GINI COEFFICIENT The Gini coefficient is a summary statistic that measures how equitably income is distributed in a population. It is derived from the Lorenz curve which plots the cumulative percentages of the income and the population against which it is distributed. The line at 45 degrees thus represents perfect equality of incomes. The Gini coefficient is the ratio of the area that lies between the line of equality and the Lorenz curve divided by the total area under the line of equality. A
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Caffeine is a drug that is used to improve mental alertness by stimulating the central nervous system [1]. It is an ingredient found in a various amount of products sold on the market today‚ such as coffee‚ tea‚ chocolate‚ soft drinks‚ and energy drinks. Caffeine can be taken by mouth or intravenously (by IV) to help alleviate breathing problems in infants and can even be used in combination with some pain killers to treat migraines after epidural anesthesia. Moreover‚ it can be helpful in preventing
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Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Jaybee Balilea‚ Sharmaine Baysic‚ and Maria Anjelette Patricia Belen 3BIO7‚ Department of Biology‚ University of Santo Tomas‚ Manila‚ Philippines Abstract Extraction is a technique for isolating and purifying organic substances. In this technique‚ a solution is combined thoroughly with a second solvent that is immiscible with the first solvent. The solute is extracted from one solvent into the other because it is more soluble in the second solvent
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Paper Many Americans have included caffeine as a part of their daily diet whether they realize it or not. In fact‚ “caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive substance in the world” (Ruxton How is this instead (Caffeine is especially common throughout…) 15). It is found very especially commonly throughout every day foods and consumed mostly though through coffee‚ tea‚ soda‚ and chocolate (Spiller 200). Many Americans participate in the use of caffeine; it is estimated that 90% of adults
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EXTRACTION Organic Chemistry Laboratory This experiment was conducted in order to compare single and multiple extraction of caffeine from dried tea leaves and to calculate the percentage yield of caffeine for both extraction procedures. The group was assigned to do the multiple extraction. Before the extraction proper‚ the water bath containing the anhydrous sodium carbonate and distilled water was heated. As the sodium carbonate dissolves‚ tea leaves were added in the mixture and allowed to
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III. The Arrow-Pratt coefficient Considering Bernoulli’s proposition that utility matters over wealth for risky behavior‚ and adding the fact that no two economical agents are alike‚ we can state that risk aversion can vary very widely across individuals. In this section we examine the coefficient determined by the two economists Kenneth arrow and John Pratt. In order to develop models for dealing with risk in business‚ economists need precise measurements which can be used in sectors such as
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to introduce my self first. My name is David Cho * Caffeine is used to provide a "boost of energy" or a feeling of being more alert. It’s often used to stay awake longer and many people feel as though they "cannot function" in the morning without a cup of coffee to provide caffeine and the boost it gives them. 9 in 10 Americans consume some form of caffeine regularly‚ making it the most popular behavior-altering drug. * Caffeine is a naturally occurring substance. It is part of a group
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What is the content difference between energy drinks and coffee and are they safe? There are hundreds of different brands of energy drinks being marketed and their caffeine content per can or bottle ranges from just 50 mg to as much as 505 mg (Weise‚ 2008). Energy drinks are most commonly consumed by people 11-35 years old (Ballard et al.‚ 2010). Energy drink companies can say anything they want about energy and performance effects of the drinks‚ and while some energy drinks are banned in some
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EXPERIMENTAL MANUAL Mass Transfer Lab Diffusion Coefficient Apparatus DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT‚ GUJRAT. GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES General Start-up Procedure: Prior to running an experiment‚ students are advised to perform the following startup procedure. Fill the water with clean (preferably filtered) water to approximately 20 mm from the top. Plug the main cable to the electrical supply. Be sure that the voltage of the supply is correct
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difference in the mean change in pulse rate (P>0.05) between those participants ingesting caffeine in comparison to those that did not consume caffeine and therefore the null hypothesis‚ HO‚ was accepted (Refer to appendix 2 for hypotheses). Similarly‚ there is no significant difference between the mean change in respiration rate (P>0.05) of subjects that consumed caffeine and subjects that did not consume caffeine. Therefore the null hypothesis‚ HO‚ was accepted. (Refer to appendix 2 for hypotheses)
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