are large cytoplasmic organelles. Plastids are major organelles found in the cells of plants and algae. Plastids are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell. Plastids often contain pigments used in photosynthesis‚ and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cell’s colour. The term plastid was derived from the Greek word plastikas meaning formed or moulded. This term was coined by Schimper in 1885. In plants‚ plastids may differentiate
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Chapter 5 The Working Cell Energy • Capacity to do work • Types of energy – – – – Kinetic energy – energy of motion Potential energy – stored energy Thermal energy - heat Chemical energy - potential energy of molecules • Thermodynamics – Study of energy Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • When an atom or molecule loses an electron‚ it is said to be oxidized – process called oxidation • When an atom or molecule gains an electron‚ it is said to be reduced – process called reduction
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energy of the Sun to produce usable forms of energy • photosynthesis- the process by which producers use solar energy to convert CO2 and water into glucose. • cellular respiration- the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy‚ carbon dioxide‚ and water. • Consumers/ Heterotrophs- An organism that must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms • primary consumers-an individual incapable of photosynthesis; must obtain energy by consuming other organisms
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sustainable energy source? One process is photosynthesis. In plants‚ cells called chloroplasts collect energy from the sun and use water and carbon dioxide (photosynthesis) to make sugars.1 Light energy (called photons) hit single chlorophyll pigments in the cells of the plant leaves. 2 Photoautotrophs is the term used for plants that create energy out of sunlight. Plants that do not use the sun’s energy are called chemoautotrophs.3 For photosynthesis to begin a few conditions must be met; enough
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Introduction: The rate of photosynthesis varies greatly with changes in wavelengths of light. Light’s colour is determined by its wavelength of light‚ and thus it is possible to devise an experiment to determine which wavelengths of light are most productive for photosynthesis than others. In this experiment I use a plant called Elodea (pond weed). Elodea is native to North America and it is also widely used as aquarium vegetation. The basic structure of these plants are whirls of leaves around
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Name: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________ ID: A GENERAL BIOLOGY PRACTICE MIDTERM TEST 2010-2011 Multiple Choice: Identify the choice that completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. The work of scientists usually begins with a. testing a hypothesis. b. careful observations. c. d. creating experiments. drawing conclusions. ____ 2. What is the term for all parts of Earth inhabited by living things? a. population b. ecosystem c. biosphere
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OXIDIZE another molecule 1. NAD+ - oxidizes glucose to 2 pyruvate in glycolysis‚ oxidizes pyruvate to CO2 in the Kreb’s cycle (gets reduced to NADH) 2. NADP+- oxidizes H2O to O2 during the Light Dependent Reactions of photosynthesis‚ final electron acceptor from chlorophyll (PSI) (gets reduced to NADPH) 3. FAD+- oxidizes NADH to NAD during glycolysis and transported to the mitochondrion (gets reduced to FADHs) ii. Reducing Agents: are OXIDIZED to REDUCE
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Adenosine Triphosphate‚ also known as ATP‚ is the molecule responsible for the energy that we‚ and all other organisms‚ need to survive. It is produced primarily in the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration by oxidative and substrate phosphorylation. 4 molecules of ATP are produced from 4 ADP and 4 inorganic phosphates in glycolysis in the cytoplasm of every cell‚ by the oxidation of a triose phosphate into two molecules of pyruvate. In anaerobic respiration these are the only 4 ATP
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Chapter 1 * animal Multicelled consumer with unwalled cells; develops through a series of stages and moves about during part or all of the life cycle. * archaean Member of a group of single-celled microorganisms that superficially resemble bacteria‚ but are genetically and structurally distinct. * atom Particle that is a fundamental building block of all matter. * bacterium Single-celled organism belonging to the Domain Bacteria; cells are typically walled and do not
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Chapter 18 1 Takusagawa’s Note© Chapter 18: Photosynthesis 1. CHLOROPLASTS - Photosynthesis is carried out at chloroplasts. Structure of chloroplast Outer membrane Stroma lamellae Inner membrane Thylakoid Chloroplast Granum Dark reaction Stroma Light reaction - Composition of innermembrane and granum membrane are unusual. - Phospholipid (negatively charged) ~10% - Neutral lipid (galactose) ~80% Photosynthesis occurs in two distinct phases: 1. Light reactions --- Generates
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