What is a disaster? Disaster‚ in this article‚ a sudden‚ accidental event that causes many deaths and injuries. Most disasters also result in significant property damage. Common natural causes of disasters include earthquakes‚ floods‚ hurricanes and typhoons‚ and tornadoes. Tsunamis (popularly‚ but incorrectly‚ known as tidal waves)‚ volcanic eruptions‚ wildfires‚ and landslides and avalanches rank among the other natural forces that sometimes create disasters. Man made Not all disasters are
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To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of a volcanic hazard (40 marks) Volcanic activity happens across the surface of the globe therefore bringing hazards to every affected area. A hazard is any source of potential damage‚ harm or adverse health effects. A volcanic hazard is any threat to life and infrastructure due to volcanic activity and related situations such as a landslide near the volcano. Volcanoes can be very dangerous and therefore present many hazards towards
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consists mostly of molten rock called magma with a solid upper layer. A few gemstones form in the mantle‚ but all gems are mined in the crust. The crust is made up of three kinds of rock‚ known in geology as igneous‚ metamorphic and sedimentary rock. These technical terms refer to the way in which the rock is formed. Some gemstones are associated with one kind of rock in particular; others with several types. The igneous process involves the solidification of magma. Magma from the mantle can rise to the
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floor are formed by retreating tectonic plates * B. Water enters gaps and comes in contact with magma * C. Superheated water dissolves minerals from rock or magma * D. Metal bearing solutions cool to form hydrothermal ore deposits. * E. Black Smokers – upwelling magma solidifies. Miniature volcanoes shoot hot‚ black‚ mineral rich water through vents of solidified magma on the seafloor. Support chemosynthetic organisms. * Manganese Nodules (Pacific Ocean) – ore nodules
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Conservative plate boundary a plate boundary where the relative movement of the two crustal plates is lateral‚ or past each other Constructive boundary a plate boundary where the relative movement of the crustal plates is apart from each other allowing magma to rise from the mantle and solidify to construct new crust. Continental crust A layer of granitic‚ sedimentary‚ and metamorphic rocks which form the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to the shores‚ known as continental shelves Continental
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of the earth Core (magma 6000c) Mantle (magma 3000c) Crust Magma in the mantle moves because the upper mantle contains heavy magma‚ which is less hot‚ it goes downwards and the lower mantle contains light magma because it is very hot and goes upwards so it moves in a circle‚ which is called CONVECTION CELL. Plates on the crust are not statistic because they are so heavy that they move down. The movement of magma causes the movement. A volcano may appear when magma in the mantle rises
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Extrusive: Igneous rock that forms at the Earth Surface. Felsic: Igneous rock rich in potassium feldspar and quartz and light color. Mafic: Igneous rocks that are rich in dark Plagioclase feldspar‚ pyroxene and that are dark in their color. Lava: Magma that reaches Earth surface. Texture: The feel of a rock due to its size‚ shape and its arrangement of mineral crystal or sediment in a rock. Porphyry: Igneous rock containing coarse crystals in a finer grained groundmass
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continuously graduated series.[4] Igneous Main article: Igneous rock Sample of igneous gabbro Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word igneus meaning of fire‚ from ignis meaning fire) forms through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. This magma can be derived from partial melts of pre-existing rocks in either a planet’s mantle or crust. Typically‚ the
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creating boundaries at which the plates converge‚ diverge or move past each other. These plates are either continental or oceanic and are powered by convection currents‚ which is the circular movement of magma that comes from within the mantle. These currents are powered by the core‚ which heats the magma‚ causing it to rise‚ cool and fall back down. This circular motion causes the plates‚ which float on the mantle‚ to move. In 1912‚ Alfred Wegener‚ a German meteorologist‚ was the first man to state
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igneous rocks‚ sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. I. The first type is igneous rocks (from the Greek word for fire) which are formed from molten rock (magma) and lava. A. Formation 1.coming up of magma through cracks 2. forming a layer on surface or filling other cracks 3. cooling forming a very hard igneous rock 4. magma on the surface of the earth‚ lava _ basalt B. Importance 1. geologically important - showing characteristics of a specific tectonic environment 2
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