An Empirical Investigation of Arbitrage Pricing Theory: A case Zimbabwe Petros Jecheche University of Zimbabwe ABSTRACT This study investigates the Arbitrage Pricing Theory for the case of Zimbabwe using time series data from 1980 to 2005 within a vector autoregressive (VAR) framework. The Granger causality tests are conducted to establish the existence of causality among the variables like inflation‚ exchange rate and Gross Domestic Product. The VAR estimates as shown by the impulse response
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INtroduction Packaging is now generally regarded as an essential component of our modern life style and the way business is organized. Packaging is the enclosing of a physical object‚ typically a product that will be offered for sale. It is the process of preparing items of equipment for transportation and storage and which embraces preservation‚ identification and packaging of products. Packing is recognized as an integral part of modern marketing operation‚ which embraces all phases of activities
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production‚ distribution and safety‚ and legal. In-home requirements usually dictate that packaging be easy to use and store‚ remind users when and what to repurchase‚ reinforce consumers’ expectations of the product‚ and tell them how to safely and effectively use the product. In addition‚ increasing numbers of consumers expect packaging to be recyclable and environmentally sensitive. In-store criteria require that packaging attracts attention on the shelf‚ instill confidence in the buyer‚ identify the product
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Introduction Packaging is the science‚ art‚ and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution‚ storage‚ sale‚ and use. Packaging also refers to the process of design‚ evaluation‚ and production of packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport‚ warehousing‚ logistics‚ sale‚ and end use. Packaging contains‚ protects‚ preserves‚ transports‚ informs‚ and sells.[1] In many countries it is fully integrated into government‚ business‚ institutional
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2) How should Printup think about the segmentation of potential Metabical consumers? Who is the optimal target consumer? The book of Marketing Management defines “Market Segmentation” as the process of dividing the market into group(s) of similar consumers and selecting the most appropriate to serve. Eventually‚ the selected group will be called the target market. According to this definition and the case on hand‚ Printup must decide on the parameters according to which she should start the segmentation
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The Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) mechanism is one of the most commonly employed tools for market settlement in the deregulated power system environment. The proposed work is to determine LMP considering the transmission congestion in Optimal Power Flow (OPF) for an open access power market. The main function of LMP is to give an economic signal to the system operator for the competitive power market. The generator bids are supposed to same as their incremental costs in order
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The concept of product packaging along with design represents an understanding that to market one’s item to consumers entails an understanding that they have choices and the core idea in implementing the preceding represents swaying that choice to one’s particular brand. Product packaging‚ in terms of human history and civilization‚ is a relatively new concept in that the early tribal and village cultures caught and consumed food where it was located‚ moving frequently to avail themselves of game
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Steps to Forecast Total Market Demand F. William Barnett Harvard Business Review No. 88401 HBR JULY–AUGUST 1988 Four Steps to Forecast Total Market Demand F. William Barnett Recent history is filled with stories of companies and sometimes even entire industries that have made grave strategic errors because of inaccurate industrywide demand forecasts. For example: ▫ In 1974‚ U.S. electric utilities made plans to double generating capacity by the mid-1980s based on forecasts of a 7%
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Posted by Petra at 1:43 PM No comments: Wednesday‚ January 9‚ 2008 9. Pricing Price is the amount of money a buyer has to sacrifice in order to get what he/she wants. Pampers’ tends to make their products available to wide range of customers‚ so their price must also be affordable‚ reasonable and relatively low. I’ve already mentioned that Pampers’ makes constant improvements of the products‚ but also of the production process with new technology. That makes possible lowering of the
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Pricing Introduction Peter Drucker‚ who is widely regarded as the greatest management thinkers of our time once said: “Because the purpose of business is to create a customer‚ the business enterprise has two–and only two–basic functions: marketing and innovation. Marketing and innovation produce results; all the rest are costs. Marketing is the distinguishing‚ unique function of the business.” Looking at the problems faced by most businesses today‚ it seems obvious that Drucker was right when he
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