Module 3 (Lesson 6) Lab Quiz Questions 1. What mineral composition is most characteristic of felsic rocks? a. olivine‚ pyroxene‚ and calcium-rich plagioclase NO b. orthoclase‚ quartz‚ and biotite c. calcium-rich plagioclase and hornblende with some olivine d. particles of volcanic ash welded together 2. What mineral composition is most characteristic of mafic rocks? a. olivine‚ pyroxene‚ and calcium-rich plagioclase b. orthoclase‚ quartz‚ and biotite c. sodium-rich plagioclase‚ hornblende
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The crust can be thicker than 80 kilometers in some spots‚ less than one kilometer in others. Underneath it is the mantle‚ a layer of rock some 2700 kilometers thick that accounts for the bulk of the Earth. The crust is primarily made of granite and basalt while the mantle beneath is made of peridotite. More about all that below. How We Know the Earth Has a Crust Just a century ago‚ we didn’t know the Earth has a crust. Until the 1900s all we knew was that our planet wobbles in relation to the sky
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Review questions 1-10 Pages 146-147 1. Describe the three different kinds of material that can erupt from a volcano. Products of eruption come in three forms; lave flow‚ which can be Basaltic‚ Andesitic or Rhyolitic lava. A volcano also erupts pyroclastic debris (when lava flies into the air and freezes) and gases. 2. Contrast a pyroclastic flow with a lahar. Pyroglastic debris are blasting clots of lava‚ and the lahar are like mudslides that can reach up to 50km per hour. When the
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three largest volcanic plains in the world in scale‚ covering the region between Melbourne and Portland‚ which is over 15000 km2. The signs of volcanic characteristics become apparent while driving west of Geelong‚ where some farms are littered with basalt. Scattered bluestone can be found around the area. Driving further west‚ walls built with volcanic rocks become more and more common. More than 400 vents of scoria volcanoes‚ marr volcanoes‚ composite volcanoes‚ shield volcanoes and fissure volcanoes
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thousand basalt columns in a manner jutting out of a small = coastline piece on the northern coast of Ireland in the county of Antrim. It is believed they came into existence about 60 million years ago. Currently‚ Antrim County is made up of rugged countryside nonetheless it is mostly tranquil farmland. 50-60 million years ago it was a volcanic activity hotbed. These volcanic activities meant the area was a portion of the Province of Thulean‚ an enormous basalt lava plain. This molten basalt lava began
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Igneous Textures Cooling rates influence igneous rock textures. Rapid cooling at the earth’s surface results in tiny mineral crystals that can only be seen under a microscope. The resulting extrusive igneous rocks have an aphanitic texture. Rocks that form as magma cools slowly underground (intrusive igneous rocks) develop phaneritic textures‚ in which individual mineral crystals can be seen without a microscope. Some igneous rocks exhibit visible crystals (phenocrysts) in a matrix of tiny
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Hornfels DEFINITION Hornfels is a very fine-grained metamorphosed shale rock‚ usually gray to black in color. Mineral composition in variable but is usually made up of some combination of equidimensional mosaic of quartz or calcite along with inequidimensional sheet silicates in random orientation or sometimes containing andalusite porphyroblasts. OCCURANCE Hornfels forms when shale rocks come into contact with a hot igneous intrusion body at lower pressures and at the equilibrium temperature
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EXPLORING LOIHI: THE NEXT HAWAIIAN ISLAND Twenty-one miles off the Big Island‚ nearly 3‚000 feet beneath the waves‚ an island is struggling to be born. Researchers are taking submersibles to the very bottom of the sea to watch the process unfold. Quiet as a falling pebble‚ the Pisces V submersible begins its descent to the ocean floor. Soon the downwelling light wanes and the pilot and a pair of scientists inside are swallowed up in inky blackness - a darkness as absolute as interstellar space
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1. What are the major rock groups? -Igneous‚ sedimentary‚ metamorphic 2. The Columbia Plateau basalts (floor basalts) issued from fissures‚ which are now preserved as? -Dikes 3. Remove crystals from an andesitic magma and you will get? -A more felsic residual melt 4. Which of the following types of volcanoes is typically the largest in terms of overall volume? -Shield Volcano 5. What minerals are involved in the continuous part of Bowen’s Reaction Series? -Plagioclase Feldspar
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Minerals Eight most abundant elements in the Earth’s Crust: Abundance % by weight – Most common Ionic Form Most Common Coordination Numbers Relative Ionic Size Oxygen (O) 46.6 % O-2 - - - 1.40 Silicon (Si) 27.7 % Si+4 Si (4) 0.26 Aluminum (Al) 8.1 % Al+3 Al (4‚ or 6) 0.39 Iron (Fe) 5.0 % Fe+2 Fe (6) 0.63 Calcium (Ca) 3.6 % Ca+2 Ca (8) 1.00 Sodium (Na) 2.8 % Na+1 Na (8) 0.99 Potassium (K) 2.6 % K+1 K (8‚ 12) 1.37 Magnesium (Mg) 2.1 % Mg+2 - - - 0.72 Distinction between crystalline and non-crystalline
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