The oxygen-hydrogen bonds in water are very polar. Because of the arrangement of the two bonds and two lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen‚ the molecule is bent. (The four sets of electrons are arranged in a tetrahedral arrangement. The angles between these sets of electrons are about 108 degrees) This bent shape makes water polar. Since it is polar (actually very polar) there are considerable intermolecular forces attracting the molecules of water together. The result of these forces is that
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ISDR Briefing Note 01 Geneva‚ September 2008 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Weather‚ climate and climate change Defining climate change For most people‚ the expression “climate change” means the alteration of the world’s climate that we humans are causing‚ through fossil fuel burning‚ clearing forests and other practices that increase the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG)1 in the atmosphere. This is in line with the official definition by the United Nations Framework Convention
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smaller amount of the Earth’s freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.[2] Water cycle The water cycle (known scientifically as the hydrologic cycle) refers to the continuous exchange of water within the hydrosphere‚ between the atmosphere‚ soil water‚ surface water‚ groundwater‚ and plants. Water moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle consisting of following transfer processes: evaporation from oceans and other water bodies
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Ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants‚ animals and microbes) in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air‚ water and mineral soil)‚ interacting as a system. These components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms‚ and between organisms and their environment‚ they can come in any size but usually encompass specific‚ limited spaces (although
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Role of nitrate in nitrogen nutrition of the mangrove Avicennia marina. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 21: 259-265. Capone‚ D.G. 1996. A biologically constrained estimate of oceanic N2O flux. In : D.D. Adams et al. (Eds.) Cycling of reduced gases in the hydrosphere. Mitt. Internat. Verein Limnol. 25: 105-114. Carrera‚ C. J. and A. E. Lugo. 1978. Los sistemas de manglares de Puerto Rico. Department of Natural Resources Publication. San Juan‚ Puerto Rico‚ 270 pp. Crutzen‚ P. J. 1976. Upper limits on atmospheric
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The study of universe is known as Cosmology. Total universe is commonly defined as the totality of everything that exists including all physical matter and energy‚ the planets‚ stars‚ galaxies and the contents of intergalactic space. Galaxy: A galaxy is a vest system of billions of stars‚ dust and light gases bound by their own gravity. There are 100 billion galaxies in the universe and each galaxy has‚ an average‚ 100 billions stars. (1022 stars) Our galaxy is Milky Way Galaxy (or the Akash Ganga)
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CHHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Courses of Study and Scheme of Examination of B.E. First Year (2012-13) Common to all branches of Engineering except Bio-Tech. & Bio-Medical Engg. FIRST SEMESTER S. No Board of Study Subject Code Subject Periods Per Week Scheme of Examination Total Marks Credit [L+[T+P]] 2 Theory L T P ESE CT TA 1 Basic Sciences 300114(14) Applied Mathematics-I 4 1 - 80 20 20 120 5 2 Humanities 300111(46) Professional Communication
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THE BIOSPHERE The environment (biosphere) extends to about 20 km from the bottom of the ocean to the highest point in the atmosphere at which life can survive without manmade protective devices. Biosphere contains about 1.8 million known species. The essential requisites of life for all life forms (light‚ heat‚ water‚ food‚ and habitats) are supplied by the biosphere. Biosphere is very complex and large‚ so it is divided into smaller units (ecosystems). Each ecosystem consists of two parts: biotic
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Living in the Environment : Concepts‚ Connections and Solutions Miller and Spoolman 16th Edition Practice Questions: Chapters 1-25 2009 - 2010 Practice Questions – Chapter 1 Environmental Problems‚ Their Causes‚ and Sustainability 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Describe what is meant by the phrase “an environmentally sustainable society” as related to the human population. Distinguish between (a) natural capital (b) natural resources (c) natural services (d) solar capital
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1 Physics and Measurement CHAPTER OUTLINE 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Standards of Length‚ Mass‚ and Time Matter and Model-Building Density and Atomic Mass Dimensional Analysis Conversion of Units Estimates and Order-ofMagnitude Calculations Significant Figures ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1.1 Q1.2 Atomic clocks are based on electromagnetic waves which atoms emit. Also‚ pulsars are highly regular astronomical clocks. Density varies with temperature and pressure. It would be necessary to measure both
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