did not fully believe in the Islamic state and resided in West Africa. The Jihads of this era not only changed the faith of many people‚ but also the landscape of West African democracy. Although Islamic Jihads had occurred in the past‚ they never surmounted to the magnitude of those of the 18th century. What factors and leaders caused the West African Jihads‚ of the 18th and 19th centuries‚ to be so effective? The people of West Africa were tired of governments who constantly over taxed
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called charya-giti (religious observance songs) and the thirteenth-century Gitagovinda (Songs of the Cowherder)‚ a cycle of songs by the poet Jayadeva‚ bear the names of the specific melodic modes assigned to each song. Hindu and Buddhist kings in Bengal commissioned poets to compose raso‚ epic poems‚ in their honor‚ which were chanted by the poet-composers themselves. These royal patrons also commissioned poets to render into Bengali verse the great Sanskrit epics from Indo-Aryan literature‚ such
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journey in this case may not solely be categorized as physical travel but also as the voyage of soul development. Tripitaka’s pilgrimage is more likely a spiritual journey to enlightenment than a mission to retrieve Buddhist scriptures from the West. Tripitaka in the story bears little resemblance to the historical monk. Historically‚ XuanZang’s travels took him to many kingdoms‚ and his initiative to seek out the rulers of each of them suggests that his pilgrimage had also diplomatic intentions
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Richard Franke argues that traditional West African cultures invented better adaptations to their environments than were developed later through outside‚ Western Influences. As is stated in the first page‚ "the historical record so far suggests strongly that Western policies have been major contributors to the current degraded state of the Sahel that renders its food production systems so vulnerable to shifts in the weather." (Franke‚ p. 257) The thought‚ is that this is because we do not have the
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Jute – Historical Background of one of the oldest Industries For centuries‚ jute has been an integral part of Bengali‚ which is shared by both Bangladesh and West Bengal of India. In the 19th and early 20th centuries‚ much of raw jute fibre of Bengal were exported to the United Kingdom‚ where it was then processed in mills concentrated in Dundee (“jute weaver” was a recognized trade occupation in the 1901 UK census)‚ but this trade had largely ceased about by about 1970 due to the entrance of
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To The Secretary‚ Water Resources Investigation & Development Department Government of West Bengal Sub : Determination of Seniority Ref : Application dated 23.02.2011‚ 24.06.2011 and 27.08.2012 (Copies enclosed) Respected Sir‚ Please refer to the above prayer. This is to bring to your kind notice that the Government in the Department of Water Resources Investigation & Development had given promotion to the post of Additional Director(Engineering Wing) in the rank of Additional
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______________________________________________________ (CAPITAL LETTERS) 4. Religion: _____________________ GEN OBC Category A Category B SC ST 5. (a) Indicate your community /category : (put a ‘ √ ’ mark in appropriate box) SC/ST/OBC candidates not belonging to the state of West Bengal should
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Settlement of the West With the closing of the frontier and the turn of the 20th century‚ the west side of America was becoming heavily populated and settled in. For America this meant many resources were needed in order to accelerate the expansion of the west. The development of the west brought many problems. How would you transport goods‚ to and from the east? Before any settlements were possible‚ a means of easy transportation was essential. In 1862 the Pacific Railway Act was passed‚
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West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education VidYasagar Bhavan No : DS(A)SD 9/2‚ Block lPvBl 861 42l2oL3 DJ‚ Sector-ll‚ Salt Lake‚ Kolkata - 91 Date :09.07.2013 NOTIFICATION Attn: All Heads of Higher Secondary lnstitutions has already This is to notify that west Bengal council of Higher secondary Education published the following Text Books : 1. 2. Blackswan English A & B for Class Xl and Xll - printed & distributed by Orient by Bengali A for Class Xl and Bengali
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relations in the study of popular memory— the often vexed but close linkages between public constructions and private reminiscences. The project began with what seemed to be a simple question: what might we learn about the final decades of colonial rule in Bengal‚ and especially about Acknowledgements: My biggest debt in writing this paper is‚ of course‚ to the women I interviewed for generously sharing their experiences with me. Professor Hossenur Rahman and the late Mrs. Gaur Ayub helped me with my first
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