ 123) Barriers to effective problem solving, such as functional fixedness and mental sets, BEST reflect which unifying theme in psychology?
A. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage.
B. Psychology is empirical.
C. Heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour.
D. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective.
____ 124) Joyce was severely malnourished during her pregnancy. Which of the following risks is most likely for her child?
A. malformations of the arms and legs
B. a small head, heart defects, and irritability
C. attention deficit disorder and death from sudden infant death syndrome
D. complications at birth and neurological deficits
____ 125) When your psychology professor is lecturing to your class, your professor can tell which students are sitting in the first, second, third, etc., row, in part because students in the closer rows appear to have more distinct or clearer facial feature than students in more distant rows. Which depth cue is your professor using?
A. texture gradient
B. Interposition
C. linear perspective
D. relative size
____ 126) Which component of attitudes is most directly associated with the application of classical conditioning principles?
A. Affective
B. Negative
C. Cognitive
D. Perceptual
____ 127) While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights, Avneet was awakened whenever he entered
REM sleep. When first allowed an uninterrupted night’s sleep, what would Avneet do?
A. sleep for a longer amount of time than normal
B. sleep for a shorter amount of time than normal
C. spend more time in REM sleep than normal
D. spend less time in REM sleep than normal
____ 128) Which pair of individuals would be expected to be MOST similar in body mass index?
A. a husband and wife
B. an adopted child and the adoptive parent
C. two fraternal twins reared together
D. two identical twins reared apart
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____ 129) Which of the following is an example of a stressful situation that involves conflict?
A. You can’t decide whether to go to Florida or Mexico for spring break.
B. You’re stuck behind a slow-moving car on a one-lane road.
C. You have a term paper due the day after tomorrow and you haven’t started it yet.
D. You just took out a large car loan.
____ 130) Which of the following is a useful effect of the relaxation response?
A. decreasing the passivity of responding
B. decreasing immune reactivity
C. decreasing emotional and physiological arousal
D. decreasing cognitive arousal
____ 131) In research on infant attachment, which of the following has been consistently demonstrated?
A. It is truly seen only between infants and mothers, not other caregivers.
B. It is nearly instantaneous, and infants show a profound preference for their mothers within days of birth.
C. It is not prominent during the early months of life, and during this time infants show little preference for their mothers.
D. It is ambivalent in most mother-infant pairs.
____ 132) In group therapy, who function(s) as the “therapist”?
A. a leader chosen by participants of the group
B. the supervising clinician
C. the participants of the group
D. the clinician, along with the participants of the group
____ 133) What do descriptive/correlational research methods allow researchers to do?
A. manipulate several variables at the same time
B. examine whether there is an association between variables being studied
C. draw conclusions concerning cause-and-effect relationships
D. exert precise control over the variables being studied
____ 134) A rapid-response pathway that quickly results in physiological responses associated with emotion begins with the thalamus. Where does it go from there?
A. medulla
B. amygdala
C. cerebral cortex
D. cerebellum
____ 135) Which of the following theorists has promoted a definition of intelligence that is very broad, encompassing virtually any valued human ability, to the point that some critics argue it makes the term almost meaningless?
A. David Wechsler
B. Alfred Binet
C. Robert Sternberg
D. Howard Gardner
____ 136) Which class of psychological disorders is characterized by extreme, inflexible traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning?
A. dissociate
B. mood
C. personality
D. schizophrenic
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____ 137) Which of the following is NOT a psychodynamic personality theorist?
A. Alfred Adler
B. Carl Rogers
C. Carl Jung
D. Sigmund Freud
____ 138) According to Joseph Renzulli, what are the three overlapping factors required for achieving “eminence” in one’s field? A. exceptional intelligence, exceptional support from family, exceptional creativity
B. exceptional creativity, high levels of extraversion, high levels of practice
C. exceptional motivation, exceptional training, high levels of intelligence
D. exceptional ability, exceptional commitment, exceptional creativity
____ 139) Approximately how much does the brain weigh?
A. 3 kg
B. 2 kg
C. 1.5 kg
D. 900 g
____ 140) What conclusion was drawn from the Featured Study on Babbling in the Manual Mode?
A. Deaf infants will have profound language deficits throughout life.
B. Deaf infants will develop greater language capacity than hearing infants.
C. Babbling does not occur as a result of vocal development, but is tied to general language development and can be expressed in multiple ways.
D. Babbling is a byproduct of the development of the vocal apparatus in children, and serves to strengthen the muscles that will later be necessary for speech.
____ 141) If a sound source is coming from your right side, what will your right ear “hear”?
A. a louder sound than your left ear will “hear”
B. a softer sound than your left ear will “hear”
C. a more complex sound than your left ear will “hear”
D. the sound after your left ear “hears” the sound
____ 142) Which of the following pairs are situations in which an animal will give a conditioned response to a stimulus that has never been associated with the presentation of the original UCS?
A. stimulus generalization and higher-order conditioning
B. stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination
C. stimulus discrimination and higher-order conditioning
D. higher-order conditioning and spontaneous recovery
____ 143) Which of the following scores are calculated separately in the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?
A. verbal IQ and mathematical IQ
B. verbal IQ and performance IQ
C. performance IQ and mathematical IQ
D. analytical IQ and practical IQ
____ 144) Which of the following is a conclusion of Martin Seligman’s research comparing the effectiveness of different approaches to psychotherapy?
A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder responds best to psychoanalysis.
B. Depression responds best to client-centred therapy.
C. Specific phobias respond best to antianxiety medications.
D. Panic disorder responds best to insight therapy.
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____ 145) What is a schedule of reinforcement?
A. the reinforcement of closer and closer approximation of a desired response
B. a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time
C. a pattern of resistance to extinction
D. a description of whether positive or negative reinforcement is in use
____ 146) Which of the following terms is defined as physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and a lowered sense of self-efficacy that can be brought on gradually by chronic work-related stress?
A. stress overload
B. job-induced stress
C. burnout
D. a mental breakdown
____ 147) According to contemporary theories of hunger, which of the following is the main focus of research in the hypothalamus? A. stimulation
B. destruction
C. neural circuits
D. anatomical centres
____ 148) Based on past experience, Sue decides not to take her two five-year-old grandsons to the movies at the same time. Sue is using which decision-making strategy?
A. availability heuristic
B. representiveness heuristic
C. conjunction heuristic
D. gambler’s heuristic
____ 149) Which of the following is a loosely connected network of brain structures involved in memory and emotional experiences such as fear and pleasure?
A. hypothalamus
B. reticular formation
C. thalamus
D. limbic system
____ 150) Having a client construct an anxiety hierarchy is a critical component of which therapy?
A. cognitive therapy
B. psychoanalysis
C. aversion therapy
D. systematic desensitization
____ 151) Leslie tends to engage in sex to reduce her feelings of insecurity and to enhance the closeness of her relationship.
Which type of attachment style does this reflect?
A. secure
B. manipulative
C. avoidant
D. anxious-ambivalent
____ 152) If a college student who is struggling to keep from flunking out of school dreams of winning the “student of the year award,” this dream would be MOST consistent with which theory of dreaming?
A. fantasy
B. activation-synthesis
C. wish fulfillment
D. problem solving
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____ 153) Which of the following is NOT consistent with your text’s definition of personality?
A. a focus on an individual’s “consistent tendencies”
B. a focus on an individual’s “uniqueness or distinctiveness”
C. a focus on an individual’s “main motivations”
D. a focus on an individual’s “behavioural traits”
____ 154) Which of the following reflects the predominant view among learning theorists today?
A. Associations can be conditioned between any stimulus an organism can sense and any response the organism can make.
B. All species are capable of learning all the same responses.
C. There is no such thing as “the” learning process.
D. The basic mechanisms of learning are similar across species.
____ 155) What is the term for the most frequent score in a distribution?
A. medium
B. mean
C. median
D. mode
____ 156) What is the severe side effect associated with antipsychotic drugs, which involves involuntary movements?
A. Parkinson’s disease
B. Tourette’s syndrome
C. serotonin syndrome
D. tardive dyskinesia
____ 157) Upon review of three decades of research on stress and immunity, what does it appear that chronic stress is associated with? A. greater immune suppression than that caused by relatively brief stressors
B. lesser immune suppression than that caused by relatively brief stressors
C. initial suppression but then subsequent strengthening of the immune response
D. longer lifespan, due to the impact of resistance on the aging of immune system cells
____ 158) Which of the following is NOT a commonly used technique to measure forgetting?
A. relearning
B. retention
C. recognition
D. recall
____ 159) Which area of language is concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations?
A. vocabulary
B. syntax
C. grammar
D. semantics
____ 160) Which cells in the visual cortex respond to lines of a specific width and angle of orientation that are located at ANY position in a receptive field?
A. hypercomplex cells
B. ganglion cells
C. simple cells
D. complex cells
Submit your answer sheet. Keep this booklet. Answers will be posted on PSY100Y5 Blackboard exam_reg_apr2012_A.docx
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