Centre Number Surname Other Names Candidate Signature Candidate Number For Examiner’s Use Examiner’s Initials Question Mark General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier June 2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TOTAL Additional Science Unit Chemistry C2 CHY2F Chemistry Unit Chemistry C2 Wednesday 25 May 2011 For this paper you must have: the Data Sheet (enclosed). You may use a calculator. F 9.00 am to 9.45 am Time allowed 45 minutes Instructions Use
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------------------------------------------------- The Processes of the nitrogen cycle Nitrogen fixation Atmospheric nitrogen must be processed‚ or "fixed" (see page on nitrogen fixation)‚ in order to be used by plants. Some fixation occurs in lightning strikes‚ but most fixation is done by free-living or symbiotic bacteria. These bacteria have the nitrogenase enzyme that combines gaseous nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia‚ which is then further converted by the bacteria to make their own organic
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carbonate formula | CaCO3 | 10 | Ammonium sulfate formula | (NH4)2SO4 | 11 | Carbonic acid formula | H2CO3 | 12 | Sodium bicarbonate formula | NaHCO3 | 13 | Sodium hydroxide formula | NaOH | 14 | Calcium hydroxide formula | Ca(OH)2 | 15 | Ethanol formula | C2H5OH | 16 | Hydrobromic acid formula | HBr | 17 | Hydrosulfuric acid formula | H2SO4 | 18 | Nitrous acid formula | HNO2 | 19 | Potassium phosphate formula | KH2PO4 | 20 | Silver nitrate formula | AgNO3 | 21 | Sodium carbonate
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soluble in water and some are insoluble. The reason some ionic compounds are insoluble in water is given here. All NITRATE compounds are soluble in water e.g. * sodium nitrate * ammonium nitrate * copper (II) nitrate * lead (II) nitrate * zinc nitrate * potassium nitrate All POTASSIUM‚ SODIUM and AMMONIUM compounds are soluble in water e.g. * ammonium chloride * sodium sulphate * potassium carbonate * sodium hydroxide * potassium oxide Table I showing
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metal ions or by ammonium ions. Compounds in which the H+ ions in an acid have been replaced by ammonium ions (NH4+) are called ammonium salts. NOTE: •An anion is a negatively charged ion. Hence:•Hydrochloric acid gives chlorides. E.g. sodium chloride‚ ammonium chloride. •Nitric acid gives nitrates. E.g. barium nitrate‚ copper nitrate. •Sulphuric acid gives sulphates. E.g. silver sulphate‚ iron (ii) sulphate. •Phosphoric acid gives phosphates. E.g. sodium phosphate‚ ammonium phosphate. •Each acid
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a) To manufacture nitrogenous fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate‚ ammonium nitrate and urea b) The liquid form is used as a cooling agent (refrigerant) in refrigerators c) As a raw material for the manufacture of nitric acid in the Ostwald process d) To be converted into nitric acid used for making explosives e) As an alkali to prevent the coagulation of latex so that latex can remain in the liquid form f) To produce ammonium chloride used as an electrolyte in dry cells
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oxides. Rain dissolves the nitrogen oxides‚ turning them into nitrates‚ which is carried to the earth. The second form of nitrogen fixation is Industrial fixation‚ which is a process that converts nitrogen to ammonia (NH3). Ammonia can be used directly as a fertilizer‚ but most of it is further processed to urea and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) . The usable nitrogen will take 2 forms: nitrate and ammonium. Plants then take up nitrate and ammonium‚ get lost in the subsoil or atmosphere‚ or are changed in
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(NOx). 4.Other processes: In addition‚ the formation of NO from N2 and O2 due to photons and especially lightning‚ can fix nitrogen. Assimilation Plants take nitrogen from the soil‚ by absorption through their roots in the form of either nitrate ions or ammonium ions. All nitrogen obtained by animals can be traced back to the eating of plants at some stage of the food chain. Ammonification When a plant or animal dies‚ or an animal expels waste‚ the
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Ceratopteris Fern Growth and Analysis: Observing Germination and Effects of Ammonium Nitrate Treatment I: Abstract Observing the effects of ammonium nitrate has on the germination days of C-Fern gametophytes by constructing an experiment with two spore-sown petri dishes‚ one control and one treatment – a normal nutrient-rich agar petri dish and an ammonium nitrate-containing petri dish respectively. The two petri dishes were each inoculated with three drops of spore suspension
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QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY Mam Dawn Assay of HCL Aqueous Alkalimetry Direct titration 0.1N NaOH Methyl Red TS HCL + NaOH NaCl + H2O Assay of Diluted H3PO4 Aqueous Alkalimetry Direct titration 0.1N NaOH Thymolphthalein TS H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O Assay of H3BO3 Aqueous Alkalimetry Direct titration 0.1N NaOH Phenolphthalein TS H3BO3 H+ + BO2- + H2O
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