PART I From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations‚ 2.5 million–1000 B.C.E.: Origins Overview. The first human beings appeared in east Africa over two million years ago. Gradually humans developed a more erect stance and greater brain capacity. Early humans lived by hunting and gathering. The most advanced human species‚ Homo sapiens sapiens‚ migrated from Africa into the Middle East‚ then into Europe‚ Asia‚ Australia‚ and the Americas. Over time‚ they learned to fashion tools and weapons from
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AN INTRODUCTION TO NATIVE AMERICAN LITERATURE Native American literatures embrace the memories of creation stories‚ the tragic wisdom of native ceremonies‚ trickster narratives‚ and the outcome of chance and other occurrences in the most diverse cultures in the world. These distinctive literatures‚ eminent in both oral performances and in the imagination of written narratives‚ cannot be discovered in reductive social science translations or altogether understood in the historical constructions of
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WHAP: Midterm REVIEW: Complete and study the review sheet and you will do very well on the exam! 1. The political organization of the Tigris Euphrates civilization. a. Tightly organized city-states b. King with divine authority c. Carefully defined boundaries and territory d. Regulates religions and enforces religious duty e. Court system for Justice f. Organized defense and army g. Early code of law (Hammurabi) 2. The river valley civilization which was most completely destroyed by
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Importance of Space Beginning of human civilization The emergence of civilization is generally associated with the final stages of the Neolithic Revolution‚ a slow cumulative process occurring independently over many locations between 10‚000 and 3‚000 BCE‚ reaching in the relatively rapid process of state formation‚ a political development associated with the appearance of a governing elite. Neolithic Revolution‚ sometimes called the Agricultural Revolution‚ was the world’s first historically verifiable
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unit of subsistence for the Bedouin of the Middle East is best described as nomads. Pastoral nomads raise herds and depend on livestock. They also migrate from place to place hunting and gather food. (Emanuel Marx‚ June.‚ 1977). Bedouins are nomadic Arabs which inhabit deserts located in the Middle East and the northern parts of Africa. In the past‚ however‚ Bedouins only inhabited the deserts of the Middle East. After Muslims took over northern Africa in the 7th century‚ Bedouin territories
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survival. In the Basseri Culture‚ they primarily herd sheep and goat. (Nowak & Laird‚ 2010) However‚ according to Carlton Coon‚ they also raise donkeys‚ horses‚ camels‚ and dogs. (Coon‚ 2009) The sheep are a special breed that can adapt to this nomadic lifestyle and unless you move them twice a year‚ 70 to 80% will die. (Coon‚ 2009). “Usually two to five households pasture their flocks together under the care of a single shepherd‚ and the herding unit so formed is the second largest unit in Basseri
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replace Mayas of 8th century CE a. By 15th century Aztecs created extensive empire – war‚ religion‚ agrarian 2. Downfall of Mayans – Teotihuacan a. Nomads from North come down b. Toltec Culture – 968 established capital Tula 1. Sedentary/agrarian peoples with militaristic ethic 2. Cult of sacrifice/war 3. Aztecs saw Toltecs as givers of civilization B. The Toltec Heritage 1. Leader Topilitzin followed Quetzalcoatl – feathered serpent 2. Empire spread over much of
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The Invisible Enemy – How Old World diseases destroyed Indian America and created Colonial America. In the years prior to the Pilgrims establishing Plymouth colony in 1620‚ the area had been ravaged by an epidemic of disease which had wiped out the original Indian inhabitants. The Pilgrims believed that God had sent the disease among the Indians to clear the site for his ‘chosen people’. This is but one example of how the introduction of disease would forever change the existing Indian America into
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in MEDCs and is rapidly increasing every where else. The specialization criteria includes Arable‚ pastoral and mixed (arable and pastoral) farming. Extensive and intensive farming fall under the intensity of land use. Shifting and nomadic cultivation and sedentary farming fall under land tenure. Farming produces goods such as cut flowers‚ decorative and nursery plants‚ timber‚ fertilizers‚ leather‚ industrial chemicals (starch‚ sugar‚ ethanol‚ alcohols and plastics)‚ fibers‚ fuels and both legal
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Fertile crescent Swidden Agriculture a place temporarily cleared for agriculture by cutting back and burning off previous growth Catal Huyuk early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture Mesopotamia "between the rivers"; civilizations that arose between the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys Hyksos a member of an ancient nomadic people from western Asia‚ probably of Semitic ancestry‚ who conquered and ruled Egypt between 1720 bc and 1560 bc Hittites a member of an ancient Anatolian people whose empire
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