friction. After a long period of time the overriding continental plate is lifted up creating a mountain range. This is how the Himalayas were formed. Sometimes the extreme heat and pressure exerted on the subducting oceanic plate causes an uplift of magma from the mantle which rises above the surface‚ creating a volcano. When two plates are moving they don’t always slide smoothly. After a while‚ the plate breaks because of the pressure that builds up. When the plate breaks‚ the earthquake occurs. During
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What forms after volcano eruption and after magma cools? Igneous rock forms when superheated volcanic liquid‚ also called magma‚ cools and thus hardens through a process of crystallization in one of two manners: by cooling and crystallization on the Earth’s surface such as after a volcanic eruption; or by cooling more gradually through a process of rising as it cools through the magma while still below the Earth’s surface. Scientists further classify such rocks based on their mineral characteristics:
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Viewing an erupting volcano is a memorable experience; one that has inspired fear‚ superstition‚ worship‚ curiosity‚ and fascination throughout the history of mankind. The active Hawaiian volcanoes have received special attention worldwide because of their frequent spectacular eruptions‚ which can be viewed and studied with a relative ease and safety. The island of Hawaii is composed of five volcanoes‚ three of which have been active within the past two hundred years. Kilauea’s latest eruption still
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What is Sea-floor spreading? Seafloor spreading is a process of plate tectonics in which new oceanic crust is created as large lumps of the Earth ’s crust split apart from each other and magma shafts up to fill the gap. Who discovered sea-floor spreading? The man who discovered sea floor spreading was Harry Hess. Harry Hess was a geologist. Part of his mission had been to study the deepest parts of the ocean floor. In 1946 he had discovered that hundreds of flat-topped mountains‚ perhaps sunken
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word for fire) are formed when magma crystallizes and solidifies. An increase in temperature‚ a change in the composition‚ or decrease in the pressure can cause melting of these rocks in the mantle which form igneous rocks. The melt begins deep below the surface of the Earth close to active plate boundaries. As the temperate increases the rocks rise toward the surface. Igneous rocks are divided into two categories‚ intrusive or extrusive‚ depending on where the magma solidifies (USGS‚ 2004). Intrusive
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How tsunamis occur. As one plate subducts below another (moves underneath)‚ pressure builds for many years resulting in a section of the mega-thrust giving away. As this section gives away‚ it ruptures the ocean floor‚ resulting in a massive displacement of water‚ causing a tsunami. Tsunamis are barely felt as a ripple on the ocean’s surface‚ but as the waves reach land‚ they increase in size as the water becomes shallower. Japan earthquake and tsunami At 2:46pm Japanese time‚ on March 11th
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not very obvious until you look at the inside structure. A normal volcano typically has a single column of magma that comes from within the earth. It breaks through the top of the mountain and spews out the entire column. A super volcano is quite a bit different though. A super volcano begins with a column of magma‚ but instead of breaking through the surface it stays underground. The magma then starts heating the crust and slowly begins to mix
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1. Explain the difference between a “reserve” and a “resource”. What factors influence estimates of reserves and resources for commodities such as minerals or fossil fuels? Resources and reserves are similar in that the both benefit humanity. Resources are materials that can be used to satisfy human needs‚ or used as support. Reserves on the other hand are known deposits with the ability to extract the available material economically; the size of these reserves is not always known or defined
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relatively pure carbon and burns with little flame and smoke. APHANITIC: A dense‚ homogeneous rock with constituents so fine that they cannot be seen by the naked eye. ASSIMILATION: is that process of magmatic differentiation whereby ascending magmas evolve chemically by recruiting easily melted or dissolved components from the walls of their conduits. BASALT: a dark‚ fine-grained volcanic rock that sometimes displays a columnar structure BEDDING PLANES: the surface that separates one stratum
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depicted as towering mountains missing a chunk out of the top from which steam‚ ash and lava spew forth. In reality‚ a volcano is any spot on the surface of the Earth where lava flows. Magma finds its way upwards along fissures or cracks in the planet ’s crust and bursts out onto the surface‚ resulting in a volcano. Magma that flows out of a volcano is called lava. If it comes out of the volcano in an explosive ejection — like Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 — it ’s called tephra. The massive destructive power
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