AND ITS BACKGROUND INTRODUCT ION Lung disease and cancer is threatening to kill our nation ’s hopes. This is the present concern of health experts because of the alarmingly high number of Filipino youths addicted to smoking and other tobacco products. (Buenavista‚ 2001). Smoking is very common worldwide but even more so in the Philippines‚" according to Dr. Dante Morales‚ former president of the Philippine Heart Association (PHA) and Philippine College of Physicians (PCP). More importantly‚ it
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EXPERIMENT NO. 5 Instrumental/Operant Conditioning OBJECTIVE To illustrate behavior modification through the application of operant conditioning techniques. INTRODUCTION Operant conditioning was first observed by Edward Thorndike’s observation that behavior is encouraged and discouraged by its consequences. “Operants” was the term conceptualized by Skinner from the said behaviors for they operate on the surrounding environment to generate consequences. Thus‚ behavior that is followed by positive
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Abstract Cigarette smoking is the greatest preventable cause of disease and premature death in the United States. Secondhand smoke causes numerous lung cancer deaths annually. Measures have been taken in both workplaces and public places to limit exposure to secondhand smoke. The economic cost of smokers to society is phenomenal. It includes monetary costs‚ lost workdays and shortened work lives. Many states are establishing and maintaining comprehensive tobacco-control programs to reduce
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The historical antecedents of operant conditioning was first coined by Burrhus Frederic Skinner who believed the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of human and nonhuman action and its consequences‚ which are external causes of behavior only. However‚ Skinner experiments and his concepts of operant conditioning stem from that of Edward Thorndike’s "law of effect" and operant conditioning added a new term to "law of effect" called reinforcements. There are several types of reinforcement’s
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CIGARETTE SMOKING Cigarette Smoking American InterContinental University Abstract Cigarette smoking is something that has because second nature to most people. They wake up‚ smoke a cigarette. Before they go to bed‚ they smoke a cigarette. And all throughout the day‚ as they feel the urge‚ they smoke a cigarette. It has become a very dangerous habit that a lot of people don’t realize is a dangerous habit. In this paper I will discuss the negative effects that smoking cigarettes
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Operant conditioning‚ also known as instrumental conditioning‚ is a form of learning that utilizes a specific stimulus to result a voluntary response from the subject. 278 The only difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is the type of response. Both forms of conditioning has a stimulus that produces a response‚ however‚ unlike operant conditioning‚ classical conditioning produces an involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus 281.Within operant conditioning‚ there
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To better understand the idea of operant conditioning and how it works‚ I have designed a procedure to conduct in order to change the behavior and action of the two dogs that I own. Currently‚ I have two chihuahuas living in my household. Sugar‚ the eldest‚ is eight years old. Her personality is not similar to many dogs as she is introverted and does not bother to associate with humans very often. The youngest‚ Monkey‚ is only six years old and is polar opposite to her elder sister. She is completely
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Smoking is the most common method of consuming tobacco‚ and tobacco is the most common substance smoked. The agricultural product is often mixed with additives[8] and then combusted. The resulting smoke is then inhaled and the active substances absorbed through the alveoli in the lungs.[9] Combustion was traditionally enhanced by addition of potassium or other nitrates. Elimination of these would result in a fire safe cigarette‚ This subject has never been addressed by the cigarette manufacturers
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time now many people have different views about smoking inpublic places. Smokers feel it is their right to smoke where and when theywant. On the other hand non-smokers feel smokers violate their rights and endanger there life. Smoking causes heart disease‚ lung cancer and otherserious illnesses. Cigarette smoking is the number one cause of lungcancer. A substantial number of lung cancers that occur in non-smokers canbe attributed to involuntary smoking. There are some parts in the UnitedStates where
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Classical conditioning is a method used in behavioral studies. It is known as classical because it is the first study of laws of learning/conditioning‚ It is a learned reaction that you do when evoked by a stimulus. Ivan Pavlov was the scientist who discovered classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was born in Russia. He lived from 1849 - 1936 . Pavlov’s field of study was physiology and natural science. One of Pavlov’s discoveries was the conditioning of dogs. While working with
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