fractioncirculates the blood in a free state. Most testosterone circulates bound to two proteins‚ sex hormone binding protein (SHBG)‚ and albumin. Total testosterone levels are a combination or SHBG-bound‚ albumin-bound‚ and free testosterone. The bioavaible form (form that can bind to receptors) of testosterone includes that bound to albumin and the free fraction. On average albumin holds 54%‚ SHGB 44% and free 2% so it appears that 56% of testosterone is in the bioavaible state (2). So with this in mind our
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one is able to use it to create a standard curve. If this cannot be achieved‚ then a standard protein‚ such as albumin‚ may be used for a standard curve with the understanding that the results on the unknown protein are semi-quantitative. Since most proteins are not available in large quantities‚ standard curves for protein assays are typically based on the use of either bovine serum albumin (BSA) or bovine gamma globulin (IgG). The Bradford protein assay is a method to determine protein concentration
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| 90 mmol/L | Calcium | 2.10 mmol/L | Albumin | 30 g/L | Glucose | 12 mmol/L | Amylase | 5000 U/L --- Normal Range: 60-180 U/L | Serum: Comment: The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on the clinical history‚ evidence of inflammation is known usually by computerized tomography (CT scan) and the finding of a high serum (or sometimes urinary) amylase activity. It is effectively a diagnosis of exclusion: the finding of a very high serum amylase activity is very suggestive but is
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two main essential amino acids that assist burn victims in recovery (Wolfe R.). Based on those pertinent nutritional problems‚ Joe has inadequate protein intake (NI-52.1) related to protein losses as evidence by a total protein level of 4.7 and an albumin level of 2.1. Joe also has inadequate fluid intake (NI-3.1) related to fluid losses as evidence by dry mucous membranes in the throat‚ poor skin turgor‚ and a weeping skin condition.
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Case Study 3 – Congestive Heart Failure Patient Case Question 1. Based on the limited amount of information given above‚ do you suspect that this patient has developed left-sided CHF‚ right-sided CHF‚ or total CHF? right-sided CHF Patient Case Question 2. How did you arrive at your answer to Question 1? right-sided CHF = fluid may back up into your abdomen‚ legs and feet‚ causing swelling. Patient Case Question 3. What is a likely cause for this patient’s heart failure? Increasing
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and excreted. This action of splitting the porphyrin ring and releasing the iron globin forms biliverdin‚ which is easily reduced to bilirubin. Bilirubin is transported to the liver in the bloodstream bound to proteins‚ chiefly albumin. It is then separated from the albumin and taken up by the hepatic cells. Two nonalbumin proteins‚ isolated from the liver cell cytoplasm and designated Y and Z‚ account for the intracellular binding and transport of bilirubin. The conjugation of bilirubin occurs in
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(Sommers‚ 2011‚ p.2). When the glomeruli are extremely permeable; products and large molecules pass through the glomerular membrane instead. One of these “unwanted” products that pass through is protein and is excreted into the urine; proteinuria. Serum albumin; the blood plasma protein‚ leaks into the capillaries and is excreted‚ causing hypoalbuminemia. Hyperlipidemia; high amounts of fats‚ cholesterol‚ and triglycerides in the blood‚ are not filtered because of the low pressure in the capillary beds
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G6P. This result is accordance with the report of Bhavapriya et al. [32]‚ in that the increased G6P activity is reversed by Aavirai kudineer (a herbal formulation) in diabetic rats. In the present study the activities of AST‚ ALT‚ ACP and ALP in serum were altered in DM. In diabetic animals‚ the changes in the levels of AST‚ ALT‚ ACP and ALP are directly related to changes in metabolism in which the enzymes are involved. The increased activities of transaminases‚ which are active in the absence
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antibody interaction. The orientations of the band will provide more information about the interaction of antibody and antigen. Hypothesis: For this experiment‚ antibodies will be placed in wells on an agar plate‚ surrounded by wells containing serum (proteins‚ antigens etc.). If the antibody interacts with the antigen of surrounding wells‚ then the presence
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Patient c maybe because there was a nonspecific binding. Ouchterlony Technique 10. What is a precipitin line? 11. What is the unknown antigen in the simulation? 12. Considering your results‚ do you think that human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin have epitopes in common? Explain. 13. What is the process resulting in antigen and antibody moving toward each other? Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 14. In the “sandwich” analogy of the direct ELISA‚ what is the
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