Name _________________________________________ Date _________________________ Period ____ Homework Chapter 7: Electronic Structure of Atoms Exercises: Sections 7.4‚ 7.5 : Ionization Energy and Electron Affinities 1. Write equations that show the process for (a) The first two ionization energies of gallium; first: Ga(g) → Ga+(g) + 1 e– second: Ga+(g) → Ga2+(g) + 1 e– (b) the fourth ionization energy of rhodium. fourth: Rh3+(g) → Rh4+(g) + 1 e–
Free Periodic table Atom Chemical bond
Energy and Electron Affinity Ionization Energy is removing an electron Electron Affinity is adding an electron Ionization Energy • Energy required to remove an electron from a ground state atom Ionization Energy of Noble Gases • Noble gases have full orbitals‚ so it is difficult to remove an electron from them. But‚ it does become easier the further away the electrons get from the nucleus. Ionization Energy of Alkali Metals • Alkali Metals only have one valence electron‚ so it does
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pairing of electrons take place in (n-1)d orbital causing repulsion i.e. shielding of (n-1)d orbital. Group 11 &12 elements i.e. Cu & Zn have bigger size due to strong shielding of completely filled (n-1)d orbital. The transition elements show variable oxidation state due to small energy difference between (n-1)d &ns orbital as a result both (n-1)d &ns electrons take part in bond formation. The highest oxidation state of an element is equal to number of unpaired electrons present in
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International Incorporated and Visa Canada Corporation were sued by the Commissioner of Competition due to the “implementing or enforcing rules which prohibit merchants who accept Visa and MasterCard credit cards from declining to accept particular Visa or MasterCard credit cards‚ applying a surcharge for those customers paying with credit cards‚ or engaging in other forms of discrimination.” Ten lay witnesses believed that MasterCard International Incorporated and Visa Canada made the credit card market
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Electron Transport Chain The first step in the electron transport chain process is for the NADH2 produced during glycolysis‚ the intermediate step‚ and the citric acid cycle to be attracted to Complex I (FMN ·FeS)due to its high affinity for NADH2. This attraction pulls NADH2 to Complex I (NAD dehydrogenase) and the two electrons from H2 are pulled off by the FeS (ferrous sulfate) leaving two H+ ions and NAD+. These molecules repel each other and this results in the NAD+ being recycled
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cells were revealed. More recent developments in biological specimen preparation have come from biochemists and physicists who have used the microscope to examine cells and tissue‚ utilizing a diverse range of techniques available. The fact that electron micrographs appear in most text books and research papers on cell structure and constituents‚ emphasize the importance of microscopy to the biologist faced with the enormous variety of experimental practices existing today for the analysis of cells
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Electron Microscopy Electron microscopy is used to examine specimens which require greater detail than can be seen when using the light microscope. In comparison to light microscopes electron microscopes provide a clearer picture‚ greater magnification and greater resolution. There are two types of electron microscope; the scanning electron microscope and the transmission electron microscope. Electron microscopes use electromagnetic and electrostatic lenses and some are able to magnify the specimen
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Compare and contrast the use of light and electron microscopes in biological studies. Microscopes are laboratory equipment which are used to observe any matter that is too small to be seen by the naked eye. There are several types of microscopes – the two most common being the optical microscope‚ also known as a light microscope‚ and the electron microscope‚ which can be either a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or a scanning electron microscope (SEM). There are more differences than similarities
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Asses the impact of the development of the electron microscope on our understanding of the cell and it’s role in cell theory. Since the invention of the electron microscope in 1928 scientists have been able to study the ultrastructure of cells‚ that is‚ parts smaller than what can be seen with a light microscope‚ otherwise known as organelles and their functions. Light microscopes had been developed to a point where the quality of the lenses was not limiting the detail in the image‚ the main
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