Chapter 16 Transformations In Europe, 1500-1750
CHAPTER 16
Transformations in Europe, 1500–1750
I.
Culture and Ideas
A. Religious Reformation
1.
In 1500 the Catholic Church, benefiting from European prosperity, was building new churches including a new Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Pope Leo X raised money for the new basilica by authorizing the sale of indulgences.
2.
The German monk Martin Luther challenged the Pope on the issue of indulgences and other practices that he considered corrupt or not Christian.
Luther began the Protestant Reformation, arguing that salvation could be by faith alone, that Christian belief could be based only on the Bible and on Christian tradition. 3.
The Protestant leader John Calvin formulated a different theological position in
The Institutes …show more content…
The Spanish, however, undermined their economy by driving out Jews,
Protestants, and the descendants of Muslims so that the bullion they gained from their American empire was spent on payments to creditors and for manufactured goods and food.
2.
The northern provinces of the Netherlands wrested their autonomy from Spain and became a dominant commercial power. The United Provinces of the Free
Netherlands and particularly the province of Holland favored commercial interests, craftsmen, and manufacturing enterprises, and Amsterdam became a major center of finance and shipping.
3.
After 1650 England used its naval power to break Dutch dominance in overseas trade. The English government also improved its financial position by collecting taxes directly and by creating a central bank.
4.
The French government streamlined tax collection, used protective tariffs to promote domestic industries, and improved its transportation network. The
French were not, however, able to introduce direct tax collection, tax the land of nobles, or secure low-cost loans.
CHAPTER 17
The Diversity of American Colonial Societies,
1530–1770
IV. The Columbian
Transformations in Europe, 1500–1750
I.
Culture and Ideas
A. Religious Reformation
1.
In 1500 the Catholic Church, benefiting from European prosperity, was building new churches including a new Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome. Pope Leo X raised money for the new basilica by authorizing the sale of indulgences.
2.
The German monk Martin Luther challenged the Pope on the issue of indulgences and other practices that he considered corrupt or not Christian.
Luther began the Protestant Reformation, arguing that salvation could be by faith alone, that Christian belief could be based only on the Bible and on Christian tradition. 3.
The Protestant leader John Calvin formulated a different theological position in
The Institutes …show more content…
The Spanish, however, undermined their economy by driving out Jews,
Protestants, and the descendants of Muslims so that the bullion they gained from their American empire was spent on payments to creditors and for manufactured goods and food.
2.
The northern provinces of the Netherlands wrested their autonomy from Spain and became a dominant commercial power. The United Provinces of the Free
Netherlands and particularly the province of Holland favored commercial interests, craftsmen, and manufacturing enterprises, and Amsterdam became a major center of finance and shipping.
3.
After 1650 England used its naval power to break Dutch dominance in overseas trade. The English government also improved its financial position by collecting taxes directly and by creating a central bank.
4.
The French government streamlined tax collection, used protective tariffs to promote domestic industries, and improved its transportation network. The
French were not, however, able to introduce direct tax collection, tax the land of nobles, or secure low-cost loans.
CHAPTER 17
The Diversity of American Colonial Societies,
1530–1770
IV. The Columbian