A carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists only of carbon‚ hydrogen‚ and oxygen‚ usually with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words‚ with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. The carbohydrates (saccharides) are divided into four chemical groupings: monosaccharides‚ disaccharides‚ oligosaccharides‚ and polysaccharides. In general‚ the monosaccharides and disaccharides‚ which are smaller (lower molecular weight) carbohydrates‚ are commonly referred to as sugars.
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THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC MOLECULES I. MACROMOLECULES-large molecules that are composed of smaller molecules and atoms that are bonded together. These are among the largest of all chemical molecules. A. Polymers-the largest of the macromolecules. These are composed of numerous‚ small identical subunits known as Monomers. There are 4 major polymers that are important for living organisms. These polymers are; carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ proteins and nucleic acids. B. Polymers
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Analysis of Hydrocarbons Jovellanos‚ Bien Jindrich Johannes; Lacson‚ Danise Angelica; *Lagula‚ Nina Francesca; Lañez‚ Kristine Department of Psychology College of Science University of Santo Tomas España Manila 1015 Abstract A hydrocarbon is strictly composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Five hydrocarbons were used namely hexane‚ cyclohexene‚ toluene‚ naphthalene (in hexane)‚ and the unknown (which will be known through parallel chemical tests). Three tests‚ nitration test‚ bromine
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H N CH3 . HCl What is the configuration at this chirality center? R or S ? www.primaryrx.com/pdf/C-PHEN%20DM%20DROPS.pdf 1 Chapter 15: Benzene and Aromaticity Introduction: • All organic compounds can be derived into two broad classes 1. Aliphatic compounds Nonaromatic hydrocarbons such as alkanes‚ alkenes or alkynes 2. Aromatic compounds A series of cyclic unsaturated compounds with unusually high stability • The properties and reactions of aromatic compounds are exemplified
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by : Directorate of Education‚ Delhi SOME IMPORTANT REASONING BASED QUESTIONS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Chlorobenzene is less reactive than chloromethane. Ans. In chlorobenzene‚ each carbon atom of benzenering is sp2 hyridised and is electron withdrawing. Chlorine atom donates a lone pair of electron and acquire positive charge. The negative charge is delocalised on ortho and para position by resonance. C-Cl bond acquires partial double bond character and is 169 pm as compared to 17.0 pm in chloromethane
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|Chapter 5: | |Structure and Preparation of Alkenes. | |Elimination Reactions | Summary Alkenes contain the C=C functional group which can be prepared by 1‚2-elimination reactions such as: • dehydration of alcohols (- H2O) or • dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides (- HX). Zaitsev’s rule indicates that the preferred product is the more highly substituted
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UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Objectives: At the end of this unit‚ the students should be able to: 1. Learn the Types of Structures a. Sawhorse Structures b. Newman Projections 2. Learn to draw the different Isomers a. Sawhorse Structures b. Newman Projections Types of Structures 1. Two-dimensional structural formula 4. Three-dimensional structural formula 2. Condensed structural formula 5. Sawhorse structures 3. Bond-line structural formula
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INTRODUCTION Hydrocarbons are compounds that consists carbon and hydrogen only. They are the simplest organic compounds. Hydrocarbons‚ because of their number and variety‚ are classified into different ways. One way of classifying hydrocarbons is in which way carbon atoms are connected. It can be classified as either a chain aliphatic hydrocarbon or a cyclic hydrocarbon. Chain aliphatic hydrocarbons are compounds that are linked either in a single or branched chain. An example of this is hexane
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2‚3‚.. and m= 1‚2‚3‚.. | PHYSICAL PROPERTIES | * MP & BP Size of hydrocarbon molecules inc‚ f.o.a inc‚ more heat overcome f.o.a * Density Mass per molecule inc faster than volume per molecule * Gas – liquidSize of hydrocarbon molecule inc‚ f.o.a stronger‚ mp&bp inc * Insoluble in water‚ soluble in organic solvent(covalent comp) * Insulator * Less dense than water | * MP & BP Size of hydrocarbon molecules inc‚ f.o.a inc‚ more heat overcome f.o.a * Density mass per molecule
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REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS Diane Cate Satsatin Biology Student‚ Biology Department College of Science‚ De La Salle University-Dasmarinas ABSTRACT Five substances which are Hexane‚ Eugenol‚ Unknown hydrocarbon 1‚ Unknown hydrocarbon 2‚ and Acetylene gas was used for the selective reactivity of hydrocarbons to functional group tests; Bayer’s test‚ Bromine test light‚ Bromine test dark‚ and Tollen’s test. In Bayer’s test‚ only Acetylene‚ Eugenol and Unknown hydrocarbon 2 reacted positively
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