The history of international relations is often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648‚ where the modern state system was developed. Prior to this‚ the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Westphalia instituted the legal concept of sovereignty‚ which essentially meant that rulers‚ or the legitimate sovereigns‚ would recognize no internal equals within a defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority
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region and that within the globe Seeing that Africa is the region which is the state within the region which is one of the most developments. South Africa and Nigeria are two contenders in this domain as South Africa is seen as the gateway into Africa and Nigeria’s economy is rapidly improving. States within the region should unite and formulate a dialect of how they wish to be perceived in the broader international relations. African countries should assist their economies by trading with one
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Critical Realism versus Social Constructivism in International Relations Roxana Bobulescu Abstract: This article discusses the methodological differences between the British school and the American school of international relations. It attempts to demonstrate that Susan Strange‚ representative of the British school‚ could be considered a critical realist. The aim of the article is to show that her vision of international political economy fulfills the methodological reorientation initiated
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Theories of International Relations* Ole R. Holsti Universities and professional associations usually are organized in ways that tend to separate scholars in adjoining disciplines and perhaps even to promote stereotypes of each other and their scholarly endeavors. The seemingly natural areas of scholarly convergence between diplomatic historians and political scientists who focus on international relations have been underexploited‚ but there are also some signs that this may be changing. These
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Gender in International Relations Gender in International Relations Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security J. Ann Tickner New York Columbia University Press 1992 Bibliographic Data To Joan‚ Heather‚ and Wendy --feminists for the future Preface 1. Engendered Insecurities 2. Man‚ the State‚ and War: Gendered Perspectives on National Security 3. Three Models of Man: Gendered Perspectives on Global Economic Security 4. Man over Nature: Gendered Perspectives on Ecological Security
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deprivatization of oil production operations‚ generally in the purpose of obtaining more revenue from oil for oil producing countries. This process‚ which should not be confused with restrictions on crude oil exports‚ represents a significant turning point in the development of oil policy. Nationalization eliminates the concession system—in which private international companies control oil resources within oil-producing countries—and allows oil-producing countries to regain control. Once these countries become
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Defining International Relations State-centric: It is the study of the relations of states‚ understood in diplomatic‚ military and strategic terms. The relevant unit is the state‚ not the nation. Sovereignty is the key feature. Due to international developments‚ we may weaken the assumption that external policy of the state is based on security. But states remain dominant in IR. Globalization theorists focus on it rather than the states. We live in a ‘borderless world’ (Ohmae 1990). Development
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benefits. It made other states less likely to threaten America or its vital interests directly. By dampening great-power competition and giving Washington the capacity to shape regional balances of power‚ primacy contributed to a more tranquil international environment. That tranquility fostered global prosperity; investors and traders operate with greater confidence when there is less danger of war. Primacy also gave the United States the ability to work for positive ends: promoting human rights
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government to which the populations owes allegiance And that is legally recognized by the other states Modern state system began with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 State ≠ Nation What is a theory? Basic problem: what information matter? A theory is: a simplifying device to help you decide which facts matter and which do not Can be implicit or explicit More formally‚ it is: a coherent set of propositions and concepts that seeks to explain phenomena by specifying the relation ships among
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of international relations are the end results of good international relations and system in the world today‚ most of this theories are not well implemented in most countries which has resulted on conflicts among nations‚ political instabilities‚ secessions and all other political unrest. This essay will shed more light on the phases of international relations from the individual stage to the international stage. Firstly‚ this essay will explain what the theories of international relations are
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