Inductive & Deductive Research
INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH
Meritorious Prof. Dr. S. M. Aqil Burney
Director UBIT Chairman
Department of Computer Science University of Karachi
burney@computer.org www.drburney.net
Designed and Assisted by
Hussain Saleem hussainsaleem@uok.edu.pk 06th March 2008
"Well begun is half done"
--Aristotle, quoting an old proverb
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Research Methods
In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches.
Research Types
Deductive Approach
Inductive Approach
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Deductive Research Approach
THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach. Conclusion follows logically from premises (available facts)
Waterfall
CONFIRMATION
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Inductive Research Approach
Inductive reasoning works THEORY the other way, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations TENTATIVE and theories. HYPOTHESIS Informally, we sometimes call this a "bottom up" approach Hill PATTERN Climbing Conclusion is likely based on premises. Involves a degree of uncertainty OBSERVATION
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Deductive Vs. Inductive
THEORY THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
TENTATIVE HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
PATTERN
CONFIRMATION OBSERVATION
6
Deductive Vs. Inductive
Induction is usually described as moving from the specific to the general, while deduction begins with the general and ends with the specific. Arguments based on laws, rules and accepted principles are generally used for Deductive Reasoning. Observations tend to be used for Inductive Arguments.
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Logical Reasoning and Human Nature
Historically, many researchers believed that logical reasoning is an essential part of human thought process and this dominates in scientific & Technological research and Development. However, humans are not natural logical reasoners
REFERENCE:
S. M. Aqil Burney; Nadeem Mahmood, “A Brief History
Meritorious Prof. Dr. S. M. Aqil Burney
Director UBIT Chairman
Department of Computer Science University of Karachi
burney@computer.org www.drburney.net
Designed and Assisted by
Hussain Saleem hussainsaleem@uok.edu.pk 06th March 2008
"Well begun is half done"
--Aristotle, quoting an old proverb
2
Research Methods
In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches.
Research Types
Deductive Approach
Inductive Approach
3
Deductive Research Approach
THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a "top-down" approach. Conclusion follows logically from premises (available facts)
Waterfall
CONFIRMATION
4
Inductive Research Approach
Inductive reasoning works THEORY the other way, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations TENTATIVE and theories. HYPOTHESIS Informally, we sometimes call this a "bottom up" approach Hill PATTERN Climbing Conclusion is likely based on premises. Involves a degree of uncertainty OBSERVATION
5
Deductive Vs. Inductive
THEORY THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
TENTATIVE HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
PATTERN
CONFIRMATION OBSERVATION
6
Deductive Vs. Inductive
Induction is usually described as moving from the specific to the general, while deduction begins with the general and ends with the specific. Arguments based on laws, rules and accepted principles are generally used for Deductive Reasoning. Observations tend to be used for Inductive Arguments.
7
Logical Reasoning and Human Nature
Historically, many researchers believed that logical reasoning is an essential part of human thought process and this dominates in scientific & Technological research and Development. However, humans are not natural logical reasoners
REFERENCE:
S. M. Aqil Burney; Nadeem Mahmood, “A Brief History
References: William M.K. Trochim, “Research Methods Knowledge Base” 2006. S. M. Aqil Burney; Nadeem Mahmood, “A Brief History of Mathematical Logic and Applications of Logic in CS/IT”, Karachi University Journal of Science Vol.34 (1) July 2006. PP 61-75 Syed Muhammad Aqil Burney; Tahseen Ahmed Jilani, “A refined fuzzy time series model for stock market forecasting” Elsevier—Science Direct, Physica-A, January 2008 (in press). www.elsevier.com/locate/physa 22