Primary users Financial accounting : the primary users of financial accounting are the external users‚ shareholders‚ investors ‚ creditors‚ lenders and government. Share holders are using financial information to know about their investment e.g how the investment is running‚ what is the organization profit and what is the value of the organization. Investors use financial information to know in which organization they should invest and to look how was the organsation performance in the past so
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Chapter 1: Overview—The Financial Statements Chapter 1 introduces the four financial statements--Income Statement‚ Statement of Retained Earnings‚ Balance Sheet‚ and Statement of Cash Flows. Accounting as the language of business is discussed along with an introduction of the various users of accounting information. Financial and Managerial accounting are compared. The four ways to organize a business – proprietorship‚ partnership‚ limited – liability company‚ and corporation‚ are discussed
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Accounting and financial statement • Business going concern- dobry interes = IT WILL CONTINUE INTO THE FUTURE Current market value of its fixed assets is irrelevant‚ they’re not for sale. Fixed assets-środki trwałe. • NET BOOK VALUE->>Historical cost accounting = assets at original purchase price –accumulated depreciation charges. WARTOŚĆ KSIĘGOWA NETTO historyczna kalkulacja kosztów = aktywa w oryginalnej cenie zakupu-zgromadzone odpisy amortyzacyjne
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have evolved for defining auditors’ liability for ordinary negligence to third parties under common law. Why is this area of auditors’ liability so complex? Legal precedent differs by jurisdiction (state by state). Third party must prove: 1. auditor had a duty to the plaintiff to exercise due care 2. auditor breached that duty by failing to act with due professional care 3. direct causal connection between auditor’s negligence and third party’s injury 4. third party suffered an actual loss
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vs Stevenson (1932) is the first case law relevant of liability to third party. However‚ in this case‚ the liability is only established if there are physical harms of loss by third parties (not economic losses) Candler & Crane Chrismas (1951) is the next stage of development‚ where there is liability for financial loss if there is a contractual relationship‚ a fiduciary relationship or a fraud Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd vs Heller & Parties Ltd (1963) is a significant point of development‚ where
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examination of financial statements and underlying records for conformance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). It does this as well as generally accepted governmental auditing standards C. Tests for compliance with laws and regulations. D. Both B and C. 2. Government Auditing Standards (GAS) issued by the U.S. Comptroller General apply to A. Financial statement audits of federal organizations made by the Government Accountability Office. B. Financial statement audits of
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for you will depend upon your career goals. Earning one of the accounting-related professional certifications is no easy task; however‚ earning and maintaining your certification can increase your chances for advancement and promotion‚ enhance your reputation among colleagues and within the profession‚ and result in salaries that are higher than your non-certified peers as long as you remain ethical. The Profession of Accounting When most people go to college they think of what major would
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I: Understanding Auditor Responsibilities Chapter 4 Professional Liability Learning Objectives: By studying this chapter‚ students should be able to: 1. Discuss the liability environment in which auditors operate‚ the factors that have led to litigation against auditors‚ increasingly including shareholder class actions‚ and the effects of lawsuits on audit firms. 2. Describe the causes of legal action against auditors and identify parties that may sue auditors. 3. Explain
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1. The existence of a limited liability company means the: I. company’s members are liable for only a limited amount of business debts II. company has a legal existence distinct from its owners III. company may raise large amounts of funds by issuing shares. | I only | | I and II only | | II and III only | | I‚ II and III | 2. The two main types of companies permitted to be registered under the Corporations Act are: | a private company‚ and a proprietary company
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Accounting Professions Report In the field of accounting‚ there are three main professions that are highly in demand. The professions are 1) Chartered Accountants (CA) 2) Certified General Accountants (CGA) 3) Certified Management Accountants (CMA) Each of these professions requires special practice sessions‚ education‚ training‚ and loads of experience. Nationally and internationally these jobs are highly in demand for its standards and for its stature. Overall‚ this report will inform
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