Push and Pull Factors Relationships.
RESEARCH NOTES AND REPORTS
257
REFERENCES
Graham, B., G. J. Ashworth, and J. E. Tunbridge 2000 A Geography of Heritage: Power, Culture and Economy. London: Arnold. King, A. D. 1976 Colonial Urban Development: Culture, Social Power and Environment. London: Routledge. Nash, D. 1989 Tourism as a Form of Imperialism. In Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, V. Smith, ed., pp. 37–52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Palmer, C. 1994 Tourism and Colonialism: The Experience of the Bahamas. Annals of Tourism Research 21:792–811. Shaw, B. J., and R. Jones 1997 Contested Urban Heritage: Voices from the Periphery. Aldershot: Ashgate. Southall, A. 1971 The Impact of Imperialism upon Urban Development in Africa. In Colonialism in Africa 1870–1960, V. Turner, ed., pp. 216–255. London: Cambridge University Press. Western, J. 1985 Undoing the Colonial City? The Geographical Review 75:335–357.
Submitted 14 June 2000. Resubmitted 15 October 2000. Accepted 18 December 2000. Revised 20 December 2000.
PII: S0160-7383(01)00009-3
Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 257–260, 2002 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Printed in Great Britain 0160-7383/01/$22.00
Push and Pull Relationships
Seong-Seop Kim Sejong University, South Korea Choong-Ki Lee Dongguk University, South Korea
Uysal and Jurowski (1994) found that there is a relationship between push and pull factors. Dann (1977) referred to motivational influences on an individual as push factors. These are psychological needs which play a significant role in causing a person to feel a disequilibrium that can be corrected through a tourism experience. These intrinsic motives include escape from personal/social pressures, social recognition/prestige, socialization/bonding, self-esteem, learning/discovery, regression, novelty/thrill, and distancing from crowds (Botha, Crompton and Kim 1999). In the model of Leiper (1979), a
258
RESEARCH NOTES AND REPORTS
tourist
257
REFERENCES
Graham, B., G. J. Ashworth, and J. E. Tunbridge 2000 A Geography of Heritage: Power, Culture and Economy. London: Arnold. King, A. D. 1976 Colonial Urban Development: Culture, Social Power and Environment. London: Routledge. Nash, D. 1989 Tourism as a Form of Imperialism. In Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, V. Smith, ed., pp. 37–52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Palmer, C. 1994 Tourism and Colonialism: The Experience of the Bahamas. Annals of Tourism Research 21:792–811. Shaw, B. J., and R. Jones 1997 Contested Urban Heritage: Voices from the Periphery. Aldershot: Ashgate. Southall, A. 1971 The Impact of Imperialism upon Urban Development in Africa. In Colonialism in Africa 1870–1960, V. Turner, ed., pp. 216–255. London: Cambridge University Press. Western, J. 1985 Undoing the Colonial City? The Geographical Review 75:335–357.
Submitted 14 June 2000. Resubmitted 15 October 2000. Accepted 18 December 2000. Revised 20 December 2000.
PII: S0160-7383(01)00009-3
Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 257–260, 2002 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Printed in Great Britain 0160-7383/01/$22.00
Push and Pull Relationships
Seong-Seop Kim Sejong University, South Korea Choong-Ki Lee Dongguk University, South Korea
Uysal and Jurowski (1994) found that there is a relationship between push and pull factors. Dann (1977) referred to motivational influences on an individual as push factors. These are psychological needs which play a significant role in causing a person to feel a disequilibrium that can be corrected through a tourism experience. These intrinsic motives include escape from personal/social pressures, social recognition/prestige, socialization/bonding, self-esteem, learning/discovery, regression, novelty/thrill, and distancing from crowds (Botha, Crompton and Kim 1999). In the model of Leiper (1979), a
258
RESEARCH NOTES AND REPORTS
tourist
References: Botha, C., J. L. Crompton, and S. Kim 1999 Developing a Revised Competitive Position for Sun/Lost City, South Africa. Journal of Travel Research 37(4):341–352. Dann, G. M. S. 1977 Anomie, Ego-Enhancement and Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 4:184–194. Leiper, N. 1979 The Framework of Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 6:390–407. Maslow, A. 1954 Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper & Row. Plog, S. 1974 Why Destination Areas Rise and Fall in Popularity. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 14(4):55–58. Uysal, M., and C. Jurowski 1994 Testing the Push and Pull Factors. Annals of Tourism Research 21:844–846. Submitted 8 June 2000. Resubmitted 27 November 2000. Accepted 27 December 2000. Final version 5 February 2001. PII: S0160-7383(01)00043-3