Why Has IPO Underpricing Changed Over Time? Tim Loughran and Jay Ritter* lu the l9SOs. the average first-day rcliirn on inilial public offerings (IPOs) was 7%‚ The average firsl-day return doubled to almost I5 ’ ’ ’i during 1990-1998. before jumping to 65% during Ihe internet bubble years of 1999-2000 and then reverting la / i % during 2001-2003. We attribute much of the higher underpricing during the bubble period to a changing issuer objective function. We argue that in the later periods there
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Motivation 1. How does Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory explain how companies are attracting and retaining Gen Y employees? Herzberg’s two-factor theory identifies job context as the source of job dissatisfaction and job content as the source of job satisfaction. Hygiene factor in the job context are sources of job dissatisfaction. Motivator factors in the job content are sources of job satisfaction. In this theory‚ job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are separate dimensions in the two-factor
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Jan 2012 Question 1 a) Some strategist argued that one of the most critical‚ and yet overlook internal implementation factor is a firm’s culture. Define organizational culture and elaborate some importance and impact of culture in strategy implementation. Apr 2011 Question 2 Discuss the three (3) stages of strategic management process. Which stage in the strategic management process is most difficult? Justify your answer. Apr 2010 Question 2 Explain the formal strategic management
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How the Computer Changed People’s Live The computer has made a huge change in people’s lives‚ and people can’t imagine their lives without the Internet .Now sitting in front of the table and clicking a mouse‚ peoples can easily get access to the Internet. Over 80 percent of people in the world use the Internet every day. Because of the Internet‚ people can quickly sell‚ advertise‚ and share knowledge. Life before and after the invention of the computer are totally different‚ but what have
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After Two Generations‚ Has Love Changed? By: Easton Montgomery ‘Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?’ asked Shakespeare back in the 16th century. ‘Mr Novinsky‚ may I have your daughter’s hand in marriage?’ asked my grandpa in the 1950s—a practice that’s slowly fading out. ‘I met her on Tinder’‚ said many young teenagers in 2014. Has love itself ever changed? Perhaps not. But the way we discover it and express it has. Over generations the customs of love have evolved‚ but the emotional feeling
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According to Lockley (2012) offering training and development programs that effectively contributes to personal and professional growth of individuals is another effective employee motivation strategy. At the same time‚ Lockley (2012) warns that in order for motivational aspects of training and development initiatives to be increased‚ ideally they need to be devised and implemented by a third party with relevant competency and experience. Alternative working patterns such as job-rotating‚ job-sharing
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study Many researchers and authors have defined the concept of motivation. It has been defined as: * The psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction (Kreitner‚ 1995) * A predisposition to behave in a purposive manner to achieve specific‚ unmet needs (Buford‚ Bedeian‚ & Lindner‚ 1995) * An internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need (Higgins‚ 1994) * The will to achieve (Bedeian‚ 1993). Motivation is defined as the inner force that drives individuals to accomplish
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Do All Carrots Look The Same? Examining the Impact of Culture on Employee Motivation by Justine Di Cesare and Golnaz Sadri Introduction Motivation is fundamental to human behaviour. Bartol and Martin (1998) define motivation as the force that energises behaviour‚ gives direction to behaviour‚ and underlies the tendency to persist. Similarly‚ Greenberg and Baron (1997) define motivation as “the set of processes that arouse‚ direct‚ and maintain human behaviour toward attaining some goal”
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higher level needs” (Cole‚ 1995 p.71). Maslow’s (1943) hierarchy was identified as eight steps but was broken down to five‚ with highest needs at the top and lowest needs at the bottom (Mullins‚ 2010). Each stage has a set of needs that motivates employees. Managers should understand how to motivate their employees‚ consequently improving productivity rates and employee wellbeing. There are a small range rewards and outcomes that have the capability of satisfying more than one need. For example promotion
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Technology has changed the way that business is done in today’s world. So many technological advancements have occurred in the last couple of decades‚ and even greater innovations seem to be on the horizon. The information age is in full force and nearly every business or organisation has a digital component. Whether this trend is positive or negative may never be determined but it certainly is different. Here are a few thoughts on the effects of technology in today’s business world. Many large
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