Sulphonation – The Process Most electrophilic substitution reactions are irreversible but sulfonation is an exception. Treatment of benzene with "oleum" (a solution of SO3 in concentrated sulfuric acid) will give the sulfonic acid‚ the electrophilic species being sulfur trioxide which is Lewis acidic. Fig – 1 Sulphonation : Benzene equation The sulfonic acid can be converted back by treatment with hot aqueous acid. The reason for this reversibility is the fact that the Wheland intermediate is overall
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Chapter 1: An Introduction to Geology What is geology‚ and what is the difference between physical and historical geology? Geology is the scientific study of the Earth and its major systems Physical Geology is the Study of the Earth’s composition. structure‚ and the processing that shape it Historical Geology is the Study of Earth’s history and the history of life With respect to why we study geology‚ in class I cited three areas of benefit to humanity where geologic knowledge is needed. What
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puck and the ice has a thickness of 0.2 mm calculate the shear stress if the viscosity of the water is 0.0018 kg/m sec. [8 marks] A puck has an approximate diameter of 80 mm‚ calculate the initial drag force on the puck. [5 marks] c) In the figures below the viscosity as a function of temperature is graphed for two fluids‚ Fluid A and Fluid B; given no other information‚ identify which fluid is a liquid and which is a gas. Justify your answer. Fluid
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[pic] Inorganic ions ➢ Inorganic ions are important for the structures and metabolism of all living organism ➢ An ion is an atom or a group of atom which has overall electric charge. ➢ Inorganic ion are water soluble |Ions |Roles/Functions | |Calcium (Ca2+) |Make teeth and bones | |
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Cell Membranes and Transport Hands-On Labs‚ Inc. Version 42-0033-00-01 Exercise 1: Diffusion Observations Data Table 1: Rate of diffusion in different temperatures | | ºC | Minutes | Temperature | InitialTemp. | InitialColor | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 | 60 | Cold | 10°celsius | clear | clear | clear | clear | clear | clear | light purple | light purple | Ambient | 25°celsius
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It refers to the edible hydrogenated oils‚ animal fats‚ senior refined oil or the mixture of oils of the above‚ the quenching‚ kneading and become solid fat‚ or without quench‚ kneading and become solid‚ semi-solid or liquid form of good peanut residue oil products.Can be simply interpreted as: do not contain moisture and grease with characteristics of a crisp. Features: shortening has good emulsifying dispersion‚ water retention‚ hygroscopicity‚ meantime‚ plasticity‚ crisp and stability‚ etc.Shortening
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-overall densisty of earth is 5.5 gm/cm3 density of crust 2.6-3.0 gm/cm3 provides some information regarding the density of the interior zones. -earth has a magnetic field supports the argument for the core being metallic and the outer core being liquid (i.e.‚ convecting electrons surrounding metallic solid inner core will generate magnetic field). -seismic properties (velocities‚ absorption of S-waves by outer core). -Why do P-wave and S-wave shadow zones form? Why is the S-wave shadow zone
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2-butanone) is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2CH3. Its CAS number is 78-93-3. The colorless liquid ketone has a sharp‚ sweet odour of butterscotch and acetone. It is produced industrially on a large scale‚ and also occurs in trace amounts in nature. It is soluble in water and is commonly used as an industrial solvent. With natural and synthetic resins‚ MEK produces solutions with low viscosity and high solids content. Properties The physical and chemical properties of MEK are determined largely
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Introduction Polymer adsorption a t solid-liquid interfaces is a widely studied phenomenon as connected with many important processes including colloidal stabilization‚ flocculation‚ adhesion‚ or coating. T he reduction of protein adsorption by coating hydrophobic surfaces is of significant importance for many biomedical and biotechnological applications. Particularly‚ there is a n increasing interest in the use of polystyrene particles for liquid chromatography of biological molecules. These
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in cryogenics‚ and they are Superconductivity and Superfluidity. Cryogenics first came about in 1877‚ when a Swiss Physicist named Rasul Pictet and a French Engineer named Louis P. Cailletet liquefied oxygen for the first time. Cailletet created liquid oxygen in his lab using a process known as adiabatic expansion‚ which is a "thermodynamic process in which the temperature of a gas is expanded without adding or extracting heat from the gas or the surrounding system"(Vance 26). At the same time
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