Civil wrongs - torts PowerPoint 1 Torts • Civil wrong other than a breach of contract • Causes personal injury‚ property damage or financial loss • Innocent party usually claims damages • Purpose - justice to be achieved by transferring kiss I’m the victim to wrongdoer • Principle - each citizen should take responsibility for consequences of his/her actions Types of civil wrongs (torts)? • Compensation is the chief remedy sought • Nuisance‚ defamation
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MALICE IN THE LAW OF TORTS I MR. JUBTICE MCCARDIoEn ce complained about the word “ malice ” that it had been the subject of “ a regrettable exuberance of definition.”’ There can be little doubt that this complaint was justified. Despite the well-known division and discussion by Bayley J. of “ malice in fact ” and “ malice in law‚” ’ which can be taken as the starting point of modern analysis of malice‚ other judges have not hesitated to enlarge upon the possible meanings of malice‚ until
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1. Introduction – What is a Contract? 1.1 Definitions Not all agreements will be contract enforceable in law - social arrangements‚ for example‚ or contracts which offend against public decency and public policy and those which involve criminal activity. ‘A contract is an agreement giving rise to obligations which are enforced or recognised by law. The factor which distinguishes contractual from other legal obligations is that they are based on the agreement of the contracting parties.’ Treitel
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History of Contract in India The Third Law commission of British India formed in 1861 under the stewardship of Chairman Sir John Romilly‚ with initial members as Sir Edward Ryan‚ R. Lowe‚ J.M. Macleod‚ Sir W. Erle (succeeded by Sir. W.M. James) and Justice Wills (succeeded by J. Henderson)‚ had presented the report on contract law for India as Draft Contract Law (1866). The Draft Law was enacted as The Act 9 of 1872 on 25th April 1872 and the Indian Contract Act‚ 1872 came into force with effect
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4. NOTES 4.1. THE ESSENTIALS OF A VALID CONTRACT A. ESSENTIAL No 1 The Parties Must Act Within Their Contractual Capacity What is contractual capacity? We view it in relation to the concepts of personality and legal status: PERSONALITY – determines that you are a legal entity or persona. As a result of this personality you acquire legal status ie your legal status defines that legal personality further. STATUS then describes your legal “condition” eg a married woman‚ A public
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CONTRACT LAW – LECTURE 4 Promissory estoppel Is about the enforceability of all alteration promises (promises to pay more and promises to accept less) and by contrast estoppels does not apply to promises about the formation of initial contracts Ex. If a creditor promises to accept a smaller sum in full settlement intending the debtor to rely on that promise‚ and the debtor does rely on it‚ the debtor may have a defence of promissory estoppels when sued for the balance by the creditor. The promise
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requirements for a valid contract. A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law. www.wikipedi.org A contract is a binding agreement between two or more people stating to do something or refrain from doing something. Not all agreements are classified as contracts. A contract is known as an acceptance or offer enforced by law between two or more people. When creating a contract all people or parties
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE LAW OF CONTRACT INTRODUCTION Definition S.2(h) Contract Act 1950 : An agreement enforceable by law. Legally binding between parties. 2 INTRODUCTION (continue..) (a) (b) Legislation governing contracts: Contracts Act 1950 English Law - By virtue of S.5 of the Civil Law Act (When there are no provisions in the Contract Act) 3 INTRODUCTION (continue..) 4 OFFER / PROPOSAL Definition S. 2(a) Contracts Act “When one person signifies
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BUSINESS LAW ASSIGNMENT ------------------------------------------------- “To create a binding agreement the acceptance must occur‚ and that ‘acceptance’ must be final and absolutely unconditional. This is clear under Australian contract law.” ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Discuss the accuracy of this statement. In order to discuss the accuracy of this statement we must first understand the concept of ‘acceptance’.
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Contract is an agreement between two or more competent parties in which an offer is made and accepted‚ and each party benefits. No contract can come into being unless the following features exist: an actual offer‚ an acceptance‚ consideration (this means that each party will contribute something of a material value to the bargain) and an intention to create legal relations. The agreement can be formal‚ informal‚ written‚ or just plain understood. (a) For a contract to exist the offer must be made
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