Glycogen is a polymer/polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi and is a primary carbohydrate storage form in animals. Glycogen in humans is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and the muscles which functions as the secondary long-term energy. Glycogen is often referred to as animal starch because it is the complement of starch in plants for they have a similar structure to amylopectin but more extensively branched and compact than starch. Glycogen
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Glycogen and insulin are the hormones in the body that helps regulate the blood levels sugar and glucose in the body. Glucagon works in such a way that it counterbalances the actions of insulin. It takes approximately four to six hours after eating‚ for the glucose level in the blood to decrease‚ which causes the pancreas to produce glucagon. The hormone signals the muscle cells and liver to change the stored glycogen back into glucose. Glycogen and insulin always work together to balance the blood
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carbohydrates aid and hinder your athletic achievements is that carbohydrates act as the fuel for the body also known as glycogen (Peterson). Glycogen is a starch that is easily broken down and is primarily used in the liver and muscles; however both areas use glycogen differently. Liver glycogen is used to keep ones blood-sugar levels high whereas muscles use glycogen to fuel themselves (Peterson). Now there are two types of carbohydrate loading the traditional method and the overload
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of monosaccharide units b) Functions: Provide energy thru oxidation – glucose oxidized for energy Supply carbon for synthesis of cell components Energy storage to form a part of structural elements of some cells and tissues; glucose stored as glycogen c) Classification General formula (CH2O)n where n is any integer from 3-7 Monosaccharides are either aldehydes or ketones Aldoses – monosaccharides that contain aldehydes Ketoses – monosaccharides that contain ketones d) Also classified
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Chocolate milk – the new post-exercise recovery drink of champions! The process of glycogen synthesis is called glycogenesis (Figure 1 Panel A) and glycogen degradation is called glycogenolysis (Figure 1 Panel B). Glycogenesis is the process by which the body stores excess glucose that is not required for ATP production through the production of branched glycogen. When we consume chocolate milk‚ we are in part consuming glucose‚ and glycogenesis may consequentially occur. Initially‚ glucose
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to refill your body glycogen. Besides‚ carb cycling maximizes dietary benefits giving you a specific dietary plan in the hardest times of your training cycle. How Many Carbohydrates Per Day? Carb cyclingHigh carb day means more carbohydrates and less fat and low carb day means less carbohydrates and more fat. Carb cycling increases the benefits of carbohydrates in your dietary plan‚ especially if you are about to have a competition. Increasing muscle glycogen and glycogen replenishment are the
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intensity periods of the race. This will interfere with the contractile proteins of the muscle and causes fatigue. 60% of Lactic Acid can be removed by the body using it as a metabolic fuel. It can also be removed by the conversion of either protein or glycogen. The time that this would last for is between 10 seconds and 2 minutes. Aerobic System (oxidative system) is the last of the three energy systems to be used. It is used after the Lactic Acid has been used and will be used for the vast majority of
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Exercise phsyiology notes STAGE 3 PHYSICAL EDUCATION Need To know – Exercise physiology 1. Environmental Conditions and Performance * Environmental Condition – HEAT 1. Methods of Heat Transfer Conduction - Heat exchanged by 2 objects in contact. Convection - Heat exchange by contact with a fluid that is flowing which will occur when heat is carried away from body by air or water currents. Accounts for 12% of heat loss. Radiation - Radiation occurs when heat is transferred from a warmer
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Charlene Villanueva - Biology Charlene Villanueva - Biology Starch‚ Glycogen and Cellulose Independent Research A polysaccharide is a long chain of monosaccharide molecules‚ held by glycosidic bonds. They are usually not sweet in taste‚ insoluble in water and often do not produce crystals when water is taken out. Starch Starch is a complex solid carbohydrate‚ consisting glucose molecules held together by glycosidic bonds. It is a storage polysaccharide. They can be found in fruits‚ seeds‚ roots
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ENERGY SYSTEMS Figure 1 shows a sprint cycle race. This activity involves cycling four laps of a 250 metre track‚ with the final lap being completed as fast as possible. Elite performers cover the final lap in times of between 10 and 11 seconds. (a) Name the main energy system being used in the final sprint to the finishing line and explain how this system provides energy for the working muscles. (4 marks) (b) At the end of the race‚ the cyclist will be out of breath and will continue to breathe
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effect of increasing blood glucose levels while insulin lowers blood glucose levels. The pancreas releases glucagon when blood sugar glucose levels fall too low -linear peptide of 29 amino acids. -Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose‚ which is released into the bloodstream. -Glucagon and insulin are part of a feedback system that keeps blood glucose levels at a stable level. Secretin- family of peptide hormones. Regulation Secretion of glucagon
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MUSCLE FATIGUE HOW DO MUSCLES GET THE ENERGY TO WORK? In muscles‚ it is essential that Calcium is present‚ as this gives the muscles the ability to contract and relax. For muscles to contract energy is needed: the energy can only be provided by the breakdown of a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As ATP is broken down‚ a phosphate molecule is broken off‚ reducing the phosphate molecules‚ from 3 to 2. This produces adenosine triphosphate. However for the muscles contraction to continue
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Homeostasis is important in maintaining a healthy functioning of the body. Enzymes within the body are vitally responsible for speeding up chemical reactions and are often referred to as catalysts. In order to work at their optimum‚ enzymes need a specific constant temperature within the internal environment of the body to function correctly and reduce denaturing. A healthy human body should have a body temperature of 37∙C‚ the optimum temperature for enzymes to function. Therefore‚ the temperature
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PET 3351 Exercise Physiology Second Exam Review (Fall 2012) Chapter IV: The Physiological Basis of Muscular Strength and Flexibility 1. Strength is operationally defined as the maximal force that can be exerted in a single effort. Using this definition‚ strength should be assessed using one repetition maximum (1 RM)‚ though we often estimate strength using tests that may involve multiple repetitions. 2. In strength training and rehabilitation‚ emphasis should be given to both the concentric
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concentration in the blood is interceded by the human body via negative feedback mechanism to maintain homeostasis of the body. Free glucose can be produced from fat‚ gluconeogenesis from proteins and glycogenolysis in liver and glucose is stored as glycogen in the muscle tissues. The human body intends to maintain a stable glucose concentration
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Centre Number For Examiner’s Use Candidate Number Surname Other Names Examiner’s Initials Candidate Signature Question General Certificate of Secondary Education Higher Tier January 2014 Mark 1 2 3 Additional Science M (modular) MBL2HP 4 Unit Biology B2 5 H Biology M (modular) Unit Biology B2 Wednesday 8 January 2014 9.00 am to 10.00 am 6 7 TOTAL For this paper you must have: a ruler. You may use a calculator. B Time allowed 1 hour Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point
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sports‚ such as soccer‚ hockey‚ and lacrosse are less likely to benefit from carbohydrate loading‚ however‚ in tournament settings with multiple games in a day‚ there is potential for benefit. Pros: • Can enhance the amount of stored carbohydrates (glycogen) in your muscle • Can allow you to exercise for a longer period without fatigue. Cons: • May result in some weight gain which can be uncomfortable come race/competition day; • Can cause digestive issues if too much fibre is consumed. Marathon
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athletes did not increase their muscle glycogen concentration after an increase in the dietary carbohydrate intake (58 3 74%)‚ whereas men did (Tarnopolsky MA‚ SA Atkinson‚ SM Phillips‚ and JD McDougall‚ J Appl Physiol 78: 1360–1368‚ 1995). This may have been related to a lower energy or carbohydrate intake by the women or due to an inherent gender difference in glycogen storage capacity. We examined whether well-trained men (n 6) and women (n 6) increased muscle glycogen concentration after an increase
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Through this investigation we found no effect in carbohydrate mouth rinsing on exercise performance. On the contrary to our hypothesis‚ there was no significant difference in distance cycled between those who carbohydrate mouth rinsed and the control (Fig. 1.). In addition‚ we also found that there was no significant difference in HR throughout the entire investigation between treatment groups (Fig. 2.). These exercise performance results is inconsistent with those results obtained by Carter et
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its metabolic fuel; it cannot oxidise fatty acids (but can metabolise ketone bodies in prolonged starvation) glycogen Red blood cells are absolutely reliant on glucose; they have no mitochondria and form ATP only by anaerobic glycolysis triacyglycerol protein glucose triacylglycerol in VLDL triacylglycerol in chylomicrons amino acids glucose The problem: glycogen protein We eat 2 – 3 times a day; how can we maintain a constant supply of glucose for the brain and red
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