Takaishi‚ J.‚ Tatsuta‚ K.‚ Katayama‚ H.‚ Iwase‚ M.‚ Yorifuji‚ K.‚ & Takeda‚ M. (2000). The influences of family environment on personality traits. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences‚ 54(1)‚ 91-95. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00642.x Olson‚ M. H. & Hergenhahn‚ B. R. (2009). An introduction to theories of learning (8th Ed.). Upper Saddle River‚ NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
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is followed by a reinforcing stimulus tends to be repeated (Hergenhahn and Olson‚ 2005). He also says that to modify a behaviour‚ one merely has to find something that is reinforcing for the animal whose behaviours one wishes to modify (Hergenhahn and Olson‚ 2005). Skinner explains this in his Skinner box studies. A Skinner box refers to an experimental test chamber that consists of a grid floor‚ lever‚ light and food cup (Hergenhahn and Olson‚ 2005). Mainly used to study operant conditioning
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environmental stimulus (Cherry‚ 2010). By using an unconditioned stimulus on an unconditioned response and introducing a neutral stimulus the organism can be conditioned to respond to‚ known as a conditioned stimulus‚ a conditioned response occurs (Olsen & Hergenhahn‚ 2009). An unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus that causes a natural reaction. In Pavlov’s research the unconditioned stimulus was food. An unconditioned response (UR) is the response an organism has without conditioning. In Pavlov’s research
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response (CR) is occurs” (Olson‚ Hergenhahn‚ 2009). When trying to produce a conditioned response‚ the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are paired several times. “First the CS is presented and then the US‚ and the order of presentation is very important. Each time the US occurs‚ a UR occurs. Eventually the CS can be presented alone‚ and it will elicit a response similar to the UR; when this happens‚ a CR has been demonstrated” (Olson‚ Hergenhahn‚ 2009). Ivan Pavlov discovered
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Operant Conditioning � PAGE �1� RUNNING HEAD: OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant Conditioning Paper Shayolonda Herron Learning and Cognition / PSY 390 April 26‚ 2010 Dr. Christa Lynch � Operant Conditioning Paper Operant conditioning was first introduced by B.F. Skinner through his work with respondent behavior and operant behavior. Along with these two types of behavior‚ Skinner suggested two types of conditioning related to learning: type S‚ sometimes referred to as respondent conditioning
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permanent behavioral changes and the potentiality for learning‚ which changes behavior. Learning cannot be measured easily because it purely a mental function. One can only observe the learning process through the behavioral changes that occur (Olson & Hergenhahn‚ 2009). Therefore‚ independent variables such as experience‚ which creates an intervening variable such as learning that produces dependent variables‚ which cause behavioral changes. Experiences are a result of environmental stimulus that many
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Albert Bandura; Social Learning Theory Rebecca Campbell PSY 330 Theories of Personality Shannon Sellers June 3‚ 2011 Albert Bandura; Social Learning Theory Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory has become the most influential theory of learning and development. Bandura’s theory added a social element known as observational learning and can explain a variety of behaviors. The three core concepts of the social learning theory is the idea that people can learn through observation
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classical conditioning that we learn which environmental objects are conducive to survival and which are not‚ and it is through instrumental or operant conditioning that we learn how to acquire or avoid desirable and undesirable objects. (Olson & Hergenhahn‚ 2009‚ p. 7)”. Classical conditioning is something that everyone has in their lives however if they realize it or not is in question. Theory of Classical Conditioning The theory of classical conditioning was revealed by Ivan Pavlov
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different ways. Positive reinforcement works to increase a behavior by a positive consequence‚ for example a child is given a piece of candy for being quiet. This candy acts as a positive stimulus‚ reinforcing the behavior. According to Olson and Hergenhahn (2009)‚ “A positive reinforcer‚ is something that‚ when added to the situation by a certain response‚ increases the probability of that response’s recurrence” (p. 88). In the example the child is given something they enjoy for showing the desired
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The question of whether Psychology can be classed as a Science has been a topic of debate for many years‚ however to truly answer this question it is first important to understand what the term ‘science’ actually means. According to Eysenk and Keane 1990‚ one of the fundamental principles of science is objectivity‚ which is ensured through the use of highly controlled observations in order to verify or falsify a hypothesis. This method is commonly used within the field of psychology‚ particularly
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