Forecasting Why forecast? Features Common to all Forecasts • Conditions in the past will continue in the future • Rarely perfect • Forecasts for groups tend to be more accurate than forecasts for individuals • Forecast accuracy declines as time horizon increases Elements of a Good Forecast • Timely • Accurate • Reliable (should work consistently) • Forecast expressed in meaningful units • Communicated in writing • Simple to understand and use Steps in Forecasting Process
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Forecasting is the process of making statements about events whose actual outcomes (typically) have not yet been observed. A commonplace example might be estimation of some variable of interest at some specified future date. Prediction is a similar‚ but more general term. Both might refer to formal statistical methods employing time series‚ cross-sectional or longitudinal data‚ or alternatively to less formal judgemental methods. Usage can differ between areas of application: for example‚ in hydrology
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FORECASTING FORECASTING The Role of the Manager Planning Organizing Staffing Leading Controlling Future ? Data Information • Short-range • Medium-range • Long-range Features Common to All Forecasts Forecasting techniques generally assume that same underlying causal system that existed in the past will continue to exist in the future. Forecasts are rarely perfect. Forecasts for groups of items tend to be more accurate than forecasts for individual items. Forecast
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Businesses use forecasting to predict future‚ trends‚ patterns‚ and business with data to develop a forecast. This data is used to predict future sales. In forecasting we use testing and reasonableness to predict future events. Companies use this method to compare their sales with other companies. Forecasting has many benefits to include; what is the popular product customers are purchasing‚ and it enhances cash flow‚ and identifies patterns and trends inside a corporation. Using this method
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FORECASTING Q1: Moving averages are often used to identify movements of stock prices. Weekly closing prices (in $ per share) for Toys Я Us for 22 September‚ 1997‚ through December 8‚ 1997‚ are as follows (Prudential Securities Inc); Month Sept 22 Sept 29 Oct 6 Oct 13 Oct 20 Oct 27 Nov 3 Nov 10 Nov 17 Nov 24 Dec 1 Dec 8 Fund Price 37.8750 35.6250 34.6875 33.5625 32.6250 34.0000 33.6250 35.0625 34.0625 34.1250 33.2500 32.0625 a. Use a 3-month simple moving average
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Demand Forecasting Importance Demand forecasts form the basis of all supply chain planning. Forecast of future demand are essential for making accurate supply chain decisions and ensuring the company’s success. Examples of such decisions include how much of the product to make‚ how much to inventory‚ how much to replenish and how much to order. Ease of Forecasting Beverages are a push product. Forecasting is not easy in the beverage industry as there are possible serious fluctuations in demand
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Forecasting Methodology Forecasting is an integral part in planning the financial future of any business and allows the company to consider probabilities of current and future trends using existing data and facts. Forecasts are vital to every business organization and for every significant management decision. Forecasting‚ according to Armstrong (2001)‚ is the basis of corporate long-run planning. Many times‚ this unique approach is used not only to provide a baseline‚ but also to offer a prediction
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I. INTRODUCTION Personnel management also known as Human resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization’s most valued assets – the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business. The terms “human resource management” and “human resources” (HR) have largely replaced the term “personnel management” as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations
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A PRESENTATION ON PERSONNEL SELECTION PSY 409(SEMINAR IN RESEARCH INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANISATION PSYCHOLOGY) Personnel selection Definition Personnel selection is defined as the process used to hire (or‚ less commonly‚ promote) individuals. The term can apply to all aspects of the process‚ recruitment‚ selection‚ hiring‚ acculturation etc. The most common meaning focuses on the selection of workers. In this respect‚ selected prospects are separated from rejected applicants with the intention
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Personnel Administration This lesson complies with the following course outcomes: CO 3: To analyze the policy and decision making process in public administration CO 5 : To discuss the importance of ethics in public administration Synopsis While the country’s public administration is considered an important machinery of the government‚ the people; men and women who devote their time more than eight hours a day are the key to successful public service. The public administrators of any country
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